[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r1169 - trunk
Karl Berry
INVALID.NOREPLY at gnu.org.ua
Tue May 7 00:02:21 CEST 2024
Author: karl
Date: 2024-05-06 22:02:20 +0000 (Mon, 06 May 2024)
New Revision: 1169
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/NEWS
trunk/aspell.en.pws
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
briefly describe input encodings
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
2024-05-06 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
+ * latex2e.texi (Input encodings): brief introduction to character
+ encodings.
+ (inputenc package): update handling of non-UTF-8 in LuaTeX and XeTeX.
+
2024-05-06 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
* latex2e.texi (Over- or under math): mention \overrightarrow
Modified: trunk/NEWS
===================================================================
--- trunk/NEWS 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/NEWS 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
Spanish translation from Nacho Pacheco.
Updates are welcome.
+
Notable changes in May 2024 release:
+
Additions:
* \DocumentMetadata for experimental tagging support.
* \thepage for page number representation.
@@ -15,6 +17,7 @@
* List the standard ligatures in LaTeX (ff fi fl ffi ffl `` '' -- --- `! `?).
* Describe LaTeX's special characters (\ @ @ % $ & _ ^ # ~}.
* Briefly mention hilatex and the hitex engine (https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex).
+* Briefly describe input encodings and how to handle them.
Changes:
* The lengthy list of commands for class and package writers, from
Modified: trunk/aspell.en.pws
===================================================================
--- trunk/aspell.en.pws 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/aspell.en.pws 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -296,3 +296,5 @@
documentmetadata
ffl
underbracket
+iconv
+recode
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -1066,6 +1066,7 @@
sections.
</p>
+
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Input-encodings" accesskey="1">Input encodings</a></li>
<li><a href="#Ligatures" accesskey="2">Ligatures</a></li>
@@ -1079,12 +1080,37 @@
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Input-encodings-1"><span>2.4.1 Input encodings<a class="copiable-link" href="#Input-encodings-1"> ¶</a></span></h4>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-encodings"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encodings_002c-input"></a>
-<p>qqq
+<p>The input to TeX (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how LaTeX behaves.
</p>
-
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
+<p>Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with <em class="dfn">UTF-8</em>, a
+so-called “Unicode Transformation Format” which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+</p>
+<p>When TeX was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So TeX does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+</p>
+<p>Since 2018, the default input encoding for LaTeX is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in <a class="ref" href="#inputenc-package"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>.
+</p>
+<p>You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<a class="url" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode</a>.
+</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Ligatures">
@@ -1104,14 +1130,14 @@
<p>TeX supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
the input has the word ‘<samp class="samp">fine</samp>’, written as four separate ASCII
characters, TeX will output the word ‘fine’ (with the default
-fonts).
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
</p>
<p>In traditional TeX, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
the current font. TeX also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
a few typographical characters which were not available in any
-computer encoding when TeX was invented (or for many years
-afterward). In the original Computer Modern fonts, the following
-input character sequences are defined to lead to ligatures, as shown:
+computer encoding when TeX was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-f_002dligatures"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quotation-marks_002c-as-ligatures"></a>
@@ -1125,19 +1151,19 @@
<dl class="table">
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">ff</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>ff
+<dd><p>ff (f<span class="r"></span>f ligature, U+FB00)
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">fi</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>fi
+<dd><p>fi (f<span class="r"></span>i ligature, U+FB01)
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">fl</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>fl
+<dd><p>fl (f<span class="r"></span>l ligature, U+FB02)
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">ffi</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>ffi
+<dd><p>ffi (f<span class="r"></span>f<span class="r"></span>i ligature, U+FB03)
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">ffl</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>ffl
+<dd><p>ffl (f<span class="r"></span>f<span class="r"></span>l ligature, U+FB04)
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">``</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>“ (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
@@ -1159,6 +1185,10 @@
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<p>(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+</p>
<p>Nowadays it’s usually possible to directly input the punctuation
characters as Unicode characters, and LaTeX supports that (see
previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
@@ -1168,8 +1198,9 @@
characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
</p>
<p>Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely LuaTeX
-and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input by default. They
-also need to do so for compatibility.
+and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alphabetic-presentation-forms-Unicode-block"></a>
<p>By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
@@ -1179,7 +1210,7 @@
whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
characters ‘<samp class="samp">fi</samp>’ will not be matched by the ligature ‘fi’ at
-U+FB02.
+U+FB01.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -1218,7 +1249,7 @@
</dd>
<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-percent-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
<a id="index-_0025-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_0025-character_002c-meaning-of"> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Starts a comment; the ‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’ and all remaining characters on the
+<dd><p>Starts a comment: the ‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’ and all remaining characters on the
current line are ignored.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -1238,10 +1269,11 @@
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caret-character_002c-meaning-of"></a>
<a id="index-_005f-character_002c-meaning-of"></a><span>‘<samp class="samp">_</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005f-character_002c-meaning-of"> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">^</samp>’</dt>
-<dd><p>Introduce a subscript or superscript in math (see <a class="pxref" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a>); they produce an error outside math mode.
-As a little-used special feature, two superscript characters in a row
-can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character;
-see <a class="pxref" href="#Input-text">Input text</a>.
+<dd><p>Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a>); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-number-sign-character-_0028_0023_0029_002c-meaning-of"></a>
@@ -1366,7 +1398,7 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... <var class="var">rows-of-table</var> ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -1388,8 +1420,8 @@
<p>The <code class="code">\DocumentMetadata</code> command was added to LaTeX in 2022.
It enables so-called “tagging” of the PDF output, aiding
-accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with LuaLaTeX,
-while pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported as well as possible
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with LuaLaTeX;
+pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported as well as possible
(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
<p>It is unlike nearly any other command in LaTeX in that it must
@@ -1441,7 +1473,7 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
specifications.
</p>
-<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site
+<p>In addition to its massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
@@ -21864,60 +21896,59 @@
<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">encoding-name</var>]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. (For
+basic background, see <a class="pxref" href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a>). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
</p>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a>
-<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
-<p>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the <em class="dfn">encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character ‘<samp class="samp">ä</samp>’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence <code class="code">\"a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
+<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package tells LaTeX what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
</p>
-<p>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-LaTeX since 2018.
-</p>
-<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
-</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
+<p>The most common values for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>,
+<code class="code">latin1</code>, <code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>,
+<code class="code">latin5</code>, <code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, <code class="code">utf8</code>.
+</p>
<p>Caution: use <code class="code">inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine
-(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with
-either the <code class="command">xelatex</code> command or the <code class="command">lualatex</code>
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code class="code">inputenc</code>,
-such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code class="code">inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>); with <code class="command">xelatex</code> or
+<code class="command">lualatex</code>, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+<code class="code">inputenc</code>, such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, will get the error
+<code class="code">inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
</p>
<p>An <code class="code">inputenc</code> package error such as <code class="code">Invalid UTF-8 byte "96</code>
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using <code class="code">latin1</code> inside a
-LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
-LaTeX equivalent command or character.
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or LaTeX equivalent.
</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-luainputenc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-luainputenc-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cXeTeXinputencoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cXeTeXdefaultencoding"></a>
+<p>If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with LuaTeX, you can
+use the <code class="code">luainputenc</code> package
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc">https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc</a>). With XeTeX, the
+<code class="code">\XeTeXinputencoding</code> and <code class="code">\XeTeXdefaultencoding</code> primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<a class="url" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948">https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948</a>).
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-recode-to-change-character-encoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-iconv-to-change-character-encoding"></a>
+<p>It’s also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of TeX, using system utilities. For example,
+‘<samp class="samp">recode latin1..utf8</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">iconv -f latin1 -t utf8</samp>’.
+</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinputencoding"></a>
-<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
-<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
-for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>, <code class="code">latin1</code>,
-<code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>, <code class="code">latin5</code>,
-<code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, and <code class="code">utf8</code>.
+necessary. You can use the command
+<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code> for this.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -26689,6 +26720,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code class="code">\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code class="code">\write18</code>, enabling</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXeTeXdefaultencoding"><code>\XeTeXdefaultencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXeTeXinputencoding"><code>\XeTeXinputencoding</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
@@ -26896,7 +26929,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -27096,7 +27129,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-en_002ddash_002c-as-ligature">en-dash, as ligature</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encodings_002c-input">encodings, input</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
@@ -27498,6 +27530,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="r">document</span></code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-luainputenc-package"><code class="code">luainputenc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
@@ -27734,6 +27767,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">lmodern</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-luainputenc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">luainputenc</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">macros2e</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">makeidx</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
@@ -28172,7 +28206,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-or-under-math">Over- or under math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore-character_002c-meaning-of">underscore character, meaning of</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-characters">Special characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input-encodings">Input encodings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -370,8 +370,32 @@
2.4.1 Input encodings
---------------------
-qqq
+The input to TeX (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an eight-bit
+number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The input
+encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and thus how
+LaTeX behaves.
+ Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with “UTF-8”, a
+so-called "Unicode Transformation Format" which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used today in
+written text.
+
+ When TeX was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So TeX does not require
+Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a pure 7-bit
+ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+
+ Since 2018, the default input encoding for LaTeX is UTF-8. Some
+methods for handling documents written in some other encoding, such as
+ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in *note inputenc package::.
+
+ You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode>.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Ligatures, Next: Special characters, Prev: Input encodings, Up: Input text
@@ -384,25 +408,26 @@
TeX supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
the input has the word ‘fine’, written as four separate ASCII
-characters, TeX will output the word 'fine' (with the default fonts).
+characters, TeX will output the word 'fine' (with the default fonts),
+with three typeset glyphs.
In traditional TeX, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
the current font. TeX also uses the ligature mechanism to produce a few
typographical characters which were not available in any computer
-encoding when TeX was invented (or for many years afterward). In the
-original Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences
-are defined to lead to ligatures, as shown:
+encoding when TeX was invented. In all, in the original Computer Modern
+fonts, the following input character sequences are defined to lead to
+ligatures:
‘ff’
- ff
+ ff (ff ligature, U+FB00)
‘fi’
- fi
+ fi (fi ligature, U+FB01)
‘fl’
- fl
+ fl (fl ligature, U+FB02)
‘ffi’
- ffi
+ ffi (ffi ligature, U+FB03)
‘ffl’
- ffl
+ ffl (ffl ligature, U+FB04)
‘``’
" (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
‘''’
@@ -416,6 +441,10 @@
‘?`’
?' (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
+(For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the individual
+characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the difference
+between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+
Nowadays it's usually possible to directly input the punctuation
characters as Unicode characters, and LaTeX supports that (see previous
section). But even today, it can still often be useful to use the ASCII
@@ -425,8 +454,9 @@
Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely LuaTeX
-and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input by default. They also
-need to do so for compatibility.
+and XeTeX, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by default,
+independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
"Alphabetic Presentation Forms" block starting at U+FB00), but it's
@@ -434,7 +464,7 @@
principle it should be up to the typesetter and the current font whether
to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will typically cause
searches to fail, that is, a search for the two characters ‘fi’ will not
-be matched by the ligature 'fi' at U+FB02.
+be matched by the ligature 'fi' at U+FB01.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Special characters, Prev: Ligatures, Up: Input text
@@ -455,7 +485,7 @@
as seen throughout this manual.
‘%’
- Starts a comment; the ‘%’ and all remaining characters on the
+ Starts a comment: the ‘%’ and all remaining characters on the
current line are ignored.
‘$’
@@ -466,11 +496,10 @@
‘_’
‘^’
- Introduce a subscript or superscript in math (*note Subscripts &
- superscripts::); they produce an error outside math mode. As a
- little-used special feature, two superscript characters in a row
- can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character; *note
- Input text::.
+ Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math (*note
+ Subscripts & superscripts::); they produce an error outside math
+ mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript characters
+ in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character.
‘#’
Stands for arguments in a macro definition (*note \newcommand &
@@ -559,7 +588,7 @@
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... ROWS-OF-TABLE ...
\end{tabular}
@@ -570,8 +599,8 @@
The ‘\DocumentMetadata’ command was added to LaTeX in 2022. It enables
so-called "tagging" of the PDF output, aiding accessibility of the PDF.
-It is supported best with LuaLaTeX, while pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are
-supported as well as possible (*note TeX engines::).
+It is supported best with LuaLaTeX; pdfLaTeX and XeLaTeX are supported
+as well as possible (*note TeX engines::).
It is unlike nearly any other command in LaTeX in that it must occur
before the ‘\documentclass’ command that starts a LaTeX document proper
@@ -609,7 +638,7 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
- In addition to the massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
+ In addition to its massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
features such as search by name or by functionality.
CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of
@@ -15507,51 +15536,46 @@
\usepackage[ENCODING-NAME]{inputenc}
- Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+ Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. (For
+basic background, *note Input encodings::). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
- In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the “encoding”. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character ‘ä’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence ‘\"a’ is used. This would make source files for anything but
-English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding
-is more convenient.
-
- The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
-LaTeX since 2018.
-
- The ‘inputenc’ package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For
+ The ‘inputenc’ package tells LaTeX what encoding is used. For
instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+ The most common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’,
+‘latin2’, ‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, ‘utf8’.
+
Caution: use ‘inputenc’ only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX
-engines::). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is
-UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the ‘xelatex’ command
-or the ‘lualatex’ command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with
-‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, then you will get the error ‘inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex’.
+engines::); with ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding
+with ‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, will get the error ‘inputenc is not
+designed for xetex or luatex’.
An ‘inputenc’ package error such as ‘Invalid UTF-8 byte "96’ means
that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding
scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document
-that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one is a left
-single quote from a web page using ‘latin1’ inside a LaTeX input file
-that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8
-character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command
-or character.
+that uses a different encoding than the input file. The simplest
+solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a UTF-8 or
+LaTeX equivalent.
- In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+ If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with LuaTeX, you can use
+the ‘luainputenc’ package (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc>). With
+XeTeX, the ‘\XeTeXinputencoding’ and ‘\XeTeXdefaultencoding’ primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+<https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948>).
+
+ It's also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of TeX, using system utilities. For example, ‘recode
+latin1..utf8’ or ‘iconv -f latin1 -t utf8’.
+
+ In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’. The most
-common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’, ‘latin2’,
-‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, and ‘utf8’.
+necessary. You can use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’ for
+this.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: inputenc package, Up: Special insertions
@@ -18767,7 +18791,7 @@
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
* \infty: Math symbols. (line 262)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
-* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 50)
+* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 46)
* \InputIfFileExists: \IfFileExists & \InputIfFileExists.
(line 6)
* \int: Math symbols. (line 265)
@@ -19524,6 +19548,8 @@
* \write18: \write18. (line 6)
* \write18, enabling: Command line options.
(line 61)
+* \XeTeXdefaultencoding: inputenc package. (line 36)
+* \XeTeXinputencoding: inputenc package. (line 36)
* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 822)
* \xi: Math symbols. (line 825)
* \xspace: xspace package. (line 6)
@@ -19532,7 +19558,7 @@
* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 828)
* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 32)
* & character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 26)
-* # character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 37)
+* # character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* % character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 19)
* ^ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
* ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
@@ -19539,7 +19565,7 @@
(line 6)
* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 94)
* ~: ~. (line 6)
-* ~ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 41)
+* ~ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 40)
* $ character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 23)
* $ inline math: math. (line 12)
* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 32)
@@ -19583,7 +19609,7 @@
* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6)
* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
-* alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block: Ligatures. (line 56)
+* alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block: Ligatures. (line 62)
* ampersand character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 26)
* amscd package: Arrows. (line 41)
* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 61)
@@ -19752,7 +19778,7 @@
* chapter counter: Counters. (line 15)
* character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 18)
-* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 15)
+* character encoding: Input encodings. (line 6)
* character, invisible: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
@@ -19955,7 +19981,7 @@
* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 35)
* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 188)
* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 60)
-* double quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* double quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 204)
* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 191)
* double spacing: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
@@ -19979,15 +20005,14 @@
* em: Units of length. (line 45)
* em <1>: Units of length. (line 46)
* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 131)
-* em-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* em-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 213)
* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 219)
* emphasis: Font styles. (line 60)
-* en-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* en-dash, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6)
* encoding, font: \DeclareFontEncoding.
(line 6)
-* encoding, of input files: inputenc package. (line 15)
* encodings, input: Input encodings. (line 6)
* end matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
@@ -20091,7 +20116,7 @@
(line 6)
* external commands: \write18. (line 6)
* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6)
-* f-ligatures: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* f-ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 27)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 21)
@@ -20227,7 +20252,7 @@
* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 13)
* hard space: ~. (line 6)
-* hash character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 37)
+* hash character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* hat accent: Accents. (line 40)
* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
* hat character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
@@ -20311,8 +20336,8 @@
* interline space: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 41)
-* inverted exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
-* inverted question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* inverted exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
+* inverted question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* invisible character: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
@@ -20441,6 +20466,7 @@
* LR mode: Modes. (line 18)
* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
* lshort document: About this document. (line 40)
+* luainputenc package: inputenc package. (line 36)
* lualatex: TeX engines. (line 33)
* lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 72)
* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 34)
@@ -20551,7 +20577,7 @@
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
(line 52)
* null delimiter: \left & \right. (line 6)
-* number sign character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 37)
+* number sign character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 133)
* oblique font: Font styles. (line 94)
@@ -20718,6 +20744,7 @@
* package, listings: tabbing. (line 146)
* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 35)
* package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 36)
+* package, luainputenc: inputenc package. (line 36)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 38)
* package, makeidx: \printindex. (line 12)
@@ -20886,7 +20913,7 @@
* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 185)
* question marks, ending a sentence: \@. (line 39)
* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
-* quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* quotation marks, as ligatures: Ligatures. (line 22)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 35)
* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 200)
@@ -20986,7 +21013,7 @@
* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 88)
-* sharp character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 37)
+* sharp character (#), meaning of: Special characters. (line 36)
* sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* shell access: \write18. (line 6)
@@ -21040,9 +21067,9 @@
* spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
-* Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* Spanish exclamation mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 179)
-* Spanish question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 21)
+* Spanish question mark, as ligature: Ligatures. (line 22)
* special characters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* special characters, meaning of: Special characters. (line 6)
@@ -21169,7 +21196,7 @@
* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 41)
* tilde accent: Accents. (line 48)
* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 38)
-* tilde character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 41)
+* tilde character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 40)
* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
(line 74)
@@ -21224,7 +21251,7 @@
* underlining: Over- or under math. (line 6)
* underscore character, meaning of: Special characters. (line 30)
* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 222)
-* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 15)
+* Unicode: Input encodings. (line 12)
* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 6)
* unicode-math package: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 59)
@@ -21311,671 +21338,671 @@
Ref: tex engines xelatex13134
Node: Input text15474
Node: Input encodings15937
-Node: Ligatures16068
-Node: Special characters18513
-Ref: Reserved characters18698
-Node: LaTeX command syntax19912
-Node: Environment syntax21992
-Node: \DocumentMetadata23285
-Node: CTAN24661
-Node: Document classes26127
-Ref: \documentclass26254
-Ref: document classes article26590
-Ref: document classes book26682
-Ref: document classes letter26871
-Ref: document classes report26951
-Ref: document classes slides27115
-Node: Document class options27611
-Node: \usepackage31132
-Ref: Additional packages31346
-Node: Class and package creation32349
-Node: Class and package structure33812
-Node: Fonts36218
-Ref: Typefaces36321
-Node: fontenc package38291
-Node: \DeclareFontEncoding42675
-Node: \DeclareTextAccent44143
-Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault45094
-Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand46201
-Ref: \DeclareTextCommand46506
-Ref: \ProvideTextCommand46506
-Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault48513
-Ref: \DeclareTextCommandDefault48844
-Ref: \ProvideTextCommandDefault48844
-Node: \DeclareTextComposite49857
-Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand50974
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbol51688
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault52825
-Node: \LastDeclaredEncoding53813
-Node: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent54449
-Ref: \UseTextSymbol54658
-Ref: \UseTextAccent54658
-Node: Font styles55687
-Ref: \nocorrlist56625
-Ref: \nocorr56625
-Ref: \mathversion59380
-Ref: \oldstylenums59550
-Node: Font sizes60113
-Node: Low-level font commands63112
-Ref: low level font commands fontencoding63396
-Ref: low level font commands fontfamily63964
-Ref: low level font commands fontseries64811
-Ref: low level font commands fontshape66067
-Ref: low level font commands fontsize66412
-Ref: low level font commands linespread67017
-Ref: low level font commands selectfont67314
-Ref: low level font commands usefont67656
-Node: Layout67923
-Node: \onecolumn68497
-Node: \twocolumn68864
-Ref: twocolumn columnsep69499
-Ref: twocolumn columnseprule69751
-Ref: twocolumn columnwidth70059
-Ref: twocolumn dbltopfraction70674
-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction71686
-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatsep71936
-Ref: twocolumn dbltextfloatsep72269
-Ref: twocolumn dbltopnumber72457
-Node: \flushbottom73414
-Node: \raggedbottom74585
-Node: Page layout parameters75127
-Ref: page layout parameters columnsep75368
-Ref: page layout parameters columnseprule75368
-Ref: page layout parameters columnwidth75368
-Ref: page layout parameters headheight75630
-Ref: page layout parameters headsep75817
-Ref: page layout parameters footskip76157
-Ref: page layout parameters linewidth76523
-Ref: page layout parameters marginparpush76912
-Ref: page layout parameters marginsep76912
-Ref: page layout parameters marginparwidth76912
-Ref: page layout parameters oddsidemargin78038
-Ref: page layout parameters evensidemargin78038
-Ref: page layout parameters paperheight78623
-Ref: page layout parameters paperwidth78857
-Ref: page layout parameters textheight79089
-Ref: page layout parameters textwidth79510
-Ref: page layout parameters hsize80516
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+Node: center145055
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+Node: document152396
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+Node: quotation & quote216502
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+Node: \nocite247268
+Node: Using BibTeX247784
+Node: BibTeX error messages250228
+Node: theorem251185
+Node: titlepage252127
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+Node: \footnote280675
+Ref: footnote footnoterule282023
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+Node: \footnotetext286377
+Node: Footnotes in section headings286987
+Node: Footnotes in a table287833
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes290801
+Node: Definitions291503
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand292618
+Ref: \newcommand292801
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+Node: Control sequences299238
+Node: \providecommand300704
+Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother301928
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+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment311441
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+Node: Class and package commands329540
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+Node: \AtEndOfClass & \AtEndOfPackage330978
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+Ref: \AtEndOfPackage331224
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+Node: \OptionNotUsed343309
+Node: \PassOptionsToClass & \PassOptionsToPackage343676
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+Ref: \PassOptionsToPackage343953
+Node: \ProcessOptions345780
+Node: \ProvidesClass & \ProvidesPackage347924
+Ref: \ProvidesClass348170
+Ref: \ProvidesPackage348170
+Node: \ProvidesFile350132
+Node: \RequirePackage & \RequirePackageWithOptions350847
+Ref: \RequirePackage351102
+Ref: \RequirePackageWithOptions351102
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+Node: \usecounter357273
+Node: \value358152
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+Node: \addtocounter359853
+Node: \refstepcounter360315
+Node: \stepcounter361004
+Node: \day & \month & \year361573
+Ref: \day361740
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+Node: Units of length367239
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+Ref: units of length mm367759
+Ref: units of length cm367794
+Ref: units of length dd367826
+Ref: units of length cc367862
+Ref: units of length sp367891
+Ref: Lengths/ex368037
+Ref: units of length ex368037
+Ref: Lengths/em368188
+Ref: units of length em368188
+Ref: units of length mu368537
+Node: \setlength369074
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+Node: Expressions375994
+Node: Making paragraphs381028
+Node: \par383367
+Node: \indent & \noindent385497
+Ref: \indent385681
+Ref: \noindent385681
+Node: \parindent & \parskip387076
+Ref: \parindent387274
+Ref: \parskip387274
+Node: Marginal notes388473
+Ref: marginal notes marginparpush389905
+Ref: marginal notes marginparsep390095
+Ref: marginal notes marginparwidth390243
+Node: Math formulas390624
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts393728
+Ref: superscript393888
+Ref: subscript393888
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+Node: Arrows421481
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath422805
+Ref: \boldmath422996
+Ref: \unboldmath422996
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+Node: OpenType bold math424858
+Node: Blackboard bold426290
+Node: Calligraphic427119
+Node: Delimiters427654
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+Ref: \right430119
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+Ref: \bigr434282
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+Ref: ellipses ddots437562
+Ref: ellipses ldots437647
+Ref: ellipses vdots438067
+Node: Greek letters440187
+Node: Math functions442034
+Node: Math accents443883
+Node: Over- or under math444840
+Ref: Over- and Underlining445011
+Node: Spacing in math mode446908
+Ref: spacing in math mode thickspace447869
+Ref: spacing in math mode medspace448352
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace448836
+Ref: spacing in math mode thinspace448836
+Ref: spacing in math mode negthinspace449333
+Ref: spacing in math mode quad449730
+Ref: spacing in math mode qquad449994
+Node: \smash450332
+Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom452633
+Ref: \phantom452862
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+Node: Math styles456277
+Node: Math miscellany459075
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+Ref: colon459745
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+Node: \frac460905
+Node: \sqrt461288
+Node: \stackrel461935
+Node: Modes462208
+Ref: modes paragraph mode462660
+Ref: modes lr mode462980
+Ref: modes math mode463595
+Ref: modes vertical mode463944
+Ref: modes internal vertical mode464166
+Ref: modes inner paragraph mode464709
+Ref: modes outer paragraph mode464709
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+Node: Page styles465856
+Node: \maketitle466688
+Node: \pagenumbering469832
+Node: \pagestyle472272
+Node: \thispagestyle475958
+Node: \thepage476953
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+Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad479338
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+Ref: \quad479510
+Ref: \qquad479510
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+Ref: \nonfrenchspacing489923
+Node: \normalsfcodes490812
+Node: \(SPACE)491084
+Ref: Leading blanks493069
+Node: ~493380
+Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace496526
+Ref: \thinspace496698
+Ref: \negthinspace496698
+Node: \/497772
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill499782
+Ref: \hrulefill499972
+Ref: \dotfill499972
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip501154
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+Ref: \medskip501407
+Ref: \smallskip501407
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+Ref: medskip502208
+Ref: smallskip502437
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+Node: \vfill509081
+Node: \addvspace510033
+Node: Boxes512143
+Node: \mbox & \makebox512864
+Ref: \mbox513010
+Ref: \makebox513010
+Ref: mbox makebox depth514175
+Ref: mbox makebox height514175
+Ref: mbox makebox width514175
+Ref: mbox makebox totalheight514175
+Node: \fbox & \framebox516369
+Ref: \fbox516533
+Ref: \framebox516533
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxrule517716
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxsep517914
+Node: \parbox519052
+Node: \raisebox521414
+Ref: raisebox depth522391
+Ref: raisebox height522391
+Ref: raisebox width522391
+Ref: raisebox totalheight522391
+Node: \sbox & \savebox523120
+Ref: \sbox523272
+Ref: \savebox523272
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+Node: \usebox527222
+Node: Graphics527681
+Node: Graphics package options529814
+Node: Graphics package configuration532739
+Node: \graphicspath533549
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions536615
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule538469
+Node: Commands for graphics541747
+Node: \includegraphics542260
+Ref: includegraphics width547419
+Ref: includegraphics height547980
+Ref: includegraphics totalheight548402
+Ref: includegraphics keepaspectratio548670
+Ref: includegraphics viewport550460
+Ref: includegraphics trim550871
+Ref: includegraphics clip551339
+Ref: includegraphics page551611
+Ref: includegraphics pagebox551710
+Ref: includegraphics interpolate552599
+Ref: includegraphics quiet552812
+Ref: includegraphics draft552985
+Ref: includegraphics bb553810
+Ref: includegraphics bbllx554220
+Ref: includegraphics bblly554220
+Ref: includegraphics bburx554220
+Ref: includegraphics bbury554220
+Ref: includegraphics natwidth554366
+Ref: includegraphics natheight554366
+Ref: includegraphics hiresbb554564
+Ref: includegraphics type555370
+Ref: includegraphics ext555414
+Ref: includegraphics read555525
+Ref: includegraphics command555650
+Node: \rotatebox555908
+Node: \scalebox558866
+Node: \resizebox559974
+Node: Color561212
+Node: Color package options562040
+Node: Color models563810
+Ref: color models cmyk564623
+Ref: color models gray564990
+Ref: color models rgb565143
+Ref: color models RGB565484
+Ref: color models named565883
+Node: Commands for color566215
+Node: Define colors566634
+Node: Colored text567363
+Node: Colored boxes569798
+Node: Colored pages571227
+Node: Special insertions571924
+Node: Printing special characters572793
+Node: Upper and lower case574122
+Node: Symbols by font position576596
+Node: Text symbols577303
+Node: Accents583502
+Node: \accent585957
+Node: Additional Latin letters587815
+Ref: Non-English characters587997
+Node: inputenc package589116
+Ref: \inputencoding591158
+Node: \rule591377
+Node: \today592577
+Node: Splitting the input593565
+Node: \endinput595347
+Node: \include & \includeonly596702
+Ref: \include596890
+Ref: \includeonly596890
+Node: \input601183
+Node: Front/back matter602426
+Node: Table of contents etc.602759
+Node: \@dottedtocline608703
+Node: \addcontentsline610354
+Node: \addtocontents613541
+Node: \contentsline615834
+Node: \nofiles617724
+Node: \numberline618507
+Node: Indexes619735
+Node: Produce the index manually622625
+Node: \index623813
+Node: makeindex629252
+Ref: makeindex preamble630968
+Ref: makeindex postamble631122
+Ref: makeindex group skip631226
+Ref: makeindex letheadflag631586
+Ref: makeindex lethead prefix632063
+Ref: makeindex lethead suffix632223
+Ref: makeindex item 0632379
+Ref: makeindex item 1632467
+Ref: makeindex item 2632550
+Ref: makeindex item 01632636
+Ref: makeindex item x1632749
+Ref: makeindex item 12632966
+Ref: makeindex item x2633082
+Ref: makeindex delim 0633250
+Ref: makeindex delim 1633388
+Ref: makeindex delim 2633526
+Ref: makeindex delim n633660
+Ref: makeindex delim r633803
+Ref: makeindex line max633919
+Ref: makeindex indent space634062
+Ref: makeindex indent length634165
+Ref: makeindex page precedence634362
+Node: \printindex635443
+Node: Glossaries635932
+Node: \newglossaryentry637951
+Node: \gls639454
+Node: Letters640268
+Node: \address643970
+Node: \cc644797
+Node: \closing645251
+Node: \encl645569
+Node: \location645995
+Node: \makelabels646267
+Node: \name648644
+Node: \opening648889
+Node: \ps649178
+Node: \signature649475
+Node: \telephone650747
+Node: Input/output651120
+Node: \openin & \openout651850
+Ref: \openin651997
+Ref: \openout651997
+Ref: \closein651997
+Ref: \closeout651997
+Node: \read654714
+Node: \typein655941
+Node: \typeout657225
+Node: \write658313
+Node: \write and security663220
+Node: \message664176
+Node: \wlog666057
+Node: \write18666566
+Node: Command line interface670165
+Ref: Command line670329
+Node: Command line options672548
+Ref: interaction modes673595
+Ref: output directory674605
+Node: Command line input676380
+Node: Jobname678527
+Node: Recovering from errors681907
+Node: Document templates683383
+Node: beamer template683817
+Node: article template684467
+Node: book template684934
+Node: Larger book template685417
+Node: Index686999
+Ref: Command Index687085
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2024-05-06 17:11:09 UTC (rev 1168)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2024-05-06 22:02:20 UTC (rev 1169)
@@ -591,15 +591,42 @@
* Special characters:: With special meaning: @code{\ @{ @} % $ & _ ^ # ~}
@end menu
+
@node Input encodings
@subsection Input encodings
+ at cindex character encoding
@cindex input encodings
@cindex encodings, input
-qqq
+The input to @TeX{} (or any computer program) ultimately consists of a
+sequence of bytes. (Nowadays, a byte is almost universally an
+eight-bit number, i.e., an integer between 0 and 255, inclusive.) The
+input encoding defines how to interpret that sequence of bytes, and
+thus how @LaTeX{} behaves.
+ at c UTF-8
+ at cindex Unicode
+Today, by far the most common way to encode text is with @dfn{UTF-8}, a
+so-called ``Unicode Transformation Format'' which specifies how to
+transform a sequence of 8-bit bytes to Unicode code points, which are
+defined independent of any particular representation. The Unicode
+encoding defines code points for virtually all characters used
+today in written text.
+When @TeX{} was created, Unicode and UTF-8 did not exist and the 7-bit
+ASCII encoding was by far the most widely used. So @TeX{} does not
+require Unicode for text input. UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so a
+pure 7-bit ASCII document is also UTF-8.
+
+Since 2018, the default input encoding for @LaTeX{} is UTF-8.
+Some methods for handling documents written in some other encoding,
+such as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), are explained in @ref{inputenc package}.
+
+You can easily find more about all these topics in any introductory
+computer text or online. For example, you might start at:
+ at url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode}.
+
@node Ligatures
@subsection Ligatures
@@ -613,14 +640,14 @@
@TeX{} supports ligatures automatically. To continue the example, if
the input has the word @samp{fine}, written as four separate ASCII
characters, @TeX{} will output the word `fine' (with the default
-fonts).
+fonts), with three typeset glyphs.
In traditional @TeX{}, the available ligatures, if any, are defined by
the current font. @TeX{} also uses the ligature mechanism to produce
a few typographical characters which were not available in any
-computer encoding when @TeX{} was invented (or for many years
-afterward). In the original Computer Modern fonts, the following
-input character sequences are defined to lead to ligatures, as shown:
+computer encoding when @TeX{} was invented. In all, in the original
+Computer Modern fonts, the following input character sequences are
+defined to lead to ligatures:
@cindex f-ligatures
@cindex double quotation marks, as ligatures
@@ -634,15 +661,15 @@
@table @samp
@item ff
-ff
+ff (f at r{}f ligature, U+FB00)
@item fi
-fi
+fi (f at r{}i ligature, U+FB01)
@item fl
-fl
+fl (f at r{}l ligature, U+FB02)
@item ffi
-ffi
+ffi (f at r{}f at r{}i ligature, U+FB03)
@item ffl
-ffl
+ffl (f at r{}f at r{}l ligature, U+FB04)
@item ``
`` (left double quotation mark, U+201C)
@item ''
@@ -657,6 +684,10 @@
?` (inverted question mark, U+00BF)
@end table
+ at noindent (For the f-ligatures above, the text in parentheses shows the
+individual characters, so in the typeset output you can easily see the
+difference between the ligature and the original character sequence.)
+
Nowadays it's usually possible to directly input the punctuation
characters as Unicode characters, and @LaTeX{} supports that (see
previous section). But even today, it can still often be useful to
@@ -666,8 +697,9 @@
characters is clear. Similarly with quotation marks, in some fonts.
Thus, even the engines with native support for UTF-8, namely Lua at TeX{}
-and Xe at TeX{}, also support the ASCII ligature input by default. They
-also need to do so for compatibility.
+and Xe at TeX{}, also support the ASCII ligature input sequences by
+default, independent of the font used. They also need to do so for
+compatibility.
@cindex alphabetic presentation forms Unicode block
By the way, the f-ligatures are also available in Unicode (the
@@ -677,7 +709,7 @@
whether to use ligatures. Also, in practice, using them will
typically cause searches to fail, that is, a search for the two
characters @samp{fi} will not be matched by the ligature `fi' at
-U+FB02.
+U+FB01.
@node Special characters
@@ -712,7 +744,7 @@
@item %
@findex % @r{character}, meaning of
@cindex percent character, meaning of
-Starts a comment; the @samp{%} and all remaining characters on the
+Starts a comment: the @samp{%} and all remaining characters on the
current line are ignored.
@item $
@@ -732,11 +764,11 @@
@cindex underscore character, meaning of
@cindex hat character, meaning of
@cindex caret character, meaning of
-Introduce a subscript or superscript in math (@pxref{Subscripts &
-superscripts}); they produce an error outside math mode.
-As a little-used special feature, two superscript characters in a row
-can introduce special notation for an arbitrary character;
- at pxref{Input text}.
+Introduce a subscript or superscript, respectively, in math
+(@pxref{Subscripts & superscripts}); they produce an error outside
+math mode. As a little-used special feature, two superscript
+characters in a row can introduce special notation for an arbitrary
+character.
@item #
@findex # @r{character}, meaning of
@@ -844,7 +876,7 @@
@example
\begin@{tabular@}[t]@{r|l@}
- ... rows of table ...
+ ... @var{rows-of-table} ...
\end@{tabular@}
@end example
@@ -860,8 +892,8 @@
The @code{\DocumentMetadata} command was added to @LaTeX{} in 2022.
It enables so-called ``tagging'' of the PDF output, aiding
-accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with Lua at LaTeX{},
-while pdf at LaTeX{} and Xe at LaTeX{} are supported as well as possible
+accessibility of the PDF. It is supported best with Lua at LaTeX{};
+pdf at LaTeX{} and Xe at LaTeX{} are supported as well as possible
(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}).
It is unlike nearly any other command in @LaTeX{} in that it must
@@ -905,7 +937,7 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
-In addition to the massive holdings, the @code{ctan.org} web site
+In addition to its massive holdings, the @code{ctan.org} web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
@cindex DANTE e.V.
@@ -15557,7 +15589,7 @@
(@pxref{Page breaking}).
@menu
-* ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active.
+* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active.
@end menu
@node \ensuremath
@@ -19809,61 +19841,58 @@
\usepackage[@var{encoding-name}]@{inputenc@}
@end example
-Declare the input file's text encoding to be @var{encoding-name}. The
-default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
-specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
-useful to omit it.
+Declare the input file's text encoding to be @var{encoding-name}. (For
+basic background, @pxref{Input encodings}). The default, if this
+package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding
+name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it.
- at cindex encoding, of input files
- at cindex character encoding
- at cindex Unicode
-In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the @dfn{encoding}. There are many different encodings. The
-simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character @samp{@"{a}} in an ASCII-encoded @LaTeX{} source file, the
-sequence @code{\"a} is used. This would make source files for anything
-but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
-encoding is more convenient.
+The @code{inputenc} package tells @LaTeX{} what encoding is used. For
+instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
+UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
-The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
-UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
- at LaTeX{} since 2018.
-
-The @code{inputenc} package is how @LaTeX{} knows what encoding is
-used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
-input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
-
@example
\usepackage[utf8]@{inputenc@}
@end example
+The most common values for @var{encoding-name} are: @code{ascii},
+ at code{latin1}, @code{latin2}, @code{latin3}, @code{latin4},
+ at code{latin5}, @code{latin9}, @code{latin10}, @code{utf8}.
+
Caution: use @code{inputenc} only with the pdf at TeX{} engine
-(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}). (The Xe at TeX{} and Lua at TeX{} engines assume
-that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke @LaTeX{} with
-either the @command{xelatex} command or the @command{lualatex}
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with @code{inputenc},
-such as @code{latin1}, then you will get the error @code{inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex}.
+(@pxref{@TeX{} engines}); with @command{xelatex} or
+ at command{lualatex}, declaring a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+ at code{inputenc}, such as @code{latin1}, will get the error
+ at code{inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex}.
An @code{inputenc} package error such as @code{Invalid UTF-8 byte "96}
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
-document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using @code{latin1} inside a
- at LaTeX{} input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
-replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
- at LaTeX{} equivalent command or character.
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file. The
+simplest solution is often to replace the non-UTF-8 character with a
+UTF-8 or @LaTeX{} equivalent.
+ at PkgIndex luainputenc
+ at findex \XeTeXinputencoding
+ at findex \XeTeXdefaultencoding
+If you need to process a non-UTF-8 document with Lua at TeX{}, you can
+use the @code{luainputenc} package
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/luainputenc}). With Xe at TeX{}, the
+ at code{\XeTeXinputencoding} and @code{\XeTeXdefaultencoding} primitives
+can be used (for an explanation and examples, see
+ at url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/324948}).
+
+ at pindex recode @r{to change character encoding}
+ at pindex iconv @r{to change character encoding}
+It's also possible to re-encode a document from an 8-bit encoding to
+UTF-8 outside of @TeX{}, using system utilities. For example,
+ at samp{recode latin1..utf8} or @samp{iconv -f latin1 -t utf8}.
+
@findex \inputencoding
@anchor{\inputencoding}
-In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+In a few documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command
- at code{\inputencoding@{@var{encoding-name}@}}. The most common values
-for @var{encoding-name} are: @code{ascii}, @code{latin1},
- at code{latin2}, @code{latin3}, @code{latin4}, @code{latin5},
- at code{latin9}, @code{latin10}, and at tie{}@code{utf8}.
+necessary. You can use the command
+ at code{\inputencoding@{@var{encoding-name}@}} for this.
@node \rule
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