texlive[63345] Master/texmf-dist: lua-widow-control (20may22)
commits+karl at tug.org
commits+karl at tug.org
Fri May 20 23:38:27 CEST 2022
Revision: 63345
http://tug.org/svn/texlive?view=revision&revision=63345
Author: karl
Date: 2022-05-20 23:38:27 +0200 (Fri, 20 May 2022)
Log Message:
-----------
lua-widow-control (20may22)
Modified Paths:
--------------
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/README.md
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.pdf
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-sample.tex
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkiv
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.sty
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.lua
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.tex
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/optex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.opm
Added Paths:
-----------
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.bib
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.mkxl
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.tex
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-figure.ctx
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-plot.dat
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.bib
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.ltx
Removed Paths:
-------------
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.bib
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.mkxl
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.tex
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/README.md
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/README.md 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/README.md 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
Lua-widow-control is a Plain TeX/LaTeX/ConTeXt/OpTeX package that removes widows and orphans without any user intervention. Using the power of LuaTeX, it does so _without_ stretching any glue or shortening any pages or columns. Instead, lua-widow-control automatically lengthens a paragraph on a page or column where a widow or orphan would otherwise occur.
-Please see the [**full documentation**](https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/download/lua-widow-control.pdf) for more.
+Please see the [**package documentation**](https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/download/lua-widow-control.pdf) for usage details or the [***TUGboat* article**](https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/download/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf) for background information and discussion.
Usage
-----
@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@
Please note that a compiled document is absolutely **not** considered to be an "Executable Form" as defined by the MPL. The use of lua-widow-control in a document does not place **any** obligations on the document's author or distributors. The MPL and CC-BY-SA licenses **only** apply to you if you distribute the lua-widow-control source code or documentation.
---
-_v2.1.0 (2022-05-14)_ <!--%%version %%dashdate-->
+_v2.1.1 (2022-05-20)_ <!--%%version %%dashdate-->
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
Property changes on: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/doc/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/pdf
\ No newline at end of property
Deleted: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.bib
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.bib 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.bib 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-% lua-widow-control
-% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
-% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
-% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
-
- at book{texbook,
- author = {Donald E. Knuth},
- title = {The \TeX{}Book},
- year = {2020},
- publisher = {Addison--Wesley},
- url = {https://ctan.org/pkg/texbook}
-}
-
- at manual{widows-and-orphans,
- author = {Frank Mittelbach},
- year = {2021},
- month = {March},
- title = {The \sans{widows-and-orphans} package},
- url = {https://www.ctan.org/pkg/widows-and-orphans}
-}
-
- at article{tugboat-strategies,
- author = {Paul Isambert},
- title = {Strategies against widows},
- journal = {TUGboat},
- number = {1},
- volume = {31},
- year = {2010},
- pages = {12--17},
- url = {https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb31-1/tb97isambert.pdf}
-}
-
- at article{tugboat-widows,
- author = {Frank Mittelbach},
- title = {Managing forlorn paragraph lines in \LaTeX},
- journal = {TUGboat},
- number = {3},
- volume = {39},
- year = {2018},
- pages = {246--251},
- url = {https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb39-3/tb123mitt-widows.pdf}
-}
-
- at electronic{widow-assist,
- author = {jeremie},
- title = {Paragraph callback to help with widows/orphans hand tuning},
- url = {https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/372062},
- year = {2017},
- month = {August},
-}
-
- at book{texbytopic,
- author = {Victor Eijkhout},
- title = {\TeX by Topic},
- year = {2007},
- url = {https://texdoc.org/serve/texbytopic/0}
-}
Deleted: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.mkxl
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.mkxl 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.mkxl 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -1,376 +0,0 @@
-% lua-widow-control
-% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
-% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+
-% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
-
-\startenvironment[lwc-documentation]
-\unprotect
-
-\mainlanguage[en]
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Font Selection %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\startluacode
-fonts.handlers.otf.addfeature {
- name = "emdash_kern", -- Increase sidebearings on em-dash
- type = "single",
- data = {
- ["—"] = { 100, 0, 200, 0 },
- }
-}
-\stopluacode
-
-\definefontfeature[default][default][
- protrusion=quality,
- expansion=quality,
- onum=yes,
- script=latn,
- emdash_kern=yes,
- trep=yes,
-]
-\setupalign[hz, hanging]
-
-\definefontfeature[lining][onum=no,lnum=yes]
-\definefontfeature[allsmall][c2sc=yes, smcp=yes]
-\define\lining{\feature[+][lining]}
-
-\starttypescript[lwc-fonts]
- \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [rm] [serif][pagella] [default]
- \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [ss] [sans] [libertinus] [default] [rscale=1.07]
- \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [tt] [mono] [plex] [default] [rscale=0.89]
- \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [mm] [math] [pagella] [default]
-\stoptypescript
-
-\setupbodyfont[lwc-fonts, 11pt]
-
-\setupbodyfontenvironment[default][em=italic]
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Page Layout %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\setuppapersize[letter]
-
-\setupindenting[yes, 3em]
-\setupinterlinespace[2.75ex]
-
-\input lang-frq.mkxl % For \averagecharwidth
-
-\setuplayout[
- width=75\averagecharwidth,
- backspace=\dimexpr(\paperwidth - \makeupwidth) / 2,
- topspace=\dimexpr\backspace - \headerheight,
- footerdistance=3\baselineskip,
- footer=\baselineskip,
- height=8.75in,
- margin=\dimexpr\backspace - \margindistance - 0.25cm,
-]
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% PDF Settings %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-% PDF/UA
-\setupbackend[format=PDF/UA-1]
-\setupinteraction[state=start, focus=standard]
-\setuptagging[state=start]
-\setupstructure[state=start, method=auto]
-
-% Bookmarks
-\placebookmarks[section, subsection][section, subsection][number=no]
-\setupinteractionscreen[option=bookmark]
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Formatting %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\setuppagenumbering[location=footer, style=\ss\lining]
-\let\old at tex=\tex
-\def\tex#1{\expandafter\old at tex\normalexpanded{{#1}}} % Allow expansion in the \tex macro (for \allowbreak)
-
-% Acronym styling
-\definecharacterkerning[acronymkerning][factor=0.05]
-\definealternativestyle[acronymstyle][{\feature[+][allsmall]\switchtobodyfont[1.1em]\setcharacterkerning[acronymkerning]}][]
-\definehighlight[acronym][style=acronymstyle]
-
-\startuniqueMPgraphic{warning}
-path p;
-p := roundedsquare(OverlayWidth, OverlayHeight, 0.25cm);
-fill p withcolor black;
-draw p anglestriped (1, 45, 20) withpen pencircle scaled 10pt withcolor yellow;
-fill p blownup -0.125cm withcolor white;
-draw p blownup -0.125cm;
-setbounds currentpicture to boundingbox OverlayBox;
-\stopuniqueMPgraphic
-\defineoverlay[warning][\useMPgraphic{warning}]
-
-\define[1]\warning{
- \blank[line]
- \midaligned{\framed[
- frame=off,
- background=warning,
- backgroundoffset=0.25cm,
- width=\dimexpr\hsize-4em,
- align=flushleft,
- ]{%
- {\ssa\bf Warning}
-
- #1
- }}
- \blank[line]
-}
-
-\setupitemize[each][
- style=\lining,
- inbetween={\blank[quarterline]},
-]
-\setupcaptions[
- headstyle=\ssbf\lining,
- style=\ss,
-]
-
-\setupdelimitedtext[blockquote][
- style=\ss,
- before=\noindentation,
- after={\blank[medium]}
-]
-
-\define[1]\meta{\m{\langle}\italic{#1}\m{\rangle}}
-\define[1]\githubissue{\goto{(Issue~\##1)}[url(https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/issues/#1)]}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Section Commands %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\definecharacterkerning[titlekern][factor=0.2]
-
-\protected\def\interwordspace{\scaledfontdimen2\font}
-
-% Section
-\startsetups[style:section]
- \setcharacterkerning[titlekern]
- \switchtobodyfont[adventor]
- \WORD
- \bfb
- \feature[+][allsmall]
- \interwordspace=0.4em
- \veryraggedcenter
-\stopsetups
-
-\setuphead[section][
- before={\blank[big, preference]},
- after={\blank[medium, samepage]},
- textstyle=\setups{style:section},
- number=no,
-]
-
-% Subsection
-\setuphead[subsection][
- before={\blank[medium, preference]},
- after=,
- textstyle=\ss,
- alternative=margintext,
- number=no,
-]
-
-% TOC
-\def\secondleveltoc{subsection}
-\starttexdefinition protected SectionTOCcommand #1#2#3
- \startcurrentlistentrywrapper % Make the whole line a link
- \midaligned{ % Have the title and page number "glued" to the middle
- \llap{\currentlistentrytitle}
- \hskip 1em
- \rlap{\color[\interactionparameter{color}]{\bf \currentlistentrypagenumber}}
- }
- \stopcurrentlistentrywrapper
-
- \par
- \nobreak
-
- \setbox0=\vbox{\framedtext[ % Align the subsection titles under the section title
- frame=off,
- width=\dimexpr\textwidth/2 - 0.5em,
- align={flushright, wide},
- offset=none,
- toffset=-\lineheight,
- ]{
- \global\firstsubsectiontrue
- \placelist[\secondleveltoc][criterium=local]
- }}
- \iffirstsubsection
- \blank[quarterline] % No subsections here
- \else
- \box0
- \fi
-
- \goodbreak
-\stoptexdefinition
-
-\newif\iffirstsubsection
-
-\define\tocspace{\hskip 0.5em plus 0.5em minus 0.2em\relax}
-
-\unexpanded\def\toc_link#1{%
- \startcurrentlistentrywrapper%
- \hbox{#1}%
- \stopcurrentlistentrywrapper%
-}
-
-\starttexdefinition protected SubsectionTOCcommand #1#2#3
- \ss\itx
- \dontleavehmode
- \iffirstsubsection
- \global\firstsubsectionfalse
- \toc_link{#2}
- \else
- \discretionary{}{
- \toc_link{#2} % No interpunct if the line splits here
- }{
- \tocspace{\bfa·}\tocspace\toc_link{#2}
- }
- \fi
-\stoptexdefinition
-
-\setupcombinedlist[content][list=section]
-\setuplist[section][
- alternative=command,
- command=\SectionTOCcommand,
-]
-
-\setuplist[subsection][
- alternative=command,
- command=\SubsectionTOCcommand,
-]
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Title Block %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\setupdocument[
- title={},
- author={},
- version={},
- ctan={},
- github={},
-]
-
-\startluacode
-local function strip_url(str)
- local url_table = url.hashed(str)
- url_table.fragment = nil
- url_table.scheme = nil
- url_table.authority = url_table.authority:gsub("^www%.", "")
- tex.sprint(-2, url.decode(url.construct(url_table)))
-end
-
-interfaces.implement {
- name = "strip_url",
- actions = strip_url,
- arguments = "1 string"
-}
-\stopluacode
-
-\define[1]\strippedurl{%
- \goto{\tt\hyphenatedurl{\clf_strip_url{#1}}}[url(#1)]
-}
-
-\startsetups[titleblock]
- \startalignment [middle]
- \begingroup
- \setups[style:section]\bfc
- \documentvariable{title}
- \par
- \endgroup
-
- \blank[big]
-
- \begingroup
- \ssa\lining
- \documentvariable{author}
- \blank[medium]
- v\,\documentvariable{version}
- \par
- \endgroup
-
- \dontleavehmode
- \blackrule[depth=-0.25\baselineskip, height=\dimexpr0.25\baselineskip + 0.4pt, width=8em]
- \par
-
- \doifdocumentvariable{ctan}{
- \strippedurl{\documentvariable{ctan}}
- }
- \doifdocumentvariable{github}{
- \strippedurl{\documentvariable{github}}
- }
- \blank[big]
-
- \noindentation
- \stopalignment
-\stopsetups
-
-\startsetups[document:start]
- \setup[titleblock]
-
- \setupinteraction[
- title=\documentvariable{title},
- author=\documentvariable{author},
- ]
-\stopsetups
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% Bibliography %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\usebtxdefinitions[apa]
-
-\setupbtx[apa:list][
- stopper:initials=,
- separator:initials=\btxnbsp,
- interaction=start,
-]
-
-\setupbtxlabeltext[en][
- apa:Retrieved={}
-]
-
-\setupbtxrendering[apa][
- numbering=yes,
- sorttype=used,
-]
-
-\setupbtx[apa:cite][alternative=num]
-
-\defineshift[citeshift][
- method=0,
- dy=-1,
- unit=ex,
- continue=yes,
- style=\tfx\lining,
-]
-
-\setupbtx[apa:cite:num][
- command=\citeshift,
- left=,
- right=,
- separator:2=\citeshift{,\,},
- separator:3=\citeshift{--}
-]
-
-\setupbtxlist[apa][
- alternative=a,
- before=,
- after={\blank[quarterline]},
- style=\lining,
- margin=0pt,
- width=1.5em,
-]
-
-\starttexdefinition mutable protected btx:apa:url
- \strippedurl{\clf_btxflush{\currentbtxdataset}{\currentbtxtag}{url}
- }
-\stoptexdefinition
-
-\protect
-\stopenvironment
Deleted: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.tex 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-documentation.tex 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -1,523 +0,0 @@
-%!TeX program = context
-
-% lua-widow-control
-% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
-% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
-% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
-
-\doifnot{\contextmark}{LMTX}{
- \errhelp{LMTX/MkXL is required to compile this file.}
- \errmessage{Fatal error, exiting.}
-}
-
-\environment lwc-documentation
-
-\usemodule[lua-widow-control]
-\usebtxdataset[lwc-documentation.bib]
-
-\useURL[projecturl][https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control]
-\useURL[download][https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest]
-\useURL[ctan][https://www.ctan.org/pkg/lua-widow-control]
-
-% Abbreviations
-\def\lwc/{\sans{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
-\def\Lwc/{\sans{Lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
-\def\estretch/{\tex{emergency\allowbreak stretch}}
-\def\openalty/{\tex{output\allowbreak penalty}}
-\def\waos/{widows and orphans}
-\def\wao/{widow and orphan}
-\def\woo/{widow or orphan}
-\def\plainop/{Plain~\TeX{}/Op\TeX{}}
-\let\q=\quotation
-
-\def\titlecite[#1]{\cite[title][#1]\cite[#1]}
-
-\definetype[inlineTEX][option=tex, escape={$,$}, lines=hyphenated]
-\definetype[inlineLUA][option=lua, escape={$,$}, lines=hyphenated]
-
-\input lwc-sample
-
-\startdocument[
- title=lua-widow-control,
- author=Max Chernoff,
- version=2.1.0, %%version
- github=https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control,
- ctan=https://www.ctan.org/pkg/lua-widow-control,
-]
-
-\Lwc/ is a Plain~\TeX/\LaTeX/\ConTeXt{}/Op\TeX{} package that removes \waos/ without any user intervention. Using the power of \LuaTeX{}, it does so \emph{without} stretching any glue or shortening any pages or columns. Instead, \lwc/ automatically lengthens a paragraph on a page or column where a \woo/ would otherwise occur.
-
-\section{Quick Start}
-Ensure that your \TeX~Live/Mik\TeX{} distribution is up-to-date. Then, \LaTeX{} users just need to place \inlineTEX{\usepackage{lua-widow-control}} in the preamble of your document. For more details, see the \goto{Usage sections}[sec:usage].
-
-\subject{Contents}
-\placecontent[criterium=all]
-
-\section{Motivation}
-\TeX{} provides top-notch typesetting: even 40 years after its first release, no other program produces higher quality mathematical typesetting, and its paragraph-breaking algorithm is still state-of-the-art. However, its page breaking is not quite as sophisticated as its paragraph breaking and thus suffers from some minor issues.
-
-Unmodified \TeX{} typically has only 2 ways of dealing with \waos/: it can either shorten a page by 1 line, or it can stretch out some vertical whitespace. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical and scientific typesetting, where a typical page has multiple section headings, tables, figures, and equations. For this style of document, \TeX's default behavior works quite well; however, for prose or any other document composed almost entirely of text, there is no vertical whitespace to stretch.
-
-Since there were no ready-made and fully-automated solutions to remove \waos/ from all types of documents, I decided to create \lwc/.
-
-\section{Widows and Orphans}
-\subsection{Widows}
-Widows occur when when the majority of a paragraph is on one page or column, but the last line is on the following page or column. Widows are undesirable for both aesthetics and readability. Aesthetically, it looks quite odd for a lone line to be at the start of the page. Functionally, the separation of a paragraph and its last line disconnects the two, causing the reader to lose context for the widowed line.
-
-\subsection{Orphans}
-Orphans are when the first line of a paragraph occurs on the page or column before the remainder of they paragraph. They are not nearly as distracting for the reader, but they are still not ideal. Visually, \waos/ are about equally disruptive; however, orphans tend not to decrease the legibility of a text as much as widows do, so they tend to be ignored more often.
-
-\subsection{Broken Hyphens}
-\q{Broken} hyphens occur whenever a page break occurs part way through a hyphenated word. These really have nothing to do with \waos/; however, \TeX{} treats broken hyphens exactly the same as it does \waos/. In addition, breaking a word across two pages is at almost as bad for the reader as \waos/; therefore, \lwc/ treats broken hyphens exactly the same way as it treats \waos/.
-
-\startplacefigure[location={here, top, bottom}, title={A visual comparison of \waos/.}, reference=tab:widow]
- \getbuffer[widow-orphan]
-\stopplacefigure
-
-\section{\TeX's Pagination}
-\subsection{Algorithm}
-It is tricky to understand how \lwc/ works if you aren't familiar with how \TeX{} breaks pages and columns. Chapter~15 of \titlecite[texbook] (\q{How \TeX{} Makes
-Lines into Pages}) is the best reference for this; however, it goes into much more detail than most users require. As a supplemental resource, I can also recommend Section~27 of \titlecite[texbytopic], \goto{available online}[url(https://texdoc.org/serve/texbytopic/0#page=227)] for free. Below follows a \emph{very} simplified (and likely error-ridden) summary of \TeX{}'s page breaking algorithm:
-
-\TeX{} fills the page with lines and other objects until the next object will no longer fit. Once no more objects will fit, \TeX{}, will align the bottom of the last line with the bottom of the page by stretching any vertical spaces.
-
-However, some objects have penalties attached. These penalties make \TeX{} treat the object as if it is longer or shorter for the sake of page breaking. By default, \TeX{} assigns a penalties to the first and last lines of a paragraph (\waos/). This makes \TeX{} treat them as if they are larger or smaller than their actual size such that \TeX{} tends not to break them up.
-
-One important note: once \TeX{} begins breaking a page, it never goes back and modifies any content on the page. Page breaking is a localized algorithm, without any backtracking.
-
-\subsection{Behavior}
-Of course, this algorithm doesn't allow us to intuitively understand how \TeX{} deals with \waos/.
-
-Due to the penalties attached to \waos/, \TeX{} treats them as if they are longer than they actually are. Widows and orphans with small penalties attached---like \LaTeX's default values of 150---are only treated as slightly taller than 1 line, while \waos/ with large penalties---values near 10\,000---are treated as if they are 2 lines tall. Because potential \wao/ lines are broken as if they are taller than they actually are, \TeX{} will tend to group them together on the same pages.
-
-However, when these lines are moved as a group, \TeX{} will have to make a page or column with less lines. \about[sec:demo] goes into further detail about how \TeX{} deals with these too-short pages or columns. The main takeaway is that for a page exclusively filled with text, all of \TeX's builtin solutions come with compromises.
-
-\section{Other Solutions}
-There have been a few previous attempts to improve upon \TeX's previously-discussed \wao/-handling abilities; however, none of these have been able to automatically remove \waos/ without stretching any glue or shortening any pages.
-
-\titlecite[tugboat-strategies] and \titlecite[tugboat-widows] both begin with comprehensive discussions of the methods of preventing \waos/. They both agree that \waos/ are bad and ought to be avoided; however, they each differ in solutions. \italic{Strategies}\cite[tugboat-strategies] proposes an output routine that reduces the length of facing pages by 1~line when necessary to remove \waos/ while \italic{Managing}\cite[tugboat-widows] proposes that the author manually rewrites or adjusts the \tex{looseness} when needed.
-
-\titlecite[widow-assist] contains a file \type{widow-assist.lua} that automatically detects which paragraphs can be safely shortened or lengthened by 1 line. \titlecite[widows-and-orphans] alerts the author to the pages that contain widows or orphans. Combined, these packages make it very simple for the author to quickly remove \waos/ by adjusting the \tex{looseness} values; however, it still requires the author to make manual source changes after each revision.
-
-\Lwc/ is essentially just a combination of \type{widow-assist.lua}\cite[widow-assist] and \sans{widows-and-orphans}:\cite[widows-and-orphans] when the \openalty/ shows that a \woo/ occurred, Lua is used to find a stretchable paragraph. What \lwc/ adds on top of these packages is automation: \lwc/ eliminates the requirement for any manual adjustments.
-
-\startpostponing
-\startTEXpage[
- align=normal,
- width=100cm,
- autowidth=force,
- offset=5pt,
- pagestate=start,
-]
- \veryraggedcenter
- \setupTABLE[row][first][style=\ssbf, align=middle]
- \setupTABLE[frame=off, offset=5pt]
- \startTABLE
- \NC Ignore
- \NC Shorten
- \NC Stretch
- \NC \Lwc/ \NC\NR
-
- \NC \typesetbuffer[ignore][frame=on,page=1]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[shorten][frame=on,page=1]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[stretch][frame=on,page=1]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[lwc][frame=on,page=1]
- \NC\NR
-
- \NC \typesetbuffer[ignore][frame=on,page=2]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[shorten][frame=on,page=2]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[stretch][frame=on,page=2]
- \NC \typesetbuffer[lwc][frame=on,page=2]
- \NC\NR
-
- \NC \typebuffer[ignore-code][option=TEX]
- \NC \typebuffer[shorten-code][option=TEX]
- \NC \typebuffer[stretch-code][option=TEX]
- \NC \typebuffer[lwc-code][option=TEX]
- \NC\NR
- \stopTABLE
-
- \placefloatcaption[table][reference=tab:demo, title={A visual comparison of various automated widow handling techniques.}]
-\stopTEXpage
-\stoppostponing
-
-\section[sec:demo]{Demonstration}
-
-Although \TeX{}'s page breaking algorithm is quite simple, it can lead to some fairly complex behaviors when \waos/ are involved. The usual choices are to either ignore them, stretch some glue, or shorten the page. \in{Table}[tab:demo] has a visual demonstration of some of these behaviors and how \lwc/ differs from the defaults.
-
-\subsection{Ignore}
-As you can see, the last line of the page is on a separate page from the rest of its paragraph, creating a widow. This is usually pretty distracting for the reader, so it is best avoided wherever possible.
-
-\subsection{Shorten}
-This page did not leave any widows, but it did shorten the previous page by 1~line. Sometimes this is acceptable, but usually it looks bad because each page will have different text-block heights. This can make the pages look quite uneven, especially when typesetting with columns or in a book with facing pages.
-
-\subsection{Stretch}
-This page also has no widows and it has a flushed bottom margin. However, the space between each paragraph had to be stretched.
-
-If this page had many equations, headings, and other elements with natural space between them, the stretched out space would be much less noticeable. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical typesetting, so it makes sense that this is its default behavior. However, in a page with mostly text, these paragraph gaps can look unsightly.
-
-In addition, this method is incompatible with typesetting on a grid since all glue stretch must be quantized to the height of a line.
-
-\subsection{\lwc/}
-\Lwc/ has none of these issues: it eliminates the widows in a document while keeping a flushed bottom margin and constant paragraph spacing.
-
-To do so, \lwc/ lengthened the second paragraph by one line. If you look closely, you can see that this stretched the interword spaces. This stretching is noticeable when typesetting in a narrow text block, but it becomes nearly imperceptible with larger widths.
-
-\Lwc/ automatically finds the \q{best} paragraph to stretch, so the increase in interword spaces should almost always be minimal.
-
-\section{Installation}
-Most up-to-date \TeX~Live and Mik\TeX{} systems should already have \lwc/ installed. However, a manual installation may occasionally be required.
-
-\subsection{\TeX~Live}
-Run \type{tlmgr install lua-widow-control} in a terminal, or install using the \q{\TeX~Live Manager} \acronym{GUI}.
-
-\subsection{Mik\TeX}
-Run \type{mpm --install=lua-widow-control} in a terminal, or install using the \q{Mik\TeX{} Maintenance} \acronym{GUI}.
-
-\subsection{\ConTeXt{} \acronym{MKIV} Standalone}
-Run \type{first-setup.sh --modules="lua-widow-control"} in a terminal or install manually.
-
-\subsection{Manual}
-Currently, \ConTeXt{} \acronym{MKXL} (\LuaMetaTeX{}) users must manually install the package. Most other users will be better served by using the \lwc/ supplied by \TeX~Live and Mik\TeX{}; however, all users may manually install the package if desired. The procedure should be fairly similar regardless of your \acronym{OS}, \TeX{} distribution, or format.
-
-\subsection{Steps}
-\startitemize[N]
- \item Download \type{lua-widow-control.tds.zip} from \goto{\acronym{CTAN}}[url(ctan)] or \goto{GitHub}[url(download)].
- \item Unzip the release into your \type{TEXMFLOCAL/} directory. (You can find its location by running \type{kpsewhich --var-value TEXMFHOME} in a terminal)
- \item Refresh the filename database: \startitemize[1]
- \item \ConTeXt: \type{mtxrun --generate}
- \item \TeX~Live: \type{mktexlsr}
- \item Mik\TeX: \type{initexmf --update-fndb}
- \stopitemize
-\stopitemize
-
-\section{Dependencies}
-\Lwc/ does have a few dependencies; however, these will almost certainly be met by all but the most minimal of \TeX{} installations.
-
-\subsection{Plain~\TeX{}}
-\Lwc/ requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85) and the most recent version of \sans{luatexbase} (2015/10/04). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2016 will meet these requirements.
-
-\subsection{\LaTeX{}}
-\Lwc/ requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85), \LaTeX{} ($\ge$ 2020/10/01), and \sans{microtype} (any version). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2021 will meet these requirements.
-
-\Lwc/ also supports a \q{legacy} mode for older \LaTeX{} kernels. This uses an older version of the \LaTeX{} code while still using the most recent Lua code. This mode requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85), \LaTeX{} ($\ge$ 2015/01/01), \sans{microtype} (any version), and \sans{etoolbox} (any version). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2016 will meet these requirements.
-
-Please note that when running in legacy mode, you cannot use the key--value interface. Instead, you should follow the \q{Plain~\TeX{}} interface.
-
-\subsection{\ConTeXt{}}
-\Lwc/ supports both \ConTeXt{} \acronym{MKXL} (\LuaMetaTeX{}) and \ConTeXt{} \acronym{MKIV} (\LuaTeX{}).
-
-\subsection{Op\TeX{}}
-\Lwc/ works with any version of Op\TeX{} and has no dependencies.
-
-
-\section[sec:usage]{Loading the Package}
-
-\setupTABLE[frame=off]
-\setupTABLE[column][first][roffset=1.5em]
-\setupTABLE[row][first][toffset=0.25ex]
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC Plain~\TeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\input lua-widow-control}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\usepackage{lua-widow-control}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\usemodule[lua-widow-control]}
- \NC\NR
- \NC Op\TeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\load[lua-widow-control]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\section{Options}
-
-\Lwc/ is automatically enabled with the default settings as soon as you load it. Most users should not need to configure \lwc/; however, the packages provides a few commands.
-
-\subsection{Overview}
-
-\LaTeX{} users can set the options either when loading the package (\inlineTEX{\usepackage[$\meta{options}$]{lua-widow-control}}) or at any point using \inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{$\meta{options}$}}.
-
-\ConTeXt{} users should always use the \inlineTEX{\setuplwc[$\meta{options}$]} command.
-
-Plain~\TeX{} and Op\TeX{} are a little different. Some options have commands provided (i.e., \inlineTEX{\lwcemergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}), while others must be set manually (i.e., \inlineTEX{\directlua{lwc.debug = true}}).
-
-Also, please note that not all commands are provided for all formats.
-
-\subsection{Enabling}
-
-\Lwc/ is enabled by default as soon as you load it. Nevertheless, you may need to explicitly reenable it if you have previously disabled it.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcenable}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{enable}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = start]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\subsection{Disabling}
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdisable}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{disable}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = stop]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\subsection{Strict Mode}
-
-By default, \lwc/ takes all possible measures to remove \waos/. This normally works out pretty well; however, sometimes these measures may be a little more aggressive than certain users want.
-
-\Lwc/ offers a \q{strict} mode that will only make modification to the page that are near-imperceptible to remove \waos/.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{strict}}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-Internally, this sets {\tt emergencystretch = 0pt}, {\tt max-cost = 5000}, and {\tt nobreak = warn}.
-
-\subsection{\estretch/}
-
-You can configure the \estretch/ used when stretching a paragraph. The default value is 3~em.
-
-\Lwc/ will only use the \estretch/ when it cannot lengthen a paragraph in any other way, so it is fairly safe to set this to a large value. \TeX{} still accumulates badness when \estretch/ is used, so it's pretty rare that a paragraph that requires any \estretch/ will actually be used on the page.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcemergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{emergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[emergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\subsection{Selectively Disabling}
-Sometimes, you may want to disable \lwc/ for certain commands where stretching is undesirable. For example, you typically wouldn't want section headings to be stretched.
-
-You could just disable then reenable \lwc/ every time that you use the command; however, \lwc/ provides a convenience macro that will do this automatically for you.
-
-\Lwc/ automatically patches the default \LaTeX{}, \ConTeXt{}, Plain~\TeX{}, and Op\TeX{} section commands, so you shouldn't need to patch these yourself. \Lwc/ also patches the commands provided by \sans{memoir}, \sans{\acronym{KOMA}-script}, and \sans{titlesec}. You'll need to patch any other section commands yourself.
-
-Note that the \LaTeX{} option does not \emph{append} commands to the disable list; rather, it \emph{sets} the list from scratch. This means that you can set an empty list to disable any command patching; however, this also means that if you want to disable one command on top of the defaults, you'll also need to manually include the default list.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC \inlineTEX{\lwcdisablecmd $\meta{\backslash macro}$}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC \inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{disablecmds = {$\meta{macronameone}$, $\meta{macronametwo}$}}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC \inlineTEX{\prependtoks\lwc$\hskip-0.5em\relax$@patch at pre\to\everybefore$\hskip-0.5em\relax\meta{hook}$}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC \inlineTEX{\prependtoks\lwc$\hskip-0.5em\relax$@patch at pre\to\everyafter$\hskip-0.5em\relax\meta{hook}$}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\subsection{Widow and Orphan Penalties}
-
-You can also manually adjust the penalties that \TeX{} assigns to widows, orphans, and broken hyphens. Usually, the defaults are fine, but advanced users may want to change them.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\clubpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{orphanpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[orphanpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-Some suitable integers:
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC Ignore widows/orphans \NC 0 \NC\NR
- \NC Default \NC 1 \NC\NR
- \NC Disable \lwc/ \NC 10\,000 \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\subsection{\tex{nobreak} Behaviour}
-
-When \lwc/ encounters an orphan, it removes it by removing the orphaned line to the next page. However, sometimes, an orphan is immediately preceded by a section heading or a \tex{nobreak} command. By moving the orphan to the next page, you would naïvely separate a section (or other such material) from the line that follows. This really ought to be avoided, so \lwc/ provides some options to avoid this.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcnobreak{$\meta{value}$}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{nobreak = $\meta{value}$}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[nobreak = $\meta{value}$]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-The default value, \type{keep}, \emph{keep}s the section heading with the orphan by moving both to the next page.
-
-The value \type{split} \emph{split}s up the section heading and the orphan by moving the orphan to the next page while leaving the heading behind. This is usually a bad idea.
-
-The value \type{warn} causes \lwc/ to give up on the page and do nothing, leaving an orphaned line. \Lwc/ \emph{warn}s the user so that they can manually remove the orphan.
-
-\subsection{Maximum Cost}
-
-When \TeX{} breaks a paragraph, it scores it by the number of \q{demerits}. The demerits for a paragraph is the sum of the squared badnesses for each line, plus any \q{additional demerits} added for any other reason. The badness for a line is proportional the cube of the glue stretch ratio, so demerits grow with the sixth power of glue stretch.
-
-To choose the \q{best} paragraph on the page, \lwc/ uses a \q{cost function} $C$ that is initially defined as \startformula
- C = \frac{d}{\sqrt{l}}
-\stopformula where $d$ is the total demerits of the paragraph, and $l$ is the number of lines in the paragraph.
-
-By default, \lwc/ just selects the paragraph on the page with the lowest cost; however, you can configure it to only select paragraphs below a selected cost. If there aren't any paragraphs below the set threshold, then \lwc/ won't remove the \woo/ and will instead issue a warning.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcmaxcost = $\meta{integer}$}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{max-cost = $\meta{integer}$}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[maxcost = $\meta{integer}$]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-Very advanced users may also set a custom cost function by redefining the \inlineLUA{lwc.paragraph_cost(demerits, lines)} function.
-
-\subsection{Debug Mode}
-
-\Lwc/ offers a \q{debug} mode that prints extra information in the log files. This may be helpful to understand how \lwc/ is processing paragraphs and pages.
-
-\startTABLE
- \NC \plainop/
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdebug 1}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdebug 0}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \LaTeX{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{debug = true}}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{debug = false}}
- \NC\NR
- \NC \ConTeXt{}
- \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = start]}
- \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = stop]}
- \NC\NR
-\stopTABLE
-
-\section{Columns}
-
-Since \TeX{} implements column breaking and page breaking through the same internal mechanisms, \lwc/ should remove \waos/ between columns just as well as it does with \waos/ between pages. This has been tested with the standard \LaTeX{} class option \type{twocolumn} and the two-column output routine from Chapter~23 of \cite[title][texbook].\cite[texbook] \Lwc/ should presumably work with any other multi-column implementation; however, due to the diversity and complexity of output~routines, this cannot be guaranteed.
-
-\section[sec:issues]{Known Issues}
-\startitemize
- \item \Lwc/ will rarely fail to correctly move the last line on an expanded page to the next page in documents with \emph{very} small paper sizes. \githubissue{19}
-
- \item When a 3-line paragraph is at the end of a page forming a widow, \lwc/ will remove the widow; however, it will leave an orphan. This issue is inherent to any process that removes widows through paragraph expansion and is thus unavoidable. Orphans are better than widows, so this is still an improvement.
-
- \item Sometimes a \woo/ cannot be eliminated because no paragraph has enough \q{stretch}. This can \emph{sometimes} be remediated by increasing \lwc/'s \estretch/; however, some pages just don't have enough \q{stretchy} paragraphs. Long paragraphs with short words tend to be \q{stretchier} than short paragraphs with long words since these long paragraphs will have more interword glue. Narrow columns also stretch easier than wide columns since you need to expand a paragraph by less to make a new line.
-
- \item When running under \LuaMetaTeX, the log may be filled with lines like \q{\tt luatex warning > tex: left parfill skip is gone}. This is harmless and can be ignored. \githubissue{7} % I have no idea how to fix this. The LMTX manual has "\parfillleftskip" in the indices, but that's all that I can find about it.
-
- \item \Lwc/ will rarely raise a \q{\tt Circular node list detected!} warning. This occurs when the replacement paragraph node list loops back on itself. This is usually harmless, but can rarely cause the entire compile to completely fail. \githubissue{9}
-
- \item \TeX{} may warn you about over or underfull vboxes on pages where \lwc/ removed a \woo/. This is a false alarm and can be ignored. \githubissue{8}
-
- \item If there is a footnote on the last line of the page with a \woo/, \lwc/ will sometimes move the \q{footnote mark} but not the \q{footnote text}, thus breaking up a footnote. \githubissue{26}
-\stopitemize
-
-\section{The Algorithm}
-\Lwc/ uses a fairly simple algorithm to eliminate \waos/. It is pretty basic, but there are a few subtleties. Please see \about[sec:implementation] for a full listing of the source code.
-
-\subsection{Paragraph Breaking}
-First, \lwc/ hooks into the paragraph breaking process.
-
-Before a paragraph is broken by \TeX{}, \lwc/ grabs the unbroken paragraph. \Lwc/ then breaks the paragraph 1~line longer than its natural length and stores it for later, \emph{without} interfering with how \TeX{} breaks paragraphs into their natural length.
-
-After \TeX{} has broken its paragraph into its natural length, \lwc/ appears once again. Before the broken paragraph is added to the main vertical list, \lwc/ tags the first and last nodes of the paragraph. These tags create a relationship between the previously-saved lengthened paragraph and the start/end of the naturally-typeset paragraph on the page.
-
-\subsection{Page Breaking}
-\Lwc/ intercepts \tex{box255} immediately before the output routine.
-
-First, \lwc/ analyzes the \openalty/ of the page or column. If the page was broken at a \woo/, the \openalty/ will equal either \tex{widow\allowbreak penalty} or \tex{orphan\allowbreak penalty}. If the \openalty/ is not indicative of a \woo/, \lwc/ will stop and return \tex{box255} unmodified.
-
-At this point, we know that we have a \woo/ on the page, so we must lengthen the page by 1~line. We iterate through the list of saved paragraphs to find the lengthened paragraph with the least cost. Once we've selected a paragraph to replace, we can now traverse through the page to find the original version of this paragraph that \TeX{} originally typeset. Once we find the original paragraph, we \q{splice} the lengthened paragraph in the place of the original.
-
-Since the page is now 1~line longer than it was before, we pull the last line off of the page to bring it back to its original length. We place the line onto the top of the \emph{recent contributions} list so that it is added to the start of the next page. Now, we can return the new, widow-free page to the output routine.
-
-\section{Contributions}
-
-If you have any issues with \lwc/, please create an issue at the \goto{project's GitHub page}[url(projecturl)]. Or, if you think that you can solve any of the \about[sec:issues] or add any new features, \goto{submit a \acronym{PR}}[url(projecturl)]. Thanks!
-
-\section{License}
-
-\Lwc/ is licensed under the \goto{\emph{Mozilla Public License}, version 2.0}[url(https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/)] or greater. The documentation is licensed under \goto{\acronym{CC-BY-SA}, version 4.0}[url(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)] or greater as well as the \acronym{MPL}.
-
-Please note that a compiled document is \bold{not} considered to be an \q{Executable Form} as defined by the \acronym{MPL}. The \acronym{MPL} and \acronym{CC-BY-SA} licenses \bold{only} apply to you if you distribute the \lwc/ source code or documentation.
-
-\section{References}
-
-\placelistofpublications
-
-\page
-\setuplayout[
- width=middle,
- backspace=1in,
- height=9.25in,
-]
-\section[sec:implementation]{Implementation}
-
-\usemodule[scite]
-\setupbodyfont[10pt]
-\setuphead[subsection][
- alternative=normal,
- style=\ssita,
- page=yes,
- continue=yes,
-]
-
-\subsection{lua-widow-control.lua}
-
-\typeLUAfile{../source/lua-widow-control.lua}
-
-\subsection{lua-widow-control.tex}
-
-\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.tex}
-
-\subsection{lua-widow-control.sty}
-
-\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.sty}
-
-\subsection{t-lua-widow-control.mkxl/mkiv}
-
-\typeTEXfile{../source/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl}
-
-\subsection{lua-widow-control.opm}
-
-\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.opm}
-
-\subsection{Demo from \in{Table}[tab:demo]}
-
-\typeTEXfile{lwc-documentation-demo-text.tmp}
-
-\stopdocument
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.bib
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.bib (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.bib 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+ at book{texbook,
+ author = {Donald E. Knuth},
+ title = {The \TeX{}Book},
+ year = {2020},
+ publisher = {Addison--Wesley},
+ url = {https://ctan.org/pkg/texbook}
+}
+
+ at book{elements,
+ title = {The Elements of Typographic Style},
+ author = {Robert Bringhurst},
+ edition = {3rd},
+ publisher = {Hartley \& Marks},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+ at article{global,
+ doi = {10.1111/coin.12165},
+ year = {2018},
+ month = mar,
+ publisher = {Wiley},
+ volume = {35},
+ number = {2},
+ pages = {242--284},
+ author = {Frank Mittelbach},
+ title = {A general framework for globally optimized pagination},
+ journal = {Computational Intelligence}
+}
+
+ at phdthesis{plass,
+ title={Optimal pagination techniques for automatic typesetting systems},
+ author={Plass, Michael Frederick},
+ year={1981},
+ school={Stanford University},
+ urlnewline=1,
+ url={https://tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf}
+}
+
+ at article{article,
+ title={Automatically removing widows and orphans with
+ {\tt lua-widow-control}},
+ author={Chernoff, Max},
+ journal={TUGboat},
+ volume={43},
+ number={1},
+ year={2022},
+ month=may,
+ pages={28--39},
+ DOI={10.47397/tb/43-1/tb133chernoff-widows},
+}
Property changes on: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.bib
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:eol-style
## -0,0 +1 ##
+native
\ No newline at end of property
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.mkxl
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.mkxl (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.mkxl 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+\startenvironment[lwc-manual]
+\unprotect
+
+\mainlanguage[en]
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Font Selection %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\startluacode
+fonts.handlers.otf.addfeature {
+ name = "emdash_kern", -- Increase sidebearings on em-dash
+ type = "single",
+ data = {
+ ["—"] = { 100, 0, 200, 0 },
+ }
+}
+\stopluacode
+
+\definefontfeature[default][default][
+ protrusion=quality,
+ expansion=quality,
+ onum=yes,
+ script=latn,
+ emdash_kern=yes,
+ trep=yes,
+]
+\setupalign[hz, hanging]
+
+\definefontfeature[lining][onum=no,lnum=yes]
+\definefontfeature[allsmall][c2sc=yes, smcp=yes]
+\define\lining{\feature[+][lining]}
+
+\starttypescript[lwc-fonts]
+ \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [rm] [serif][pagella] [default]
+ \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [ss] [sans] [libertinus] [default] [rscale=1.07]
+ \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [tt] [mono] [plex] [default] [rscale=0.89]
+ \definetypeface[lwc-fonts] [mm] [math] [pagella] [default]
+\stoptypescript
+
+\setupbodyfont[lwc-fonts, 11pt]
+
+\setupbodyfontenvironment[default][em=italic]
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Page Layout %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\setuppapersize[letter]
+
+\setupindenting[yes, 3em]
+\setupinterlinespace[2.75ex]
+
+\input lang-frq.mkxl % For \averagecharwidth
+
+\setuplayout[
+ width=75\averagecharwidth,
+ backspace=\dimexpr(\paperwidth - \makeupwidth) / 2,
+ topspace=\dimexpr\backspace - \headerheight,
+ footerdistance=3\baselineskip,
+ footer=\baselineskip,
+ height=8.75in,
+ margin=\dimexpr\backspace - \margindistance - 0.25cm,
+]
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% PDF Settings %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% PDF/UA
+\setupbackend[format=PDF/UA-1]
+\setupinteraction[state=start, focus=standard]
+\setuptagging[state=start]
+\setupstructure[state=start, method=auto]
+
+% Bookmarks
+\placebookmarks[section, subsection][section, subsection][number=no]
+\setupinteractionscreen[option=bookmark]
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Formatting %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\setuppagenumbering[location=footer, style=\ss\lining]
+\let\old at tex=\tex
+\def\tex#1{\expandafter\old at tex\normalexpanded{{#1}}} % Allow expansion in the \tex macro (for \allowbreak)
+
+% Acronym styling
+\definecharacterkerning[acronymkerning][factor=0.05]
+\definealternativestyle[acronymstyle][{\feature[+][allsmall]\switchtobodyfont[1.1em]\setcharacterkerning[acronymkerning]}][]
+\definehighlight[acronym][style=acronymstyle]
+
+\startsetups[commandtable]
+ \setupTABLE[frame=off]
+ \setupTABLE[column][first][roffset=1.5em]
+ \setupTABLE[row][first][toffset=0.25ex]
+\stopsetups
+
+\startsetups[booktabs]
+ \setupTABLE[each][each][frame=off]
+ \setupTABLE[row][first][topframe=on, rulethickness=1.2bp]
+ \setupTABLE[row][2] [topframe=on, rulethickness=0.6bp]
+ \setupTABLE[row][last] [bottomframe=on, rulethickness=1.2bp]
+ \setupTABLE[column][first][loffset=0.5em]
+ \setupTABLE[column][last][roffset=0.5em]
+\stopsetups
+
+\setupitemize[each][
+ style=\lining,
+ inbetween={\blank[quarterline]},
+]
+\setupcaptions[
+ headstyle=\ssbf\lining,
+ style=\ss,
+]
+
+\setupdelimitedtext[blockquote][
+ style=\ss,
+ before=\noindentation,
+ after={\blank[medium]}
+]
+
+\define[1]\meta{\m{\langle}\italic{#1}\m{\rangle}}
+\define[1]\githubissue{\goto{(Issue~\##1)}[url(https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/issues/#1)]}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Section Commands %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\definecharacterkerning[titlekern][factor=0.2]
+
+\protected\def\interwordspace{\scaledfontdimen2\font}
+
+% Section
+\startsetups[style:section]
+ \setcharacterkerning[titlekern]
+ \switchtobodyfont[adventor]
+ \WORD
+ \bfb
+ \feature[+][allsmall]
+ \interwordspace=0.4em
+ \veryraggedcenter
+\stopsetups
+
+\setuphead[section][
+ before={\blank[big, preference]},
+ after={\blank[medium, samepage]},
+ textstyle=\setups{style:section},
+ number=no,
+]
+
+% Subsection
+\setuphead[subsection][
+ before={\blank[medium, preference]},
+ after=,
+ textstyle=\ss,
+ alternative=margintext,
+ number=no,
+]
+
+% TOC
+\def\secondleveltoc{subsection}
+\starttexdefinition protected SectionTOCcommand #1#2#3
+ \startcurrentlistentrywrapper % Make the whole line a link
+ \midaligned{ % Have the title and page number "glued" to the middle
+ \llap{\currentlistentrytitle}
+ \hskip 1em
+ \rlap{\color[\interactionparameter{color}]{\bf \currentlistentrypagenumber}}
+ }
+ \stopcurrentlistentrywrapper
+
+ \par
+ \nobreak
+
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\framedtext[ % Align the subsection titles under the section title
+ frame=off,
+ width=\dimexpr\textwidth/2 - 0.5em,
+ align={flushright, wide},
+ offset=none,
+ toffset=-\lineheight,
+ ]{
+ \global\firstsubsectiontrue
+ \placelist[\secondleveltoc][criterium=local]
+ }}
+ \iffirstsubsection
+ \blank[quarterline] % No subsections here
+ \else
+ \box0
+ \fi
+
+ \goodbreak
+\stoptexdefinition
+
+\newif\iffirstsubsection
+
+\define\tocspace{\hskip 0.5em plus 0.5em minus 0.2em\relax}
+
+\unexpanded\def\toc_link#1{%
+ \startcurrentlistentrywrapper%
+ \hbox{#1}%
+ \stopcurrentlistentrywrapper%
+}
+
+\starttexdefinition protected SubsectionTOCcommand #1#2#3
+ \ss\itx
+ \dontleavehmode
+ \iffirstsubsection
+ \global\firstsubsectionfalse
+ \toc_link{#2}
+ \else
+ \discretionary{}{
+ \toc_link{#2} % No interpunct if the line splits here
+ }{
+ \tocspace{\bfa·}\tocspace\toc_link{#2}
+ }
+ \fi
+\stoptexdefinition
+
+\setupcombinedlist[content][list=section]
+\setuplist[section][
+ alternative=command,
+ command=\SectionTOCcommand,
+]
+
+\setuplist[subsection][
+ alternative=command,
+ command=\SubsectionTOCcommand,
+]
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Title Block %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\setupdocument[
+ title={},
+ author={},
+ version={},
+ ctan={},
+ github={},
+]
+
+\startluacode
+local function strip_url(str)
+ local url_table = url.hashed(str)
+ url_table.fragment = nil
+ url_table.scheme = nil
+ url_table.authority = url_table.authority:gsub("^www%.", "")
+ tex.sprint(-2, url.decode(url.construct(url_table)))
+end
+
+interfaces.implement {
+ name = "strip_url",
+ actions = strip_url,
+ arguments = "1 string"
+}
+\stopluacode
+
+\define[1]\strippedurl{%
+ \goto{\tt\hyphenatedurl{\clf_strip_url{#1}}}[url(#1)]
+}
+
+\startsetups[titleblock]
+ \startalignment [middle]
+ \begingroup
+ \setups[style:section]\bfc
+ \documentvariable{title}
+ \par
+ \endgroup
+
+ \blank[big]
+
+ \begingroup
+ \ssa\lining
+ \documentvariable{author}
+ \blank[medium]
+ v\,\documentvariable{version}
+ \par
+ \endgroup
+
+ \dontleavehmode
+ \blackrule[depth=-0.25\baselineskip, height=\dimexpr0.25\baselineskip + 0.4pt, width=8em]
+ \par
+
+ \doifdocumentvariable{ctan}{
+ \strippedurl{\documentvariable{ctan}}
+ }
+ \doifdocumentvariable{github}{
+ \strippedurl{\documentvariable{github}}
+ }
+ \blank[big]
+
+ \noindentation
+ \stopalignment
+\stopsetups
+
+\startsetups[document:start]
+ \setup[titleblock]
+
+ \setupinteraction[
+ title=\documentvariable{title},
+ author=\documentvariable{author},
+ ]
+\stopsetups
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%% Bibliography %%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\usebtxdefinitions[apa]
+
+\setupbtx[apa:list][
+ stopper:initials=,
+ separator:initials=\btxnbsp,
+ interaction=start,
+]
+
+\setupbtxlabeltext[en][
+ apa:Retrieved={}
+]
+
+\setupbtxrendering[apa][
+ numbering=yes,
+ sorttype=used,
+]
+
+\setupbtx[apa:cite][alternative=num]
+
+\defineshift[citeshift][
+ method=0,
+ dy=-1,
+ unit=ex,
+ continue=yes,
+ style=\tfx\lining,
+]
+
+\setupbtx[apa:cite:num][
+ command=\citeshift,
+ left=,
+ right=,
+ separator:2=\citeshift{,\,},
+ separator:3=\citeshift{--}
+]
+
+\setupbtxlist[apa][
+ alternative=a,
+ before=,
+ after={\blank[quarterline]},
+ style=\lining,
+ margin=0pt,
+ width=1.5em,
+]
+
+\starttexdefinition mutable protected btx:apa:url
+ \strippedurl{\clf_btxflush{\currentbtxdataset}{\currentbtxtag}{url}
+ }
+\stoptexdefinition
+
+\define[1]\lwc_doi{\goto{\acronym{DOI:}\,\tt\hyphenatedurl{#1}}[url(https://dx.doi.org/#1)]}
+\starttexdefinition mutable protected btx:apa:doi
+ \lwc_doi{\clf_btxflush{\currentbtxdataset}{\currentbtxtag}{doi}}
+\stoptexdefinition
+
+\protect
+\stopenvironment
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.tex (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.tex 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+\doifnot{\contextmark}{LMTX}{
+ \errhelp{LMTX/MkXL is required to compile this file.}
+ \errmessage{Fatal error, exiting.}
+}
+
+\environment lwc-manual
+
+\usemodule[lua-widow-control]
+\usebtxdataset[\jobname.bib]
+
+\useURL[projecturl][https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control]
+\useURL[download][https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest]
+\useURL[ctan][https://www.ctan.org/pkg/lua-widow-control]
+
+% Abbreviations
+\def\lwc/{\sans{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+\def\Lwc/{\sans{Lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+\def\estretch/{\tex{emergency\allowbreak stretch}}
+\def\openalty/{\tex{output\allowbreak penalty}}
+\def\waos/{widows and orphans}
+\def\wao/{widow and orphan}
+\def\woo/{widow or orphan}
+\def\mkxl/{\ConTeXt~Mk\acronym{XL}}
+\def\mkiv/{\ConTeXt~Mk\acronym{IV}}
+\define\OpTeX{Op\kern-.05em\TeX}
+\def\LuaMetaTeX{LuaMeta\TeX}
+\def\plainop/{Plain~\TeX{}/\OpTeX{}}
+\let\q=\quotation
+
+\def\titlecite[#1]{\cite[title][#1]\cite[#1]}
+
+\definetype[inlineTEX][option=tex, escape={$,$}, lines=hyphenated]
+\definetype[inlineLUA][option=lua, escape={$,$}, lines=hyphenated]
+
+\input lwc-sample
+
+\startdocument[
+ title=lua-widow-control,
+ author=Max Chernoff,
+ version=2.1.1, %%version
+ github=https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control,
+ ctan=https://www.ctan.org/pkg/lua-widow-control,
+]
+
+\Lwc/ is a Plain~\TeX/\LaTeX/\ConTeXt{}/\OpTeX{} package that removes \waos/ without any user intervention. Using the power of \LuaTeX{}, it does so \emph{without} stretching any glue or shortening any pages or columns. Instead, \lwc/ automatically lengthens a paragraph on a page or column where a \woo/ would otherwise occur.
+
+\section{Quick Start}
+Ensure that your \TeX~Live/Mik\TeX{} distribution is up-to-date. Then, \LaTeX{} users just need to place \inlineTEX{\usepackage{lua-widow-control}} in the preamble of their document. For more details, see the \goto{Usage sections}[sec:usage].
+
+\subject{Contents}
+\placecontent[criterium=all]
+
+\section{Preliminaries}
+
+This manual begins with a brief introduction to widows, orphans, and \lwc/. For an extended introduction and discussion of these topics, please see the \emph{TUGboat} article\cite[article] distributed with this manual (Links: \goto{local}[tb133chernoff-widows::], \goto{\acronym{CTAN}}[url(http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/luatex/generic/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf)], \goto{GitHub}[url(https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/download/tb133chernoff-widows.pdf)]). You can also skip ahead to the \goto{installation instructions on \at{page}[sec:install]}[sec:install] or the \goto{usage section starting at \at{page}[sec:usage]}[sec:usage].
+
+\section[sec:motivation]{Motivation}
+
+Unmodified \TeX{} has only two familiar ways of dealing with \waos/: it can
+either shorten a page by one line, or it can stretch vertical
+whitespace. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical and scientific typesetting,
+where a typical page has multiple section headings, tables, figures, and
+equations. For this style of document, \TeX's default behaviour works quite
+well, since the slight stretching of whitespace between the various document
+elements is nearly imperceptible; however, for prose or other documents
+composed almost entirely of paragraphs, there is little vertical whitespace
+to stretch.
+
+\Lwc/ offers an alternative method of removing \waos/: instead of shortening a page or stretching vertical whitespace, \lwc/ simply chooses a paragraph to lengthen by one~line such that the \woo/ is eliminated.
+
+\section{Widows and Orphans}
+\subsection{Widows}
+A \q{widow} occurs when the majority of a paragraph is on one page or column,
+but the last line is on the following page or column. It not only looks
+quite odd for a lone line to be at the start of the page, but it makes a
+paragraph harder to read since the separation of a paragraph and
+its last line disconnects the two, causing the reader to lose context for
+the widowed line.
+
+\subsection{Orphans}
+An \q{orphan} occurs when the first line of a paragraph is at the end
+of the page or column preceding the remainder of the paragraph. They are not
+as distracting for the reader, but they are still not ideal.
+Visually, \waos/ are about equally disruptive; however, orphans tend not to
+decrease the legibility of a text as much as widows, so some authors choose
+to ignore them.
+
+\subsection{Broken Hyphens}
+\q{Broken} hyphens occur whenever a page break occurs in a
+hyphenated word. These are not related to \waos/; however,
+breaking a word across two pages is at least as disruptive for the reader
+as \waos/. \TeX{} identifies broken hyphens in the same ways as \waos/, so
+\lwc/ treats broken hyphens in the same way.
+
+\startplacefigure[location={here, top, bottom}, title={A visual comparison of \waos/.}, reference=tab:widow]
+ \getbuffer[widow-orphan]
+\stopplacefigure
+
+\section{\TeX's Pagination}
+\subsection{Algorithm}
+It is tricky to understand how \lwc/ works if you aren't familiar with how
+\TeX{} breaks pages and columns. For a full description, you should
+consult Chapter~15 of \titlecite[texbook] (\q{How \TeX{} Makes Lines
+into Pages}); however, this goes into much more detail than most users
+require, so here is a \emph{very} simplified summary of \TeX{}'s page
+breaking algorithm:
+
+\TeX{} fills the page with lines and other objects until the next object
+will no longer fit. Once no more objects will fit, \TeX{} will align the
+bottom of the last line with the bottom of the page by stretching any
+available vertical spaces if (in \LaTeX) \tex{flushbottom} is set;
+otherwise, it will
+break the page and leave the bottom empty.
+
+However, some objects have \q{penalties} attached. Penalties encourage or
+discourage page breaks from occurring at specific places. For example,
+\LaTeX{} sets a negative penalty before section headings to encourage a
+page break there; conversely, it sets a positive penalty after section
+headings to discourage breaking.
+
+To reduce \waos/, \TeX{} sets weakly-positive penalties between the
+first and second lines of a paragraph to prevent orphans, and between the
+penultimate and final lines to prevent widows.
+
+\subsection{Behaviour}
+
+Due to these \q{penalties} attached to \waos/, \TeX{} tries to avoid
+creating them. Widows and orphans with small penalties attached---like
+\LaTeX's default values of 150---are only lightly coupled to the rest
+of the paragraph, while \waos/ with large penalties---values of
+10\,000 or more---are treated as infinitely bad and are thus
+unbreakable. Intermediate values behave just as you would expect,
+discouraging page breaks proportional to their value.
+
+However, when these lines are moved as a group, \TeX{} will have to make a page or column with less lines. \about[sec:demo] goes into further detail about how \TeX{} deals with these too-short pages or columns.
+
+\startpostponing
+\startTEXpage[
+ align=normal,
+ width=100cm,
+ autowidth=force,
+ offset=5pt,
+ pagestate=start,
+]
+ \veryraggedcenter
+ \setupTABLE[row][first][style=\ssbf, align=middle]
+ \setupTABLE[frame=off, offset=5pt]
+ \startTABLE
+ \NC Ignore
+ \NC Shorten
+ \NC Stretch
+ \NC \Lwc/ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[ignore][frame=on,page=1]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[shorten][frame=on,page=1]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[stretch][frame=on,page=1]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[lwc][frame=on,page=1]
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[ignore][frame=on,page=2]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[shorten][frame=on,page=2]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[stretch][frame=on,page=2]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[lwc][frame=on,page=2]
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typebuffer[ignore-code][option=TEX]
+ \NC \typebuffer[shorten-code][option=TEX]
+ \NC \typebuffer[stretch-code][option=TEX]
+ \NC \typebuffer[lwc-code][option=TEX]
+ \NC\NR
+ \stopTABLE
+
+ \placefloatcaption[table][reference=tab:demo, title={A visual comparison of various automated widow handling techniques.}]
+\stopTEXpage
+\stoppostponing
+
+\section[sec:demo]{Demonstration}
+
+Although \TeX{}'s page breaking algorithm is reasonably
+straightforward, it can lead to
+complex behaviour when \waos/ are involved. The usual
+choices, when rewriting is not possible, are to ignore them,
+stretch some glue, or shorten the
+page. \in{Table}[tab:demo] has a visual comparison of these
+options, which we'll discuss in the following:
+
+\subsection{\q{Ignore}}
+
+As you can see, the last line of the page is on a separate page from the
+rest of its paragraph, creating a widow. This is usually highly
+distracting for the reader, so it is best avoided for the reasons previously
+discussed.
+
+\subsection{\q{Shorten}}
+
+This page did not leave any widows, but it did shorten the previous page
+by one line. Sometimes this is acceptable, but usually it looks bad because
+pages will then have different text-block heights. This can make the pages
+look quite uneven, especially when typesetting with columns or in a book
+with facing pages.
+
+\subsection{\q{Stretch}}
+
+This page also has no widows and it has a flush bottom margin. However,
+the space between each pair of paragraphs had to be stretched.
+
+If this page had many equations, headings, and other elements with
+natural space between them, the stretched out space would be much less
+noticeable. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical typesetting, so it makes
+sense that this is its default behaviour. However, in a page with mostly
+text, these paragraph gaps look unsightly.
+
+Also, this method is incompatible with grid typesetting, where
+all glue stretching must be quantised to the height of a line.
+
+\subsection{\q{\lwc/}}
+
+\Lwc/ has none of these issues: it eliminates the widows in a document
+while keeping a flush bottom margin and constant paragraph spacing.
+
+To do so, \lwc/ lengthened the second paragraph by one line. If you look
+closely, you can see that this stretched the interword spaces. This
+stretching is noticeable when typesetting in a narrow text block, but
+is mostly imperceptible with larger widths.
+
+\Lwc/ automatically finds the \q{best} paragraph to stretch, so the
+increase in interword spaces should almost always be minimal.
+
+\section[sec:install]{Installation}
+Most up-to-date \TeX~Live and Mik\TeX{} systems should already have \lwc/ installed. However, a manual installation may occasionally be required.
+
+\subsection{\TeX~Live}
+Run \type{tlmgr install lua-widow-control} in a terminal, or install using the \q{\TeX~Live Manager} \acronym{GUI}.
+
+\subsection{Mik\TeX}
+Run \type{mpm --install=lua-widow-control} in a terminal, or install using the \q{Mik\TeX{} Maintenance} \acronym{GUI}.
+
+\subsection{Manual}
+Currently, \mkxl/ (\LuaMetaTeX{}) users must manually install the package. Most other users will be better served by using the \lwc/ supplied by \TeX~Live and Mik\TeX{}; however, all users may manually install the package if desired. The procedure should be fairly similar regardless of your \acronym{OS}, \TeX{} distribution, or format.
+
+\subsection{Steps}
+\startitemize[N]
+ \item Download \type{lua-widow-control.tds.zip} from \goto{\acronym{CTAN}}[url(ctan)], \goto{GitHub}[url(download)] or the \goto{\ConTeXt{}~Garden}[url(https://modules.contextgarden.net/cgi-bin/module.cgi/action=view/id=127)].
+ \item Unzip the release into your \type{TEXMFLOCAL/} directory. (You can find its location by running \type{kpsewhich --var-value TEXMFHOME} in a terminal)
+ \item Refresh the filename database: \startitemize[1]
+ \item \ConTeXt: \type{mtxrun --generate}
+ \item \TeX~Live: \type{mktexlsr}
+ \item Mik\TeX: \type{initexmf --update-fndb}
+ \stopitemize
+\stopitemize
+
+\section{Dependencies}
+\Lwc/ does have a few dependencies; however, these will almost certainly be met by all but the most minimal of \TeX{} installations.
+
+\subsection{Plain~\TeX{}}
+\Lwc/ requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85) and the most recent version of \sans{luatexbase} (2015/10/04). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2016 will meet these requirements.
+
+\subsection{\LaTeX{}}
+\Lwc/ requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85), \LaTeX{} ($\ge$ 2020/10/01), and \sans{microtype} (any version). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2021 will meet these requirements.
+
+\Lwc/ also supports a \q{legacy} mode for older \LaTeX{} kernels. This uses an older version of the \LaTeX{} code while still using the most recent Lua code. This mode requires \LuaTeX{} ($\ge$ 0.85), \LaTeX{} ($\ge$ 2015/01/01), \sans{microtype} (any version), and \sans{etoolbox} (any version). Any version of \TeX~Live $\ge$ 2016 will meet these requirements.
+
+Please note that when running in legacy mode, you cannot use the key--value interface. This legacy interface is undocumented, but mostly the same as the \q{Plain~\TeX{}} interface.
+
+\subsection{\ConTeXt{}}
+\Lwc/ supports both \mkxl/ (\LuaMetaTeX{}) and \mkiv/ (\LuaTeX{}).
+
+\subsection{\OpTeX{}}
+\Lwc/ works with any version of \OpTeX{} and has no dependencies.
+
+
+\section[sec:usage]{Loading the Package}
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC Plain~\TeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\input lua-widow-control}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\usepackage{lua-widow-control}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\usemodule[lua-widow-control]}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \OpTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\load[lua-widow-control]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+\section{Options}
+
+\Lwc/ is automatically enabled with the default settings as soon as you load it. Most users should not need to configure \lwc/; however, the packages provides a few commands.
+
+\subsection{Overview}
+
+\LaTeX{} users can set the options either when loading the package (\inlineTEX{\usepackage[$\meta{options}$]{lua-widow-control}}) or at any point using \inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{$\meta{options}$}}.
+
+\ConTeXt{} users should use the \inlineTEX{\setuplwc[$\meta{options}$]} command for setting options at any point.
+
+Plain~\TeX{} and \OpTeX{} are a little different. Some options require you to set a register (i.e., \inlineTEX{\lwcemergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}), while others use macro arguments (i.e., \inlineTEX{\lwcnobreak{$\meta{option}$}}).
+
+\subsection{Disabling}
+
+You may want to disable \lwc/ for certain portions of your
+document. You can do so with the following commands:
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdisable}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{disable}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = stop]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+This prevents \lwc/ from stretching any paragraphs that follow. If a page
+has earlier paragraphs where \lwc/ was still enabled and a \woo/ is
+detected, \lwc/ will still attempt to remove the \woo/.
+
+\subsection{Enabling}
+
+\Lwc/ is enabled as soon as the package is loaded. If you
+have previously disabled it, you will need to re-enable it to save new paragraphs.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcenable}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{enable}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[state = start]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+\subsection{Automatically disabling}
+
+You may want to disable \lwc/ for certain commands where
+stretching is undesirable such as section headings. Of course, manually
+disabling and
+then enabling \lwc/ multiple times
+throughout a document would quickly become tedious, so \lwc/ provides
+some options to do this automatically for you.
+
+\Lwc/ automatically patches the default \LaTeX{}, \ConTeXt{},
+Plain~\TeX{}, \OpTeX{}, \sans{memoir}, \sans{\acronym{KOMA}-Script}, and
+\sans{titlesec} section commands, so you don't need to patch these.
+Any others, though, you'll need to patch yourself.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC \inlineTEX{\lwcdisablecmd $\meta{\backslash macro}$}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC \inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{disablecmds = {$\meta{macronameone}$, $\meta{macronametwo}$}}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC \inlineTEX{\prependtoks\lwc$\hskip-0.5em\relax$@patch at pre\to\everybefore$\hskip-0.5em\relax\meta{hook}$}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC \inlineTEX{\prependtoks\lwc$\hskip-0.5em\relax$@patch at pre\to\everyafter$\hskip-0.5em\relax\meta{hook}$}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+The Plain~\TeX{}, \OpTeX, and \ConTeXt commands \emph{append} to the list of patched commands: they simply patch the provided commands while leaving the original patches in place. The \LaTeX{} option \emph{sets} the list of patched commands: it replaces the default list with the provided list.
+
+\subsection{\estretch/}
+
+\Lwc/ defaults to an \estretch/ value of 3~em for stretched paragraphs,
+but you can configure this.
+
+\Lwc/ will only use the \estretch/ when it cannot lengthen a paragraph
+in any other way, so it is fairly safe to set this to a large value.
+\TeX{} accumulates badness when \estretch/ is
+used, so it's pretty rare that a paragraph that
+requires any \estretch/ will actually be used on the page.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcemergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{emergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[emergencystretch = $\meta{dimension}$]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+\subsection{Penalties}
+
+You can also manually adjust the penalties that \TeX{} assigns to \waos/.
+Usually, the defaults are fine, but there are a few circumstances where you
+may want to change them.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\clubpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{orphanpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[widowpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[orphanpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[brokenpenalty = $\meta{integer}$]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+The value of these penalties determines how much \TeX{} should attempt
+to stretch glue before passing the \woo/ to \lwc/. If you set the values to~1
+(default), \TeX{} will stretch nothing and immediately trigger \lwc/;
+if you set the values to 10\,000, \TeX{} will stretch infinitely and
+\lwc/ will never be triggered. If you set the value to some intermediate
+number, \TeX{} will first attempt to stretch some glue to remove the \woo/;
+only if it fails will \lwc/ come in and lengthen a paragraph. As a special
+case, if you set the values to~0, both \TeX{} and \lwc/ will completely
+ignore the \woo/.
+
+\subsection{\tex{nobreak} Behaviour}
+
+When \lwc/ encounters an orphan, it removes it by moving the orphaned
+line to the next page. The majority of the time, this is an appropriate
+solution. However, if the orphan is immediately preceded by a section
+heading (or \tex{nobreak}\slash\tex{penalty 10000}), \lwc/ would na\"ively separate a section heading from
+the paragraph that follows. This is almost always undesirable, so \lwc/
+provides some options to configure this.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcnobreak{$\meta{value}$}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{nobreak = $\meta{value}$}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[nobreak = $\meta{value}$]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+The default value, \type{keep}, \emph{keep}s the section heading with
+the orphan by moving both to the next page. The advantage to this option
+is that it removes the orphan and retains any \tex{nobreak}s; the
+disadvantage is that moving the section heading can create a large blank
+space at the end of the page.
+
+The value \type{split} \emph{split}s up the section heading and the
+orphan by moving the orphan to the next page while leaving the heading
+behind. This is usually a bad idea, but exists for the sake of
+flexibility.
+
+The value \type{warn} causes \lwc/ to give up on the page and do nothing,
+leaving an orphaned line. \Lwc/ \emph{warn}s the user so that they can
+manually remove the orphan.
+
+\startplacefigure[location={here, top, bottom}, title={A visual comparison of the various \type{nobreak} options, where each box represents a different page.}, reference=tab:nobreak]
+ \getbuffer[nobreak]
+\stopplacefigure
+
+\subsection{Maximum Cost}
+
+\Lwc/ ranks each paragraph on the page by how much it would \q{cost} to
+lengthen that paragraph. By default, \lwc/ selects the paragraph on
+the page with the lowest cost; however, you can configure it to only
+select paragraphs below a selected cost.
+
+If there aren't any paragraphs below the set threshold, then \lwc/ won't
+remove the \woo/ and will instead issue a warning.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcmaxcost = $\meta{integer}$}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{max-cost = $\meta{integer}$}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[maxcost = $\meta{integer}$]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+Based on my testing, \type{max-cost} values less than 1\,000
+cause completely imperceptible changes in interword spacing; values less
+than 5\,000 are only noticeable if you are specifically trying to pick out the
+expanded paragraph on the page; values less than 15\,000 are typically
+acceptable; and larger values may become distracting. \Lwc/ defaults to an
+infinite \type{max-cost}, although the \q{strict} and \q{balanced} modes
+sets the values to~5\,000 and 10\,000 respectively.
+
+\Lwc/ uses a \q{cost function} $C$ that is initially defined as \startformula
+ C = \frac{d}{\sqrt{l}}
+\stopformula where $d$ is the total demerits of the paragraph, and $l$ is the number of lines in the paragraph; however, advanced users may also set a custom cost function by redefining the \inlineLUA{lwc.paragraph_cost(demerits, lines)} function.
+
+\subsection{Debug Mode}
+
+\Lwc/ offers a \q{debug} mode that prints extra information in the log files. This may be helpful to understand how \lwc/ is processing paragraphs and pages. If you are reporting an issue with \lwc/ make sure to compile your document with debug mode enabled!
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \plainop/
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdebug 1}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcdebug 0}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{debug = true}}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{debug = false}}
+ \NC\NR
+ \NC \ConTeXt{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[debug = start]}
+ \NC\NR\NC\NC\inlineTEX{\setuplwc[debug = stop]}
+ \NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+\section{Presets}
+
+As you can see, \lwc/ provides quite a few options. Luckily, there are a few
+presets that you can use to set multiple options at once. These presets are
+a good starting point for most documents, and you can always manually
+override individual options.
+
+Currently, these presets are \LaTeX{}-only.
+
+\startTABLE[setups=commandtable]
+ \NC \LaTeX{}
+ \NC\inlineTEX{\lwcsetup{$\meta{preset}$}}\NC\NR
+\stopTABLE
+
+\subsection{\type{default}}
+
+If you use \lwc/ without any options, it defaults to this preset. In default
+mode, \lwc/ takes all possible measures to remove \waos/ and will not
+attempt to stretch any vertical glue. This usually
+removes~$\mathord{>}\,95\%$ of all
+possible \waos/. The catch here is that this mode is quite aggressive, so
+it often leaves behind some fairly \q{spacey} paragraphs.
+
+This mode is good if you want to remove (nearly) all \waos/ from your
+document, without fine-tuning the results.
+
+\subsection{\type{strict}}
+
+\Lwc/ also offers a strict mode. This greatly restricts \lwc/'s tolerance
+and makes it so that it will only lengthen paragraphs where the change will
+be imperceptible.
+
+The caveat with strict mode is that---depending on the document---
+\lwc/ will be able to remove less than a third of the \waos/.
+For the \waos/ that can't be automatically removed, a warning will be
+printed to your terminal and log file so that a human can manually fix the
+situation.
+
+This mode is good if you want the best possible typesetting and are willing
+to do some manual editing.
+
+\subsection{\type{balanced}}
+
+Balanced mode sits somewhere between default mode and strict mode. This mode
+first lets \TeX{} stretch a little glue to remove the \woo/; only if that
+fails will it then trigger \lwc/. Even then, the maximum paragraph cost is
+capped. Here, \lwc/ can usually remove 90\% of a document's
+potential \waos/, and it does so while making a minimal visual impact.
+
+This mode is recommended for most users who care about their document's
+typography. This mode is not the default since it doesn't remove all
+\waos/: it
+still requires a little manual intervention.
+
+% %
+\startplacetable[location={here, top, bottom}, title={\Lwc/ options set by each mode.}, reference=tab:modes]
+ \startTABLE[setups=booktabs, style=tt, loffset=0.5em]
+ \NC {\rm Option} \NC default \NC balanced \NC strict \NC\NR
+ \NC max-cost \NC $\infty$ \NC 10000 \NC 5000 \NC\NR
+ \NC emergencystretch \NC 3em \NC 1em \NC 0pt \NC\NR
+ \NC nobreak \NC keep \NC keep \NC warn \NC\NR
+ \NC widowpenalty \NC 1 \NC 500 \NC 1 \NC\NR
+ \NC orphanpenalty \NC 1 \NC 500 \NC 1 \NC\NR
+ \NC brokenpenalty \NC 1 \NC 500 \NC 1 \NC\NR
+ \stopTABLE
+\stopplacetable
+
+\section{Compatibility}
+
+The \lwc/ implementation is almost entirely in Lua, with only a minimal
+\TeX{} footprint. It
+doesn't modify the output routine, inserts\slash floats, \tex{everypar}, and
+it doesn't insert any whatsits. This means that it should be compatible with
+nearly any \TeX{} package, class, and format. Most changes that \lwc/ makes
+are not observable on the \TeX{} side.
+
+However, on the Lua side, \lwc/ modifies much of a page's internal
+structure.
+This should not affect any \TeX{} code; however, it may surprise
+Lua code that modifies or depends on the page's low-level structure. This
+does not matter for Plain~\TeX{} or \LaTeX{}, where even most Lua-based
+packages don't depend on the node list structure; nevertheless, there are
+a few issues with \ConTeXt{}.
+
+Simple \ConTeXt{} documents tend to be fine, but many advanced
+\ConTeXt{} features rely heavily on Lua and can thus be disturbed by
+\lwc/. This is not a huge issue---the \lwc/ manual is
+written in \ConTeXt{}---but \lwc/ is inevitably more reliable
+with Plain \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} than with \ConTeXt{}.
+
+Finally, keep in mind that adding \lwc/ to a document will almost certainly
+change its page break locations.
+
+\subsection{Columns}
+
+Since \TeX{} and the formats implement column breaking and page
+breaking through the
+same internal mechanisms, \lwc/ removes \waos/ between columns just
+as it does with \waos/ between pages.
+
+\Lwc/ is known to work with the \LaTeX{} class option \type{twocolumn}
+and the two-column output routine from Chapter~23 of \cite[texbook].
+
+\subsection{Performance}
+
+\Lwc/ runs entirely in a single pass, without depending on any
+\type{.aux} files or the like. Thus, it shouldn't meaningfully
+increase compile times. Although \lwc/ internally breaks each paragraph
+twice, modern computers break paragraphs near-instantaneously, so you
+are not likely to notice any slowdown.
+
+\subsection{\eTeX{} penalties}
+
+Knuth's original \TeX{} has three basic line penalties:
+\tex{interlinepenalty}, which
+is inserted between all lines; \tex{club\-penalty}, which is inserted after
+the first line; and \tex{widow\-penalty}, which is inserted before the last
+line. The \eTeX{} extensions generalize these commands with a
+syntax similar to \tex{parshape}: with \tex{widow\-penalties} you can set the
+penalty between the last, second last, and $n$th last lines of a paragraph;
+\tex{inter\-line\-penalties} and \tex{club\-penalties} behave similarly.
+
+\Lwc/ makes no explicit attempts to support these new -\type{penalties}
+commands. Specifically, if you give a line a penalty that matches either
+\tex{widowpenalty} or \tex{clubpenalty}, \lwc/ will treat the lines
+exactly as it would a \woo/. So while these commands won't break \lwc/, they
+are likely to lead to some unexpected behaviour.
+
+\section{Stability}
+
+The documented interfaces of \lwc/ can be considered stable: I'm not planning on removing or modifying any existing options or commands in any way that would break documents.
+
+However, \lwc/'s page breaking \emph{is} subject to change. I will attempt to keep page breaks the same wherever reasonable; however, I will rarely make modifications to the algorithm when I can improve the output quality.
+
+\section{Short last lines}
+
+When lengthening a paragraph with \tex{looseness}, it is common advice to insert
+ties (\type{~}) between the last few words of the paragraph to avoid
+overly-short last lines\cite[texbook]. \Lwc/ does this automatically,
+but instead of using ties or \tex{hbox}es, it uses the
+\tex{par\allowbreak fill\allowbreak skip}
+parameter. When lengthening a paragraph
+(and only when lengthening a paragraph---remember, \lwc/ doesn't
+interfere with \TeX{}'s output unless it detects a \woo/), \lwc/ sets
+\tex{parfillskip} to \type{0pt plus 0.8\hsize}.
+This normally makes the last line of a paragraph be at least
+20\% of the overall paragraph's width, thus preventing
+ultra-short~lines.
+
+\section[sec:issues]{Known Issues}
+
+\startitemize
+ \item When a three-line paragraph is at the end of a page forming a
+ widow, \lwc/ will remove the widow; however, it will leave an orphan.
+ This issue is inherent to any process that removes widows through
+ paragraph expansion and is thus unavoidable. Orphans are considered
+ to be better than widows\cite[elements], so this is still an
+ improvement.
+
+ \item \Lwc/ only attempts to expand paragraphs; it never attempts to shrink them. See the \emph{TUGboat}~article\cite[article] §15.3 for further discussion. \githubissue{33}
+
+ \item Sometimes a \woo/ cannot be eliminated because no paragraph has
+ enough stretch. Sometimes this can be remediated by
+ increasing \lwc/'s \estretch/; however, some pages just don't have
+ any suitable paragraph.
+
+ Long paragraphs with short words tend to be stretchier than short
+ paragraphs with long words since these long paragraphs have more
+ interword glue. Narrow columns also stretch more easily than wide columns
+ since you need to expand a paragraph by less to make a new line.
+
+ \item When running under \LuaMetaTeX{} (\ConTeXt{}), the log may
+ contain many lines like \q{\type{luatex warning > tex: left parfill skip is gone}}. These messages
+ are completely harmless (although admittedly quite annoying). \githubissue{7}
+
+ \item \Lwc/ only attempts to expand paragraphs on a page with
+ a \woo/. A global system like in \titlecite[global] would solve this;
+ however, this is both \acronym{NP}-complete\cite[plass] and
+ impossible to solve in a single pass. Very rarely would such a
+ system remove widows or orphans that \lwc/ cannot.
+
+ \item If there is a footnote on the last line of the page with a \woo/, \lwc/ will sometimes move the \q{footnote mark} but not the \q{footnote text}, thus breaking up a footnote. \githubissue{26}
+\stopitemize
+
+\section{Contributions}
+
+If you have any issues with \lwc/, please create an issue at the \goto{project's GitHub page}[url(projecturl)]. Or, if you think that you can solve any of the \about[sec:issues] or add any new features, \goto{submit a \acronym{PR}}[url(projecturl)]. Thanks!
+
+\section{License}
+
+\Lwc/ is licensed under the \goto{\emph{Mozilla Public License}, version 2.0}[url(https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/)] or greater. The documentation is licensed under \goto{\acronym{CC-BY-SA}, version 4.0}[url(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)] or greater as well as the \acronym{MPL}.
+
+Please note that a compiled document is \bold{not} considered to be an \q{Executable Form} as defined by the \acronym{MPL}. The \acronym{MPL} and \acronym{CC-BY-SA} licenses \bold{only} apply to you if you distribute the \lwc/ source code or documentation.
+
+\section{References}
+
+\placelistofpublications
+
+\page
+\setuplayout[
+ width=middle,
+ backspace=1in,
+ height=9.25in,
+]
+\section[sec:implementation]{Implementation}
+
+\usemodule[scite]
+\setupbodyfont[10pt]
+\setuphead[subsection][
+ alternative=normal,
+ style=\ssita,
+ page=yes,
+ continue=yes,
+]
+
+\subsection{lua-widow-control.lua}
+
+\typeLUAfile{../source/lua-widow-control.lua}
+
+\subsection{lua-widow-control.tex}
+
+\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.tex}
+
+\subsection{lua-widow-control.sty}
+
+\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.sty}
+
+\subsection{lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty}
+
+\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty}
+
+\subsection{t-lua-widow-control.mkxl}
+
+\typeTEXfile{../source/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl}
+
+\subsection{lua-widow-control.opm}
+
+\typeTEXfile{../source/lua-widow-control.opm}
+
+\subsection{Demo from \in{Table}[tab:demo]}
+
+\typeTEXfile{\jobname-demo-text.tmp}
+
+\stopdocument
Property changes on: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-manual.tex
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:eol-style
## -0,0 +1 ##
+native
\ No newline at end of property
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-sample.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-sample.tex 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/lwc-sample.tex 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
\startbuffer[shorten]
\parskip=0pt
- \input lwc-documentation-demo-text.tmp
+ \input lwc-manual-demo-text.tmp
\stopbuffer
\startbuffer[shorten-code]
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
\startbuffer[stretch]
\parskip=0pt plus 1fill
- \input lwc-documentation-demo-text.tmp
+ \input lwc-manual-demo-text.tmp
\stopbuffer
\startbuffer[stretch-code]
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
\setups[*default]
- \input lwc-documentation-demo-text.tmp
+ \input lwc-manual-demo-text.tmp
\stopbuffer
\startbuffer[ignore-code]
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
\startbuffer[lwc]
\usemodule[lua-widow-control]
- \input lwc-documentation-demo-text.tmp
+ \input lwc-manual-demo-text.tmp
\stopbuffer
\startbuffer[lwc-code]
@@ -119,3 +119,60 @@
\NC\fakeend{1}{2em}\NC\NC\fakeend{5}{1.5em}\NC\NR
\stopTABLE
\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[nobreak]
+ % This is also really hacky and terrible
+ \parfillskip=0pt
+ \define\lineone{%
+ \hbox to 0.3\textwidth{\blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=3em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=3em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]}%
+ }
+
+ \define\linetwo{%
+ \hbox to 0.3\textwidth{\blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=2em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=2.5em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=2.5em]}%
+ }
+
+ \define\linethree{%
+ \hbox to 0.3\textwidth{\blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=3em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=1em]\hfill%
+ \blackrule[height=1.5ex, width=3em]\hfill%
+ \hskip1em\relax}%
+ }
+
+ \define\heading{\bold{Heading}}
+
+ \setupTABLE[
+ width=broad,
+ topframe=off,
+ bottomframe=off,
+ leftframe=on,
+ rightframe=on,
+ height=1.2\baselineskip
+ ]
+ \setupTABLE[row][1][
+ align=middle,
+ style=\ttbf,
+ bottomframe=on,
+ leftframe=off,
+ rightframe=off
+ ]
+ \setupTABLE[row][3][bottomframe=on]
+ \setupTABLE[row][5][bottomframe=on]
+ \setupTABLE[column][2][bottomframe=off, width=1em]
+ \setupTABLE[column][4][bottomframe=off, width=1em]
+ \startTABLE
+ \NC keep \NC\NC split \NC\NC warn \NC\NR
+ \NC \NC\NC \NC\NC \heading \NC\NR
+ \NC \NC\NC \heading \NC\NC \lineone \NC\NR
+ \NC \heading \NC\NC \lineone \NC\NC \linetwo \NC\NR
+ \NC \lineone \NC\NC \linetwo \NC\NC \linethree \NC\NR
+ \stopTABLE
+\stopbuffer
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-figure.ctx
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-figure.ctx (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-figure.ctx 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+\startbuffer[demo-text]
+ \definepapersize[smallpaper][
+ width=6cm,
+ height=8.3cm
+ ]
+ \setuppapersize[smallpaper]
+
+ \def\lwc/{\sans{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+ \def\Lwc/{\sans{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+
+ \setupbodyfont[9pt]
+ \setupindenting[yes, 2em]
+ \setupalign[tolerant]
+
+ \definecolor[midlightgray][s=0.75]
+ \definepalet[layout][grid=midlightgray]
+ \showgrid[nonumber, none, lines]
+
+ \definefontfeature[default][default][expansion=quality,protrusion=quality]
+
+ \usetypescript[modern-base]
+ \setupbodyfont[reset,modern]
+
+ \setupalign[hz,hanging,tolerant]
+
+ \setuplanguage[en][spacing=packed]
+
+ \setuplayout[
+ topspace=0.1cm,
+ backspace=0.1cm,
+ width=middle,
+ height=\dimexpr 21\baselineskip + 1.1pt,
+ header=0pt,
+ footer=0pt,
+ ]
+
+ \starttext
+ \Lwc/ can remove most widows and orphans from a document, \emph{without}
+ stretching any glue or shortening any pages.
+
+ \ifx\uselooseness\undefined\else\uselooseness\fi It does so by automatically lengthening a paragraph on a page where a
+ widow or orphan would otherwise occur. While \TeX{} breaks paragraphs
+ into their natural length, \lwc/ is breaking the paragraph 1~line
+ longer than its natural length. \TeX{}'s paragraph is output to the
+ page, but \lwc/'s paragraph is just stored for later. When a widow or
+ orphan occurs, \lwc/ can take over. It selects the previously-saved
+ paragraph with the least badness; then, it replaces \TeX{}'s paragraph
+ with its saved paragraph. This increases the text block height of the
+ page by 1~line.
+
+ Now, the last line of the current page can be pushed to the top of the
+ next page. This removes the widow or the orphan without creating any
+ additional work.
+ \stoptext
+ \stoptext
+\stopbuffer
+\savebuffer[list=demo-text]
+
+\startbuffer[shorten]
+ \parskip=0pt
+ \input tb133chernoff-widows-figure-demo-text.tmp
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[shorten-code]
+ \parskip=0pt
+ \clubpenalty=10000
+ \widowpenalty=10000
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[stretch]
+ \parskip=0pt plus 1fill
+ \input tb133chernoff-widows-figure-demo-text.tmp
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[stretch-code]
+ \parskip=0pt plus 1fill
+ \clubpenalty=10000
+ \widowpenalty=10000
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[ignore]
+ \startsetups[*default]
+ \clubpenalty=0
+ \widowpenalty=0
+ \displaywidowpenalty=0
+ \interlinepenalty=0
+ \brokenpenalty=0
+ \stopsetups
+
+ \setups[*default]
+
+ \input tb133chernoff-widows-figure-demo-text.tmp
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[ignore-code]
+ \parskip=0pt
+ \clubpenalty=0
+ \widowpenalty=0
+\stopbuffer
+
+\startbuffer[lwc]
+ \def\uselooseness{\looseness=1}
+ \input tb133chernoff-widows-figure-demo-text.tmp
+\stopbuffer
+
+% We're pretending that we're using LaTeX for the demo since that's what
+% 99% of users will be using.
+\startbuffer[lwc-code]
+ \usepackage{lua-widow-control}
+\stopbuffer
+
+\setupbodyfont[10pt]
+
+\setupbackend[format=PDF/A-1b:2005] % Force PDF version <1.5
+
+\startTEXpage[
+ align=normal,
+ width=39pc,
+ offset=0pt,
+]
+ \veryraggedcenter
+ \setupTABLE[row][1, 5][style=\bfa, align=middle, offset=0pt]
+ \setupTABLE[row][5][toffset=2ex]
+ \setupTABLE[frame=off, distance=5em]
+ \startTABLE
+ \NC Ignore
+ \NC Shorten
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[ignore][frame=on, page=1, scale=925]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[shorten][frame=on, page=1, scale=925]
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \clip[height=1cm]{\typesetbuffer[ignore]
+ [frame=on, page=2, scale=925]}
+ \NC \clip[height=1cm]{\typesetbuffer[shorten]
+ [frame=on, page=2, scale=925]}
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typebuffer[ignore-code]
+ \NC \typebuffer[shorten-code]
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC Stretch
+ \NC \sans{lua-widow-control} \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[stretch][frame=on, page=1, scale=925]
+ \NC \typesetbuffer[lwc][frame=on, page=1, scale=925]
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \clip[height=1cm]{\typesetbuffer[stretch]
+ [frame=on, page=2, scale=925]}
+ \NC \clip[height=1cm]{\typesetbuffer[lwc]
+ [frame=on, page=2, scale=925]}
+ \NC\NR
+
+ \NC \typebuffer[stretch-code]
+ \NC \typebuffer[lwc-code]
+ \NC\NR
+ \stopTABLE
+\stopTEXpage
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-plot.dat
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-plot.dat (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows-plot.dat 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,1575 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+Percentile Natural Long
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Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.bib
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.bib (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.bib 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+ at book{texbook,
+ author = {Donald E. Knuth},
+ title = {The \TeX{}book},
+ publisher = {Addison--Wesley},
+ xurl = {https://ctan.org/pkg/texbook},
+ year = {2021},
+}
+
+ at misc{widows-and-orphans,
+ urlnewline = 1,
+ author = {Frank Mittelbach},
+ year = {2021},
+ month = {March},
+ title = {The \textsf{widows-and-orphans} package},
+ url = {https://ctan.org/pkg/widows-and-orphans},
+}
+
+ at misc{widow-assist,
+ author = {jeremie},
+ title = {Paragraph callback to help with widows\slash orphans hand tuning},
+ url = {https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/372062},
+ year = {2017},
+ month = {August},
+}
+
+ at book{elements,
+ title = {The Elements of Typographic Style},
+ author = {Robert Bringhurst},
+ edition = {3rd},
+ publisher = {Hartley \& Marks},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+ at misc{oed-club,
+ title={club, n.},
+ journal={OED Online},
+ publisher={Oxford University Press},
+ month=sep,
+ year={2021},
+ url={www.oed.com/view/Entry/34788},
+ author={{Oxford English Dictionary}}
+}
+
+ at misc{oed-line,
+ title={line at end of paragraph},
+ journal={OED Online},
+ publisher={Oxford University Press},
+ urlnewline=1,
+ url={https://www.oed.com/view/th/class/195380},
+ author={{Oxford English Dictionary}}
+}
+
+ at misc{oed-widow,
+ title={widow, n.},
+ journal={OED Online},
+ publisher={Oxford University Press},
+ month=dec,
+ year={2021},
+ url={www.oed.com/view/Entry/228912},
+ author={{Oxford English Dictionary}}
+}
+
+ at article{widowhistory,
+ title={The Typographical Widow},
+ subtitle={Who is she? What is she?},
+ author={Karl Brown},
+ journal={Bulletin of the {New York} Public Library},
+ publisher={The {New York} Public Library},
+ location={New York},
+ volume={52},
+ number={1},
+ year={1948},
+ month=jan,
+ pages={3--25},
+ url={https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3310084}
+}
+
+ at article{widowhistory2,
+ title={The Typographical Widow: Encore},
+ subtitle={Encore},
+ author={Karl Brown},
+ journal={Bulletin of the {New York} Public Library},
+ publisher={The {New York} Public Library},
+ location={New York},
+ volume={52},
+ number={9},
+ year={1948},
+ month=sep,
+ pages={458-466},
+ urlnewline=1,
+ url={https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3310084}
+}
+
+ at book{old,
+ title={Mechanick exercises},
+ subtitle={The doctrine of handy-works applied to the art of printing},
+ volume={\unskip~2,\gobble},
+ author={Moxon, Joseph},
+ year={1683},
+ location={London},
+ pages={394},
+ publisher={\hspace*{-.66em}\gobble},
+ url={https://archive.org/details/mechanickexercis00moxo_0}
+}
+
+ at article{global,
+ url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/coin.12165},
+ year = {2018},
+ month = mar,
+ publisher = {Wiley},
+ volume = {35},
+ number = {2},
+ pages = {242--284},
+ author = {Frank Mittelbach},
+ title = {A general framework for globally optimized pagination},
+ journal = {Computational Intelligence}
+}
+
+ at book{backwards1,
+ title={The Layout Book},
+ author={Ambrose, G. and Harris, P.},
+ isbn={9782940373536},
+ series={Advanced Level Series},
+ year={2007},
+ publisher={Bloomsbury Academic}
+}
+
+ at book{backwards2,
+ title={Typography Essentials Revised and Updated},
+ subtitle={100 Design Principles for Working with Type},
+ author={Saltz, I.},
+ isbn={9781631596483},
+ year={2019},
+ publisher={Rockport Publishers}
+}
+
+ at book{backwards3,
+ title={Advanced Typography: From Knowledge to Mastery},
+ author={Hunt, R.},
+ isbn={9781350055926},
+ lccn={2020024110},
+ year={2020},
+ publisher={Bloomsbury Publishing}
+}
+
+ at article{gutenberg,
+ title={All Books (sorted by popularity)},
+ url={https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?sort_order=downloads},
+ year={2022},
+ month=mar,
+ journal={Project Gutenberg}
+}
+
+ at misc{etex,
+ title={The {\eTeX} manual},
+ author={{The \NTS{} Team}},
+ url={ctan.org/pkg/etex},
+ year={1998},
+ month=feb,
+}
+
+ at String{j-TUGboat = "TUGboat"}
+ at Article{xIsambert:TB31-1-12,
+urlnewline = 1,
+ author = "Paul Isambert",
+ title = "Strategies against widows",
+ journal = j-TUGboat,
+ volume = "31",
+ number = "1",
+ pages = "12--17",
+ year = "2010",
+ ISSN = "0896-3207",
+ ISSN-L = "0896-3207",
+ bibdate = "Sun Nov 27 15:57:23 MST 2011",
+ bibsource = "http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/index-table-t.html#tugboat;
+ http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tugboat.bib",
+ URL = "https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb31-1/tb97isambert.pdf",
+ acknowledgement = ack-bnb # " and " # ack-nhfb,
+ fjournal = "TUGboat",
+ issue = "97",
+ journal-URL = "https://tug.org/TUGboat/",
+}
+
+ at Article{xThanh:2000:MTE,
+urlnewline = 1,
+ author = "\Thanh",
+ title = "Micro-typographic extensions to the {\TeX} typesetting
+ system",
+ journal = j-TUGboat,
+ volume = "21",
+ number = "4",
+ pages = "317--317",
+ month = dec,
+ year = "2000",
+ CODEN = "????",
+ ISSN = "0896-3207",
+ ISSN-L = "0896-3207",
+ bibdate = "Mon Aug 10 16:37:32 MDT 2020",
+ bibsource = "http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tugboat.bib",
+ URL = "https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb21-4/tb69thanh.pdf",
+ acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
+ fjournal = "TUGboat",
+ issue = "69",
+ journal-URL = "https://tug.org/TUGboat/",
+}
+
+ at phdthesis{plass,
+ title={Optimal pagination techniques for automatic typesetting systems},
+ author={Plass, Michael Frederick},
+ year={1981},
+ school={Stanford University},
+ urlnewline=1,
+ url={tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf}
+}
Property changes on: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.bib
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:eol-style
## -0,0 +1 ##
+native
\ No newline at end of property
Added: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.ltx
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.ltx (rev 0)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.ltx 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -0,0 +1,1444 @@
+% lua-widow-control
+% https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control
+% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+ OR CC-BY-SA-4.0+
+% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
+
+\documentclass[final]{ltugboat}
+
+% This is the LaTeX source for the following article:
+% @article{tb133chernoff-widows,
+% title={Automatically removing widows and orphans with
+% \texttt{lua-widow-control}},
+% author={Chernoff, Max},
+% journal={TUGboat},
+% volume={43},
+% number={1},
+% year={2022},
+% month=may,
+% DOI={10.47397/tb/43-1/tb133chernoff-widows},
+% }
+% Please refer to the PDF on tug.org for the authoritative version.
+
+% Compiling:
+% context tb1333chernoff-widows-figure.ctx
+% lualatex tb1333chernoff-widows.ltx
+% bibtex tb1333chernoff-widows
+% lualatex tb1333chernoff-widows.ltx
+% lualatex tb1333chernoff-widows.ltx
+% The original article was built with the final/frozen TeX Live 2021.
+
+% Set the publication info
+\vol 43, 1.
+\issyear 2022.
+\issueseqno=133
+\setcounter{page}{28}
+\PrelimDraftfalse
+
+% Load lwc
+\usepackage[balanced]{lua-widow-control}
+
+% Table Stuff
+\usepackage{tabularx}
+\usepackage{hhline}
+\usepackage{booktabs}
+\AddToHook{env/tabularx/before}{\smallskip\noindent}
+\AddToHook{env/tabularx/after}{\smallskip}
+\AddToHook{env/tabular/before}{\smallskip\noindent}
+\AddToHook{env/tabular/after}{\smallskip}
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.15}
+
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+% Let the macro names in section headings be in boldface
+\usepackage{lmodern}
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\cs}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash#1}}
+
+\makeatletter
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\eTeX}{%
+ \ifx\f at series\bfseries at rm%
+ \ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\mbox{-}\kern-.125em\TeX%
+ \else%
+ \ensuremath{\varepsilon}\mbox{-}\kern-.125em\TeX%
+ \fi%
+}
+\let\goodeTeX=\eTeX
+\makeatother
+
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+
+% Abbreviations
+% Most of these are just typewriter commands with `\allowbreak`s added.
+\def\lwc/{\textsf{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+\def\Lwc/{\textsf{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control}}
+\def\estretch/{%
+ \texorpdfstring{\cs{emergency}\-\mbox{\tt stretch}}{\textbackslash{}emergencystretch}%
+ }
+\def\openalty/{\cs{output}\-\mbox{\tt penalty}}
+\def\waos/{widows and orphans}
+\def\wao/{widow and orphan}
+\def\woo/{widow or orphan}
+\def\woos/{widow or orphans}
+\def\latexuse/{%
+ \cs{use\-package\{lua-\allowbreak widow-\allowbreak control\}}
+}
+\def\lsness/{\texorpdfstring{%
+ \cs{loose}\-\mbox{\tt ness}}{\textbackslash{}looseness}%
+}
+\def\plainop/{Plain~\TeX\slash\OpTeX{}}
+\newcommand{\LuaMetaTeX}{Lua\-Meta\-\TeX{}}
+\newcommand{\q}[1]{\texorpdfstring{``#1''}{“#1”}}
+
+\def\inlineurl[#1]#2{\href{https://#1}{#2}\footnote{\raggedright\tbsurl{#1}}}
+
+\def\longs/{\char"017F}
+\def\endofline#1{\unskip\nobreak\hskip\fontdimen2\font plus 1fill\hbox{#1}}
+
+% Additional macros
+\def\dots{\ensuremath{\mathellipsis}}
+\def\ttbs{{\tt\char`\\}}
+
+\ifdefined\tubsentencespace\else
+ \def\tubsentencespace{\spacefactor=3000{}\space\ignorespaces}
+\fi
+
+% Figures
+\makeatletter
+\renewcommand*{\fps at figure}{tb}
+\renewcommand*{\fps at table}{tb}
+\g at addto@macro\@floatboxreset\centering
+\makeatother
+
+% pgfplots
+\usepackage{pgfplots}
+\usepackage{pgfplotstable}
+\usetikzlibrary{patterns}
+
+\pgfkeys{
+ /pgf/number format/.cd,
+ sci generic={%
+ mantissa sep={\times},
+ exponent={10^{##1}}
+ },
+ 1000 sep={\,},
+}
+
+\pgfplotsset{
+ compat=1.18,
+ lua backend=true,
+ unbounded coords=discard,
+ filter discard warning=false,
+}
+
+\pgfplotstableread{\jobname-plot.dat}{\plotdata}
+
+% Metadata
+\title{Automatically removing \waos/ with \lwc/}
+\author{Max Chernoff}
+\address{Calgary, Alberta\\Canada}
+
+% Load last
+\AddToHookNext{shipout/foreground}{%
+ \put(1in, \dimexpr-2\baselineskip){%
+ \fbox{\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{%
+ This document is a part of the \lwc/ documentation. For the
+ authoritative version of the article, please see
+ \tbsurl{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-1/tb133chernoff-widows.html}.
+ }%
+ }}%
+ \put(\dimexpr1in + 0.4\textwidth, \dimexpr-\paperheight + 4\baselineskip){%
+ \fbox{\parbox[t]{0.6\textwidth}{%
+ Some commands may have changed since publication. Please see the
+ \lwc/ manual for the current syntax. (Links:
+ \href{lua-widow-control.pdf}{local},
+ \href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/luatex/generic/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.pdf}{\acro{CTAN}},
+ \href{https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/download/lua-widow-control.pdf}{GitHub}.)
+ }%
+ }}%
+}
+
+\let\nameref=\undefined % latex3/hyperref#234
+\usepackage[hidelinks,pdfa]{hyperref}
+
+\begin{document}
+ \maketitle
+
+ \begin{abstract}
+ The \textsf{lua-widow-control} package, for
+ plain~Lua\TeX\slash{}\LuaLaTeX\slash{}\ConTeXt\slash{}\OpTeX{},
+ removes widows and orphans without any user intervention.
+ Using the power of Lua\TeX{}, it does so \emph{without} stretching any glue
+ or shortening any pages or columns. Instead, \textsf{lua-widow-control}
+ automatically lengthens a paragraph on a page or column where a widow or
+ orphan would otherwise occur.
+
+ To use \textsf{lua-widow-control}, all that most users need do is
+ place \verb|\usepackage{lua-widow-control}| in their preamble. No further
+ changes are required.
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ \section{Motivation}
+
+ \TeX{} provides top-notch typesetting: even 40 years after its first
+ release, no other program produces higher quality mathematical
+ typesetting, and its paragraph-breaking algorithm is still
+ state-of-the-art. However, its page breaking is not quite as sophisticated
+ as its paragraph breaking and thus suffers from some minor issues.
+
+ Unmodified \TeX{} has only two familiar ways of dealing with \waos/: it can
+ either shorten a page by one line, or it can stretch vertical
+ whitespace. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical and scientific typesetting,
+ where a typical page has multiple section headings, tables, figures, and
+ equations. For this style of document, \TeX's default behaviour works quite
+ well, since the slight stretching of whitespace between the various document
+ elements is nearly imperceptible; however, for prose or other documents
+ composed almost entirely of paragraphs, there is little vertical whitespace
+ to stretch.
+
+ Since no ready-made and fully-automated solution to remove
+ \waos/ from all types of documents was available, I decided to
+ create \lwc/.
+
+ \section{What are \waos/?}
+
+ \subsection{Widows}
+
+ A \q{widow} occurs when the majority of a paragraph is on one page
+ or column,
+ but the last line is on the following page or column. It not only looks
+ quite odd for a lone line to be at the start of the page, but it makes a
+ paragraph harder to read since the separation of a paragraph and
+ its last line disconnects the two, causing the reader to lose context for
+ the widowed line.
+
+ \subsection{Orphans}
+
+ An \q{orphan} occurs when the first line of a paragraph is at the end
+ of the page or column preceding the remainder of the paragraph. They are not
+ as distracting for the reader, but they are still not ideal.
+ Visually, \waos/ are about equally disruptive; however, orphans tend not to
+ decrease the legibility of a text as much as widows, so many authors choose
+ to ignore them.
+
+ See figure~\ref{tab:widow} for a visual reference.
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \def\firstpage#1{%
+ \parfillskip=0pt%
+ \spaceskip=0.2em plus 1fill%
+ \hskip 3em%
+ #1%
+ }
+
+ \def\lastpage#1{%
+ \parfillskip=3em%
+ \spaceskip=0.2em plus 1fill%
+ #1%
+ }
+
+ \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
+ \renewcommand{\doublerulesep}{0.5em}
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{|X|@{\hskip\doublerulesep}|X|}
+ \multicolumn1c{\bfseries Widow} &
+ \multicolumn1c{\bfseries Orphan}
+ \\ \hhline{-||-}
+ \firstpage{A widow occurs when the last line of a paragraph is
+ placed on a page separate from}
+ & \vskip2.25\baselineskip\relax\firstpage{An orphan is}
+ \\ \hhline{-||-}
+ \lastpage{where it begins.}
+ & \lastpage{when the first line of a paragraph occurs on the
+ page before all of the other lines.} \\ \hhline{-||-}
+ \end{tabularx}
+ \caption{The difference between \waos/. If we imagine that each box is a
+ different page, then this roughly simulates how \waos/ appear.}
+ \label{tab:widow}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ \subsection{Broken hyphens}
+
+ \q{Broken} hyphens occur whenever a page break occurs in a
+ hyphenated word. These are not related to \waos/; however,
+ breaking a word across two pages is at least as disruptive for the reader
+ as \waos/. \TeX{} identifies broken hyphens in the same ways as \waos/, so
+ \lwc/ treats broken hyphens in the same way.
+
+ \section{History and etymology}
+
+ The concept of \waos/ is nearly as old as printing itself. In \cite{old},
+ a printers manual from 1683, we have:
+ \begin{quote}
+ Nor do good \emph{Compo\longs/iters} account it good Workman\longs/hip
+ to begin a \emph{Page} with a \emph{Break-line}, unle\longs/s it be a
+ very \longs/hort \emph{Break}, and cannot be gotten in the foregoing
+ \emph{Page}\,; but if it be a long \emph{Break}, he will let it be the
+ \emph{Direction-line} of the fore-going \emph{Page}, and \emph{Set} his
+ \emph{Direction} at the end of it. \endofline{(p.~226)}
+ \end{quote}
+
+ \subsection{Widows}
+
+ However, the terms \q{widow} and \q{orphan} are much newer. The earliest
+ published source that I could find referencing \q{widows} in typography is
+ \textsl{Webster's New International Dictionary} from~1934. However, no
+ one \Dash not even the editors of the dictionary~\cite{widowhistory} \Dash
+ seems to know how it got there. Even then, the definition is somewhat
+ different than it is now:
+ \begin{quote}
+ widow, n.\ c.\ \emph{Print}\@. A short line or single word carried over from
+ the foot of one column or page to the head of a succeeding column or
+ page. \endofline{\cite{widowhistory}}
+ \end{quote}
+ Contrast this with the modern definition:
+ \begin{quote}
+ \emph{Typography}\@. A short line of text (usually one consisting of one
+ word or part of a word) which falls undesirably at the end of a
+ paragraph, esp.\ one set at the top of a page or column.
+ \endofline{\cite{oed-widow}}
+ \end{quote}
+ which includes a single lone line of any length.
+
+ \subsection{Orphans}
+
+ The term \q{orphan} is even more confusing. Its initial usage seems to have
+ occurred some time after \q{widow}~\cite{widowhistory}, and it is given many
+ contradictory definitions. Most sources define an orphan as a first line at
+ the bottom of the page and a widow as the last line at the
+ top~\cite{elements, widowhistory, widowhistory2, xIsambert:TB31-1-12,
+ texbook, widows-and-orphans, oed-line, oed-widow}; however, some sources
+ define these two terms as \emph{exact opposites} of each other, with a widow
+ as a first line at the bottom of the page and an orphan as the last
+ line!~\cite{backwards1, widowhistory, backwards3, oed-line,
+ backwards2}\tubsentencespace
+ This usage is plain wrong; nevertheless, it is sufficiently common that you
+ need to be careful when you see the terms \q{widow} and \q{orphan}.
+
+ \subsection{Clubs}
+
+ \textsl{The \TeX{}book} never refers to \q{orphans} as such; rather, it
+ refers to them as \q{clubs}. This term is remarkably rare: I could only find
+ a \emph{single} source published before \textsl{The \TeX{}book} \Dash a
+ compilation article about the definition of \q{widow} \Dash that mentions
+ a \q{club line}:
+ \begin{quote}
+ The Dictionary staff informs me that they have no example of the use of
+ the word widow in the typographical sense.~[\dots]
+
+ Mr. Watson of the technical staff says that the Edinburgh printing
+ houses referred to it as a ``clubline''.
+ \endofline{\cite[p.~4]{widowhistory}}
+ \end{quote}\medskip
+ \begin{quote}
+ To my knowledge, a `widow', or `widow-line,' is a short line, forming
+ the end of a paragraph, which is carried over from the foot of a page or
+ column to the top of the succeeding one.~[\dots]
+
+ To my personal knowledge, in typographical parlance in Edinburgh,
+ Scotland, the `widow' is called a `club-line.'
+ \endofline{\cite[p.~23]{widowhistory}}
+ \end{quote}
+
+ Both quotes above are from separate authors, and they each define a \q{club}
+ like we define \q{widow}, not an \q{orphan}. In addition, they both mention
+ that the term is only used in Scotland. Even the extensive
+ \acro{OED}\Dash which lists 17~full definitions and
+ 103~subdefinitions for the noun \q{club}\Dash doesn't recognize the
+ phrase.~\cite{oed-club}
+
+ I spent a few hours searching through Google Books and my university library
+ catalogue, but I could not find a single additional source. If anyone has
+ any more information on the definition of a \q{club line} or why Knuth chose
+ to use this archaic Scottish term in \TeX{}, please let me know!
+
+ \section{Pagination in \TeX}
+
+ Let's move on to looking at how \TeX{} treats these \waos/.
+
+ \subsection{Algorithm}
+
+ It is tricky to understand how \lwc/ works if you aren't familiar with how
+ \TeX{} breaks pages and columns. For a full description, you should
+ consult Chapter~15 of \textit{\TB}~\cite{texbook} (\q{How \TeX{} Makes Lines
+ into Pages}); however, this goes into much more detail than most users
+ require, so here is a \emph{very} simplified summary of \TeX{}'s page
+ breaking algorithm:
+
+ \TeX{} fills the page with lines and other objects until the next object
+ will no longer fit. Once no more objects will fit, \TeX{} will align the
+ bottom of the last line with the bottom of the page by stretching any
+ available vertical spaces if (in \LaTeX) \cs{flushbottom} is set;
+ otherwise, it will
+ break the page and leave the bottom empty.
+
+ However, some objects have penalties attached. Penalties encourage or
+ discourage page breaks from occurring at specific places. For example,
+ \LaTeX{} sets a negative penalty before section headings to encourage a
+ page break there; conversely, it sets a positive penalty after section
+ headings to discourage breaking.
+
+ To reduce \waos/, \TeX{} sets weakly\hyph positive penalties between the
+ first and second lines of a paragraph to prevent orphans, and between the
+ penultimate and final lines to prevent widows.
+
+ One important note: once \TeX{} begins breaking a page, it never goes
+ back to modify any content on the page. Page breaking is a localized
+ algorithm, without any backtracking.
+
+ \subsection{Behaviour}
+
+ Merely describing the algorithm doesn't allow us to intuitively
+ understand how
+ \TeX{} deals with \waos/.
+
+ Due to the penalties attached to \waos/, \TeX{} tries to avoid
+ them. Widows and orphans with small penalties attached \Dash like
+ \LaTeX's default values of 150 \Dash are only lightly coupled to the rest
+ of the paragraph, while \waos/ with large penalties \Dash values of
+ 10\,000 or more \Dash are treated as infinitely bad and are thus
+ unbreakable. Intermediate values behave just as you would expect,
+ discouraging page breaks proportional to their value.
+
+ When \TeX{} goes to break a page, it tries to avoid breaking at a
+ location with a high penalty. How it does so depends on a few settings:
+
+ \subsubsection{\cs{flushbottom} and \cs{normalbottom}}
+
+ With the settings \cs{normalbottom} (Plain \TeX{}) or
+ \cs{flushbottom} (\LaTeX{}), \TeX{} is willing to stretch any glue on the
+ page by an amount roughly commensurate to the magnitude of the
+ penalty: for small \cs{clubpenalty} and \cs{widowpenalty} values, \TeX{} will
+ only slightly stretch the glue on the page before creating a \woo/;
+ for very large penalties, \TeX{} will stretch the glue by a
+ near-infinite amount.
+
+ This corresponds to the \q{Stretch} column in
+ Figure~\ref{fig:demo}. It is
+ the default behaviour of Plain~\TeX{}, and of the standard \LaTeX{} classes
+ when the \verb|twocolumn| option is given.
+
+ \subsubsection{\cs{raggedbottom}}
+
+ When \cs{raggedbottom} is set, \TeX{} won't stretch any glue. Instead,
+ for sufficiently-high \cs{clubpenalty} and \cs{widowpenalty} values, \TeX{} will
+ shorten the page or column by one~line in order to prevent the \woo/ from
+ being created.
+
+ This corresponds to the \q{Shorten} column in Figure~\ref{fig:demo} and is
+ the default behaviour of the \LaTeX{} classes when the
+ \verb|twocolumn| option is not given.
+
+ \section{\lsness/}\label{sec:looseness}
+ Before we can continue further, we need to discuss one more \TeX{}
+ command: \lsness/. The following is excerpted from Chapter~14 of
+ \cite{texbook} (\q{How \TeX{} Breaks Paragraphs into Lines}):
+
+ \begin{quote}\parskip=0pt
+ If you set \lsness/\verb|=1|, \TeX{} will try to make the current
+ paragraph one line longer than its optimum length, provided that
+ there is a way to choose such breakpoints without exceeding the
+ tolerance you have specified for the badnesses of individual lines.
+ Similarly, if you set \lsness/\verb|=2|, \TeX{} will try to make the
+ paragraph two lines longer; and \lsness/\verb|=-1| causes an attempt
+ to make it shorter.~[\dots]
+
+ For example, you can set \lsness/\verb|=1| if you want to avoid a
+ lonely \q{club line} or \q{widow line} on some page that does not
+ have sufficiently flexible glue, or if you want the total number of
+ lines in some two-column document to come out to be an even number.
+
+ It's usually best to choose a paragraph that is already pretty
+ \q{full}, i.e., one whose last line doesn't have much white space,
+ since such paragraphs can generally be loosened without much harm.
+ You might also want to insert a tie between the last two words of
+ that paragraph, so that the loosened version will not end with only
+ one \q{widow word} on the orphans line; this tie will cover your
+ tracks, so that people will find it hard to detect the fact that you
+ have tampered with the spacing. On the other hand, \TeX{} can take
+ almost any sufficiently long paragraph and stretch it a bit, without
+ substantial harm.
+ \end{quote}
+
+ The \wao/ removal strategy suggested in the second paragraph works quite
+ well; however, it requires manual editing each and every time a page
+ or paragraph is rewritten or repositioned.
+
+ \begin{figure*}[p]
+ % Note: this figure may appear incorrect on some systems.
+ \divide\abovecaptionskip by 2
+ \includegraphics{\jobname-figure}
+ \caption{A visual comparison of various automated widow-handling
+ techniques.
+ }\label{fig:demo}
+ \end{figure*}
+
+ \section{Alternate removal strategies}
+
+ \looseness=1 There have been a few previous attempts to improve upon \TeX's
+ previously-discussed \wao/-handling abilities; however, none of these
+ have been able to automatically remove \waos/ without stretching any glue
+ or shortening any pages.
+
+ The articles \q{Strategies against
+ widows} by Paul Isambert~\cite{xIsambert:TB31-1-12} and
+ \q{Managing forlorn paragraph lines} by Frank
+ Mittelbach~\cite{Mittelbach:2018:MFP} both
+ begin with comprehensive discussions of the methods of preventing \waos/.
+ They agree that \waos/ are bad and ought to be avoided; however, they
+ differ in their solutions. \textsl{Strategies}~proposes an output routine
+ that reduces the length of facing pages by one line when necessary to
+ remove \waos/, while \textsl{Managing}~proposes that the author manually
+ rewrites or adjusts \lsness/ when needed.
+
+ \looseness=1 The post \q{Paragraph callback \dots} by
+ jeremie~\cite{widow-assist} contains a file
+ \verb|widow-assist.lua| that
+ automatically detects which paragraphs can be safely shortened or
+ lengthened by one line. Mittelbach's \textsf{widows-and-orphans}
+ package~\cite{widows-and-orphans} alerts the author to
+ the pages that contain widows or orphans. Combined, these packages make
+ it simple for the author to quickly remove \waos/ by adjusting the
+ values of \lsness/; however, it still requires the author to make manual
+ source changes after each revision.
+
+ Another article by Mittelbach~\cite{global} suggests an fully-automated
+ solution to remove \waos/. This would seem to offer a complete solution;
+ however, it requires multiple passes, an external tool, and has not yet been
+ publicly released.
+
+ \pagebreak
+
+ \Lwc/ is essentially a combination of
+ \verb|widow-assist.lua|~\cite{widow-assist} and
+ \textsf{widows-and-orphans}~\cite{widows-and-orphans} (although its
+ implementation is independent of both): when the \openalty/
+ value indicates
+ that a \woo/ has occurred, Lua is used to find a stretchable paragraph. What
+ \lwc/ mainly adds on top of these packages is automation: it eliminates the
+ requirement for any manual adjustments or changes to your document's
+ source.
+
+ \section{Visual comparison}
+
+ Although \TeX{}'s page breaking algorithm is reasonably
+ straightforward, it can lead to
+ complex behaviour when \waos/ are involved. The usual
+ choices, when rewriting is not possible, are to ignore them,
+ stretch some glue, or shorten the
+ page. Figure~\ref{fig:demo} has a visual comparison of these
+ options, which we'll discuss in the following:
+
+ \subsection{\q{Ignore}}
+
+ As you can see, the last line of the page is on a separate page from the
+ rest of its paragraph, creating a widow. This is usually highly
+ distracting for the reader, so it is best avoided for the reasons previously
+ discussed.
+
+ \subsection{\q{Shorten}}
+
+ This page did not leave any widows, but it did shorten the previous page
+ by one line. Sometimes this is acceptable, but usually it looks bad because
+ pages will then have different text-block heights. This can make the pages
+ look quite uneven, especially when typesetting with columns or in a book
+ with facing pages.
+
+ \subsection{\q{Stretch}}
+
+ This page also has no widows and it has a flush bottom margin. However,
+ the space between each pair of paragraphs had to be stretched.
+
+ If this page had many equations, headings, and other elements with
+ natural space between them, the stretched out space would be much less
+ noticeable. \TeX{} was designed for mathematical typesetting, so it makes
+ sense that this is its default behaviour. However, in a page with mostly
+ text, these paragraph gaps look unsightly.
+
+ Also, this method is incompatible with grid typesetting, where
+ all glue stretching must be quantised to the height of a line.
+
+ \subsection{\q{\lwc/}}
+
+ \Lwc/ has none of these issues: it eliminates the widows in a document
+ while keeping a flush bottom margin and constant paragraph spacing.
+
+ To do so, \lwc/ lengthened the second paragraph by one line. If you look
+ closely, you can see that this stretched the interword spaces. This
+ stretching is noticeable when typesetting in a narrow text block, but
+ is mostly imperceptible with larger widths.
+
+ \Lwc/ automatically finds the \q{best} paragraph to stretch, so the
+ increase in interword spaces should almost always be minimal.
+
+ \section{Installation and standard usage}
+
+ The \lwc/ package was first released in
+ October~2021. It is available in the default installations of both
+ MiK\TeX{} and \TeX{}~Live, although you will need recent versions
+ of either.
+
+ You may also download \lwc/ manually from either
+ \inlineurl[ctan.org/pkg/lua-widow-control]{\acro{CTAN},}
+ the \inlineurl%
+ [modules.contextgarden.net/cgi-bin/module.cgi/action=view/id=127]%
+ {\ConTeXt{} Garden,} or \inlineurl%
+ [github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control/releases/latest/]%
+ {GitHub,} although it is best if you can install it through your
+ \TeX~distribution.
+
+ As its name may suggest, \lwc/ \textit{requires} \LuaTeX{}\footnote{Or
+ \LuaMetaTeX{} in the case of \ConTeXt{}.} regardless of the format used.
+ With that in mind, using \lwc/ is quite simple:
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}l@{}>{\raggedleft\arraybackslash}X@{}}
+ Plain \TeX{} &
+ \cs{input lua-widow-control}\phantom{\tt]} \\
+ \OpTeX {} &
+ \cs{load[lua-widow-control]} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \latexuse/ \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{usemodule[lua-widow-control]} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ And that's usually enough. Most users won't need to do anything else since
+ \lwc/ comes preconfigured and ready-to-go.
+
+ \section{Options}
+
+ Nevertheless, \lwc/ does have a few options.
+
+ \Lwc/ tries very hard to have a \q{natural} user interface with each
+ format, so how you set an option heavily depends on how you are running
+ \lwc/. Also note that not every option is available in every format.
+
+ Some general guidelines:
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[\rm \plainop/\ ] Some options are set
+ by modifying a register, while others must be set manually using
+ \cs{directlua}.
+
+ \item[\rm \LaTeX{}\ ] Options can be set either as package options
+ or at any point in the document with \cs{lwcsetup}.
+
+ \item[\rm \ConTeXt{}\ ] Always use \cs{setuplwc}.
+ \end{description}
+
+ \subsection{Disabling}
+
+ You may want to disable \lwc/ for certain portions of your
+ document. You can do so with the following commands:
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xl@{}}
+ \plainop/ &
+ \cs{lwcdisable} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{disable\}} \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[state=stop]}\hphantom{\texttt{a}} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ This prevents \lwc/ from stretching any paragraphs that follow. If a page
+ has earlier paragraphs where \lwc/ was still enabled and a \woo/ is
+ detected, \lwc/ will still attempt to remove the \woo/.
+
+ \subsection{Enabling}
+
+ \Lwc/ is enabled as soon as the package is loaded. If you
+ have previously disabled it, you will need to re-enable it to save new paragraphs.
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xl@{}}
+ \plainop/ &
+ \cs{lwcenable} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{enable\}} \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[state=start]} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ \subsection{Automatically disabling}
+
+ You may want to disable \lwc/ for certain commands where
+ stretching is undesirable such as section headings. Of course, manually
+ disabling and
+ then enabling \lwc/ multiple times
+ throughout a document would quickly become tedious, so \lwc/ provides
+ some options to do this automatically for you.
+
+ \Lwc/ automatically patches the default \LaTeX{}, \ConTeXt{},
+ Plain~\TeX{}, \OpTeX{}, \textsf{\mbox{memoir}}, \KOMAScript, and
+ \textsf{titlesec} section commands, so you don't need to patch these.
+ Any others, though, you'll need to patch yourself.
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xl@{}}
+ \leavevmode\rlap{\plainop/} & \texttt{ }%
+ \cs{lwcdisablecmd\{\meta{\ttbs macro}\}} \\
+ \LaTeX{} & \texttt{ }%
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{disablecmds=\{} \\
+ & \hfill\texttt{\meta{csnameone},
+ \meta{csnametwo}\}\}} \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{prependtoks\textbackslash{}lwc at patch@pre} \\
+ & \hfill\cs{to\textbackslash{}everybefore\meta{hook}} \\
+ & \cs{prependtoks\textbackslash{}lwc at patch@post} \\
+ & \hfill\cs{to\textbackslash{}everyafter\meta{hook}} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ \subsection{\estretch/}
+
+ \Lwc/ defaults to an \estretch/ value of 3~em for stretched paragraphs,
+ but you can configure this.
+
+ \Lwc/ will only use the \estretch/ when it cannot lengthen a paragraph
+ in any other way, so it is fairly safe to set this to a large value.
+ \TeX{} accumulates badness when \estretch/ is
+ used~\cite{Knuth:TB10-3-325}, so it's pretty rare that a paragraph that
+ requires any \estretch/ will actually be used on the page.
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xl@{}}
+ \leavevmode\rlap{\plainop/} &
+ \hskip2em\cs{lwcemergencystretch=} \\
+ & \hfill\texttt{\meta{dimension}} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{emergencystretch=\hphantom{\}}}\\
+ & \hfill\texttt{\meta{dimension}\}} \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[emergencystretch=\hphantom{]}} \\
+ & \hfill\texttt{\meta{dimension}]} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ \subsection{Penalties}
+
+ You can also manually adjust the penalties that \TeX{} assigns to \waos/.
+ Usually, the defaults are fine, but there are a few circumstances where you
+ may want to change them.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{@{}p{.175\linewidth}@{}r@{\texttt{=\meta{integer}}}l@{}}
+ \leavevmode\rlap{\plainop/} &
+ \hskip6em\cs{widowpenalty} \\
+ & \hskip6em\cs{clubpenalty} \\
+ & \hskip6em\cs{brokenpenalty} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{ widowpenalty} & \texttt{\}} \\
+ & \cs{lwcsetup\{orphanpenalty} & \texttt{\}} \\
+ & \cs{lwcsetup\{brokenpenalty} & \texttt{\}} \\
+ \leavevmode\hbox{\ConTeXt{}} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[ widowpenalty} & \texttt{]} \\
+ & \cs{setuplwc[orphanpenalty} & \texttt{]} \\
+ & \cs{setuplwc[brokenpenalty} & \texttt{]} \\
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ The value of these penalties determines how much \TeX{} should attempt
+ to stretch glue before passing the \woo/ to \lwc/. If you set the values to~1
+ (default), \TeX{} will stretch nothing and immediately trigger \lwc/;
+ if you set the values to 10\,000, \TeX{} will stretch infinitely and
+ \lwc/ will never be triggered. If you set the value to some intermediate
+ number, \TeX{} will first attempt to stretch some glue to remove the \woo/;
+ only if it fails will \lwc/ come in and lengthen a paragraph. As a special
+ case, if you set the values to~0, both \TeX{} and \lwc/ will completely
+ ignore the \woo/.
+
+ \subsection{\cs{nobreak} behaviour}
+
+ When \lwc/ encounters an orphan, it removes it by moving the orphaned
+ line to the next page. The majority of the time, this is an appropriate
+ solution. However, if the orphan is immediately preceded by a section
+ heading (or \cs{nobreak}\slash\cs{penalty 10000}), \lwc/ would na\"ively separate a section heading from
+ the paragraph that follows. This is almost always undesirable, so \lwc/
+ provides some options to configure this.
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xr@{}}
+ \leavevmode\rlap{\plainop/} &
+ \cs{directlua\{lwc.}\hskip4em\null \\
+ & \hfill\texttt{nobreak\_behaviour="\meta{value}"\}} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{nobreak=\meta{value}\}\hphantom{"}} \\
+ \ConTeXt{} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[nobreak=\meta{value}]\hphantom{"}} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ The default value, \texttt{keep}, \emph{keep}s the section heading with
+ the orphan by moving both to the next page. The advantage to this option
+ is that it removes the orphan and retains any \cs{nobreak}s; the
+ disadvantage is that moving the section heading can create a large blank
+ space at the end of the page.
+
+ The value \texttt{split} \emph{split}s up the section heading and the
+ orphan by moving the orphan to the next page while leaving the heading
+ behind. This is usually a bad idea, but exists for the sake of
+ flexibility.
+
+ The value \texttt{warn} causes \lwc/ to give up on the page and do nothing,
+ leaving an orphaned line. \Lwc/ \emph{warn}s the user so that they can
+ manually remove the orphan.
+
+ See figure~\ref{tab:nobreak} for a visual reference.
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
+ \renewcommand{\doublerulesep}{0.5em}
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{%
+ |X|@{\hskip\doublerulesep}|X|@{\hskip\doublerulesep}|X|%
+ }
+ \multicolumn1c{\ttfamily keep} &
+ \multicolumn1c{\ttfamily split} &
+ \multicolumn1c{\ttfamily warn}
+ \\ \hhline{-||-||-}
+ &
+ &
+ \textbf{Heading} \\
+ &
+ \textbf{Heading} &
+ The\hfill first\hfill line
+ \\ \hhline{-||-||-}
+ \textbf{Heading} &
+ The\hfill first\hfill line &
+ text\hfill text\hfill text \\
+ The\hfill first\hfill line &
+ text\hfill text\hfill text &
+ last line. \\
+ text\hfill text\hfill text &
+ last line. &
+ % Nothing
+ \\ \hhline{-||-||-}
+ \end{tabularx}
+ \caption{A visual comparison of the \texttt{nobreak} option values.}
+ \label{tab:nobreak}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ \subsection{Maximum cost}
+
+ \Lwc/ ranks each paragraph on the page by how much it would \q{cost} to
+ lengthen that paragraph. By default, \lwc/ selects the paragraph on
+ the page with the lowest cost; however, you can configure it to only
+ select paragraphs below a selected cost.
+
+ If there aren't any paragraphs below the set threshold, then \lwc/ won't
+ remove the \woo/ and will instead issue a warning.
+
+ \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}Xr@{\texttt{=\meta{integer}}}l@{}}
+ \leavevmode\rlap{\plainop/} &
+ \cs{lwcmaxcost} \\
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{max-cost} & \texttt{\}} \\
+ \leavevmode\hbox{\ConTeXt{}} &
+ \cs{setuplwc[maxcost} & \texttt{]} \\
+ \end{tabularx}
+
+ Based on my testing, \texttt{max-cost} values less than 1\,000
+ cause completely imperceptible changes in interword spacing; values less
+ than 5\,000 are only noticeable if you are specifically trying to pick out the
+ expanded paragraph on the page; values less than 15\,000 are typically
+ acceptable; and larger values may become distracting. \Lwc/ defaults to an
+ infinite \texttt{max-cost}, although the \q{strict} and \q{balanced} modes
+ sets the values to~5\,000 and 10\,000 respectively.
+
+ \section{Presets}
+
+ As you can see, \lwc/ provides quite a few options. Luckily, there are a few
+ presets that you can use to set multiple options at once. These presets are
+ a good starting point for most documents, and you can always manually
+ override individual options.
+
+ Currently, these presets are \LaTeX{}-only.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{@{}rl@{}}
+ \LaTeX{} &
+ \cs{lwcsetup\{\meta{preset}\}} \\
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ \subsection{\texttt{default}}
+
+ If you use \lwc/ without any options, it defaults to this preset. In default
+ mode, \lwc/ takes all possible measures to remove \waos/ and will not
+ attempt to stretch any vertical glue. This usually
+ removes~$\mathord{>}\,95\%$ of all
+ possible \waos/. The catch here is that this mode is quite aggressive, so
+ it often leaves behind some fairly \q{spacey} paragraphs.
+
+ This mode is good if you want to remove (nearly) all \waos/ from your
+ document, without fine-tuning the results.
+
+ \subsection{\texttt{strict}}
+
+ \Lwc/ also offers a strict mode. This greatly restricts \lwc/'s tolerance
+ and makes it so that it will only lengthen paragraphs where the change will
+ be imperceptible.
+
+ The caveat with strict mode is that\Dash depending on the document\Dash
+ \lwc/ will be able to remove less than a third of the \waos/.
+ For the \waos/ that can't be automatically removed, a warning will be
+ printed to your terminal and log file so that a human can manually fix the
+ situation.
+
+ This mode is good if you want the best possible typesetting and are willing
+ to do some manual editing.
+
+ \subsection{\texttt{balanced}}
+
+ Balanced mode sits somewhere between default mode and strict mode. This mode
+ first lets \TeX{} stretch a little glue to remove the \woo/; only if that
+ fails will it then trigger \lwc/. Even then, the maximum paragraph cost is
+ capped. Here, \lwc/ can usually remove 90\% of a document's
+ potential \waos/, and it does so while making a minimal visual impact.
+
+ This mode is recommended for most users who care about their document's
+ typography. This mode is not the default since it doesn't remove all
+ \waos/: it
+ still requires a little manual intervention.
+
+ \begin{table}
+ \caption{\Lwc/ options set by each mode.}\label{tab:modes}
+ \ttfamily\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
+ \begin{tabular}{l*3r}\toprule
+ \textrm{Option} & default & balanced & strict \\ \midrule
+ max-cost & $\infty$ & 10000 & 5000 \\
+ \rlap{emergencystretch} & 3em & 1em & 0pt \\
+ nobreak & keep & keep & warn \\
+ widowpenalty & 1 & 500 & 1 \\
+ orphanpenalty & 1 & 500 & 1 \\
+ brokenpenalty & 1 & 500 & 1 \\
+ \bottomrule\end{tabular}
+ \end{table}
+
+ \section{Compatibility}
+
+ The \lwc/ implementation is almost entirely in Lua, with only a minimal
+ \TeX{} footprint. It
+ doesn't modify the output routine, inserts\slash floats, \cs{everypar}, and
+ it doesn't insert any whatsits. This means that it should be compatible with
+ nearly any \TeX{} package, class, and format. Most changes that \lwc/ makes
+ are not observable on the \TeX{} side.
+
+ However, on the Lua side, \lwc/ modifies much of a page's internal
+ structure.
+ This should not affect any \TeX{} code; however, it may surprise
+ Lua code that modifies or depends on the page's low-level structure. This
+ does not matter for Plain~\TeX{} or \LaTeX{}, where even most Lua-based
+ packages don't depend on the node list structure; nevertheless, there are
+ a few issues with \ConTeXt{}.
+
+ Simple \ConTeXt{} documents tend to be fine, but many advanced
+ \ConTeXt{} features rely heavily on Lua and can thus be disturbed by
+ \lwc/. This is not a huge issue\Dash the \lwc/ manual is
+ written in \ConTeXt{}\Dash but \lwc/ is inevitably more reliable
+ with Plain \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} than with \ConTeXt{}.
+
+ Finally, keep in mind that adding \lwc/ to a document will almost certainly
+ change its page break locations.
+
+ \subsection{Formats}
+
+ \Lwc/ runs on all known \LuaTeX{}-based formats: Plain~\LuaTeX{},
+ \LuaLaTeX{}, \CMkIV{}, \ConTeXt{} Mk\acro{XL}\slash\acro{LMTX},
+ and~\OpTeX{}. Unless otherwise documented, all features should work
+ equally well in all formats.
+
+ \subsection{Columns}
+
+ Since \TeX{} and the formats implement column breaking and page
+ breaking through the
+ same internal mechanisms, \lwc/ removes \waos/ between columns just
+ as it does with \waos/ between pages.
+
+ \Lwc/ is known to work with the \LaTeX{} class option \verb|twocolumn|
+ and the two-column output routine from Chapter~23 of \cite{texbook}.
+
+ \subsection{Performance}
+
+ \Lwc/ runs entirely in a single pass, without depending on any
+ \verb|.aux| files or the like. Thus, it shouldn't meaningfully
+ increase compile times. Although \lwc/ internally breaks each paragraph
+ twice, modern computers break paragraphs near-instantaneously, so you
+ are not likely to notice any slowdown.
+
+ \subsection{\eTeX{} penalties}
+
+ Knuth's original \TeX{} has three basic line penalties:
+ \cs{interlinepenalty}, which
+ is inserted between all lines; \cs{club\-penalty}, which is inserted after
+ the first line; and \cs{widow\-penalty}, which is inserted before the last
+ line. The \eTeX{} extensions~\cite{etex} generalize these commands with a
+ syntax similar to \cs{parshape}: with \cs{widow\-penalties} you can set the
+ penalty between the last, second last, and $n$th last lines of a paragraph;
+ \cs{inter\-line\-penalties} and \cs{club\-penalties} behave similarly.
+
+ \Lwc/ makes no explicit attempts to support these new -\texttt{penalties}
+ commands. Specifically, if you give a line a penalty that matches either
+ \cs{widowpenalty} or \cs{clubpenalty}, \lwc/ will treat the lines
+ exactly as it would a \woo/. So while these commands won't break \lwc/, they
+ are likely to lead to some unexpected behaviour.
+
+ \section{Short last lines}
+
+ \looseness=1
+ When lengthening a paragraph with \lsness/, it is common advice to insert
+ ties (\verb|~|) between the last few words of the paragraph to avoid
+ overly-short last lines \cite{texbook}. \Lwc/ does this automatically,
+ but instead of using ties or \cs{hbox}es, it uses the
+ \cs{par\allowbreak fill\allowbreak skip}
+ parameter~\cite{texbook, Wermuth:2018:ECP}. When lengthening a paragraph
+ (and only when lengthening a paragraph\Dash remember, \lwc/ doesn't
+ interfere with \TeX{}'s output unless it detects a \woo/), \lwc/ sets
+ \cs{parfillskip} to \verb|0pt plus 0.8\hsize|.
+ This normally makes the last line of a paragraph be at least
+ 20\% of the overall paragraph's width, thus preventing
+ ultra-short~lines.
+
+ \section{How it works}
+
+ \Lwc/ uses a fairly simple algorithm to eliminate \waos/, but there
+ are a few subtleties.
+
+ \subsection{Setup}
+
+ \Lwc/ sets the parameters \cs{clubpenalty}, \cs{widowpenalty}, and
+ \cs{brokenpenalty} to sentinel values of~1. This will signal to \lwc/ when
+ a \woo/ occurs, yet it is small enough that it won't stretch any glue.
+
+ \Lwc/ also enables \LuaTeX{}'s micro\-typographic
+ extensions~\cite{xThanh:2000:MTE}. This isn't strictly necessary;
+ however, it significantly increases the number of paragraphs that can
+ be acceptably \q{loosened}.
+
+ That is all that happens on the \TeX{} end. The rest of \lwc/ is pure Lua.
+
+ \subsection{Paragraph breaking}
+
+ First, \lwc/ hooks into the paragraph breaking process, before any output
+ routines or page breaking.
+
+ Before a paragraph is broken by \TeX{}, \lwc/ grabs the unbroken
+ paragraph. Then \lwc/ breaks the paragraph one line longer than its natural
+ length and stores it for later. It does this in the background,
+ \emph{without} interfering with how \TeX{} breaks paragraphs into their
+ natural length.
+
+ After \TeX{} has broken its paragraph into its natural length, \lwc/
+ appears again. Before the broken paragraph is added to the main
+ vertical list, \lwc/ \q{tags} the first and last nodes of the paragraph
+ using a \LuaTeX{} attribute. These attributes associate the
+ previously-saved lengthened paragraph with the naturally-typeset
+ paragraph on the page.
+
+ \subsection{Page breaking}
+
+ \Lwc/ intercepts \cs{box255} (the \cs{vbox} output by \TeX) immediately
+ before the output routine runs,
+ after all the paragraphs have been typeset.
+
+ First, \lwc/ looks at the \openalty/ of the page or column. If the page
+ was broken at a \woo/, the \openalty/ will be equal to either
+ the \cs{widowpenalty} or the \cs{clubpenalty}. If the \openalty/ does not
+ indicate a \woo/, \lwc/ will stop and return \cs{box255} unmodified to
+ the output~routine, and \TeX{} continues as normal.
+
+ Otherwise, we assume that we have a \woo/ on the page,
+ meaning that we should lengthen the page by 1~line. We iterate through
+ the list of saved paragraphs to find the lengthened paragraph with the
+ least cost. After we've selected a good paragraph, we traverse
+ through the page to find the original version of this paragraph\Dash the
+ one that unmodified \TeX{} originally typeset. Having found the original
+ paragraph, we splice in the lengthened paragraph in place of the original.
+
+ Since the page is now 1~line longer than it was before, we pull the last
+ line off the page to bring it back to its original length, and place
+ that line onto the top of \TeX's \q{recent contributions} list. When
+ the next page begins, this line will be inserted before all other
+ paragraphs, right at the top. Now, we can return the new, widow-free page
+ (updated \cs{box255}) to the output routine, which proceeds
+ as normal.
+
+ \section{Choosing the \q{best} paragraph}
+
+ As we discussed previously, \lwc/ lengthens the paragraph with the lowest
+ cost. However, assigning a cost to each paragraph is not quite as simple as
+ it sounds. Before we look at how \lwc/ assigns costs, let's look at how
+ \TeX{} scores paragraphs when breaking them naturally.
+
+ \subsection{How \TeX{} scores paragraphs}
+
+ All glue in \TeX{} has a certain natural size: the size that it would be
+ in an ideal scenario. However, most glue also has stretch and shrink
+ components so that the glue can change in size to adapt to its
+ surroundings. For each line, \TeX{} individually sums the total
+ stretch/shrink for the line and the stretch/shrink that was actually used.
+ We define the stretch/shrink ratio~$r$ as the quotient of the
+ stretch/shrink used and the stretch/shrink available. Then the badness~$b$
+ of a line is approximately defined as
+ \begin{equation*}
+ b = 100r^3.
+ \end{equation*}
+ This is the badness referenced in the commonly-seen
+ \texttt{Underfull \cs{hbox}
+ (badness 1234)} warnings that \TeX{} produces.
+
+ \TeX{} calculates the badness for each line individually; however, we also
+ need to assess the paragraph as a whole. To do so, \TeX{} defines the
+ demerits for a whole paragraph~$d$ as approximately\footnotemark{} the sum of
+ the squared badnesses for each line. The natural paragraph that \TeX{}
+ breaks is the one that minimizes~$d$.
+
+ \footnotetext{We ignore any additional demerits or penalties that
+ \TeX{} may add.}
+
+ One important thing to realize is that demerits grow incredibly fast:
+ demerits are proportional to the \emph{sixth} power of glue stretch. This
+ means that you can expect to see extremely large demerit values, even for
+ a relatively \q{good} paragraph.
+
+ \subsection{Possible cost functions}
+
+ Now, let's return to how \lwc/ assigns costs to each paragraph. This is
+ surprisingly more complicated than it sounds, so we'll go through a few
+ possible cost functions first.
+
+ Here, we use $c$~for the cost of a paragraph, $d$~for the total demerits,
+ and $l$~for the number of lines (\cs{prevgraf}).
+
+ \subsubsection{The original implementation}
+
+ The original implementation of \lwc/ used the very simple cost function
+ \begin{equation*}
+ c = d.
+ \end{equation*}
+ This cost function works reasonably well, but has one major issue: it doesn't
+ take into account the number of lines in the paragraph. The demerits for a
+ paragraph is the sum of the demerits for each line. This means this cost
+ function will prefer using shorter paragraphs since they tend to have fewer
+ demerits. However, long paragraphs tend to have much more available glue
+ stretch, so this strategy can lead to suboptimal solutions.
+
+ \subsubsection{Scaling by the number of lines}
+
+ Once I realized this issue, I tried correcting it by dividing by the number
+ of lines in the paragraph to get the average demerits instead of the total
+ demerits:
+ \begin{equation*}
+ c = \frac{d}{l}
+ \end{equation*}
+ This works better than the previous function, but still has an issue.
+ If we have a fairly bad ten-line paragraph with total demerits $10d$ and an
+ almost-equally bad two-line paragraph with total demerits $2d + 1$, then by
+ this cost function, the ten-line paragraph will have a lower cost and will
+ be chosen. This means that our page now has ten bad lines instead of two bad
+ lines, which is not ideal.
+
+ \subsubsection{Current implementation}
+
+ Our first cost function, $c=dl^0$, doesn't consider the number of lines at
+ all, while our second cost function, $c=dl^{-1}$, considers the number of
+ lines too much. Splitting the difference between the two functions, we get
+ the current implementation:
+ \begin{equation*}
+ c = \frac{d}{\sqrt{l}}
+ \end{equation*}
+
+ I didn't arrive at this function through any sort of scientific testing;
+ rather, I picked the simplest function that I could think of that satisfies
+ the following two properties:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Given a long paragraph and a short paragraph with different
+ average badnesses per line, prefer the one with the least average
+ badness.
+ \item Given two paragraphs with equal average badnesses per line,
+ prefer the shorter one.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \section{Quantitative analysis}
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}\begin{axis}[
+ ybar interval,
+ xticklabels={1, ..., 15,
+ {$\,\ge\! 16$}},
+ x tick label style={font=\small},
+ y tick label style={font=\small},
+ enlarge y limits=upper,
+ enlarge x limits={abs=1},
+ grid=none,
+ scaled y ticks=base 10:-3,
+ ytick scale label code/.code={},
+ xlabel={Paragraph length (lines)},
+ ylabel={Count (thousands)}
+ ]
+ \addplot+ [
+ draw=black,
+ fill=black!10,
+ semithick,
+ ] table {
+ Length Count
+ 1 4429
+ 2 3704
+ 3 2045
+ 4 1320
+ 5 894
+ 6 717
+ 7 498
+ 8 406
+ 9 379
+ 10 251
+ 11 175
+ 12 152
+ 13 111
+ 14 95
+ 15 79
+ 16 437
+ 18 0
+ };
+
+ \filldraw [fill=black!25, draw=black] (16, 0) rectangle (18, 437);
+ \end{axis}\end{tikzpicture}
+ \caption{Histogram of natural paragraph lengths in the sample text.}
+ \label{fig:hist}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Let's look at some statistics for \lwc/. For testing, I
+ downloaded the top~ten books on \textsl{Project Gutenberg},\footnotemark{}
+ converted them to \LaTeX{} using \textsf{pandoc}, concatenated them into a
+ single \textsf{article} file, and compiled twice. This gives us a \acro{PDF}
+ with 1\,381~pages, 15\,692~paragraphs, 61\,865~lines, and 399~\waos/
+ (if they aren't removed).
+ \footnotetext{\textsl{Frankenstein},
+ \textsl{Pride and Prejudice},
+ \textsl{Alice's Adventures in Wonderland},
+ \textsl{The Great Gatsby},
+ \textsl{The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes},
+ \textsl{Simple Sabotage Field Manual},
+ \textsl{A Tale of Two Cities},
+ \textsl{The Picture of Dorian Gray},
+ \textsl{Moby Dick},
+ and \textsl{A Doll's House}.
+ }
+
+ This is a fairly challenging test: almost every third page has a \woo/, over
+ half of the paragraphs have two lines or fewer, and the text block is set to
+ the fairly wide \textsf{article} defaults. An average document is
+ much less challenging for \lwc/, so we can consider this to be a
+ worst-case scenario.
+
+ \subsection{Widows and orphans removed}
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}\begin{axis}[
+ ybar=0pt,
+ bar width=0.8,
+ xtick=data,
+ ylabel={Widows and orphans removed},
+ width=\linewidth,
+ height=0.8\linewidth,
+ xticklabels={
+ \shortstack[c]{\hfill Maximum\\\hfill possible},
+ \textsf{lwc} \texttt{default},
+ \texttt{balanced},
+ \LaTeX{},
+ \texttt{strict},
+ },
+ x tick label style={
+ font=\small,
+ rotate=45,
+ anchor=east,
+ },
+ enlarge x limits=0.2,
+ ]
+ \addplot+ [
+ draw=black,
+ fill=black!10,
+ semithick,
+ ] table [x expr=\coordindex, y index=0] {
+ 399
+ 392
+ 348
+ 179
+ 52
+ };
+
+ \filldraw [fill=black!25, draw=black]
+ (-0.4, 0) rectangle (0.4, 399);
+ \end{axis}\end{tikzpicture}
+ \divide\abovecaptionskip by 2
+ \caption{The number of \waos/ removed by each method.}\label{fig:modes}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ When we run \LaTeX{} with its default settings on the file, 179~(47\%) of
+ the \waos/ are removed. When we add \lwc/ with default settings, we remove
+ 392~(98\%). Switching to strict mode, we can only remove 52~(13\%) of the
+ \waos/. In balanced mode, we remove 348~(87\%). See figure~\ref{fig:modes}
+ for a visual comparison.
+
+ \subsection{Paragraph costs}
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}\begin{axis}[
+ width=\linewidth,
+ height=0.8\linewidth,
+ xlabel={Percentile},
+ ylabel={Cost},
+ ymode=log,
+ legend entries={Natural, Long},
+ legend pos=north west,
+ cycle list={
+ {black, thick},
+ {black!35, thick},
+ },
+ ]
+ \addplot+ table [x=Percentile, y=Long] {\plotdata};
+ \addplot+ table [x=Percentile, y=Natural] {\plotdata};
+
+ \end{axis}\end{tikzpicture}
+ \divide\abovecaptionskip by 2
+ \caption{Paragraph costs by percentile rank for naturally-broken and
+ one-line lengthened paragraphs.}\label{fig:costs}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ The last section showed us that \lwc/ is quite effective at removing \waos/,
+ so now let's look at the paragraphs that \lwc/ expands. As \TeX{}
+ processes a document, \lwc/ is recording the costs for the naturally-broken
+ and expanded versions of each paragraph in the document. Costs don't
+ mean that much on their own, but a lower cost is always better.
+
+ As you can see in figure~\ref{fig:costs}, the lengthened paragraphs tend to
+ have \emph{much} higher costs than the naturally-broken paragraphs. This
+ is not surprising, since (as we've seen) a paragraph's demerits
+ scale with the sixth
+ power of glue stretch, so even a small amount of glue stretch can cause a
+ huge increase in demerits.
+
+ The empty space on the left of the \q{long} line is from the paragraphs
+ that \lwc/ was unable to lengthen at any cost. \LuaTeX{} assigns these
+ paragraphs zero~demerits, so they disappear on a logarithmic plot.
+
+ \subsection{Lengthening vs.\ shortening paragraphs}
+ \begin{figure}
+ \begin{tikzpicture}\begin{axis}[
+ xbar stacked,
+ height=0.2\linewidth,
+ width=\dimexpr\linewidth-1em,
+ scale only axis,
+ bar width=1,
+ enlargelimits=false,
+ xmin=0,
+ ymin=-0.5,
+ ymax=1,
+ ymajorticks=false,
+ xtick style={draw=none},
+ xlabel={Paragraphs (thousands)},
+ scaled x ticks=base 10:-3,
+ xtick scale label code/.code={},
+ legend style={at={(0.5,1)}, anchor=north},
+ legend columns=5,
+ legend cell align=left,
+ legend style={
+ /tikz/every even column/.append style={column sep=1em},
+ draw=none,
+ fill=none,
+ },
+ legend entries={
+ {$n=1$},
+ {$n$},
+ {$n+1$},
+ {$n\pm1$},
+ {$n-1$}
+ },
+ ]
+ \addplot [fill=black!10 ] coordinates {(4429, 0)}; % One
+ \addplot [fill=white ] coordinates {(4474, 0)}; % None
+ \addplot [pattern=north east lines] coordinates {(5457, 0)}; % Long
+ \addplot [pattern=crosshatch ] coordinates {( 482, 0)}; % Both
+ \addplot [pattern=north west lines] coordinates {( 850, 0)}; % Short
+ \end{axis}\end{tikzpicture}
+ \divide\abovecaptionskip by 2
+ \caption{The number of paragraphs in the test sample that
+ (respectively) have exactly
+ one line, cannot be stretched or shrunk, can be only stretched
+ by one~line, can be either stretched or shrunk, and can be
+ only shrunk.}
+ \label{fig:stretchshrink}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Figure~\ref{fig:stretchshrink} shows the number of paragraphs that \lwc/
+ could potentially stretch or shrink. The one-line paragraphs are broken out
+ separately since this test sample has an anomalous number of them.
+ Otherwise, we can see that \lwc/ is capable of stretching the majority of
+ paragraphs.
+
+ We can also see that of non-single-line paragraphs, only about 8\%
+ of paragraphs can only be shrunk (the last segment of
+ figure~\ref{fig:stretchshrink}), and this is in a document where 13\%
+ of paragraphs have at least eight~lines. Most documents rarely have
+ such long paragraphs, and it is these long paragraphs that are the
+ easiest to shrink.
+
+ Because of this, \lwc/ doesn't even attempt to shrink paragraphs; it
+ only stretches them.
+
+ \section{Known issues}
+
+ \Lwc/ is quite stable these days, a few issues remain:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When a three-line paragraph is at the end of a page forming a
+ widow, \lwc/ will remove the widow; however, it will leave an orphan.
+ This issue is inherent to any process that removes widows through
+ paragraph expansion and is thus unavoidable. Orphans are considered
+ to be better than widows~\cite{elements}, so this is still an
+ improvement.
+
+ \item Sometimes a \woo/ cannot be eliminated because no paragraph has
+ enough stretch. Sometimes this can be remediated by
+ increasing \lwc/'s \estretch/; however, some pages just don't have
+ any suitable paragraph.
+
+ Long paragraphs with short words tend to be stretchier than short
+ paragraphs with long words since these long paragraphs have more
+ interword glue. Narrow columns also stretch more easily than wide columns
+ since you need to expand a paragraph by less to make a new line.
+
+ \item When running under \LuaMetaTeX{} (\ConTeXt{}), the log may
+ contain many lines like \q{\texttt{%
+ \spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font plus1.25pt minus1.25pt
+ luatex warning > tex: left parfill skip is gone}}. These messages
+ are completely harmless (although admittedly quite annoying).
+
+ \item \TeX{} may warn about overfull \cs{vbox}es on pages where
+ \lwc/ removed a \woo/. This happens due to the way that \lwc/
+ corrects for the \cs{prevdepth} when replacing paragraphs. It
+ does not actually produce an overfull \texttt{vbox}, but there
+ is a warning nevertheless. You can set \cs{vfuzz=2.5pt} to
+ hide the
+ warning.
+
+ \item \Lwc/ only attempts to expand paragraphs on a page with
+ a \woo/. A global system like in~\cite{global} would solve this;
+ however, this is both \acro{NP}-complete~\cite{plass} and
+ impossible to solve in a single pass. Very rarely would such a
+ system remove \woos/ that \lwc/ cannot.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \section{Conclusion}
+
+ All this probably makes \lwc/ look quite complicated, and this is true to
+ some extent. However, this complexity is hidden from the end~user:
+ as stated at the outset, most
+ users merely need to place \latexuse/ in their \LaTeX{} document
+ preamble, and \lwc/ will remove all the troublesome \waos/, without needing
+ any manual intervention.
+
+ Should you have any issues, questions, or suggestions for \lwc/, please
+ visit the project's GitHub page:
+ \href{https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control}
+ {\tt github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control}.
+ Any feedback is greatly appreciated!
+
+ \bibliographystyle{tugboat}
+ \AddToHook{env/thebibliography/begin}{%
+ \let\eTeX=\goodeTeX%
+ \let\tubeTeX=\goodeTeX%
+ }
+ \let\macro=\cs
+\SetBibJustification{\raggedright \advance\itemsep by 1pt plus1pt minus1pt
+\def\url{\tbsurl}
+}
+\smallskip
+ \bibliography{\jobname.bib, tugboat.bib}
+
+ \makesignature
+\end{document}
Property changes on: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/luatex/lua-widow-control/tb133chernoff-widows.ltx
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:eol-style
## -0,0 +1 ##
+native
\ No newline at end of property
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkiv
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkiv 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkiv 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -1,104 +1 @@
-%D \module
-%D [ file=t-lua-widow-control,
-%D version=2.1.0, %%version
-%D title=lua-widow-control,
-%D subtitle=\ConTeXt module for lua-widow-control,
-%D author=Max Chernoff,
-%D date=2022-05-14, %%dashdate
-%D copyright=Max Chernoff,
-%D license=MPL-2.0+,
-%D url=https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control]
-\startmodule[lua-widow-control]
-\unprotect
-
-\installnamespace{lwc}
-
-\installcommandhandler \????lwc {lwc} \????lwc
-
-\newdimen\lwc_emergency_stretch
-\newcount\lwc_max_cost
-\appendtoks
- \lwc_emergency_stretch=\lwcparameter{emergencystretch}
-
- \doifelse{\lwcparameter{\c!state}}\v!start{
- \lwc_enable
- }{
- \lwc_disable
- }
-
- \lwc_debug{\lwcparameter{debug}}
-
- \lwc_nobreak{\lwcparameter{nobreak}}
-
- \lwc_max_cost=\lwcparameter{maxcost}
-
- % We can't just set the penalties because they will be reset automatically
- % at \\starttext.
- \startsetups[*default]
- \directsetup{*reset}
-
- \clubpenalty=\lwcparameter{orphanpenalty}
- \widowpenalty=\lwcparameter{widowpenalty}
- \displaywidowpenalty=\lwcparameter{widowpenalty}
- \brokenpenalty=\lwcparameter{brokenpenalty}
- \stopsetups
-
- \startsetups[grid][*default]
- \directsetup{*reset}
-
- \clubpenalty=\lwcparameter{orphanpenalty}
- \widowpenalty=\lwcparameter{widowpenalty}
- \displaywidowpenalty=\lwcparameter{widowpenalty}
- \brokenpenalty=\lwcparameter{brokenpenalty}
- \stopsetups
-
- \setups[*default]
-\to\everysetuplwc
-
-\ctxloadluafile{lua-widow-control}
-
-\setuplwc[
- emergencystretch=3em,
- \c!state=\v!start,
- debug=\v!stop,
- orphanpenalty=1,
- widowpenalty=1,
- brokenpenalty=1,
- nobreak=keep,
- maxcost=2147483647,
-]
-
-
-% Here, we enable font expansion/contraction. It isn't strictly necessary for
-% \lwc/'s functionality; however, it is required for the
-% lengthened paragraphs to not have terrible spacing.
-\definefontfeature[default][default][expansion=quality]
-\setupalign[hz]
-
-% Expansion of some parts of the document, such as section headings, is quite
-% undesirable, so we'll disable \lwc/ for certain commands.
-% We should only reenable \lwc/ at the end if it was already enabled.
-\newcount\lwc_disable_count
-
-\define\lwc_patch_pre{%
- \lwc_if_enabled%
- \advance\lwc_disable_count by 1%
- \setuplwc[\c!state=\v!stop]%
- \fi%
-}
-
-\define\lwc_patch_post{
- \ifnum\lwc_disable_count>0\relax%
- \setuplwc[\c!state=\v!start]%
- \advance\lwc_disable_count by -1%
- \fi%
-}
-
-\prependtoks\lwc_patch_pre\to\everybeforesectionheadhandle % Sectioning
-\prependtoks\lwc_patch_post\to\everyaftersectionheadhandle
-
-% Make the commands public
-\let\iflwc=\lwc_if_enabled
-
-\protect
-\stopmodule
+\input t-lua-widow-control.mkxl
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/context/third/lua-widow-control/t-lua-widow-control.mkxl 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
%D \module
%D [ file=t-lua-widow-control,
-%D version=2.1.0, %%version
+%D version=2.1.1, %%version
%D title=lua-widow-control,
%D subtitle=\ConTeXt module for lua-widow-control,
%D author=Max Chernoff,
-%D date=2022-05-14, %%dashdate
+%D date=2022-05-20, %%dashdate
%D copyright=Max Chernoff,
%D license=MPL-2.0+,
%D url=https://github.com/gucci-on-fleek/lua-widow-control]
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
% report a real version number here for debugging.
\PackageInfo{lua-widow-control}{%
Real version:
- 2022/05/14 %%dashdate
- v2.1.0 %%version
+ 2022/05/20 %%dashdate
+ v2.1.1 %%version
}
\PackageWarning{lua-widow-control}{%
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.sty
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.sty 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/lualatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.sty 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
\DeclareRelease{}{0000-00-00}{lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty}
\DeclareRelease{v1.1.6}{2022-02-22}{lua-widow-control-2022-02-22.sty}
-\DeclareCurrentRelease{v2.1.0}{2022-05-14} %%version %%dashdate
+\DeclareCurrentRelease{v2.1.1}{2022-05-20} %%version %%dashdate
% If this version of LaTeX doesn't support command hooks, then we load
% the last v1.1.X version of the package.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
\ProvidesExplPackage
{lua-widow-control}
{2022/05/14} %%dashdate
- {v2.1.0} %%version
+ {v2.1.1} %%version
{Use Lua to remove widows and orphans}
% Unconditional Package Loads
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@
% Here, we enable font expansion/contraction. It isn't strictly necessary for
% \lwc/'s functionality; however, it is required for the
% lengthened paragraphs to not have terrible spacing.
-\bool_if:NT \g__lwc_use_microtype_bool {
- \hook_gput_code:nnn { begindocument / before } { \c__lwc_name_str } {
+\hook_gput_code:nnn { begindocument / before } { \c__lwc_name_str } {
+ \bool_if:NT \g__lwc_use_microtype_bool {
\@ifpackageloaded { microtype } {} {
\RequirePackage[
final,
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.lua
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.lua 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.lua 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@
end
elseif format:find("latex") then -- lualatex, lualatex-dev, ...
latex = true
-elseif format == "luatex" then -- Plain
+elseif format == "luatex" or format == "luahbtex" then -- Plain
plain = true
-elseif format == "optex" then -- OpTeX
+elseif format:find("optex") then -- OpTeX
optex = true
end
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@
local penalty_id = node.id("penalty")
-- Local versions of globals
+local abs = math.abs
local copy = node.copy_list or node.copylist
local find_attribute = node.find_attribute or node.findattribute
local flush_list = node.flush_list or node.flushlist
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@
local string_char = string.char
local traverse = node.traverse
local traverseid = node.traverse_id or node.traverseid
+local vpack = node.vpack
-- Misc. Constants
local iffalse = token.create("iffalse")
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@
luatexbase.provides_module {
name = lwc.name,
date = "2022/05/14", --%%dashdate
- version = "2.1.0", --%%version
+ version = "2.1.1", --%%version
description = [[
This module provides a LuaTeX-based solution to prevent
@@ -502,6 +504,9 @@
info("Widow/orphan/broken hyphen detected. Attempting to remove")
+ local vsize = tex.dimen.vsize
+ local orig_height_diff = vpack(head).height - vsize
+
--[[
Find the paragraph on the page with the least cost.
]]
@@ -698,6 +703,23 @@
end
end
+ local new_height_diff = vpack(head_save).height - vsize
+ -- We need the original height discrepancy in case there are \\vfill's
+ local net_height_diff = orig_height_diff - new_height_diff
+
+ --[[ The final \\box255 needs to be exactly \\vsize tall to avoid
+ over/underfull box warnings, so we correct any discrepancies
+ here.
+ ]]
+ if abs(net_height_diff) > 0 and
+ -- A difference larger than 0.25\\baselineskip is probably not from \lwc/
+ abs(net_height_diff) < tex.skip.baselineskip.width / 4
+ then
+ local bottom_glue = new_node("glue")
+ bottom_glue.width = net_height_diff
+ last(head_save).next = bottom_glue
+ end
+
info(
"Widow/orphan/broken hyphen successfully removed at paragraph "
.. paragraph_index
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.tex 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/luatex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.tex 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+
% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
-\wlog{lua-widow-control v2.1.0} %%version
+\wlog{lua-widow-control v2.1.1} %%version
\ifx\directlua\undefined
\errmessage{%
Modified: trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/optex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.opm
===================================================================
--- trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/optex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.opm 2022-05-19 23:49:47 UTC (rev 63344)
+++ trunk/Master/texmf-dist/tex/optex/lua-widow-control/lua-widow-control.opm 2022-05-20 21:38:27 UTC (rev 63345)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
% SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0+
% SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 Max Chernoff
-\_codedecl\lwcenable{lua-widow-control <v2.1.0>} %%version
+\_codedecl\lwcenable{lua-widow-control <v2.1.1>} %%version
\_namespace{lwc}
\_clubpenalty=1
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