[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r1141 - trunk
Karl Berry
INVALID.NOREPLY at gnu.org.ua
Wed Jan 11 00:19:32 CET 2023
Author: karl
Date: 2023-01-10 23:19:31 +0000 (Tue, 10 Jan 2023)
New Revision: 1141
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/NEWS
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
further discuss OpenType bold math and bm
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2022-12-26 23:41:57 UTC (rev 1140)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2023-01-10 23:19:31 UTC (rev 1141)
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+2023-01-10 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (bm): new section, split from
+ \boldmath & \unboldmath): here and revised per advice from Carlisle.
+ (OpenType bold math): another new node based on Carlisle's information.
+ https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974
+
2022-12-26 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
* latex2e.texi (Dots): say more about amsmath's overwriting of the
Modified: trunk/NEWS
===================================================================
--- trunk/NEWS 2022-12-26 23:41:57 UTC (rev 1140)
+++ trunk/NEWS 2023-01-10 23:19:31 UTC (rev 1141)
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
Additions:
* For each node name "foo & bar", provide separate anchors for foo and
bar, so they can be referenced individually, especially online.
+* Brief discussion of bold math alternatives, including for OpenType.
Fixes:
* description of definition and use of optional arguments somewhat clarified.
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2022-12-26 23:41:57 UTC (rev 1140)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2023-01-10 23:19:31 UTC (rev 1141)
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.8, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of May 2022.
+document preparation system, version of January 2023.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2022)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2022)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2022)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -60,21 +60,20 @@
Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */
-a.copiable-anchor {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em}
-a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
-blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
-div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
+a.copiable-link {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em}
+a.summary-letter-printindex {text-decoration: none}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
-kbd {font-style: oblique}
-pre.display {font-family: inherit}
-pre.format {font-family: inherit}
-pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
-pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
-span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
-span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
-span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
-span:hover a.copiable-anchor {visibility: visible}
-ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
+kbd.kbd {font-style: oblique}
+kbd.key {font-style: normal}
+span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal}
+span.w-nolinebreak-text {white-space: nowrap}
+span:hover a.copiable-link {visibility: visible}
+td.printindex-index-entry {vertical-align: top}
+td.printindex-index-section {vertical-align: top}
+th.entries-header-printindex {text-align:left}
+th.sections-header-printindex {text-align:left}
+ul.mark-bullet {list-style-type: disc}
+ul.toc-numbered-mark {list-style: none}
BODY {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2022)</h1>
@@ -110,6 +108,7 @@
+
<div class='intro'> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for
LaTeX. See below for the <a href='#SEC_Overview'>Table of Contents</a>.
If you want a tutorial then please instead visit <a
@@ -140,26 +139,26 @@
-<div class="top" id="Top">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="top-level-extent" id="Top">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
+<h1 class="top" id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-May 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
-<div class="Contents_element" id="SEC_Contents">
+<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
-<ul class="no-bullet">
+<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
@@ -168,30 +167,30 @@
<li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.2 Font styles</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.3 Font sizes</a></li>
@@ -198,211 +197,215 @@
<li><a id="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.4 Low-level font commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.7 Floats</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccaption-1" href="#g_t_005ccaption">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccaption-1" href="#g_t_005ccaption">5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code class="code">\part</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code class="code">\section</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-xr-package-1" href="#xr-package">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code class="code">\label</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-xr-package-1" href="#xr-package">7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code class="code">array</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code class="code">center</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code class="code">description</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code class="code">document</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code class="code">equation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code class="code">figure</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code class="code">list</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code class="code">math</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code class="code">picture</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code class="code">table</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-BibTeX-error-messages-1" href="#BibTeX-error-messages">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code class="code">verse</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code class="code">\\</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol" href="#Control-sequences">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-xspace-package-1" href="#xspace-package">12.13 xspace package</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code class="code">\value</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cstretch-1" href="#g_t_005cstretch">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstretch-1" href="#g_t_005cstretch">14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Expressions-1" href="#Expressions">14.8 Expressions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code class="code">\par</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Arrows-1" href="#Arrows">16.2.1 Arrows</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols" href="#bm">16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-OpenType-bold-math-1" href="#OpenType-bold-math">16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.4 Calligraphic</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Delimiters-1" href="#Delimiters">16.2.5 Delimiters</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Greek-letters-1" href="#Greek-letters">16.2.7 Greek letters</a></li>
@@ -411,72 +414,72 @@
<li><a id="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-styles-1" href="#Math-styles">16.7 Math styles</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.8 Math miscellany</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
@@ -484,97 +487,97 @@
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-inputenc-package-1" href="#inputenc-package">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.8 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.9 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-inputenc-package-1" href="#inputenc-package">23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.9 <code class="code">\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code class="code">\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnumberline-1" href="#g_t_005cnumberline">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnumberline-1" href="#g_t_005cnumberline">25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Produce-the-index-manually-1" href="#Produce-the-index-manually">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code class="code">\address</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code class="code">\location</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code class="code">\name</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#Input_002foutput">27 Input/output</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code>\read</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code class="code">\read</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code class="code">\write</code></a>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#Command-line-interface">28 Command line interface</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Jobname-1" href="#Jobname">28.3 Jobname</a></li>
@@ -581,21 +584,21 @@
<li><a id="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.4 Recovering from errors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
+ <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="Overview_element" id="SEC_Overview">
+<div class="element-shortcontents" id="SEC_Shortcontents">
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
-<ul class="no-bullet">
+<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
@@ -630,60 +633,60 @@
</div>
</div>
<hr>
-<div class="chapter" id="About-this-document">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="About-this-document">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="About-this-document-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="About-this-document-1">1 About this document</h2>
-<span id="index-home-page-for-manual"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
-typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>).
+typesetting program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>).
</p>
-<p>This document’s home page is <a href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has
+<p>This document’s home page is <a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has
separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
-<a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</a> has the entire document on
+<a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</a> has the entire document on
a single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
-information, see <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/">https://latexref.xyz/dev/</a>.
+information, see <a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/">https://latexref.xyz/dev/</a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was
frozen decades ago.
</p>
-<span id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></span>
-<span id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></span>
-<span id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a>
<p>LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers
-(<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written
+(<a class="url" href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written
by the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present
document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed
by the LaTeX maintainers.
-<span id="index-bug-reporting"></span>
-<span id="index-reporting-bugs"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bug-reporting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
-Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman at tug.org">latexrefman at tug.org</a>.
+Instead, please send all comments to <a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman at tug.org">latexrefman at tug.org</a>.
</p>
<p>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here
are a few introductions.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a href='#index-lshort-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lshort-document'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></span></dt>
+<dt><a class="url" href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
references.
</p>
@@ -693,26 +696,26 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Overview">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Overview">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Overview-of-LaTeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
-<span id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span>
-<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span>
-<span id="index-LaTeX-overview"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-overview"></a>
<p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally
created by Leslie Lamport in 1984, but has been maintained by a group
-of volunteers for many years now (<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>).
+of volunteers for many years now (<a class="url" href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>).
It is widely used, particularly but not exclusively for mathematical
and technical documents.
</p>
-<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding"></a>
<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text to be typeset
along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
@@ -728,16 +731,16 @@
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
</p>
-<span id="index-Lamport-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-pronunciation"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Lamport-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pronunciation"></a>
<p>The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced
LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document,
-produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
-sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp>LaTeX</samp>’.
+produce the logo with <code class="code">\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
+sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX</samp>’.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></li>
<li><a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></li>
@@ -746,48 +749,48 @@
<li><a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Starting-and-ending">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Starting-and-ending">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Starting-and-ending-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Starting-and-ending-1">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
-<span id="Starting-_0026-ending"></span><span id="index-starting-and-ending"></span>
-<span id="index-ending-and-starting"></span>
-<span id="index-hello_002c-world"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-and-ending"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ending-and-starting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
and ending. This is a small example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an
-<code>\end{document}</code> line.
+<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> line and an
+<code class="code">\end{document}</code> line.
</p>
-<span id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></span>
-<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented
-in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
+<p>Here, the ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’ is the <em class="dfn">document class</em>. It is implemented
+in a file <samp class="file">article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
-array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
+array of others are widely available. See <a class="xref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the
-<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
-This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> and the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> commands.
+This area is called the <em class="dfn">preamble</em>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an
-<span id="index-environment"></span>
-<em>environment</em>; the ‘<samp>document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is
-required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document"><code>document</code></a>). LaTeX make
+<p>The <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>, <code class="code">\end{document}</code> pair defines an
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment"></a>
+<em class="dfn">environment</em>; the ‘<samp class="samp">document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is
+required in all LaTeX documents (see <a class="pxref" href="#document"><code class="code">document</code></a>). LaTeX make
available to you many environments that are documented here
-(see <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
-packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
+packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a LaTeX input file.
@@ -795,38 +798,38 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Output-files">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Output-files">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Output-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Output-files-1">2.2 Output files</h3>
<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files.
-The main output file’s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
+The main output file’s name ends in either <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> or <samp class="file">.pdf</samp>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code>.dvi</code><a href='#index-_002edvi-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-latex-command"></span>
-<span id="index-xdvi-command"></span>
-<span id="index-dvips-command"></span>
-<span id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></span>
-<span id="index-dvitype-command"></span>
-<span id="output-files-dvi"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
-produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You
-can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert
-it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
-Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code class="code">.dvi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002edvi-file'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latex-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvi-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvips-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype-command"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">latex</code> then it
+produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>. You
+can view this file with a command such as <code class="command">xdvi</code>, or convert
+it to a PostScript <code class="code">.ps</code> file with <code class="command">dvips</code> or to a
+Portable Document Format <code class="code">.pdf</code> file with <code class="command">dvipdfmx</code>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
-<code>dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
+<code class="command">dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
+available (<a class="url" href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code>.pdf</code><a href='#index-_002epdf-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-pdflatex-command"></span>
-<span id="output-files-pdf"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
-among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
+<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code class="code">.pdf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002epdf-file'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">pdflatex</code>,
+among other commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</p>
@@ -835,27 +838,27 @@
<p>LaTeX always produces at least two additional files.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code>.log</code><a href='#index-transcript-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-log-file"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elog-file"></span>
-<span id="output-files-log"></span><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code class="code">.log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-transcript-file'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elog-file"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code>.aux</code><a href='#index-auxiliary-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
-<span id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></span>
-<span id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></span>
-<span id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></span>
-<span id="output-files-aux"></span><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
+<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code class="code">.aux</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-auxiliary-file'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled
-question mark <code>??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually
+question mark <code class="code">??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually
appear in the source then LaTeX writes its location information to
-this <code>.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the
+this <code class="code">.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the
location information from this file and uses it to resolve the
reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered
location.
@@ -863,129 +866,129 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-_002elof-file"></span>
-<span id="index-list-of-figures-file"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elot-file"></span>
-<span id="index-list-of-tables-file"></span>
-<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents-file"></span>
-<span id="index-contents-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-of-figures-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-of-tables-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-contents-file"></a>
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
-ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
-figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
-<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is
+ending. These include a <code class="code">.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
+figures, a <code class="code">.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
+<code class="code">.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is
open-ended.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="TeX-engines">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="TeX-engines">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="TeX-engines-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="TeX-engines-1">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
-<span id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for"></span>
-<span id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></span>
-<span id="index-TrueType-fonts"></span>
-<span id="index-OpenType-fonts"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TrueType-fonts"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-OpenType-fonts"></a>
-<span id="index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span>
-<span id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span>
-<span id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002efmt-file"></a>
<p>LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX
-program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
-<em>format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can
+program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<em class="dfn">format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code class="code">.fmt</code> file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
</p>
<p>This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are
-commonly available (see also <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>).
+commonly available (see also <a class="ref" href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-latex'><span><code>latex</code><a href='#index-latex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code>pdflatex</code><a href='#index-pdflatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-etex-command"></span>
-<span id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></span>
-<span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span>
-<span id="tex-engines-latex"></span><p>In TeX Live (<a href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
-via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>,
-then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
-When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp>
-file; as <code>pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.pdf</samp> file.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-latex'><span><code class="code">latex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code class="code">pdflatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etex-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-latex"></a><p>In TeX Live (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
+via either the system command <code class="command">latex</code> or <code class="command">pdflatex</code>,
+then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
+When invoked as <code class="command">latex</code>, the main output is a <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>
+file; as <code class="command">pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original
-program (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional
+program (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the system
-command <code>etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces
-<samp>.dvi</samp>).
+command <code class="command">etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces
+<samp class="file">.dvi</samp>).
</p>
-<p>In other TeX distributions, <code>latex</code> may invoke e-TeX
+<p>In other TeX distributions, <code class="command">latex</code> may invoke e-TeX
rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be
assumed to be available in LaTeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code>lualatex</code><a href='#index-lualatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-LuaTeX"></span>
-<span id="tex-engines-lualatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
-LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
+<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code class="code">lualatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LuaTeX"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">lualatex</code>, the
+LuaTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
-(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting.
+(<a class="url" href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting.
LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType
-and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default.
-There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file.
+and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file by default.
+There is also <code class="command">dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code>xelatex</code><a href='#index-xelatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-_002exdv-file"></span>
-<span id="index-xdvipdfmx"></span>
-<span id="tex-engines-xelatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
-XeTeX engine is run (<a href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
+<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code class="code">xelatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-XeTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-xelatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">xelatex</code>, the
+XeTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a
-<samp>.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
+<samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
</p>
-<p>Internally, XeTeX creates an <code>.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI,
-and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code>
-program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
+<p>Internally, XeTeX creates an <code class="code">.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI,
+and translates that to PDF using the (<code class="code">x</code>)<code class="code">dvipdfmx</code>
+program, but this process is automatic. The <code class="code">.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-platex'><span><code>platex</code><a href='#index-platex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code>uplatex</code><a href='#index-uplatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-platex'><span><code class="code">platex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code class="code">uplatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
-other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
-<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
+other languages; the <code class="code">u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code>-dev</code> command and format for
+<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code class="code">-dev</code> command and format for
all of the above:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code>dvilualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code>latex-dev</code><a href='#index-latex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code>lualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-lualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code>pdflatex-dev</code><a href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code>platex-dev</code><a href='#index-platex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code>uplatex-dev</code><a href='#index-uplatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code>xelatex-dev</code><a href='#index-xelatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-release-candidates"></span>
-<span id="index-prerelease-testing"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">dvilualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">latex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">lualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">platex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">uplatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">xelatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-release-candidates"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prerelease-testing"></a>
<p>These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main
purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an
official release.
</p>
-<p>These <code>-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test
-documents and code: you can run, say, <code>pdflatex-dev</code> instead of
-<code>pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment.
-Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code>-dev</code>
+<p>These <code class="code">-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test
+documents and code: you can run, say, <code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code> instead of
+<code class="code">pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment.
+Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code class="code">-dev</code>
versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet
times after a release, the commands will be equivalent.
</p>
@@ -994,8 +997,8 @@
before being released.
</p>
<p>For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the
-LaTeX <code>dev</code> formats” by Frank Mittelbach, <cite>TUGboat</cite> 40:2,
-<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</a>.
+LaTeX <code class="code">dev</code> formats” by Frank Mittelbach, <cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite> 40:2,
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -1002,57 +1005,57 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
-<span id="index-command-syntax"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></span>
-<span id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-syntax"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"></a>
<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
-character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
+character, <code class="code">\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
-differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
+<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code class="code">\pagebreak</code>
+differs from <code class="code">\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
commands in the same case as they are defined.
</p>
<p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
-contained in curly braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are
-contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not
+contained in curly braces, <code class="code">{...}</code>. Optional arguments are
+contained in square brackets, <code class="code">[...]</code>. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
first, before any required arguments.
</p>
<p>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
-bracket (<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
-in <code>\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional
+bracket (<code class="code">]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
+in <code class="code">\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional
argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
-is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
-<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
+<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code class="code">*</code> form that
+is related to the form without a <code class="code">*</code>, such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> and
+<code class="code">\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
to command.
</p>
-<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
+<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code class="code">*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-expl3"></span>
-<span id="index-expl3-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-expl3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expl3-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xparse"></span>
-<span id="index-xparse-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xparse"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xparse-package"></a>
-<span id="index-LaTeX3-syntax"></span>
-<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code>expl3</code> and
-<code>xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX3-syntax"></a>
+<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code class="code">expl3</code> and
+<code class="code">xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
syntax. We won’t try to cover them in this document; see the related
package documentation and other LaTeX manuals.
@@ -1059,39 +1062,39 @@
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Environment">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Environment">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Environment-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Environment-1">2.5 Environment</h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment-name</var>}
...
-\end{<var>environment-name</var>}
+\end{<var class="var">environment-name</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>An <em>environment</em> is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which
+<p>An <em class="dfn">environment</em> is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which
there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX
-put the lines between <code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>.
+put the lines between <code class="code">\begin{verse}</code> and <code class="code">\end{verse}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse}
There once was a man from Nantucket \\
...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
-that every LaTeX document must have a <code>document</code> environment,
-a <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
+that every LaTeX document must have a <code class="code">document</code> environment,
+a <code class="code">\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair.
</p>
-<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
-the end. This includes the case where <var>environment-name</var> ends in a
-star (<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
+<p>The <var class="var">environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. This includes the case where <var class="var">environment-name</var> ends in a
+star (<code class="code">*</code>); both the <code class="code">\begin</code> and <code class="code">\end</code> texts must
include the star.
</p>
<p>Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This
@@ -1100,7 +1103,7 @@
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
... rows of table ...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -1108,19 +1111,19 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="CTAN">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="CTAN">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
-<span id="index-CTAN"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CTAN"></a>
<p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and
LaTeX community’s repository of free material. It is a set of
Internet sites around the world that offer material related to LaTeX
-for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>.
+for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>.
</p>
<p>This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
@@ -1128,10 +1131,10 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
specifications.
</p>
-<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
+<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</p>
-<span id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
<p>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which
is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the
material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated
@@ -1138,810 +1141,809 @@
packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX
group, DANTE e.V.
</p>
-<span id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></a>
<p>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then
in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close
to their location better access and relieves the load on the master
-site. The list of mirrors is at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
+site. The list of mirrors is at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Document-classes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Document-classes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Document-classes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</h2>
-<span id="index-document-classes"></span>
-<span id="index-classes-of-documents"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-classes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>
<p>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">class</var>}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-article-class"></span>
-<span id="index-report-class"></span>
-<span id="index-book-class"></span>
-<span id="index-letter-class"></span>
-<span id="index-slides-class"></span>
-<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-article-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-report-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slides-class"></a>
+<p>The following document <var class="var">class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.)
+see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.)
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>article</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-article"></span><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">article</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-article"></a><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>book</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-book"></span><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
+<dt><code class="code">book</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-book"></a><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
-(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>letter</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-letter"></span><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
-(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
+<dt><code class="code">letter</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-letter"></a><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>report</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-report"></span><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
+<dt><code class="code">report</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-report"></a><p>For documents of length between an <code class="code">article</code> and a <code class="code">book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>slides</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The
-<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
-(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, for a
+<dt><code class="code">slides</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The
+<code class="code">beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a class="xref" href="#beamer-template"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, for a
small template for a beamer document.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
+<p>Standard <var class="var">options</var> are described in the next section.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Document-class-options">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Document-class-options">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Document-class-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Document-class-options-1">3.1 Document class options</h3>
-<span id="index-document-class-options"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-document-class"></span>
-<span id="index-class-options"></span>
-<span id="index-global-options"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options"></a>
-<p>You can specify <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the
-<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
-specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma.
+<p>You can specify <em class="dfn">global options</em> or <em class="dfn">class options</em> to the
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
+specify more than one <var class="var">option</var>, separate them with a comma.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">option1</var>,<var class="var">option2</var>,...]{<var class="var">class</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
-<span id="index-10pt-option"></span>
-<span id="index-11pt-option"></span>
-<span id="index-12pt-option"></span>
-<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-10pt-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-11pt-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-12pt-option"></a>
+<p>All of the standard classes except <code class="code">slides</code> accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code class="code">10pt</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">10pt 11pt 12pt
+<pre class="example-preformatted">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-a4paper-option"></span>
-<span id="index-a5paper-option"></span>
-<span id="index-b5paper-option"></span>
-<span id="index-executivepaper-option"></span>
-<span id="index-legalpaper-option"></span>
-<span id="index-letterpaper-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-a4paper-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-a5paper-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-b5paper-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-executivepaper-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>a4paper</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">a4paper</code></dt>
+<dd><p>210 by 297<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>a5paper</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches)
+<dt><code class="code">a5paper</code></dt>
+<dd><p>148 by 210<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>b5paper</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches)
+<dt><code class="code">b5paper</code></dt>
+<dd><p>176 by 250<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>executivepaper</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">executivepaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>7.25 by 10.5 inches
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>legalpaper</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">legalpaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 14 inches
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>letterpaper</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">letterpaper</code></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-geometry"></span>
-<span id="index-geometry-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-package"></a>
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
-(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code class="code">letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
-to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
-<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble.
-<span id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></span>
-<span id="index-geometry-package-1"></span>
+to do that is to put <code class="code">\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
+<code class="code">\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-package-1"></a>
</p>
-<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
+<p>The <code class="code">geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</p>
-<span id="index-draft-option"></span>
-<span id="index-final-option"></span>
-<span id="index-fleqn-option"></span>
-<span id="index-landscape-option"></span>
-<span id="index-leqno-option"></span>
-<span id="index-openbib-option"></span>
-<span id="index-titlepage-option"></span>
-<span id="index-notitlepage-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-draft-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-final-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fleqn-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-landscape-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leqno-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openbib-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlepage-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notitlepage-option"></a>
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code>draft</code><a href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
-black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code class="code">draft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">final</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Mark (<code class="code">draft</code>) or do not mark (<code class="code">final</code>) overfull boxes with a
+black box in the margin; default is <code class="code">final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code>fleqn</code><a href='#index-flush-left-equations' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-centered-equations"></span>
-<span id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></span>
+<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code class="code">fleqn</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-flush-left-equations'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-equations"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a>
<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code>landscape</code><a href='#index-landscape-orientation' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span>
+<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code class="code">landscape</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-landscape-orientation'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code>leqno</code><a href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></span>
+<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code class="code">leqno</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a>
<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code>openbib</code><a href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code class="code">openbib</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Use “open” bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code>titlepage</code><a href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>notitlepage</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code class="code">titlepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">notitlepage</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
-<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
-<code>notitlepage</code>.
+<code class="code">report</code> class is <code class="code">titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
+<code class="code">notitlepage</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
+<p>The following options are not available with the <code class="code">slides</code> class.
</p>
-<span id="index-onecolumn-option"></span>
-<span id="index-twocolumn-option"></span>
-<span id="index-oneside-option"></span>
-<span id="index-twoside-option"></span>
-<span id="index-openright-option"></span>
-<span id="index-openany-option"></span>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>onecolumn</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>twocolumn</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-onecolumn-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-twocolumn-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oneside-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-twoside-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openright-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openany-option"></a>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">onecolumn</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">twocolumn</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code class="code">onecolumn</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code>oneside</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>twoside</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span>
-<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
-that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code class="code">oneside</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">twoside</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
+<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code class="code">oneside</code>, except
+that in the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is <code class="code">twoside</code>.
</p>
<p>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided
-printing, the <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter
+printing, the <code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> (<code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter
determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left
-side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <code>\oddsidemargin</code>
-being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
-<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
+side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code>
+being 40% of the difference between <code class="code">\paperwidth</code> and
+<code class="code">\textwidth</code>, and <code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>openright</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>openany</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">openright</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">openany</code></dt>
<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is
-<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
+<code class="code">openright</code> for <code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">openany</code> for <code class="code">report</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></span>
-<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">slides</code> class offers the option <code class="code">clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Additional-packages">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-packages">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Additional-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Additional-packages-1">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
-<span id="index-loading-additional-packages"></span>
-<span id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></span>
-<span id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cusepackage"></span>
-<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
-list <var>options</var>, as here.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
+<p>Load a package <var class="var">pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
+list <var class="var">options</var>, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">pkg</var>}.
</pre></div>
<p>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
-as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
-<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
+as in <code class="code">\usepackage{<var class="var">pkg1</var>,<var class="var">pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
+<code class="code">\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
-<span id="index-global-options-1"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-global"></span>
-<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-global"></a>
+<p>Any options given in the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-<code>\usepackage</code>.
+<code class="code">\usepackage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-construction">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Class-and-package-construction-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction-1">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
-<span id="index-document-class-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></span>
-<span id="index-new-class-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-class-commands"></a>
<p>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
-<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
-<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>.
+<code class="code">smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>.
</p>
<p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
-package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
+package while a command to make the page headers say <code class="code">Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<span id="index-class-and-package-difference"></span>
-<span id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
</p>
-<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
+<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code class="code">@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
-<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>. This allow
+containing that command with <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and
+<code class="code">\makeatother</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>. This allow
you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
-others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
-<code>\smc at tolist</code>, <code>\smc at fromlist</code>, etc.
+others. For instance, the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> might have commands
+<code class="code">\smc at tolist</code>, <code class="code">\smc at fromlist</code>, etc.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-structure">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Class-and-package-structure-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure-1">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
-<span id="index-class-and-package-structure"></span>
-<span id="index-class-file-layout"></span>
-<span id="index-package-file-layout"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-package"></span>
-<span id="index-class-options-1"></span>
-<span id="index-package-options"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-layout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-file-layout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options"></a>
<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
-</p><ol>
-<li> In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
-package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
-and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
+</p><ol class="enumerate">
+<li> In the <em class="dfn">identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
+package or class and describes itself, using the <code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
+and <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> or <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
-</li><li> The <em>preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and
+</li><li> The <em class="dfn">preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and
can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
-for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code>
+for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code class="code">smcmemo</code>
class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
-people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and
+people for the to-head, as <code class="code">\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and
therefore needs to define a command
-<code>\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that
file.
-</li><li> In the <em>handle options part</em> the class or package declares
+</li><li> In the <em class="dfn">handle options part</em> the class or package declares
and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
-document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]{<var>class
+document as <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">option list</var>]{<var class="var">class
name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
-declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
+declare <code class="code">\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
document font size.
-</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package
+</li><li> Finally, in the <em class="dfn">more declarations part</em> the class or package
usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
fonts, and loading other files.
</li></ol>
-<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp>
+<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp class="file">stub.cls</samp>
where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
-<samp>.tex</samp> file.
+<samp class="file">.tex</samp> file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-class-file-example"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-example"></a>
<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
-passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
-<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
+passing them all to the <code class="code">article</code> class, and then loads the
+<code class="code">article</code> class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
</p>
<p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
Class Guide, at
-<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
+<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
-<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-commands">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Class-and-package-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
-<span id="index-class-and-package-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></span>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands-1">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span>
-<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
+<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
+<p>Hook to insert <var class="var">code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
-multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>.
+multiple times; the <code class="code">code</code> will be executed in the order that you
+called it. See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cCheckCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span>
-<span id="index-new-command_002c-check"></span>
-<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but does
-not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
-<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
-<span id="index-long-command"></span>
-<em>long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
-<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
-long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
+<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code class="code">\CheckCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCheckCommand'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\CheckCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-checking"></a>
+<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but does
+not define <var class="var">cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
+<var class="var">cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var class="var">definition</var> and is or is not
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-long-command"></a>
+<em class="dfn">long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
+<code class="code">\par</code> within an argument. The <var class="var">cmd</var> command is expected to be
+long with the unstarred version of <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
-redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
+redefining <code class="code">cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
redefined this command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cClassError' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cClassWarning"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cClassInfo"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code class="code">\ClassError{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cClassError'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarning{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfo{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageError{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarning{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfo{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</p>
-<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
-<var>error text</var>, followed by TeX’s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the
-user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help
+<p>For <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> the message is
+<var class="var">error text</var>, followed by TeX’s <code class="code">?</code> error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing <code class="code">h</code>, they see the <var class="var">help
text</var>.
</p>
<p>The four warning commands are similar except that they write
-<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
-commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
-<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
+<var class="var">warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
+commands write <var class="var">info text</var> only in the transcript file. The
+<code class="code">NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the
message, while the other versions do show that number.
</p>
-<p>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use
-<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
-<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space
+<p>To format the messages, including the <var class="var">help text</var>: use
+<code class="code">\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
+<code class="code">\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code class="code">\space</code> when a space
character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
appends a period to the messages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code>\CurrentOption</code><a href='#index-_005cCurrentOption' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCurrentOption'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
-be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
-or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+be used within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>
+or <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareOption' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span>
-<span id="index-class-options-2"></span>
-<span id="index-package-options-1"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-class"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-package-1"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code class="code">\DeclareOption{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareOption'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
<p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
-<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
-could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code class="code">smcmemo</code> class
+could have an option <code class="code">\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file
-must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later,
-<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
+must contain <code class="code">\DeclareOption{logo}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code> (and later,
+<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>).
</p>
<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s):
+will produce a warning like <code class="code">Unused global option(s):
[badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version
-<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes
extend an existing class, using a command such as
-<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
+<code class="code">\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
underlying class use code such as this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{%
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
}
</pre></div>
-<p>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
+<p>Another example is that the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep
lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
-<code>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
-<code>math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
-passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
+<code class="code">\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file
+<code class="code">math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+passes the option to the <code class="code">article</code> class.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span>
-<span id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></span>
-<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
-within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new
+<dt><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code class="code">* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
+<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and <code class="code">\newcommand*</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
+within the <var class="var">definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
+fragile commands see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new
robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
-robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
-<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+robust. Unlike <code class="code">\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
+<var class="var">cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
transcript file if a command is redefined.
</p>
<p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
-using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command’s data is fragile and the
-command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
+using <code class="code">\newcommand</code> so unless the command’s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use <code class="code">\newcommand</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></span>
-<span id="index-etoolbox-package"></span>
-<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
-<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
-<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
-<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
-similar to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>,
-<code>\renewcommand</code>, <code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and
-<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two
-advantages as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
-</p><ol>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
+<code class="code">\newrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
+<code class="code">\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
+<code class="code">\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code class="code">\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
+similar to <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, <code class="code">\newcommand*</code>,
+<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, <code class="code">\renewcommand*</code>, <code class="code">\providecommand</code>, and
+<code class="code">\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var class="var">cmd</var> with two
+advantages as compared to <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code>:
+</p><ol class="enumerate">
<li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the
-higher level LaTeX <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
+higher level LaTeX <code class="code">\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur
the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
-</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code>\new…</code>,
-<code>\renew…</code>, and <code>\provide…</code>, as the standard
+</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code class="code">\new…</code>,
+<code class="code">\renew…</code>, and <code class="code">\provide…</code>, as the standard
commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
-<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
-<code>\renew…</code> or <code>\provide…</code> or you get an error.
+<var class="var">cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
+<code class="code">\renew…</code> or <code class="code">\provide…</code> or you get an error.
</li></ol>
-
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cIfFileExists' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
-<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
-name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
-<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
+<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code class="code">\IfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIfFileExists'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\InputIfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
+<p>Execute <var class="var">true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">file
+name</var></samp> or <var class="var">false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
+<var class="var">true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
</pre></div>
-<p>will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise
+<p>will include the graphic <samp class="file">img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise
give a warning.
</p>
<p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
-directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var>true
-code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
-<code>.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
-appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
-extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>.
+directory do something like <code class="code">\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var class="var">true
+code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
+<code class="code">.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
+appending the <code class="code">.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
+extensions see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cLoadClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span>
-<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
-list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
-<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code class="code">\LoadClass[<var class="var">options list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLoadClass'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
+<p>Load a class, as with <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options
+list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release info</var>]</code>. An example is
+<code class="code">\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
-<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
+<p>The <var class="var">options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var class="var">release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form
+<var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>.
</p>
-<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of the package
+<p>If you request a <var class="var">release date</var> and the date of the package
installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the
screen and in the log like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
+<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of
document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
</pre></div>
-<p>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
+<p>The command version <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of
options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
-to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
+to it via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command
that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
-<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
+<code class="code">article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
-executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
+<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{<var class="var">options-list</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>For each option <var class="var">option</var> in the <var class="var">options-list</var>, in order, this command
+executes the command <code class="code">\ds@<var class="var">option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
</p>
<p>It can be used to provide a default option list before
-<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
+<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the
default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
-<code>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
+<code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{<var class="var">format</var>}[<var class="var">format date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
-<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
+<code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
-actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case
+actually being run (including that the <var class="var">format</var> string is case
sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
-like ‘<samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>’
+like ‘<samp class="samp">This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>’
</p>
<p>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
-features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features
-were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
+features, include the optional <var class="var">format date</var> on which those features
+were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>.
If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
-<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
+<var class="var">format date</var> then you get a warning like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
+<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
release `2016/02/01' is available.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code>\OptionNotUsed</code><a href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
-within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
-<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
+within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> or
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span>
-<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
-options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
-command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
+<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">class name</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">package name</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
+<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var class="var">option list</var> to the
+options used by any future <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage</code>
+command for package <var class="var">package name</var> or the class <var class="var">class name</var>.
</p>
<p>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
-more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package
+more than once will get you an error like <code class="code">Option clash for package
foo.</code> (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
options.)
</p>
<p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
that to once, for example replacing the two
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and
-<code>\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>.
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>.
</p>
-<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp>firstpkg</samp> and inside that
-package it loads <samp>secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be
-loaded with option <code>draft</code>. Then before doing the first package
+<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp class="file">firstpkg</samp> and inside that
+package it loads <samp class="file">secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be
+loaded with option <code class="code">draft</code>. Then before doing the first package
you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
</pre></div>
-<p>(If <code>firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
+<p>(If <code class="code">firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want
then you may have to alter its source.)
</p>
<p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
-writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code>
-package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class
-<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code class="code">graphicx</code>
+package with the option <code class="code">draft</code> and also wants to use a class
+<code class="code">foo</code> that loads the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package, but without that
option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
-<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
+<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\ProcessOptions</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code><a href='#index-_005cProcessOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProcessOptions'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ProcessOptions*<var class="var">\@options</var></code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
-in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
+in the class file as <code class="code">\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
</p>
-<p>Options come in two types. <em>Local options</em> have been specified for this
-particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of
-<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>options</var>}</code>,
-<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or
-<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. <em>Global options</em> are those given
-by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option
+<p>Options come in two types. <em class="dfn">Local options</em> have been specified for this
+particular package in the <var class="var">options</var> argument of
+<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">options</var>}</code>,
+<code class="code">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>, or
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>. <em class="dfn">Global options</em> are those given
+by the class user in <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]</code> (If an option
is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
</p>
-<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp>pkg.sty</samp>, the
+<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>, the
following happens:
-</p><ol>
-<li> For each option <var>option</var> so far declared
-with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
-global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
+</p><ol class="enumerate">
+<li> For each option <var class="var">option</var> so far declared
+with <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a
+global or a local option for <code class="code">pkg</code>. If so then it executes the
declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
-given in <samp>pkg.sty</samp>.
+given in <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>.
</li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command
-<code>\ds@</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
-a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
-given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
+<code class="code">\ds@</code><var class="var">option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been
declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
which these options were specified.
</li></ol>
-<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
-way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for
-<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
+<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default <var class="var">code</var> for
+<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code> is <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error.
</p>
-<p>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
+<p>The starred version <code class="code">\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the
options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesClass'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
the log file.
</p>
<p>When you load a class or package, for example with
-<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code>\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX
inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or
package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
-<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> has
-the statement <code>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
-<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> has
+the statement <code class="code">\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like
+<code class="code">You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
processing the rest of the class file normally.
</p>
<p>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
-before any spaces, of the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
+before any spaces, of the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the
optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the
class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log
-file. Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
-<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
-your document’s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you
-will see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
+file. Thus, if your file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line
+<code class="code">\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and
+your document’s first line is <code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you
+will see <code class="code">Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>.
</p>
<p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than
-<var>release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
-<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
-<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
+<var class="var">release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter
+<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or
+<code class="code">\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package
with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesFile' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesFile{<var class="var">filename</var>}[<var class="var">additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesFile'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
-file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
-‘<samp>test.config</samp>’ and <var>additional information</var> equal to
-‘<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>’.
+file and you get in the log a string like <code class="code">File: test.config
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var class="var">filename</var> equal to
+‘<samp class="samp">test.config</samp>’ and <var class="var">additional information</var> equal to
+‘<samp class="samp">2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cRequirePackage' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span>
-<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
-these commands over Plain TeX’s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
+<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">option list</var>]{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRequirePackage'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
+<p>Load a package, like the command <code class="code">\usepackage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
+these commands over Plain TeX’s <code class="code">\input</code>; see the Class
Guide. An example is
-<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>.
+<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
-<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
+<p>The <var class="var">option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+<var class="var">release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If
the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
-than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have
+than <var class="var">release date</var> then you get a warning like <code class="code">You have
requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
+<p>The <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options
for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
-via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
+via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow
easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
options were passed.
</p>
-<p>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is
-small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
-while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
-Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command
-causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
-\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there.
+<p>The difference between <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is
+small. The <code class="code">\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file
+while <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files.
+Thus, using <code class="code">\usepackage</code> before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command
+causes LaTeX to give error like <code class="code">\usepackage before
+\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> there.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -1950,19 +1952,19 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Fonts">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Fonts">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Fonts-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
-<span id="Typefaces"></span>
-<span id="index-typefaces"></span>
-<span id="index-fonts"></span>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Fonts-1">4 Fonts</h2>
+<a class="anchor" id="Typefaces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typefaces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts"></a>
<p>LaTeX comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New
Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families
-in your document (for instance, see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). And,
+in your document (for instance, see <a class="ref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). And,
LaTeX documents can use most fonts that are available today,
including versions of Times Roman, Helvetica, Courier, etc. (Note,
though, that many fonts do not have support for mathematics.)
@@ -1974,10 +1976,10 @@
preamble gives you a Palatino-like font, which is handsome and more
readable online than many other fonts, while still allowing you to
typeset mathematics. (This example is from Michael Sharpe,
-<a href="https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf">https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</a>.)
+<a class="url" href="https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf">https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</a>.)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math
\usepackage{cabin} % sans serif
\usepackage[varqu,varl]{inconsolata} % sans serif typewriter
\usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX
@@ -1984,71 +1986,71 @@
\usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal
</pre></div>
-<p>In addition, the <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> engines allow
+<p>In addition, the <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="command">lualatex</code> engines allow
you to use any fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType
-format (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+format (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
-<p>The LaTeX Font Catalogue (<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</a>) shows
+<p>The LaTeX Font Catalogue (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</a>) shows
font sample graphics and copy-and-pasteable source to use many fonts,
including many with support for mathematics. It aims to cover all Latin
alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX.
</p>
<p>More information is also available from the TeX Users Group, at
-<a href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1"><code>fontenc</code> package</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a></li>
<li><a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="fontenc-package">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="fontenc-package">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="fontenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="fontenc-package-1">4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package</h3>
-<span id="index-font-encoding"></span>
-<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></span>
-<span id="index-T1"></span>
-<span id="index-OT1"></span>
-<span id="index-fontenc"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-T1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-OT1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontenc"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding</var>]{fontenc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">font_encoding</var>]{fontenc}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding1</var>, <var>font_encoding2</var>, ...]{fontenc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">font_encoding1</var>, <var class="var">font_encoding2</var>, ...]{fontenc}
</pre></div>
<p>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-fontspec"></span>
-<span id="index-fontspec-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fontspec"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontspec-package"></a>
-<p>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
-(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code>xelatex</code> or
-<code>lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <code>fontspec</code> package.
+<p>This package only applies if you use the <code class="code">pdflatex</code> engine
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code class="command">xelatex</code> or
+<code class="command">lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <code class="code">fontspec</code> package.
</p>
<p>TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
-<code>\accent</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX
+<code class="code">\accent</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caccent"><code class="code">\accent</code></a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX
users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using
-<code>pdflatex</code> then put this in the preamble
+<code class="command">pdflatex</code> then put this in the preamble
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
</pre></div>
<p>gives you support for the most widespread European languages, including
@@ -2057,62 +2059,62 @@
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></span>
-<span id="index-lmodern-package"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></span>
-<span id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lmodern-package"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></a>
-<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
+<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code class="code">T1</code> and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a
-package such as <code>lmodern</code> or <code>cm-super</code> to get a font that
+package such as <code class="code">lmodern</code> or <code class="code">cm-super</code> to get a font that
extends LaTeX’s default using vector fonts.
</p>
-<p>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
+<p>For each <var class="var">font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
-<samp><var>font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code>\encodingdefault</code>
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code class="code">\encodingdefault</code>
to be the last encoding in the option list.
</p>
-<p>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>.
+<p>These are the common values for <var class="var">font_encoding</var>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>OT1</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">OT1</code></dt>
<dd><p>The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>OMS, OML</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">OMS, OML</code></dt>
<dd><p>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>T1</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">T1</code></dt>
<dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
accented characters. The most common option for this package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>TS1</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">TS1</code></dt>
<dd><p>Text Companion encoding.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>LaTeX’s default is to load <code>OML</code>, <code>T1</code>, <code>OT1</code>, and
-then <code>OMS</code>, and set the default to <code>OT1</code>.
+<p>LaTeX’s default is to load <code class="code">OML</code>, <code class="code">T1</code>, <code class="code">OT1</code>, and
+then <code class="code">OMS</code>, and set the default to <code class="code">OT1</code>.
</p>
<p>Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a font
encoding if your font requires it.
</p>
-<p>If you use <code>T1</code> encoded fonts other than the default Computer
+<p>If you use <code class="code">T1</code> encoded fonts other than the default Computer
Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
-fonts before loading <samp>fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading
-any <code>T1</code> encoded fonts from the default.
+fonts before loading <samp class="file">fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading
+any <code class="code">T1</code> encoded fonts from the default.
</p>
-<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘<samp>T</samp>’ for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp>TS</samp>’ for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘<samp>X</samp>’ for test encodings,
-‘<samp>M</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp>A</samp>’ for
-special applications, ‘<samp>OT</samp>’ for standard text encodings with 128
-characters, and ‘<samp>OM</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 128
-characters (‘<samp>O</samp>’ stands for ‘<samp>obsolete</samp>’).
+<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘<samp class="samp">T</samp>’ for the
+standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp class="samp">TS</samp>’ for symbols that
+extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘<samp class="samp">X</samp>’ for test encodings,
+‘<samp class="samp">M</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’ for
+special applications, ‘<samp class="samp">OT</samp>’ for standard text encodings with 128
+characters, and ‘<samp class="samp">OM</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 128
+characters (‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’ stands for ‘<samp class="samp">obsolete</samp>’).
</p>
<p>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -2121,66 +2123,66 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1">4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
-<span id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></span>
-<span id="index-encoding_002c-font"></span>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-font"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>text-settings</var>}{<var>math-settings</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">text-settings</var>}{<var class="var">math-settings</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare the font encoding <var>encoding</var>. It also saves the value of
-<var>encoding</var> in <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>).
+<p>Declare the font encoding <var class="var">encoding</var>. It also saves the value of
+<var class="var">encoding</var> in <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others).
+<p>The file <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every
+<p>The <var class="var">text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every
time it switches from one encoding to another with the
-<code>\selectfont</code> and <code>\fontencoding</code> commands. The
-<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the
+<code class="code">\selectfont</code> and <code class="code">\fontencoding</code> commands. The
+<var class="var">math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the
font is accessed as a math alphabet.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX ignores any space characters inside <var>text-settings</var> and
-<var>math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output.
+<p>LaTeX ignores any space characters inside <var class="var">text-settings</var> and
+<var class="var">math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output.
</p>
<p>If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name
-starting with ‘<samp>L</samp>’ for ‘<samp>local</samp>’, or ‘<samp>E</samp>’ for
-‘<samp>experimental</samp>’.
+starting with ‘<samp class="samp">L</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">local</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">E</samp>’ for
+‘<samp class="samp">experimental</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Note that output encoding files may be read several times by LaTeX so
-using, e.g., <code>\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such
-files should contain <code>\ProvidesFile</code> line (see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
+using, e.g., <code class="code">\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such
+files should contain <code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code> line (see <a class="pxref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
</p>
-<p>Note also that you should use the <code>\...Default</code> commands only in a
+<p>Note also that you should use the <code class="code">\...Default</code> commands only in a
package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files
should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
</p>
@@ -2187,41 +2189,41 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1">4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
-<span id="index-font-encoding-1"></span>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccent{<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
-<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
+<var class="var">encoding</var> at the location <var class="var">slot</var>.
</p>
-<span id="index-slot_002c-font"></span>
-<p>A <em>slot</em> is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slot_002c-font"></a>
+<p>A <em class="dfn">slot</em> is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
</p>
-<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex
-accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot 2
-over the ‘<samp>A</samp>’ character, which is represented in ASCII as 65.
-(This holds unless there is a relevant <code>DeclareTextComposite</code> or
-<code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration;
-see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>.)
+<p>This line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex
+accent as in <code class="code">\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot 2
+over the ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’ character, which is represented in ASCII as 65.
+(This holds unless there is a relevant <code class="code">DeclareTextComposite</code> or
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration;
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>.)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
</pre></div>
-<p>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+<p>If <var class="var">cmd</var> has already been defined then <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code>
does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
transcript file.
</p>
@@ -2228,351 +2230,348 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1">4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var>cmd</var> but there is
-no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var class="var">cmd</var> but there is
+no associated <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
-<var>encoding</var>.
+<var class="var">encoding</var>.
</p>
-<p>For example, to make the encoding <code>OT1</code> be the default encoding for
-the accent <code>\"</code>, declare this.
+<p>For example, to make the encoding <code class="code">OT1</code> be the default encoding for
+the accent <code class="code">\"</code>, declare this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you issue a <code>\"</code> when the current encoding does not have a
+<p>If you issue a <code class="code">\"</code> when the current encoding does not have a
definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from
-<code>OT1</code>
+<code class="code">OT1</code>
</p>
-<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\<var>cmd</var>}
- {\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{#1}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextAccent{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{#1}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
-<samp>fontenc</samp> command, not just the accent command.
+<p>Note that <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
+<samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command, not just the accent command.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1">4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span>
-
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn}</var>
-\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn}</var>
+\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define the command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one
-encoding. The command name <var>cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash,
-<code>\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining
-\<var>cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust
-even if the code in <var>defn</var> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Define the command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one
+encoding. The command name <var class="var">cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash,
+<code class="code">\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining
+\<var class="var">cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust
+even if the code in <var class="var">defn</var> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>For example, the file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line.
+<p>For example, the file <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> contains this line.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 }
</pre></div>
<p>With that, you can express parts per thousand.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble
...
Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
</pre></div>
-<p>If you change the font encoding to <code>OT1</code> then you get an error like
-‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
+<p>If you change the font encoding to <code class="code">OT1</code> then you get an error like
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
OT1</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span>
-<p>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
-does nothing if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined. The
-<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
-slot-to-glyph association (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>)
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
+does nothing if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is already defined. The
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
+slot-to-glyph association (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>)
</p>
-<p>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargdefault</var> arguments play the same
-role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
+<p>The optional <var class="var">nargs</var> and <var class="var">optargdefault</var> arguments play the same
+role here as in <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>). Briefly, <var class="var">nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
specifying the number of arguments that the defined command
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument.
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument.
Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var>optargdefault</var>
-is present then the first argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional,
-with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string).
-If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var class="var">optargdefault</var>
+is present then the first argument of <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is optional,
+with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string).
+If <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is not present then <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> does not
take an optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-">4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Give a default definition for <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, for when that command
+<p>Give a default definition for <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>, for when that command
is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should
only use encodings known to be available.
</p>
-<p>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available.
+<p>This makes <code class="code">\copyright</code> available.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
</pre></div>
<p>It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding
+<p>The <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding
definition files since those files should declare only commands for use
when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
</p>
<p>As with the related non-default commands, the
-<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
-<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
+<code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is already defined (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
that other packages can improve upon.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1">4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>simple_object</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextComposite{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">simple_object</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
accent over a separate character.
</p>
-<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause
-LaTeX to typeset lowercase ‘<samp>o</samp>’ by taking the character
+<p>This line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> means that <code class="code">\^o</code> will cause
+LaTeX to typeset lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’ by taking the character
directly from slot 224 in the font.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The
-<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
-The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The
+<var class="var">simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
+The <var class="var">slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
-\<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
-<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
-<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp>t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows
-the <code>\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command.
+\<var class="var">cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows
+the <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1">4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>arg</var>}{<var>code</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">arg</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
-arbitrary code with <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>.
+<p>A more general version of <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
+arbitrary code with <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>.
</p>
-<p>This allows accents on ‘<samp>i</samp>’ to act like accents on dotless i,
-<code>\i</code>.
+<p>This allows accents on ‘<samp class="samp">i</samp>’ to act like accents on dotless i,
+<code class="code">\i</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
-or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+or as a one argument <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1">4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
-<span id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location
-<var>slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not
+<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var class="var">encoding</var> at the location
+<var class="var">slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not
mathematics.
</p>
-<p>For example, this line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the
+<p>For example, this line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the
glyph to use for «, the left guillemet.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
</pre></div>
-<p>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
-19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>).
+<p>The command <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
+19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var>
-can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or
-hexadecimal (as in <code>"13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var class="var">slot</var>
+can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code class="code">'023</code>), or
+hexadecimal (as in <code class="code">"13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
</p>
-<p>If <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> has already been defined then
-<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the
+<p>If <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> has already been defined then
+<code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the
redefinition in the transcript file.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1">4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> but
-there is no associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> but
+there is no associated <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then
this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as
-described for <var>encoding</var>.
+described for <var class="var">encoding</var>.
</p>
<p>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for
-<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this.
+<code class="code">\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code class="code">OT1</code>, declare this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
</pre></div>
-<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}
- {\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextSymbol{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
-default for any zero-argument <samp>fontenc</samp> command.
+<p>Note that <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
+default for any zero-argument <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1">4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\LastDeclaredEncoding
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\LastDeclaredEncoding
</pre></div>
<p>Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The
-<code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be
-retrieved with this command (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be
+retrieved with this command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This relies on <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the
+<p>This relies on <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the
name of the encoding explicitly.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}
\DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0}
</pre></div>
@@ -2579,170 +2578,170 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1">4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextAccent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextSymbol{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextAccent{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
</p>
-<p>In general, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
+<p>In general, to use a <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it
like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
</pre></div>
<p>which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so LaTeX
-reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>):
+reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code class="code">\ss</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
</pre></div>
-<p>Similarly, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
+<p>Similarly, to use a <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
</pre></div>
<p>which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var>enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var class="var">enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Here, <var>enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence
-of commands, so that ‘<samp>a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding
-and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
+<p>Here, <var class="var">enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence
+of commands, so that ‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding
+and only the accent is taken from <code class="code">OT1</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Font-styles">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-styles">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Font-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Font-styles-1">4.2 Font styles</h3>
-<span id="index-font-styles"></span>
-<span id="index-type-styles"></span>
-<span id="index-styles-of-text"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-styles"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-styles"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-styles-of-text"></a>
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
-<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands"></span>
-<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
-are used with an argument as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands"></a>
+<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code class="code">\text...</code> commands,
+are used with an argument as in <code class="code">\textit{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>. This is
the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
-corresponding <em>declaration form</em>, which is often useful. This
-form takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The
+corresponding <em class="dfn">declaration form</em>, which is often useful. This
+form takes no arguments, as in <code class="code">{\itshape <var class="var">text</var>}</code>. The
scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment
-form such as <code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>, which we’ll
+form such as <code class="code">\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>, which we’ll
describe further at the end of the section.
</p>
<p>These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance
you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
-<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
+<code class="code">\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code class="code">\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnocorr"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnocorrlist"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnocorr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
-corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>). Specifically, they insert the
+corrections if needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_002f"><code class="code">\/</code></a>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
-<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma.
+<code class="code">\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma.
To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
-<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
-<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
+<code class="code">\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
+<code class="code">\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code class="code">\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code class="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005citshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code class="code">\textit (\itshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citshape"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextmd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code class="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextmd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code class="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cupshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code class="code">\textup (\upshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cupshape"></a>
<p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cslshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code class="code">\textsl (\slshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsl'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cslshape"></a>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005csffamily"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code class="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csffamily"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cscshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code class="code">\textsc (\scshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscshape"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code class="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttt'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code class="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnormal'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-emphasis"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cemph"></span>
-<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command
-is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
-substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start
-text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result in the
-<var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-emphasis"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cemph"></a>
+<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code class="code">\emph{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> command
+is semantic, for <var class="var">text</var> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
+substitute for <code class="code">\textit</code>. For example, <code class="code">\emph{<var class="var">start
+text</var> \emph{<var class="var">middle text</var>} <var class="var">end text</var>}</code> will result in the
+<var class="var">start text</var> and <var class="var">end text</var> in italics, but <var class="var">middle text</var>
will be in roman.
</p>
<p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are
-used as declarations: <code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of
-<code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>.
+switch to the given style, that is, are <em class="emph">not</em> cumulative. They are
+used as declarations: <code class="code">{\<var class="var">cmd</var>...}</code> instead of
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var>{...}</code>.
</p>
<p>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most
@@ -2749,194 +2748,195 @@
circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
needed.)
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code>\bf</code><a href='#index-_005cbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bold-font"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code class="code">\bf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-font"></a>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code>\cal</code><a href='#index-_005ccal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-script-letters-for-math"></span>
-<span id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code class="code">\cal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccal'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code>\it</code><a href='#index-_005cit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-italic-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code class="code">\it</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-font"></a>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code>\rm</code><a href='#index-_005crm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-roman-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code class="code">\rm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roman-font"></a>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code>\sc</code><a href='#index-_005csc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-small-caps-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code class="code">\sc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-small-caps-font"></a>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code>\sf</code><a href='#index-_005csf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-sans-serif-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code class="code">\sf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code>\sl</code><a href='#index-_005csl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-slanted-font"></span>
-<span id="index-oblique-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code class="code">\sl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csl'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slanted-font"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oblique-font"></a>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code>\tt</code><a href='#index-_005ctt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-typewriter-font"></span>
-<span id="index-monospace-font"></span>
-<span id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code class="code">\tt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctt'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typewriter-font"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-monospace-font"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>.
+<p>The <code class="code">\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code class="code">\emph</code>.
</p>
<p>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
-cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not
-create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
+cumulative, so <code class="code">\mathbf{\mathit{<var class="var">symbol</var>}}</code> does not
+create a boldface and italic <var class="var">symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent
typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code>\mathrm</code><a href='#index-_005cmathrm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code class="code">\mathrm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathrm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code>\mathbf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code class="code">\mathbf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathbf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code>\mathsf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code class="code">\mathsf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code>\mathtt</code><a href='#index-_005cmathtt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code class="code">\mathtt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathtt'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>\mathit</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>(\mit)</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\mathit</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">(\mit)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code>\mathnormal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code class="code">\mathnormal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathnormal'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code>\mathcal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathcal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code class="code">\mathcal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathcal'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-_005cmathversion"></span>
-<span id="index-math_002c-bold"></span>
-<span id="index-bold-math"></span>
-<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmathversion"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmathversion"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math_002c-bold"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-math"></a>
+<p>In addition, the command <code class="code">\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
-formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
+formulas. <code class="code">\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005coldstylenums"></span>
-<span id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></span>
-<span id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></span>
-<span id="index-lining-numerals"></span>
-<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005coldstylenums"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coldstylenums"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-numerals"></a>
+<p>Finally, the command <code class="code">\oldstylenums{<var class="var">numerals</var>}</code> will
typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights
and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining”
numerals, which all have the same height as uppercase letters.
-LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code>
+LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect <code class="code">\textbf</code>
(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in
Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also;
sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ
-entry: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</a>.
+entry: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Font-sizes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-sizes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Font-sizes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Font-sizes-1">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
-<span id="index-font-sizes"></span>
-<span id="index-typeface-sizes"></span>
-<span id="index-sizes-of-text"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-sizes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sizes-of-text"></a>
<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
-size used (in points) with the ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and
-‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+size used (in points) with the ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and
+‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_005ctiny"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cscriptsize"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csmall"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnormalsize"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clarge"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cLarge"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cLARGE"></span>
-<span id="index-_005chuge"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cHuge"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctiny"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptsize"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmall"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalsize"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clarge"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLarge"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLARGE"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chuge"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cHuge"></a>
-<table>
-<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td><code>\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code class="code">10pt</code></th><th><code class="code">11pt</code></th><th><code class="code">12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></a>
<p>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
since that is how they are typically used. For example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation} \small
The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Here, the scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
-<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type
+<p>Here, the scope of the <code class="code">\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code class="code">quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type
style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
-in curly braces <code>{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>.
+in curly braces <code class="code">{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code>$\small mv^2/2$</code>,
-results in ‘<samp>LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small
+<p>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code class="code">$\small mv^2/2$</code>,
+results in ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small
invalid in math mode</samp>’, and the font size doesn’t
change. To work with a too-large formula, often the best option is to
-use the <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>), or
-one of the environments from the <code>amsmath</code> package. For inline
+use the <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>), or
+one of the environments from the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package. For inline
mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative is something
-like <code>{\small $mv^2/2$}</code>. (Sometimes <code>\scriptsize</code> and
-<code>\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the
+like <code class="code">{\small $mv^2/2$}</code>. (Sometimes <code class="code">\scriptsize</code> and
+<code class="code">\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the
latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is
-typeset. See <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>.)
+typeset. See <a class="xref" href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>.)
</p>
-<span id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
-<p>An <em>environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for
-instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></a>
+<p>An <em class="dfn">environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, <code class="code">\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice
this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
end of the environment without careful consideration, so it’s
generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
</p>
-<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code>\begin</code> and
-<code>\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument
+<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code class="code">\begin</code> and
+<code class="code">\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument
technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would
only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the
environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that
@@ -2945,169 +2945,174 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
-<span id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>
<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontencoding' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code class="code">\fontencoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontencoding'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
-large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
+large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code class="code">OT1</code>,
Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
-<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
+<code class="code">T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
-<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontfamily' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span>
-<span id="index-font-catalogue"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">family</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontfamily'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-catalogue"></a>
<p>Select the font family. The web page
-<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
examples of some common families.
</p>
-<table>
-<tr><td><code>pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontseries' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span>
-<p>Select the font series. A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a
-<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code class="code">\fontseries{<var class="var">series</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontseries'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<p>Select the font series. A <em class="dfn">series</em> combines a <em class="dfn">weight</em> and a
+<em class="dfn">width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</p>
-<table>
-<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</p>
-<table>
-<tr><td><code>ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</p>
-<table>
-<tr><td><code>uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
-<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
-weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
-(‘<samp><code>m</code></samp>’).
+<p>When forming the <var class="var">series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
+<code class="code">m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
+weight and width are <code class="code">m</code>, in which case use just one
+(‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">m</code></samp>’).
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontshape' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code class="code">\fontshape{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontshape'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
-<table>
-<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr>
-<tr><td><code>ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr>
+<table class="multitable">
+<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr>
+<tr><td><code class="code">ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontsize' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-font-size"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code class="code">\fontsize{<var class="var">size</var>}{<var class="var">skip</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontsize'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-size"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
<p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
-defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
+defaults to points (<code class="code">pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
-parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for
-the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
-Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
+parameter <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>. The default <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> for
+the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code class="code">\fontsize</code>.
+Changing <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; instead use
-<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005clinespread' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>,
-and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any
-effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code>setspace</code> package instead.
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinespread'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code>,
+and therefore must be followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code> to have any
+effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code class="code">setspace</code> package instead.
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code>\selectfont</code><a href='#index-_005cselectfont' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code class="code">\selectfont</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cselectfont'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
-<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
-<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
+<code class="code">\selectfont</code> is called, as in
+<code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
to put this in a macro:<br>
-<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var class="var">familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cusefont' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
-<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
-followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
+<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code class="code">\usefont{<var class="var">enc</var>}{<var class="var">family</var>}{<var class="var">series</var>}{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cusefont'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The same as invoking <code class="code">\fontencoding</code>, <code class="code">\fontfamily</code>,
+<code class="code">\fontseries</code> and <code class="code">\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
+followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n}
</pre></div>
</dd>
@@ -3117,171 +3122,171 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Layout">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Layout">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Layout-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Layout-1">5 Layout</h2>
-<span id="index-layout-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-layout-commands"></a>
<p>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2"><code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3"><code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Floats" accesskey="7">Floats</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005conecolumn">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn-1">5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005conecolumn"></span>
-<span id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\onecolumn
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\onecolumn
</pre></div>
<p>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
-given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
-behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+given the class option <code class="code">onecolumn</code> then this is the default
+behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1">5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></span>
-<span id="index-multicolumn-text"></span>
-<span id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\twocolumn
-\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\twocolumn
+\twocolumn[<var class="var">prelim one column text</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
-the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
-(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+the class option <code class="code">twocolumn</code> then this is the default
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
+<p>If the optional <var class="var">prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
typesetting starts.
</p>
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnsep"></span><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
-command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
+command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></span><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
columns. Change it with a command such as
-<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
+<code class="code">\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
mode starts.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></span><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
-<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
-width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
-<code>\textwidth</code> minus <code>\columnsep</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
+<code class="code">\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
+width of each of the two columns, <code class="code">\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
+<code class="code">\textwidth</code> minus <code class="code">\columnsep</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and
-<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
-<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>
-and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page.
+<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code class="code">table*</code> and
+<code class="code">figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
+<code class="code">table</code> and <code class="code">figure</code> take up only one column (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>
+and see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page.
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
-the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
-exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float
+the height of a <code class="code">table*</code> or <code class="code">figure*</code> environment must not
+exceed <code class="code">0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li>Use the <code class="code">[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.
-</li><li> Use the <code>[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of
-<code>\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float.
+</li><li>Use the <code class="code">[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of
+<code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float.
-</li><li> Increase the value of <code>\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number,
+</li><li>Increase the value of <code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number,
to avoid going to float pages so soon.
</li></ul>
<p>You can redefine it, as with
-<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></span><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
+<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
-LaTeX’s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
+LaTeX’s default is <code class="code">0.5</code>. Change it with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
+<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
-<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
-<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
-<code>12pt</code>.
+<code class="code">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code class="code">10pt</code> or
+<code class="code">11pt</code>, and <code class="code">14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
+<code class="code">12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></span><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
-bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dbltextfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
+bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code class="code">20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code>\dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">\dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
-default is <code>2</code>.
+default is <code class="code">2</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>This example uses <code>\twocolumn</code>’s optional argument of to create a
+<p>This example uses <code class="code">\twocolumn</code>’s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
@@ -3303,233 +3308,233 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cflushbottom">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1">5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cflushbottom"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>
-<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+<p>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
differences in facing pages can be glaring.
</p>
<p>If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
-then you get a message like ‘<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
+then you get a message like ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active</samp>’. If you get that, one option is to
-change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>). Alternatively,
-you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
+change to <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>). Alternatively,
+you can adjust the <code class="code">textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
-as in <code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option
+as in <code class="code">\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option
is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
-<code>twocolumn</code> document class option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>),
-and for indexes made using <code>makeidx</code>.
+<p>The <code class="code">\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
+<code class="code">twocolumn</code> document class option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>),
+and for indexes made using <code class="code">makeidx</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedbottom">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1">5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005craggedbottom"></span>
-<span id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>
<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
-at any point in the document body. See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>.
+at any point in the document body. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
-option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<p>This is the default unless you select the <code class="code">twocolumn</code> document class
+option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Page-layout-parameters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Page-layout-parameters-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters-1">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
-<span id="index-page-layout-parameters"></span>
-<span id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></span>
-<span id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></span>
-<span id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></span>
-<span id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></span>
-<span id="index-running-header-and-footer"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></span><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></a><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
-<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
-See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>.
+<code class="code">twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code>\headheight</code><a href='#index-_005cheadheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></span><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
-<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’,
+<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code class="code">\headheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadheight'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
+<code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">book</code> classes is ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code>\headsep</code><a href='#index-_005cheadsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></span><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
-the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
-classes is ‘<samp>25pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
-document is set at 10pt then it is ‘<samp>0.25in</samp>’, and at 11pt or 12pt
-it is ‘<samp>0.275in</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code class="code">\headsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+the main text. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code>
+classes is ‘<samp class="samp">25pt</samp>’. In the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is: if the
+document is set at 10pt then it is ‘<samp class="samp">0.25in</samp>’, and at 11pt or 12pt
+it is ‘<samp class="samp">0.275in</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code>\footskip</code><a href='#index-_005cfootskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></span><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
-the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
-classes is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
-the type size is 10pt the default is ‘<samp>0.35in</samp>’, while at 11pt it is
-‘<samp>0.38in</samp>’, and at 12pt it is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code class="code">\footskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootskip'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+the page footer. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code>
+classes is ‘<samp class="samp">30pt</samp>’. In the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is: when
+the type size is 10pt the default is ‘<samp class="samp">0.35in</samp>’, while at 11pt it is
+‘<samp class="samp">0.38in</samp>’, and at 12pt it is ‘<samp class="samp">30pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code>\linewidth</code><a href='#index-_005clinewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></span><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
-(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
-equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
-is decreased by the sum of that list’s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
-<code>\rightmargin</code> (see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>).
+<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code class="code">\linewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinewidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code class="code">list</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code class="code">\linewidth</code> is to
+equal <code class="code">\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code class="code">\linewidth</code>
+is decreased by the sum of that list’s <code class="code">\leftmargin</code> and
+<code class="code">\rightmargin</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code>\marginsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></span><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code class="code">\marginsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></a><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
</p>
<p>Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the
-declaration <code>\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and
-<code>\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back).
+declaration <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and
+<code class="code">\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back).
</p>
-<p>The defaults for <code>\marginparpush</code> in both <code>book</code> and
-<code>article</code> classes are: ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 12pt,
-and ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
+<p>The defaults for <code class="code">\marginparpush</code> in both <code class="code">book</code> and
+<code class="code">article</code> classes are: ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 12pt,
+and ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
</p>
-<p>For <code>\marginsep</code>, in <code>article</code> class the default is
-‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode
-where the default is ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’.
+<p>For <code class="code">\marginsep</code>, in <code class="code">article</code> class the default is
+‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode
+where the default is ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>For <code>\marginsep</code> in <code>book</code> class the default is ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ in
-two-column mode and ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ in one-column mode.
+<p>For <code class="code">\marginsep</code> in <code class="code">book</code> class the default is ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ in
+two-column mode and ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ in one-column mode.
</p>
-<p>For <code>\marginparwidth</code> in both <code>book</code> and <code>article</code>
-classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
-- \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
+<p>For <code class="code">\marginparwidth</code> in both <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">article</code>
+classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code class="code">\paperwidth
+− \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code>\oddsidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code>\evensidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></span><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
+<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\evensidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
-document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
-<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
+document class option <code class="code">twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
+<code class="code">oneside</code> is in effect. When <code class="code">twoside</code> is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
-<code>\evensidemargin</code>.
+<code class="code">\evensidemargin</code>.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX’s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
-difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
-<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
+<p>LaTeX’s default is that <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
+difference between <code class="code">\paperwidth</code> and <code class="code">\textwidth</code>, and
+<code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code>\paperheight</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></span><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
+<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code class="code">\paperheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperheight'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
-<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code>\paperwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></span><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
+<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code class="code">\paperwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
-<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code>\textheight</code><a href='#index-_005ctextheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></span><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
-a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
-the default is ‘<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>’, while for a <code>book</code> it is
-‘<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>’. At a type size of 11pt the default is
-‘<samp>38\baselineskip</samp>’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is
-‘<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>’ for all classes.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code class="code">\textheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextheight'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
+a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code>
+the default is ‘<samp class="samp">43\baselineskip</samp>’, while for a <code class="code">book</code> it is
+‘<samp class="samp">41\baselineskip</samp>’. At a type size of 11pt the default is
+‘<samp class="samp">38\baselineskip</samp>’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is
+‘<samp class="samp">36\baselineskip</samp>’ for all classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code>\textwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ctextwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></span><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
-<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is ‘<samp>345pt</samp>’
-when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘<samp>360pt</samp>’ at 11pt,
-and it is ‘<samp>390pt</samp>’ at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default
-is ‘<samp>4.5in</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt, and ‘<samp>5in</samp>’ at 11pt or 12pt.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code class="code">\textwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
+<code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code> document, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">345pt</samp>’
+when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">360pt</samp>’ at 11pt,
+and it is ‘<samp class="samp">390pt</samp>’ at 12pt. For a <code class="code">book</code> document, the default
+is ‘<samp class="samp">4.5in</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt, and ‘<samp class="samp">5in</samp>’ at 11pt or 12pt.
</p>
-<p>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
-entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>).
+<p>In multi-column output, <code class="code">\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
+entire page body, while <code class="code">\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>In lists (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
-entire page body (and <code>\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire
-column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
+<p>In lists (see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), <code class="code">\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
+entire page body (and <code class="code">\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire
+column), while <code class="code">\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
</p>
-<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>) or <code>\parbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
+<p>Inside a minipage (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>) or <code class="code">\parbox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
-<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
+<code class="code">minipage</code> or <code class="code">\parbox</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code>\hsize</code><a href='#index-_005chsize' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005chsize-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></span><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
+<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code class="code">\hsize</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chsize'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code class="code">\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code>\topmargin</code><a href='#index-_005ctopmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></span><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code class="code">\topmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopmargin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topmargin"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
-based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
-\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>,
+based on many other parameters: <code class="code">\paperheight − 2in −
+\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code>\topskip</code><a href='#index-_005ctopskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></span>
-<span id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></span><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code class="code">\topskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopskip'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
-same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt.
+same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -3537,56 +3542,56 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1">5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clinespread-1"></span>
-<span id="index-space-between-lines"></span>
-<span id="index-interline-space"></span>
-<span id="index-leading"></span>
-<span id="index-double-spacing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselinestretch"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinespread-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-between-lines"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interline-space"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leading"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-spacing"></a>
-<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives
-the <em>leading</em>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+<p>The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives
+the <em class="dfn">leading</em>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
baseline to baseline.
</p>
-<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code>
+<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>
while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
-command <code>\fontsize</code> (see <a href="#low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</a>).
-The <code>\baselineskip</code>’s value is reset every time a font change
-happens and so any direct change to <code>\baselineskip</code> would vanish
+command <code class="code">\fontsize</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</a>).
+The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>’s value is reset every time a font change
+happens and so any direct change to <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> would vanish
the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line
-spacing, see the discussion of <code>\baselinestretch</code> below.
+spacing, see the discussion of <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code> below.
</p>
<p>Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
-a font’s style file has the command <code>\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}</code>
-then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall;
+a font’s style file has the command <code class="code">\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}</code>
+then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> tall;
for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does
-it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
+it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart then they risk
touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
-<code>\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
+<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the
+<p>The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the
entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph,
-such as a single <code>{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line.
+such as a single <code class="code">{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line.
TeX will make sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but
-won’t change the <code>\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra
-room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>).
+won’t change the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra
+room above. For the fix, use a <code class="code">\strut</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The value of <code>\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is
+<p>The value of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is
the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be
scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as
bad style, so in effect the display is part of the paragraph.
Because this display is in footnotesize, the entire paragraph has the
baseline spacing matching that size.
@@ -3593,53 +3598,54 @@
{\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005clineskip"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clineskiplimit"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cprevdepth"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clineskip"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clineskiplimit"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprevdepth"></a>
<p>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if
the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less
-than <code>\baselineskip</code> then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up
+than <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up
the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the
-lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>,
-then TeX instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
+lines would be too close together, closer than <code class="code">\lineskiplimit</code>,
+then TeX instead uses <code class="code">\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
second is that TeX doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous
-line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
+line. Instead it uses <code class="code">\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or
-just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and
+just after a rule, <code class="code">\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000<span class="dmn">pt</span> and
this special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the
paragraph start.
</p>
-<p>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and
-<code>\lineskip</code> is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
+<p>In the standard classes <code class="code">\lineskiplimit</code> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span> and
+<code class="code">\lineskip</code> is 1<span class="dmn">pt</span>. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than
-zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart.
+zero) then the lines jump to 1<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart.
</p>
-<p>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double
-space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline
-distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales
-<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command,
-not a length, so change the scale factor as in
-<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>.
+<p>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in
+double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the
+interline distance is via <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code>. It scales
+<code class="code">\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a
+command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change
+happens, so set the scale factor like this:
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>.
</p>
<p>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire
-document is to put <code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code> in the preamble.
-For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
-spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
-<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
+document is to put <code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> in the preamble.
+For double spacing, take <var class="var">factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
+spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the
+<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The
-<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as
-<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it won’t
-take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
-the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with
-<code>\selectfont</code>.)
+<code class="code">\linespread</code> command is defined as
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> so it also
+won’t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes
+place at the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it
+with <code class="code">\selectfont</code>.)
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-setspace"></span>
-<span id="index-setspace-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-setspace-package"></a>
-<p>A simpler approach is the <code>setspace</code> package. The basic example:
+<p>A simpler approach is the <code class="code">setspace</code> package. The basic example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{setspace}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{setspace}
\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
</pre></div>
@@ -3646,12 +3652,12 @@
<p>In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing.
But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change
the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is
-<code>\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the
+<code class="code">\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the
document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use
-environments, such as <code>\begin{doublespace}
+environments, such as <code class="code">\begin{doublespace}
... \end{doublespace}</code>. The package also has commands to do
-arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch{<var>factor</var>}</code> and
-<code>\begin{spacing}{<var>factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>.
+arbitrary spacing: <code class="code">\setstretch{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> and
+<code class="code">\begin{spacing}{<var class="var">factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>.
This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
@@ -3658,12 +3664,12 @@
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Floats">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Floats">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Floats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Floats</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Floats-1">5.7 Floats</h3>
<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
@@ -3670,9 +3676,9 @@
for instance floating to the top of a later page.
</p>
<p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material.
-The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>) and
-<code>table</code> (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the
-package <code>float</code>.
+The default is the two classes, <code class="code">figure</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>) and
+<code class="code">table</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the
+package <code class="code">float</code>.
</p>
<p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
@@ -3690,215 +3696,215 @@
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
-<span id="index-placement-of-floats"></span>
-<span id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
<p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
-<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
-letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in
-both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
+<var class="var">placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
+letters below. The default for both <code class="code">figure</code> and <code class="code">table</code>, in
+both <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">book</code> classes, is <code class="code">tbp</code>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not
-allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
-output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or
-<samp>dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
-FAQ: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>.
+<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code class="code">b</code> is not
+allowed for full-width floats (<code class="code">figure*</code>) with double-column
+output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp class="file">stfloats</samp> or
+<samp class="file">dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
+FAQ: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>h</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
-appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
+<dt><code class="code">h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code class="code">figure</code> environment
+appears. However, <code class="code">h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code class="code">t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
-<span id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-float"></span>
-<span id="index-float-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-float"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-float-package"></a>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
-<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
+<code class="code">\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code class="code">H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
-<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code>p</code><a href='#index-float-page' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
+<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code class="code">p</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-float-page'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em class="dfn">float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>!</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">!</code></dt>
<dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
-The <code>!</code> specifier does <em>not</em> mean “put the float here”;
+The <code class="code">!</code> specifier does <em class="emph">not</em> mean “put the float here”;
see above.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument
+<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var class="var">placement</var> argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float;
-for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>. All that
-<var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the
+for instance, <code class="code">btp</code> has the same effect as <code class="code">tbp</code>. All that
+<var class="var">placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the
algorithm does not try that location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of
-<code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it
+<code class="code">tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it
occurs in the source.
</p>
<p>To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
-chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and
+chapter you can use a <code class="code">\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and
insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
-use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue
-<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
+use the <samp class="file">afterpage</samp> package and issue
+<code class="code">\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-flafter"></span>
-<span id="index-flafter-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flafter-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
-(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
-the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
-the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
+(although on the same output page) if there is a <code class="code">t</code> specifier in
+the <var class="var">placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
+the <code class="code">t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
-the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command
-<span id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></span>
-<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
+the <code class="code">flafter</code> package or using the command
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
+<code class="code">\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</p>
<p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text (change them with
-<code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code>\bottomfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cbottomfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-bottomfraction"></span><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
-the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code class="code">\bottomfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbottomfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
+the bottom; default ‘<samp class="samp">.3</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-floatpagefraction"></span><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
-default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\floatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+default ‘<samp class="samp">.5</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code>\textfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-textfraction"></span><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code class="code">\textfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
-different page. The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’.
+different page. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">.2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code>\topfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-topfraction"></span><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
-floats; default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code class="code">\topfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+floats; default ‘<samp class="samp">.7</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with a
-command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length
+command of the form <code class="code">\setlength{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">length
expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code>\floatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-floatsep"></span><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
-‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\floatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code>\intextsep</code><a href='#index-_005cintextsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-intextsep"></span><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
-‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents,
-and ‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents.
+<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code class="code">\intextsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cintextsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents,
+and ‘<samp class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code>\textfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-textfloatsep"></span><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
-default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\textfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+default ‘<samp class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with a
-command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural
+command of the form <code class="code">\setcounter{<var class="var">ctrname</var>}{<var class="var">natural
number</var>}</code>):
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code>bottomnumber</code><a href='#index-bottomnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bottomnumber-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-bottomnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code class="code">bottomnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bottomnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code>dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-dbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-dbltopnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dbltopnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code>topnumber</code><a href='#index-topnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-topnumber-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-topnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code class="code">topnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-topnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topnumber-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code>totalnumber</code><a href='#index-totalnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-totalnumber-1"></span>
-<span id="floats-totalnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code class="code">totalnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-totalnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats
-<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains
+<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the
problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to
influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
LaTeX?”
-(<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>).
+(<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>).
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccaption" accesskey="1"><code>\caption</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccaption" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\caption</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccaption">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="u" rel="up">Floats</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccaption-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption-1">5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span>
-<span id="index-captions"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-captions"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\caption{<var>caption-text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\caption{<var class="var">caption-text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\caption[<var>short-caption-text</var>]{<var>caption-text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\caption[<var class="var">short-caption-text</var>]{<var class="var">caption-text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code>figure</code> or
-<code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> or <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>).
+<p>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code class="code">figure</code> or
+<code class="code">table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>).
</p>
<p>In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank
space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}
\vspace*{1cm}
\caption{Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.}
\label{fig:CushingPic}
@@ -3905,22 +3911,22 @@
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\caption</code> command will label the <var>caption-text</var> with
-something like ‘<samp>Figure 1:</samp>’ for an article or
-‘<samp>Figure 1.1:</samp>’ for a book. The text is centered if it is
+<p>The <code class="code">\caption</code> command will label the <var class="var">caption-text</var> with
+something like ‘<samp class="samp">Figure 1:</samp>’ for an article or
+‘<samp class="samp">Figure 1.1:</samp>’ for a book. The text is centered if it is
shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it
takes more than one line.
</p>
-<p>In addition to placing the <var>caption-text</var> in the output, the
-<code>\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of
-figures or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
+<p>In addition to placing the <var class="var">caption-text</var> in the output, the
+<code class="code">\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of
+figures or list of tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
</p>
-<p>Here the <code>\caption</code> command uses the optional
-<var>short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list
-of tables, rather than the longer <var>caption-text</var>.
+<p>Here the <code class="code">\caption</code> command uses the optional
+<var class="var">short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list
+of tables, rather than the longer <var class="var">caption-text</var>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{c}|}
\hline
@@ -3936,30 +3942,30 @@
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>LaTeX will label the <var>caption-text</var> with something like
-‘<samp>Table 1:</samp>’ for an article or ‘<samp>Table 1.1:</samp>’ for a
+<p>LaTeX will label the <var class="var">caption-text</var> with something like
+‘<samp class="samp">Table 1:</samp>’ for an article or ‘<samp class="samp">Table 1.1:</samp>’ for a
book.
</p>
-<p>The caption can appear at the top of the <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code>.
+<p>The caption can appear at the top of the <code class="code">figure</code> or <code class="code">table</code>.
For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the
-<code>\caption</code> between the <code>\centering</code> and the
-<code>\begin{tabular}</code>.
+<code class="code">\caption</code> between the <code class="code">\centering</code> and the
+<code class="code">\begin{tabular}</code>.
</p>
<p>Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. It
-is <code>\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code>\label</code>
-must come after the <code>\caption</code>. The counter for the <code>figure</code>
-environment is named <code>figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the
-<code>table</code> environment is <code>table</code>.
+is <code class="code">\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code class="code">\label</code>
+must come after the <code class="code">\caption</code>. The counter for the <code class="code">figure</code>
+environment is named <code class="code">figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the
+<code class="code">table</code> environment is <code class="code">table</code>.
</p>
<p>The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is
-moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘<samp>! Argument of
-\@caption has an extra }</samp>’ then you must put <code>\protect</code> in front
-of any fragile commands. See <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>.
+moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">! Argument of
+\@caption has an extra }</samp>’ then you must put <code class="code">\protect</code> in front
+of any fragile commands. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-caption"></span>
-<span id="index-caption-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-caption"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caption-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption
+<p>The <code class="code">caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption
appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption
always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
@@ -3969,126 +3975,128 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Sectioning">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Sectioning">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Sectioning-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</h2>
-<span id="index-sectioning-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-part"></span>
-<span id="index-chapter"></span>
-<span id="index-section"></span>
-<span id="index-subsection"></span>
-<span id="index-subsubsection"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph"></span>
-<span id="index-subparagraph"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cpart"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cchapter"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csection"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubsection"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubsubsection"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cparagraph"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubparagraph"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sectioning-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpart"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cchapter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
<p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>sectioning-command</var>{<var>title</var>}
-<var>sectioning-command</var>*{<var>title</var>}
-<var>sectioning-command</var>[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">sectioning-command</var>{<var class="var">title</var>}
+<var class="var">sectioning-command</var>*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+<var class="var">sectioning-command</var>[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with
-<code>\subsection{Motivation}</code>.
+<code class="code">\subsection{Motivation}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The table has each <var>sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are
-available in all of LaTeX’s standard document classes <code>book</code>,
-<code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is
-not available in <code>article</code>.
+<p>The table has each <var class="var">sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are
+available in all of LaTeX’s standard document classes <code class="code">book</code>,
+<code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">article</code>, except that <code class="code">\chapter</code> is
+not available in <code class="code">article</code>.
</p>
-<table>
+<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="25%">Sectioning unit</th><th width="25%">Command</th><th width="40%">Level</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code>\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>)</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code>\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code>\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr>
+<tbody><tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code class="code">book</code>, <code class="code">report</code>), 0 (<code class="code">article</code>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></span>
-<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
+<p>All these commands have a <code class="code">*</code>-form that prints <var class="var">title</var> as usual
but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
-An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
-input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp>A
-Appendix</samp>’ (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp>A</samp>’
-by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code class="code">article</code>. The
+input <code class="code">\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">A
+Appendix</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cappendix"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’
+by instead entering <code class="code">\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
-from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter).
+from the <code class="code">\section</code> command may not matter).
</p>
-<p>The section title <var>title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but
+<p>The section title <var class="var">title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but
it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or
-foot (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these
+foot (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these
places as in the main text. All of these commands have an optional
-argument <var>toc-title</var> for these other places.
+argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> for these other places.
</p>
<p>The level number in the table above determines which sectional units are
numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the sectioning
-command’s <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
-<code>secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be
-numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var>level</var> is less
-than or equal to the value of the counter <code>tocdepth</code> then the table
+command’s <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be
+numbered (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var class="var">level</var> is less
+than or equal to the value of the counter <code class="code">tocdepth</code> then the table
of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have
-a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before a
-<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
-something like a subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’.
+<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code class="code">\subsection</code> you will have
+a <code class="code">\section</code> and, in a <code class="code">book</code> class document, that before a
+<code class="code">\section</code> you will have a <code class="code">\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
+something like a subsection numbered ‘<samp class="samp">3.0.1</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
-simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
-letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the
-preamble (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). CTAN
+simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase
+letters with this (in the preamble):<br>
+<code class="code">\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> .
+(See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.) CTAN
has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
-<code>titlesec</code>.
+<code class="code">titlesec</code>.
</p>
<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code>secnumdepth</code><a href='#index-secnumdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span>
-<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
-<code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> will suppress
-numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
-For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then
-a <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like
-‘<samp>1 Introduction</samp>’ while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will
-produce output like ‘<samp>Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s
-default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and
- 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code class="code">secnumdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-secnumdepth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
+<code class="code">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var class="var">level</var>}</code> will suppress
+numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var class="var">level</var>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
+For instance, if the <code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code class="code">article</code> then
+a <code class="code">\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like
+‘<samp class="samp">1 Introduction</samp>’ while <code class="code">\subsection{Discussion}</code> will
+produce output like ‘<samp class="samp">Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s
+default <code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp class="file">article</samp> class and
+ 2 in the <samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code>tocdepth</code><a href='#index-tocdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-tocdepth-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></span>
-<span id="sectioning-tocdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
-The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the
-sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
-instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will
+<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code class="code">tocdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-tocdepth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocdepth-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
+The setting <code class="code">\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var class="var">level</var>}</code> makes the
+sectioning units at <var class="var">level</var> be the smallest ones listed
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
+instance, if <code class="code">tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default
-<code>tocdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the
-<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+<code class="code">tocdepth</code> is 3 in <samp class="file">article</samp> class and 2 in the
+<samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -4095,43 +4103,43 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1"><code>\part</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2"><code>\chapter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3"><code>\section</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4"><code>\subsection</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code>\appendix</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\part</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\section</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpart">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpart">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpart-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpart-1">6.1 <code class="code">\part</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpart-1"></span>
-<span id="index-part-1"></span>
-<span id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpart-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\part{<var>title</var>}
-\part*{<var>title</var>}
-\part[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\part{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\part*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\part[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code>,
-<code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, all have this command.
+<p>Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code>,
+<code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">article</code>, all have this command.
</p>
<p>This produces a document part, in a book.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\part{VOLUME I \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\part{VOLUME I \\
PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U.\ S.\ GRANT}
\chapter{ANCESTRY--BIRTH--BOYHOOD.}
My family is American, and has been for generations,
@@ -4138,76 +4146,76 @@
in all its branches, direct and collateral.
</pre></div>
-<p>In each standard class the <code>\part</code> command outputs a part number
-such as ‘<samp>Part I</samp>’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large
-type. Then LaTeX outputs <var>title</var>, also alone on its line, in
-bold and in even larger type. In class <code>book</code>, the LaTeX
+<p>In each standard class the <code class="code">\part</code> command outputs a part number
+such as ‘<samp class="samp">Part I</samp>’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large
+type. Then LaTeX outputs <var class="var">title</var>, also alone on its line, in
+bold and in even larger type. In class <code class="code">book</code>, the LaTeX
default puts each part alone on its own page. If the book is two-sided
then LaTeX will skip a page if needed to have the new part on an
-odd-numbered page. In <code>report</code> it is again alone on a page, but
-LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an <code>article</code>
+odd-numbered page. In <code class="code">report</code> it is again alone on a page, but
+LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an <code class="code">article</code>
LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but instead outputs the part
number and part title onto the main document page.
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>
but it does not show the part number, does not increment the
-<code>part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+<code class="code">part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in
-the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in running
-headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var>title</var>
-will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but omits
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in
+the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in running
+headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var class="var">title</var>
+will be there. This example puts a line break in <var class="var">title</var> but omits
the break in the table of contents.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a part is -1
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>, and <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>, and <a class="ref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package"></a>
-<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
+<p>In the class <code class="code">article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
-<code>indentfirst</code>.
+<code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-1"></a>
-<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <code>titlesec</code>.
+<p>One package to change the behavior of <code class="code">\part</code> is <code class="code">titlesec</code>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cchapter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cchapter-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter-1">6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cchapter-1"></span>
-<span id="index-chapter-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cchapter-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{<var>title</var>}
-\chapter*{<var>title</var>}
-\chapter[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\chapter*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\chapter[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and
-<code>report</code> have this command but <code>article</code> does not.
+<p>Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and
+<code class="code">report</code> have this command but <code class="code">article</code> does not.
</p>
<p>This produces a chapter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{Loomings}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{Loomings}
Call me Ishmael.
Some years ago---never mind how long precisely---having little or no
money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I
@@ -4217,86 +4225,86 @@
<p>The LaTeX default starts each chapter on a fresh page, an
odd-numbered page if the document is two-sided. It produces a chapter
-number such as ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ in large boldface type (the size is
-<code>\huge</code>). It then puts <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface
-type that is still larger (size <code>\Huge</code>). It also increments the
-<code>chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents
-(see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>), and sets the running header
-information (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
+number such as ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ in large boldface type (the size is
+<code class="code">\huge</code>). It then puts <var class="var">title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface
+type that is still larger (size <code class="code">\Huge</code>). It also increments the
+<code class="code">chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>), and sets the running header
+information (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface.
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface.
But it does not show the chapter number, does not increment the
-<code>chapter</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
+<code class="code">chapter</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
-<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
+<code class="code">headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
prior chapter.) This example illustrates.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preamble}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter*{Preamble}
</pre></div>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
-running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
-<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title
+in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
+running headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
+<var class="var">title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter
title,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
</pre></div>
-<p>but only ‘<samp>Weyl</samp>’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in
+<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">Weyl</samp>’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in
the title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits
the break in the contents
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is 0
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></a>
<p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
-<code>indentfirst</code>.
+<code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<p>You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to
-something like ‘<samp>Lecture 1</samp>’, put in the preamble either
-<code>\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>).
+something like ‘<samp class="samp">Lecture 1</samp>’, put in the preamble either
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\@chapapp}{Lecture}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package"></a>
<p>To make this change because of the primary language for
-the document, see the package <code>babel</code>.
+the document, see the package <code class="code">babel</code>.
</p>
<p>In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>.
+see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-2"></a>
-<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
+<p>To change the behavior of the <code class="code">\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But
there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is
-<code>titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
+<code class="code">titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
sense of what it can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\chapter}
{\Huge\bfseries} % format of title
{} % label, such as 1.2 for a subsection
@@ -4304,38 +4312,38 @@
{} % before-code hook
</pre></div>
-<p>This omits the chapter number ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ from the page but unlike
-<code>\chapter*</code> it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
+<p>This omits the chapter number ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ from the page but unlike
+<code class="code">\chapter*</code> it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
running headers.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csection">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csection">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csection-1">6.3 <code class="code">\section</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csection-1"></span>
-<span id="index-section-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csection-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{<var>title</var>}
-\section*{<var>title</var>}
-\section[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\section*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\section[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>,
-<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command.
+<p>Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>,
+<code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have this command.
</p>
<p>This produces a section.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function,
in the input-output behavior,
than in the details of implementing that behavior.
@@ -4346,64 +4354,64 @@
is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do.
</pre></div>
-<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the
-default output is like ‘<samp>1.2 <var>title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1,
+<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> the
+default output is like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1,
section 2), alone on its line and flush left, in boldface and a
-larger type (the type size is <code>\Large</code>). The same holds in
-<code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class so it
-looks like ‘<samp>2 <var>title</var></samp>’.
+larger type (the type size is <code class="code">\Large</code>). The same holds in
+<code class="code">article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class so it
+looks like ‘<samp class="samp">2 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’.
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>.
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>.
But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
-<code>section</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
+<code class="code">section</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
-<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
+<code class="code">headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
prior section.)
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
-running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
-<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
+running headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
+<var class="var">title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the
section:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second,
by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom,
Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen,
Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.}
</pre></div>
-<p>but only ‘<samp>Elizabeth II</samp>’ on the contents page and in the headers.
-This has a line break in <var>title</var> but that does not work with headers
+<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">Elizabeth II</samp>’ on the contents page and in the headers.
+This has a line break in <var class="var">title</var> but that does not work with headers
so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
I cheated\\my life story}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a section is 1
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></a>
<p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <code>indentfirst</code>.
+package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-3"></a>
-<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
-are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
+<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code class="code">\section</code> command, there
+are a number of options. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\section}
{\normalfont\Large\bfseries} % format of title
{\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}} % label
@@ -4418,31 +4426,31 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csubsection">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csubsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection-1">6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csubsection-1"></span>
-<span id="index-subsection-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsection-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subsection{<var>title</var>}
-\subsection*{<var>title</var>}
-\subsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsection{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subsection*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subsection[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>,
-<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command.
+<p>Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>,
+<code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have this command.
</p>
<p>This produces a subsection.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that
+<pre class="example-preformatted">We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that
therefore some functions have no associated machine.
\subsection{Cardinality} We will begin with two paradoxes that
@@ -4450,52 +4458,52 @@
infinite sets.
</pre></div>
-<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the
-default output is like ‘<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1,
+<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> the
+default output is like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1,
section 2, subsection 3), alone on its line and flush left, in
-boldface and a larger type (the type size is <code>\large</code>). The same
-holds in <code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class
-so it looks like ‘<samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’.
+boldface and a larger type (the type size is <code class="code">\large</code>). The same
+holds in <code class="code">article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class
+so it looks like ‘<samp class="samp">2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’.
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>.
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>.
But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
-<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+<code class="code">subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
+in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
+not present then <var class="var">title</var> will be there. This
shows the full text in the title of the subsection:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
</pre></div>
-<p>but only ‘<samp>α,β,γ
+<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">α,β,γ
paper</samp>’ on the contents page.
</p>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></a>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <code>indentfirst</code>.
+package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package-4"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-4"></a>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
-<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
+<code class="code">\subsection</code> command. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\subsection}[runin]
{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries} % format of the title
{\thesubsection} % label
@@ -4503,59 +4511,58 @@
{} % before-code hook
</pre></div>
-<p>That puts the subsection number and <var>title</var> in the first line of
+<p>That puts the subsection number and <var class="var">title</var> in the first line of
text.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></h3>
-<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csubsubsection"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparagraph"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-1"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csubparagraph"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph-1"></a>
-<span id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></span>
-<span id="index-subsubsection-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></span>
-<span id="index-subparagraph-1"></span>
-
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subsubsection{<var>title</var>}
-\subsubsection*{<var>title</var>}
-\subsubsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsubsection{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subsubsection*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subsubsection[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\paragraph{<var>title</var>}
-\paragraph*{<var>title</var>}
-\paragraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\paragraph{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\paragraph*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\paragraph[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subparagraph{<var>title</var>}
-\subparagraph*{<var>title</var>}
-\subparagraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\subparagraph{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subparagraph*{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\subparagraph[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Start a subsubsection, paragraph, or subparagraph. The standard
-LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have
+LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have
these commands, although they are not commonly used.
</p>
<p>This produces a subsubsection.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance}
Provide exterior/interior wall cladding assemblies
capable of withstanding the effects of load and stresses from
consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings.
@@ -4562,77 +4569,77 @@
</pre></div>
<p>The default output of each of the three does not change over the
-standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and
-<code>report</code>. For <code>\subsubsection</code> the <var>title</var> is alone on
-its line, in boldface and normal size type. For <code>\paragraph</code> the
-<var>title</var> is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and
-normal size type. For <code>\subparagraph</code> the <var>title</var> is inline
+standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">book</code>, and
+<code class="code">report</code>. For <code class="code">\subsubsection</code> the <var class="var">title</var> is alone on
+its line, in boldface and normal size type. For <code class="code">\paragraph</code> the
+<var class="var">title</var> is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and
+normal size type. For <code class="code">\subparagraph</code> the <var class="var">title</var> is inline
with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and normal size type
-(Because an <code>article</code> has no chapters its subsubsections are
-numbered and so it looks like ‘<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’, for
+(Because an <code class="code">article</code> has no chapters its subsubsections are
+numbered and so it looks like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’, for
section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other
two divisions are not numbered.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>. But it does not increment the
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>. But it does not increment the
associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
-show the number for <code>\subsubsection</code>).
+show the number for <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>).
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the division title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there.
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the division title
+in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
+not present then <var class="var">title</var> will be there.
</p>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is 3, of
a paragraph is 4, and of a subparagraph is 5
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></a>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <code>indentfirst</code>.
+package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></span>
-<span id="index-titlesec-package-5"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-5"></a>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
-One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>).
+One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>).
There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
-<code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cappendix">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cappendix-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix-1">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cappendix"></span>
-<span id="index-appendix"></span>
-<span id="index-appendices"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cappendix"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendix"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendices"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\appendix
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\appendix
</pre></div>
-<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it
-declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands start an appendix. In
-an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code> commands. It also
-resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters to 0 in a
-book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
-<code>subsection</code> counters.
+<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a <code class="code">book</code> or
+<code class="code">report</code> document it declares that subsequent <code class="code">\chapter</code>
+commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for
+<code class="code">\section</code> commands. It also resets the <code class="code">chapter</code> and
+<code class="code">section</code> counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an article
+resets the <code class="code">section</code> and <code class="code">subsection</code> counters.
</p>
<p>In this book
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{One} ...
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{One} ...
\chapter{Two} ...
...
\appendix
@@ -4640,48 +4647,48 @@
\chapter{Four} ...
</pre></div>
-<p>the first two will generate output numbered ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ and
-‘<samp>Chapter 2</samp>’. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be
-‘<samp>Appendix A</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Appendix B</samp>’. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>,
+<p>the first two will generate output numbered ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ and
+‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 2</samp>’. After the <code class="code">\appendix</code> the numbering will be
+‘<samp class="samp">Appendix A</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Appendix B</samp>’. See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>,
for another example.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-appendix"></span>
-<span id="index-appendix-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-appendix"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendix-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>appendix</code> package adds the command
-<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ in the document
-body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
+<p>The <code class="code">appendix</code> package adds the command
+<code class="code">\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ in the document
+body before the first appendix, and the command <code class="code">\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
-‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ with a command like
-<code>\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a
+‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ with a command like
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a
number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></span><h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></span>
-<span id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></span>
-<span id="index-front-matter-of-a-book"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmainmatter"></span>
-<span id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></span>
-<span id="index-main-matter-of-a-book"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbackmatter"></span>
-<span id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></span>
-<span id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></span>
-<span id="index-back-matter-of-a-book"></span>
-<span id="index-end-matter-of-a-book"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-front-matter-of-a-book"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmainmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmainmatter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-main-matter-of-a-book"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbackmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbackmatter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-back-matter-of-a-book"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end-matter-of-a-book"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one or more of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\frontmatter
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\frontmatter
...
\mainmatter
...
@@ -4689,7 +4696,7 @@
...
</pre></div>
-<p>Format a <code>book</code> class document differently according to which part
+<p>Format a <code class="code">book</code> class document differently according to which part
of the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
</p>
<p>Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the title
@@ -4699,138 +4706,138 @@
back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a
bibliography, and an index.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
+<p>The <code class="code">\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title
appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
-here, use the <code>*</code>-version (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>).
+here, use the <code class="code">*</code>-version (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected
+<p>The <code class="code">\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected
version, and resets the page number.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but
+<p>The <code class="code">\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but
switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for an example using these three commands.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for an example using these three commands.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></span>
-<span id="index-section_002c-redefining"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">level</var>}{<var class="var">indent</var>}{<var class="var">beforeskip</var>}{<var class="var">afterskip</var>}{<var class="var">style</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
-divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
+divisions such as <code class="code">\section</code> or <code class="code">\subsection</code>.
</p>
-<p>Note that the <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<p>Note that the <code class="code">titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
-satisfied with <code>\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
-the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
-<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
-make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
+satisfied with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
+the standard LaTeX <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> classes the commands
+<code class="code">\chapter</code> and <code class="code">\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To
+make such a command you may want to use the <code class="code">\secdef</code> command.
</p>
-<p>Technically, <code>\@startsection</code> has the form
+<p>Technically, <code class="code">\@startsection</code> has the form
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}
- {<var>level</var>}
- {<var>indent</var>}
- {<var>beforeskip</var>}
- {<var>afterskip</var>}
- {<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>}
+ {<var class="var">level</var>}
+ {<var class="var">indent</var>}
+ {<var class="var">beforeskip</var>}
+ {<var class="var">afterskip</var>}
+ {<var class="var">style</var>}*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>so that issuing
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>}
- {<var>level</var>}
- {<var>indent</var>}
- {<var>beforeskip</var>}
- {<var>afterskip</var>}
- {<var>style</var>}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>}
+ {<var class="var">level</var>}
+ {<var class="var">indent</var>}
+ {<var class="var">beforeskip</var>}
+ {<var class="var">afterskip</var>}
+ {<var class="var">style</var>}}
</pre></div>
-<p>redefines <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
-<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder,
-the star <code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies
+<p>redefines <code class="code">\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
+<code class="code">\section*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder,
+the star <code class="code">*</code> is optional). See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies
that when you write a command like
-<code>\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the
-<code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the
+<code class="code">\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the
examples below.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-name"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></span><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">name</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-name"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
-<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in
+<code class="code">section</code>, <code class="code">subsection</code>, or <code class="code">paragraph</code>. Although in
those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command
itself, you don’t have to use the same name.
</p>
-<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and
-<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third
+<p>Then <code class="code">\the</code><var class="var">name</var> displays the title number and
+<code class="code">\</code><var class="var">name</var><code class="code">mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third
example below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>level</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-level"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></span><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
-See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers.
+<dt><var class="var">level</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-level"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers.
</p>
-<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
-<code>secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be
-numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). For instance, if
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then the command
-<code>\section{Introduction}</code> will produce output like “1
-Introduction” while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce
+<p>If <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be
+numbered (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). For instance, if
+<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code class="code">article</code> then the command
+<code class="code">\section{Introduction}</code> will produce output like “1
+Introduction” while <code class="code">\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce
output like “Discussion”, without the number prefix.
</p>
-<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
-<var>tocdepth</var> then the table of contents will have an entry for this
-sectioning unit (see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). For instance, in an
-<code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will
+<p>If <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
+<var class="var">tocdepth</var> then the table of contents will have an entry for this
+sectioning unit (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). For instance, in an
+<code class="code">article</code>, if <var class="var">tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>indent</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-indent"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></span><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
+<dt><var class="var">indent</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-indent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use
-<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move
+<code class="code">0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code class="code">-\parindent</code> will move
the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>beforeskip</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-beforeskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></span><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
+<dt><var class="var">beforeskip</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-beforeskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
-is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
-is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
+is indented. (Note that the negative of <code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
+is <code class="code">-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
-<p>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
+<p>For example, if <var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>
then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
-<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
-LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives
+LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the
-header is that it is the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the text font,
-the <code>\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of
-the <var>beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
+header is that it is the sum of the <code class="code">\parskip</code> of the text font,
+the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of
+the <var class="var">beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the
vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be
where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that
@@ -4837,97 +4844,97 @@
page.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>afterskip</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-afterskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></span><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
+<dt><var class="var">afterskip</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-afterskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var class="var">afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header. If it
is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it
becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of
the length gives the horizontal space between the end of the title and
the beginning of the following paragraph. (Note that the negative of
-<code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
+<code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code class="code">-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.)
</p>
-<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and
-<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
+<p>As with <var class="var">beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code class="code">plus</code> and
+<code class="code">minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
more flexibility in putting together the page.
</p>
-<p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+<p>If <code class="code">afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the
vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and
the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is
-the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the title font, the
-<code>\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var>after</var>.
+the sum of the <code class="code">\parskip</code> of the title font, the
+<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var class="var">after</var>.
That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
-because the sign of <code>afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit
+because the sign of <code class="code">afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit
header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
-<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.)
+<code class="code">afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code class="code">\parskip</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>style</var></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="startsection-style"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></span><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
-commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>,
-<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command
-in <var>style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
+<dt><var class="var">style</var></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-style"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
+commands to use here are <code class="code">\centering</code>, <code class="code">\raggedright</code>,
+<code class="code">\normalfont</code>, <code class="code">\hrule</code>, or <code class="code">\newpage</code>. The last command
+in <var class="var">style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as
+<code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> or <code class="code">\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
-instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
+instance, setting <var class="var">style</var> to <code class="code">\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
-are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>,
-<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+are defined with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, for the <samp class="file">article</samp>,
+<samp class="file">book</samp>, and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
-<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
-<var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>.
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li>For <code class="code">section</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 1, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>,
+<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is
+<code class="code">\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>.
-</li><li> For <code>subsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 2, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
-<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="nolinebreak">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>,
-<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>.
+</li><li>For <code class="code">subsection</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 2, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>,
+<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>,
+<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is
+<code class="code">\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>.
-</li><li> <p>For <code>subsubsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 3, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
-<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
-<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
-</p></li></ul>
+</li><li><div class="raggedright"><p class="raggedright-paragraph">For <code class="code">subsubsection</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 3, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>,
+<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is
+<code class="code">\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
+</p></div></li></ul>
<p>Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or in the
preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they
-must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
-<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
+must go between a <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> command and a
+<code class="code">\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code class="code">You can't use
`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.)
-See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>.
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>.
</p>
<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says
-<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX’s standard classes have already
-defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
-<code>section</code> counter, or the commands <code>\thesection</code> and
-<code>\l at section</code>.
+<code class="code">\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX’s standard classes have already
+defined a <code class="code">\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a
+<code class="code">section</code> counter, or the commands <code class="code">\thesection</code> and
+<code class="code">\l at section</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{%
- \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>
- {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>
- {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>
- {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>
- {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>
- {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand\section{%
+ \@startsection{section}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var class="var">name</var></a>
+ {1}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var class="var">level</var></a>
+ {0pt}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var class="var">indent</var></a>
+ {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var class="var">beforeskip</var></a>
+ {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var class="var">afterskip</var></a>
+ {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var class="var">style</var></a>
}
</pre></div>
-<p>This will put <code>subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
+<p>This will put <code class="code">subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{%
- \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a>
- {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a>
- {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a>
- {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a>
- {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a>
- {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand\subsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsection}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var class="var">name</var></a>
+ {2}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var class="var">level</var></a>
+ {0em}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var class="var">indent</var></a>
+ {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var class="var">beforeskip</var></a>
+ {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var class="var">afterskip</var></a>
+ {\scshape}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var class="var">style</var></a>
}
</pre></div>
@@ -4936,7 +4943,7 @@
display that counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display
{\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c at subsubparagraph}% numbering
@@ -4955,25 +4962,25 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Cross-references">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Cross-references">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Cross-references-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</h2>
-<span id="index-cross-references"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references"></a>
-<span id="index-label"></span>
-<p>We often want something like ‘<samp>See Theorem~31</samp>’. But by-hand typing
-the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em>label</em> such as
-<code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em>reference</em> it, as with
-<code>See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>. LaTeX will automatically
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-label"></a>
+<p>We often want something like ‘<samp class="samp">See Theorem~31</samp>’. But by-hand typing
+the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em class="dfn">label</em> such as
+<code class="code">\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em class="dfn">reference</em> it, as with
+<code class="code">See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>. LaTeX will automatically
work out the number, put it into the output, and will change that number
later if needed.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
+<pre class="example-preformatted">We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
...
\begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm}
...
@@ -4983,63 +4990,63 @@
</pre></div>
<p>LaTeX tracks cross reference information in a file having the
-extension <samp>.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing
-the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <samp>calculus.tex</samp> then
-the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
-information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
+extension <samp class="file">.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing
+the <code class="code">\label</code>. So if <code class="code">\label</code> is in <samp class="file">calculus.tex</samp> then
+the information is in <samp class="file">calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
+information in that file every time it runs across a <code class="code">\label</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-forward-reference"></span>
-<span id="index-reference_002c-forward"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-forward-reference"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
<p>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
-happens when your document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref</code>
-that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
-time that you are compiling the document then you will get ‘<samp>LaTeX
+happens when your document has a <em class="dfn">forward reference</em>, a <code class="code">\ref</code>
+that appears before the associated <code class="code">\label</code>. If this is the first
+time that you are compiling the document then you will get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX
Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right</samp>’
and in the output the forward reference will appear as two question
-marks ‘<samp>??</samp>’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
+marks ‘<samp class="samp">??</samp>’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></span>
-<span id="index-cleveref-package"></span>
-<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
-<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
-<code>\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output ‘<samp>Theorem 3.21</samp>’, without you
+<code class="code">\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
+<code class="code">\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem 3.21</samp>’, without you
having to enter the “Theorem.”
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1"><code>\label</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2"><code>\pageref</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3"><code>\ref</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4"><code>xr</code> package</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\label</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\ref</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4"><code class="code">xr</code> package</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005clabel">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clabel">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005clabel-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clabel-1">7.1 <code class="code">\label</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005clabel"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabel"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Assign a reference number to <var>key</var>. In ordinary text
-<code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the
+<p>Assign a reference number to <var class="var">key</var>. In ordinary text
+<code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> assigns to <var class="var">key</var> the number of the
current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
-<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>
-assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the
-assigned number with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>).
+<code class="code">table</code> or <code class="code">theorem</code> environment, <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code>
+assigns to <var class="var">key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the
+assigned number with the <code class="code">\ref{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
@@ -5046,30 +5053,30 @@
distinguished, as usual.
</p>
<p>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
-separated by a colon or period. Thus, <code>\label{fig:Post}</code> is a
+separated by a colon or period. Thus, <code class="code">\label{fig:Post}</code> is a
label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid
accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your
source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>ch</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">ch</code></dt>
<dd><p>for chapters
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>sec</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>subsec</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">sec</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">subsec</code></dt>
<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>fig</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">fig</code></dt>
<dd><p>for figures
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>tab</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">tab</code></dt>
<dd><p>for tables
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>eq</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">eq</code></dt>
<dd><p>for equations
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -5076,17 +5083,17 @@
<p>In the auxiliary file the reference information is kept as the text of
a command of the form
-<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>.
-Here <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
-<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
-<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>.
+<code class="code">\newlabel{<var class="var">label</var>}{{<var class="var">currentlabel</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}}</code>.
+Here <var class="var">currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro
+<code class="code">\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call
+<code class="code">\refstepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Below, the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the current
-section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the figure.
+<p>Below, the key <code class="code">sec:test</code> will get the number of the current
+section and the key <code class="code">fig:test</code> will get the number of the figure.
(Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{section name}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{section name}
\label{sec:test}
This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
\begin{figure}
@@ -5100,37 +5107,37 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpageref">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpageref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref-1">7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpageref"></span>
-<span id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></span>
-<span id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpageref"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pageref{<var class="var">key</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
-<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.
+<code class="code">\label</code>{<var class="var">key</var>} command appears.
</p>
-<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like
-‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
+<p>If there is no <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
input line 11.</samp>’
</p>
-<p>Below, the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the formula number
+<p>Below, the <code class="code">\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the formula number
and for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward
references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve
those.)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
...
\begin{equation} \label{eq:main}
\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}
@@ -5140,41 +5147,41 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cref">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cref">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cref-1">7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cref"></span>
-<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></span>
-<span id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
-<span id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
-<span id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cref"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ref{<var class="var">key</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding
-<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>). It does not produce any text,
+<code class="code">\label</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005clabel"><code class="code">\label</code></a>). It does not produce any text,
such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself.
</p>
-<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like
-‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
+<p>If there is no <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
input line 11.</samp>’
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces ‘<samp>2</samp>’. Note that
-it is a forward reference since it comes before <code>\label{popular}</code>
+<p>In this example the <code class="code">\ref{popular}</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">2</samp>’. Note that
+it is a forward reference since it comes before <code class="code">\label{popular}</code>
so this document would have to be compiled twice.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Plain \TeX
\item \label{popular} \LaTeX
@@ -5182,52 +5189,52 @@
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></span>
-<span id="index-cleveref-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package includes text such as ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’ in the
+<p>The <code class="code">cleveref</code> package includes text such as ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem</samp>’ in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="xr-package">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="xr-package">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="xr-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="xr-package-1">7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package</h3>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xr"></span>
-<span id="index-xr-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xr"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xr-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"></span>
-<span id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></a>
-<span id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></span>
-<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
- \externaldocument{<var>document-basename</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr}
+ \externaldocument{<var class="var">document-basename</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
- \externaldocument[<var>reference-prefix</var>]{<var>document-basename</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr}
+ \externaldocument[<var class="var">reference-prefix</var>]{<var class="var">document-basename</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Make cross references to the external document
-<samp><var>document-basename</var>.tex</samp>.
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">document-basename</var>.tex</samp>.
</p>
-<p>Here is an example. If <samp>lectures.tex</samp> has this in the preamble
+<p>Here is an example. If <samp class="file">lectures.tex</samp> has this in the preamble
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr}
\externaldocument{exercises}
\externaldocument[H-]{hints}
\externaldocument{answers}
@@ -5234,143 +5241,143 @@
</pre></div>
<p>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
-Suppose that <samp>exercises.tex</samp> has an enumerated list containing
+Suppose that <samp class="file">exercises.tex</samp> has an enumerated list containing
this,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
</pre></div>
-<p>and <samp>hints.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
+<p>and <samp class="file">hints.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
</pre></div>
-<p>and <samp>answers.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
+<p>and <samp class="file">answers.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
are exactly two vertices.
</pre></div>
<p>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
-this in the body of <samp>lectures.tex</samp> will result in the lectures
+this in the body of <samp class="file">lectures.tex</samp> will result in the lectures
getting the reference numbers used in the other documents.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}.
The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}.
</pre></div>
-<p>The prefix <code>H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed
+<p>The prefix <code class="code">H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed
because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the
exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the
number from the later file.
</p>
-<p>Note: if the document uses the <code>hyperref</code> package then in place of
-<code>xr</code>, put <code>\usepackage{xr-hyper}</code> before the
-<code>\usepackage{hyperref}</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents
-uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
+<p>Note: if the document uses the <code class="code">hyperref</code> package then in place of
+<code class="code">xr</code>, put <code class="code">\usepackage{xr-hyper}</code> before the
+<code class="code">\usepackage{hyperref}</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents
+uses <code class="code">hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Environments">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Environments">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Environments-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Environments-1">8 Environments</h2>
-<span id="index-environments"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbegin"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cend"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environments"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbegin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cend"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
-An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
+An environment begins with <code class="code">\begin</code> and ends with <code class="code">\end</code>,
like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment-name</var>}
...
-\end{<var>environment-name</var>}
+\end{<var class="var">environment-name</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+<p>The <var class="var">environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. For instance, the input
-<code>\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like:
-‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
+<code class="code">\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like:
+‘<samp class="samp">! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
\end{table}.</samp>’
</p>
-<span id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a>
<p>Environments are executed within a group.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#abstract" accesskey="1"><code>abstract</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#array" accesskey="2"><code>array</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#center" accesskey="3"><code>center</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#description" accesskey="4"><code>description</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5"><code>displaymath</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#document" accesskey="6"><code>document</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7"><code>enumerate</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8"><code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#equation" accesskey="9"><code>equation</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#filecontents"><code>filecontents</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#letter"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#math"><code>math</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#tabbing"><code>tabbing</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#table"><code>table</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#theorem"><code>theorem</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#verse"><code>verse</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#abstract" accesskey="1"><code class="code">abstract</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#array" accesskey="2"><code class="code">array</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#center" accesskey="3"><code class="code">center</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#description" accesskey="4"><code class="code">description</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#document" accesskey="6"><code class="code">document</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#equation" accesskey="9"><code class="code">equation</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#filecontents"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#flushright"><code class="code">flushright</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#letter"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#math"><code class="code">math</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#tabbing"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#theorem"><code class="code">theorem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#verse"><code class="code">verse</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="abstract">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="abstract">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="abstract-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="abstract-1">8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></span>
-<span id="index-abstract-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstract-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-abstracts"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstracts"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>
<p>Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This environment
-is only defined in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> document classes
-(see <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>).
+is only defined in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code> document classes
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>).
</p>
-<p>Using the example below in the <code>article</code> class produces a displayed
-paragraph. Document class option <code>titlepage</code> causes the abstract
-to be on a separate page (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the
-default only in the <code>report</code> class.
+<p>Using the example below in the <code class="code">article</code> class produces a displayed
+paragraph. Document class option <code class="code">titlepage</code> causes the abstract
+to be on a separate page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the
+default only in the <code class="code">report</code> class.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{abstract}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{abstract}
We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
@@ -5377,14 +5384,14 @@
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-abstract"></span>
-<span id="index-abstract-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-abstract"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstract-package"></a>
<p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
-a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
+a more flexible solution, use the package <code class="code">abstract</code>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
...
\begin{document}
\title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach}
@@ -5407,23 +5414,23 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="array">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="array">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="array-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="array-1">8.2 <code class="code">array</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-array"></span>
-<span id="index-array-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-arrays_002c-math"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>cols</var>}
- <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}{<var class="var">cols</var>}
+ <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{array}
</pre></div>
@@ -5431,22 +5438,22 @@
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
- <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>}
+ <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{array}
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math
-mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), and normally appears within a displayed
-mathematics environment such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>).
+mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>), and normally appears within a displayed
+mathematics environment such as <code class="code">equation</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>).
Inside of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand,
-(<code>&</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
+(<code class="code">&</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example shows a three by three array.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation*}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation*}
\chi(x) =
\left| % vertical bar fence
\begin{array}{ccc}
@@ -5458,45 +5465,45 @@
\end{equation*}
</pre></div>
-<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
+<p>The required argument <var class="var">cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
-<code>\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the
+<code class="code">\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the
first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
-<a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the
+<a class="ref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> for the complete description of <var class="var">cols</var> and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
-<var>pos</var> argument.
+<var class="var">pos</var> argument.
</p>
-<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
-first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
-textstyle (see <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
-the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
-text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>’s parameter
-<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX’s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
+<p>There are two ways that <code class="code">array</code> diverges from <code class="code">tabular</code>. The
+first is that <code class="code">array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
+textstyle (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>) except if the <var class="var">cols</var> definition specifies
+the column with <code class="code">p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
+text mode. The second is that, instead of <code class="code">tabular</code>’s parameter
+<code class="code">\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX’s intercolumn space in an <code class="code">array</code> is
governed by
-<span id="index-_005carraycolsep"></span>
-<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
-default for this is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ so that between two columns comes
-10pt of space.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
+<code class="code">\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
+default for this is ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ so that between two columns comes
+10<span class="dmn">pt</span> of space.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package"></a>
-<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code>amsmath</code>
-package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by parentheses <code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
-surrounded by square brackets <code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
-array surrounded by curly braces <code>{...}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
-an array surrounded by vertical bars <code>|...|</code>, and
-<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
-bars <code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
+<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code class="code">amsmath</code>
+package. It comes with environments <code class="code">pmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by parentheses <code class="code">(...)</code>, <code class="code">bmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by square brackets <code class="code">[...]</code>, <code class="code">Bmatrix</code> for an
+array surrounded by curly braces <code class="code">{...}</code>, <code class="code">vmatrix</code> for
+an array surrounded by vertical bars <code class="code">|...|</code>, and
+<code class="code">Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
+bars <code class="code">||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
-<p>The next example uses the <code>amsmath</code> package.
+<p>The next example uses the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
\begin{equation}
\begin{vmatrix}{cc} % array with vert lines
@@ -5506,14 +5513,14 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-array"></span>
-<span id="index-array-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-array"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></span>
-<span id="index-dcolumn-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dcolumn-package"></a>
-<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code>array</code> package has
-many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code>dcolumn</code>
+<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code class="code">array</code> package has
+many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code class="code">dcolumn</code>
package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
@@ -5520,24 +5527,24 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="center">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="center">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="center-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="center-1">8.3 <code class="code">center</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-center"></span>
-<span id="index-center-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-center-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
- <var>line1</var> \\
- <var>line2</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
+ <var class="var">line1</var> \\
+ <var class="var">line2</var> \\
...
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -5544,14 +5551,14 @@
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
-double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></span>
+double-backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
-<a href="#g_t_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005ccentering"><code class="code">\centering</code></a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code class="code">figure</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
@@ -5558,7 +5565,7 @@
space between the last two lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
the School of Environmental Engineering
@@ -5572,7 +5579,7 @@
ending.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink
alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\
I grew up in that belief. ---Richard Burton
@@ -5587,42 +5594,42 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1"><code>\centering</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\centering</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccentering">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>center</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">center</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccentering-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering-1">8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005ccentering"></span>
-<span id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccentering"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\centering ... }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\centering ... }
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{group}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{group}
\centering ...
\end{group}
</pre></div>
<p>Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
-environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+environment such as <code class="code">figure</code>, or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>.
</p>
-<p>This example’s <code>\centering</code> declaration causes the graphic to be
+<p>This example’s <code class="code">\centering</code> declaration causes the graphic to be
horizontally centered.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}
\caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
@@ -5629,100 +5636,100 @@
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>The scope of this <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
+<p>The scope of this <code class="code">\centering</code> ends with the <code class="code">\end{figure}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does
+<p>Unlike the <code class="code">center</code> environment, the <code class="code">\centering</code> command does
not add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage
in the above example; there is not an excess of space.
</p>
<p>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
-formats paragraph units. If <code>ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is
+formats paragraph units. If <code class="code">ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is
surrounded by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose
-first line ‘<samp>ww xx</samp>’ is centered and whose second line, not centered,
-contains ‘<samp>yy zz</samp>’. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the
-declaration to contain a blank line or the <code>\end</code> command of an
-environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the
-paragraph unit. Thus, if <code>{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is
+first line ‘<samp class="samp">ww xx</samp>’ is centered and whose second line, not centered,
+contains ‘<samp class="samp">yy zz</samp>’. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the
+declaration to contain a blank line or the <code class="code">\end</code> command of an
+environment such as <code class="code">figure</code> or <code class="code">table</code> that ends the
+paragraph unit. Thus, if <code class="code">{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is
surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two
-centered lines ‘<samp>xx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>yy</samp>’, followed by a new paragraph with
-‘<samp>zz</samp>’ that is formatted as usual.
+centered lines ‘<samp class="samp">xx</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">yy</samp>’, followed by a new paragraph with
+‘<samp class="samp">zz</samp>’ that is formatted as usual.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="description">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="description">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="description-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="description-1">8.4 <code class="code">description</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-description"></span>
-<span id="index-description-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-description-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></span>
-<span id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{description}
- \item[<var>label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
- \item[<var>label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{description}
+ \item[<var class="var">label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var class="var">label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var>
...
\end{description}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s <var>label</var> is
+<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s <var class="var">label</var> is
typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
-none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{description}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{description}
\item[lama] A priest.
\item[llama] A beast.
\end{description}
</pre></div>
-<p>The labels ‘<samp>lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp>llama</samp>’ are output in boldface, with the
+<p>The labels ‘<samp class="samp">lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">llama</samp>’ are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005citem"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). Use the
-optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
-no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem"></a>
+<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). Use the
+optional labels, as in <code class="code">\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
+no sensible default. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<span id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></span>
-<span id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
-change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
+change given in argument style (see <a class="ref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
-<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
+<code class="code">\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this
example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style:
-<code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman
-font with <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
+<code class="code">\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman
+font with <code class="code">\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
</p>
-<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>
-and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
-<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is
+<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>
+and <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
+<code class="code">description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is
boldface and flush left at all levels.
</p>
<p>For information about list layout parameters, including the default
values, and for information about customizing list layout, see
-<a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing
+<a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing
lists.
</p>
<p>This example changes the description labels to small caps.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%
{\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}
</pre></div>
@@ -5729,108 +5736,108 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="displaymath">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="displaymath">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="displaymath-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="displaymath-1">8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></span>
-<span id="index-displaymath-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
- <var>mathematical text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
+ <var class="var">mathematical text</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to typeset the <var>mathematical text</var> on its own line, in
+<p>Environment to typeset the <var class="var">mathematical text</var> on its own line, in
display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
-global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
+global option <code class="code">fleqn</code>; see <a class="ref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
-<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
+<p>In the <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
-<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>).
+<code class="code">equation</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
+<p>LaTeX will not break the <var class="var">math text</var> across lines.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-2"></a>
-<p>Note that the <code>amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive
+<p>Note that the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></span>
-<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
-<code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></a>
+<p>The construct <code class="code">\[<var class="var">math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<code class="code">\begin{displaymath} <var class="var">math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
+<code class="code">displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
</p>
-<span id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></span>
-<p>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></a>
+<p>(Aside: The construct <code class="code">$$<var class="var">math</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is
+sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code class="code">displaymath</code>. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all;
-<code>$$</code> doesn’t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform
+<code class="code">$$</code> doesn’t support the <code class="code">fleqn</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform
consistency checks.)
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
\int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
<p>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version
-<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces.
+<code class="code">\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="document">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="document">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="document-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="document-1">8.6 <code class="code">document</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-document"></span>
-<span id="index-document-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-environment"></a>
-<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
-It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
+<p>The <code class="code">document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
+It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a class="xref" href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1">8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></span>
-<span id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\AtBeginDocument{<var>code</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtBeginDocument{<var class="var">code</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it when <code>\begin{document}</code> is
+<p>Save <var class="var">code</var> and execute it when <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> is
executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after
the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the
document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of
@@ -5842,28 +5849,28 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1">8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></span>
-<span id="index-end-of-document-hook"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\AtEndDocument{<var>code</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtEndDocument{<var class="var">code</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it near the end of the document.
-Specifically, it is executed when <code>\end{document}</code> is executed,
+<p>Save <var class="var">code</var> and execute it near the end of the document.
+Specifically, it is executed when <code class="code">\end{document}</code> is executed,
before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating
environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed
-after these two processes then include a <code>\clearpage</code> at the
-appropriate point in <var>code</var>.
+after these two processes then include a <code class="code">\clearpage</code> at the
+appropriate point in <var class="var">code</var>.
</p>
<p>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
@@ -5872,24 +5879,24 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="enumerate">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="enumerate">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="enumerate-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="enumerate-1">8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></span>
-<span id="index-enumerate-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
- \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
- \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate}
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var>
...
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
@@ -5896,70 +5903,70 @@
<p>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the
label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see
-below. The default top-level numbering is ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’,
-etc. Each <code>enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item;
-having none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+below. The default top-level numbering is ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’,
+etc. Each <code class="code">enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item;
+having none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
-As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘<samp>1.</samp>’ and
-‘<samp>2.</samp>’.
+As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’ and
+‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate}
\item Johnny Hayes (USA)
\item Charles Hefferon (RSA)
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005citem-1"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
-give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
-brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
-will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). That is, you
-will get labels like ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, then ‘<samp>Interstitial label</samp>’, then
-‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-1"></a>
+<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
+give <code class="code">\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code class="code">\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
+will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). That is, you
+will get labels like ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, then ‘<samp class="samp">Interstitial label</samp>’, then
+‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is optional text, which may
contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments,
-or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code>
-(see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s
+<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code class="code">enumerate</code> environments,
+or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code class="code">itemize</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s
default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level,
the outermost level.
</p>
-<ol>
-<li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, …
-</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp>(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp>(b)</samp>’ …
-</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp>i.</samp>’, ‘<samp>ii.</samp>’, …
-</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp>A.</samp>’, ‘<samp>B.</samp>’, …
+<ol class="enumerate">
+<li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’, …
+</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp class="samp">(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">(b)</samp>’ …
+</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">i.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">ii.</samp>’, …
+</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">A.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">B.</samp>’, …
</li></ol>
-<span id="index-_005cenumi"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cenumii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cenumiii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cenumiv"></span>
-<span id="enumerate-enumi"></span><span id="enumerate-enumii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiv"></span><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
-<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumi"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumiv"></a><p>The <code class="code">enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code class="code">\enumi</code> through
+<code class="code">\enumiv</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
-<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>. For information about list layout
+<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>. For information about list layout
parameters, including the default values, and for information about
-customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is
+customizing list layout, see <a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is
useful for customizing lists.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005clabelenumi"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelenumii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></span>
-<span id="enumerate-labelenumi"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></span><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
-through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumi"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></a><p>To change the format of the label use <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) on the commands <code class="code">\labelenumi</code>
+through <code class="code">\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cAlph-example"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Shows as boldface A
\item Shows as boldface B
@@ -5966,33 +5973,33 @@
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
+<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="eqnarray">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="eqnarray">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="eqnarray-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="eqnarray-1">8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></span>
-<span id="index-eqnarray-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></span>
-<span id="index-aligning-equations"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aligning-equations"></a>
-<span id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></span>
-<span id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></span>
-<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
-<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
-should include the <code>amsmath</code> package and use the displayed
-mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
+should include the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package and use the displayed
+mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code class="code">align</code>
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
working with old documents.
</p>
@@ -5999,8 +6006,8 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray}
- <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray}
+ <var class="var">first formula left</var> &<var class="var">first formula middle</var> &<var class="var">first formula right</var> \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
</pre></div>
@@ -6008,33 +6015,33 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*}
- <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray*}
+ <var class="var">first formula left</var> &<var class="var">first formula middle</var> &<var class="var">first formula right</var> \\
...
\end{eqnarray*}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
<p>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
</p>
-<p>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
-within a row separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>), and with rows
-separated by double backslash <code>\\</code>).
-<span id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
-The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
-equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
+<p>It is similar to a three-column <code class="code">array</code> environment, with items
+within a row separated by an ampersand (<code class="code">&</code>), and with rows
+separated by double backslash <code class="code">\\</code>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
+The starred form of line break (<code class="code">\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
+equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cnonumber"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></span>
-<p>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
-line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
-<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnonumber"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a>
+<p>The unstarred form <code class="code">eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
+line (using the <code class="code">equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
+<code class="code">\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code class="code">eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005clefteqn"></span>
-<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clefteqn"></a>
+<p>The command <code class="code">\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
</p>
@@ -6042,7 +6049,7 @@
while the third line has not entry on the left side.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray*}
\lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n} \\
&\leq &y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n \\
&= &z+y_3+\cdots+y_n
@@ -6052,64 +6059,64 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="equation">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="equation">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="equation-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="equation-1">8.9 <code class="code">equation</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-equation"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></span>
-<span id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- <var>mathematical text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
+ <var class="var">mathematical text</var>
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The same as a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>)
+<p>The same as a <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#displaymath"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>)
except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
-The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
+The equation number is generated using the <code class="code">equation</code> counter.
</p>
-<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and
-<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
+<p>You should have no blank lines between <code class="code">\begin{equation}</code> and
+<code class="code">\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-3"></a>
-<p>The package <code>amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation
+<p>The package <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="figure">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="figure">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="figure-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="figure-1">8.10 <code class="code">figure</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-figure"></span>
-<span id="index-figure-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-inserting-figures"></span>
-<span id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inserting-figures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>]
- <var>figure body</var>
- \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
- \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}[<var class="var">placement</var>]
+ <var class="var">figure body</var>
+ \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % optional
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
@@ -6116,10 +6123,10 @@
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>]
- <var>figure body</var>
- \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
- \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure*}[<var class="var">placement</var>]
+ <var class="var">figure body</var>
+ \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % optional
\end{figure*}
</pre></div>
@@ -6127,28 +6134,28 @@
example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such
as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in
sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient
-place, such as the top of a following page (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).
+place, such as the top of a following page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>).
</p>
-<p>The <var>figure body</var> can consist of imported graphics
-(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>), or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a
-<code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
+<p>The <var class="var">figure body</var> can consist of imported graphics
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>), or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a
+<code class="code">parbox</code> of width <code class="code">\textwidth</code>.
</p>
-<p>The possible values of <var>placement</var> are <code>h</code> for ‘<samp>here</samp>’,
-<code>t</code> for ‘<samp>top</samp>’, <code>b</code> for ‘<samp>bottom</samp>’, and <code>p</code> for
-‘<samp>on a separate page of floats</samp>’. For the effect of these options on
-the float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+<p>The possible values of <var class="var">placement</var> are <code class="code">h</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">here</samp>’,
+<code class="code">t</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">top</samp>’, <code class="code">b</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">bottom</samp>’, and <code class="code">p</code> for
+‘<samp class="samp">on a separate page of floats</samp>’. For the effect of these options on
+the float placement algorithm, see <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
-double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>). It produces a figure that
+<p>The starred form <code class="code">figure*</code> is used when a document is in
+double-column mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
-placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
-in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var class="var">placement</var> <code class="code">b</code>
+in <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span>
-<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption
-text for the figure (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is numbered.
-If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures
-instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
+<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). The optional <code class="code">\caption</code> command specifies caption
+text for the figure (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code class="code">\caption</code></a>). By default it is numbered.
+If <var class="var">loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures
+instead of <var class="var">title</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. LaTeX will place that
graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
@@ -6155,7 +6162,7 @@
end of the document, on a page of floats.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
@@ -6167,27 +6174,27 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="filecontents">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="filecontents">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="filecontents-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="filecontents-1">8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></span>
-<span id="index-filecontents-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></span>
-<span id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></span>
-<span id="index-writing-external-files"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-external-files"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
- <var>text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{filecontents}[<var class="var">option</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+ <var class="var">text</var>
\end{filecontents}
</pre></div>
@@ -6194,34 +6201,34 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents*}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
- <var>text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{filecontents*}[<var class="var">option</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+ <var class="var">text</var>
\end{filecontents*}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory (or the
-output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write
-<var>text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
+<p>Create a file named <var class="var">filename</var> in the current directory (or the
+output directory, if specified; see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write
+<var class="var">text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
</p>
<p>The unstarred version of the environment
-<code>filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a
+<code class="code">filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a
header of TeX comments; see the example below. The starred
-version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
+version <code class="code">filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
</p>
<p>The possible options are:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>force</code><a href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>overwrite</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">force</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">overwrite</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></a>
<p>Overwrite an existing file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>noheader</code><a href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
+<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">noheader</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code class="code">filecontents*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>nosearch</code><a href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">nosearch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</p>
@@ -6230,11 +6237,11 @@
<p>These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX.
</p>
-<span id="index-self_002dcontained-sources"></span>
-<span id="index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-self_002dcontained-sources"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained"></a>
<p>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
-often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is
-commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the
+often appears before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command. It is
+commonly used to create a <code class="code">.bib</code> or other such data file from the
main document source, to make the source file self-contained.
Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file,
again making the source self-contained.
@@ -6242,7 +6249,7 @@
<p>For example, this document:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\begin{filecontents}{JH.sty}
\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron}
\end{filecontents}
@@ -6252,10 +6259,10 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces this file <samp>JH.sty</samp>:
+<p>produces this file <samp class="file">JH.sty</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
+<pre class="example-preformatted">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
%% generated by the `filecontents' environment
%% from source `test' on 2015/10/12.
%%
@@ -6265,42 +6272,42 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="flushleft">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="flushleft">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="flushleft-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="flushleft-1">8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></span>
-<span id="index-flushleft-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
-<span id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
- <var>line1</var> \\
- <var>line2</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushleft}
+ <var class="var">line1</var> \\
+ <var class="var">line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"></a>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a double
-backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
-see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>.
+backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>.
</p>
<p>This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text
flush left and ragged right.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
\begin{flushleft}
A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{}
at a convenient spot. \\
@@ -6312,54 +6319,54 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedright">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushleft</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedright-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright-1">8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005craggedright"></span>
-<span id="index-ragged-right-text"></span>
-<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></span>
-<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedright"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\raggedright ... }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\raggedright ... }
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedright
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment</var>} \raggedright
...
-\end{<var>environment</var>}
+\end{<var class="var">environment</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
-ragged right. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
-or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
-see <a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>.
+ragged right. It can be used inside an <var class="var">environment</var> such as <code class="code">quote</code>
+or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see <a class="ref" href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
+<p>Unlike the <code class="code">flushleft</code> environment, the <code class="code">\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
-scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
+scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class="code">\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
-<p>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing
-very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
-that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces <code>{...}</code> to
-delimit its effect.
+<p>Here <code class="code">\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from
+doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column.
+Note that <code class="code">\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces
+<code class="code">{...}</code> to delimit its effect.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
Team beta &{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
cooler is never empty.} \\
@@ -6370,213 +6377,213 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="flushright">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="flushright">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="flushright-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="flushright-1">8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></span>
-<span id="index-flushright-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushright-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
-<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
- <var>line1</var> \\
- <var>line2</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushright}
+ <var class="var">line1</var> \\
+ <var class="var">line2</var> \\
...
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that
avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a new
-line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
-see <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>.
+line use a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedleft"><code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
-<code>flushright</code>.
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a class="ref" href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">flushleft</code> by
+<code class="code">flushright</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedleft">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushright</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushright</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft-1">8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005craggedleft"></span>
-<span id="index-ragged-left-text"></span>
-<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></span>
-<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\raggedleft ... }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\raggedleft ... }
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedleft
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment</var>} \raggedleft
...
-\end{<var>environment</var>}
+\end{<var class="var">environment</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
-ragged left. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
-or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
-see <a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a>.
+ragged left. It can be used inside an <var class="var">environment</var> such as <code class="code">quote</code>
+or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see <a class="ref" href="#flushright"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
+<p>Unlike the <code class="code">flushright</code> environment, the <code class="code">\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
-scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
+scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class="code">\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
-<code>\raggedleft</code>.
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">\raggedright</code> by
+<code class="code">\raggedleft</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="itemize">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="itemize">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="itemize-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="itemize-1">8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></span>
-<span id="index-itemize-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-itemize-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-_005citem-2"></span>
-<span id="index-lists-of-items"></span>
-<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span>
-<span id="index-bulleted-lists"></span>
-<span id="index-bullet-lists"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unordered-lists"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bulleted-lists"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet-lists"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
- \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
- \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{itemize}
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var>
...
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce an <em>unordered list</em>, sometimes called a bullet list. There
-must be at least one <code>\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the
-LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’.
+<p>Produce an <em class="dfn">unordered list</em>, sometimes called a bullet list. There
+must be at least one <code class="code">\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the
+LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This gives a two-item list.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{itemize}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{itemize}
\item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra
\item Rice portrait
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>With the default locale—without loading e.g. <code>babel</code> package
+<p>With the default locale—without loading e.g. <code class="code">babel</code> package
with another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling
depends on the nesting level; see below.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005citem-3"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
-give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
-brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
-<var>Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-3"></a>
+<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
+give <code class="code">\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
+brackets, as in <code class="code">\item[<var class="var">Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
+<var class="var">Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the
-<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of
+<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> environment. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is the text of
the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
-as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>).
+as <code class="code">enumerate</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_005clabelitemi"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelitemii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></span>
-<span id="itemize-labelitemi"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiv"></span><p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
-through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemi"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemiv"></a><p>The <code class="code">itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code class="code">\labelitemi</code>
+through <code class="code">\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the
convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names
that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each
level.
</p>
-<ol>
-<li> • (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>)
-</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
-</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>)
-</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
+<ol class="enumerate">
+<li> • (bullet, from <code class="code">\textbullet</code>)
+</li><li> <b class="b">-<span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code class="code">\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
+</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code>)
+</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code>)
</li></ol>
-<p>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
+<p>Change the labels with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
the first level use diamonds.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmargin"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmargini"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></span>
-<span id="itemize-leftmargin"></span><span id="itemize-leftmargini"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></span><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
-the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
-parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmargin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmargini"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmargin"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmargini"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginv"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></a><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+the left margin of the <code class="code">itemize</code> list is determined by the
+parameters <code class="code">\leftmargini</code> through <code class="code">\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also
uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the
command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
-<code>2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in
-level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with
+<code class="code">2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code class="code">2em</code> in two-column mode), <code class="code">2.2em</code> in
+level 2, <code class="code">1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code class="code">1.7em</code> in level 4, with
smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></span>
-<span id="index-enumitem-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumitem-package"></a>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
-<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. The <code>itemize</code>,
-<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list
+<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>. The <code class="code">itemize</code>,
+<code class="code">enumerate</code> and <code class="code">description</code> environment use the same list
layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
-for information about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The
-package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+for information about customizing list layout, see <a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The
+package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
lists.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cparskip-example"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
-space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
+space between items. Here is an example defining an <code class="code">itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
-within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>):
+within a single item (<code class="code">\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
@@ -6587,40 +6594,40 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="letter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="letter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></span><h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters">8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-letter"></span>
-<span id="index-letter-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-environment"></a>
-<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
+<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a class="xref" href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="list">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="list">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="list-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="list-1">8.16 <code class="code">list</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-list"></span>
-<span id="index-list-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
- \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var>
- \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{list}{<var class="var">labeling</var>}{<var class="var">spacing</var>}
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var>
+ \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var>
...
\end{list}
</pre></div>
@@ -6629,19 +6636,19 @@
</p>
<p>Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document
body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come
-standard: the <code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code>
-environments (see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>, <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>, and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>).
+standard: the <code class="code">description</code>, <code class="code">enumerate</code>, and <code class="code">itemize</code>
+environments (see <a class="pxref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, and <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Instead, the <code>list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For
+<p>Instead, the <code class="code">list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For
example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately
-appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code>list</code>, including
-<code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, and <code>center</code> (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, see <a href="#center"><code>center</code></a>).
+appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code class="code">list</code>, including
+<code class="code">quotation</code>, <code class="code">quote</code>, and <code class="code">center</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, see <a class="pxref" href="#center"><code class="code">center</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This uses the <code>list</code> environment to define a new custom
+<p>This uses the <code class="code">list</code> environment to define a new custom
environment.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
\newenvironment{named}
{\begin{list}
{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling
@@ -6657,164 +6664,164 @@
\end{named}
</pre></div>
-<p>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default
+<p>The mandatory first argument <var class="var">labeling</var> specifies the default
labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as
-above where it contains both ‘<samp>Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp>\Roman{…}</samp>’.
-LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box
-of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
+above where it contains both ‘<samp class="samp">Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">\Roman{…}</samp>’.
+LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var class="var">labeling</var> argument in a box
+of width <code class="code">\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
-<code>list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
+<code class="code">list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code class="code">\item</code> an
optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
-above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>.
+above <code class="code">\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> has a list of commands.
+<p>The mandatory second argument <var class="var">spacing</var> has a list of commands.
This list can be empty. A command that can go in here is
-<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>). Use this
+<code class="code">\usecounter{<var class="var">countername</var>}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>). Use this
to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The
counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
-<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
+<code class="code">\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cmakelabel"></span>
-<span id="list-makelabel"></span><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
-<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="list-makelabel"></a><p>Another command that can go in <var class="var">spacing</var> is
+<code class="code">\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
-typesets in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its
-definition is that to the above <code>named</code> example, before the
+typesets in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its
+definition is that to the above <code class="code">named</code> example, before the
definition of the environment add
-<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
-the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
-<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
+the <code class="code">\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
+<var class="var">spacing</var> argument also add <code class="code">\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
-second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
-framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below,
-in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment.
+second code line to <code class="code">\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
+framed box. Another example of the <code class="code">\makelabel</code> command is below,
+in the definition of the <code class="code">redlabel</code> environment.
</p>
-<p>Also often in <var>spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the
+<p>Also often in <var class="var">spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the
list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
-(Default values for derived environments such as <code>itemize</code> can be
+(Default values for derived environments such as <code class="code">itemize</code> can be
different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
-the list. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are
-normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components,
+the list. Each is a length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are
+normally rubber lengths, with <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> components,
to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
-command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
+command such as <code class="code">\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code>\itemindent</code><a href='#index-_005citemindent' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-itemindent"></span><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
-first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code class="code">\itemindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemindent'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code class="code">leftmargin</code>, of the
+first line each item. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code>\itemsep</code><a href='#index-_005citemsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-itemsep"></span><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
-for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’,
-and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
-minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
-<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
-11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is,
-<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
-plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
-minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
-<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code class="code">\itemsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code class="code">\parsep</code>. The defaults
+for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’,
+and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt plus2pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
+11 point are: <code class="code">4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is,
+<code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt
+plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt
+minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
+<code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code>\labelsep</code><a href='#index-_005clabelsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-labelsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
-The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’,
-and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code class="code">\labelsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’,
+and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes is <code class="code">0.5em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code>\labelwidth</code><a href='#index-_005clabelwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-labelwidth"></span><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
-If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
+<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code class="code">\labelwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+If <code class="code">\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
-If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
-<code>\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset
+If <code class="code">\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
+<code class="code">\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset
flush right in a box of this width.
</p>
<p>The left edge of the label box is
-<code>\leftmargin</code>+<code>\itemindent</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>-<code>\labelwidth</code>
+<code class="code">\leftmargin</code>+<code class="code">\itemindent</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>-<code class="code">\labelwidth</code>
from the left margin of the enclosing environment.
</p>
-<p>The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and
-‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at the top level is
-<code>\leftmargini</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, (which is <code>2em</code> in one column
-mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
-<code>\leftmarginii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is
-<code>\leftmarginiii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the
+<p>The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and
+‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at the top level is
+<code class="code">\leftmargini</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>, (which is <code class="code">2em</code> in one column
+mode and <code class="code">1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
+<code class="code">\leftmarginii</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is
+<code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the
label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code>\leftmargin</code><a href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-leftmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code class="code">\leftmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
</p>
<p>In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set
-to the value of <code>\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside
-a top-level list has this margin set to <code>\leftmarginii</code>. More
-deeply nested lists get the values of <code>\leftmarginiii</code> through
-<code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
-error message ‘<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>’.)
+to the value of <code class="code">\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside
+a top-level list has this margin set to <code class="code">\leftmarginii</code>. More
+deeply nested lists get the values of <code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code> through
+<code class="code">\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
+error message ‘<samp class="samp">Too deeply nested</samp>’.)
</p>
-<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’,
-‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes are: <code>\leftmargini</code> is
-<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
-<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
+<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes are: <code class="code">\leftmargini</code> is
+<code class="code">2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code class="code">2em</code>), <code class="code">\leftmarginii</code> is
+<code class="code">2.2em</code>, and <code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code> is <code class="code">1.87em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code>\listparindent</code><a href='#index-_005clistparindent' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-listparindent"></span><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
-<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
+<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code class="code">\listparindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clistparindent'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<code class="code">\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value
-is <code>0pt</code>.
+is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code>\parsep</code><a href='#index-_005cparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-parsep"></span><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
-The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’,
-‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
-plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The
-defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
-<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point
-size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
-minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code class="code">\parsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
+The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point size are: <code class="code">4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point
+size are: <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code>\partopsep</code><a href='#index-_005cpartopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-partopsep"></span><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code class="code">\partopsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartopsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code class="code">\topsep</code>+<code class="code">\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
following the list is blank does not matter.)
</p>
-<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’,
-‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>2pt
-plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt
-minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>,
-<code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The
-defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
-minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
+<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">2pt
+plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt
+minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code class="code">3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code class="code">3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The
+defaults at 12 point are: <code class="code">3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code class="code">3pt plus2pt
+minus2pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code>\rightmargin</code><a href='#index-_005crightmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-rightmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
-margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code class="code">\rightmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightmargin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code>\topsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-topsep"></span><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
-to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for
-the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and
-‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
-<code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The
-defaults at 11 point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt
-plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12
-point are: <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>,
-and <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code class="code">\topsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+to <code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for
+the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and
+‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
+<code class="code">4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point are: <code class="code">9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code class="code">4.5pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12
+point are: <code class="code">10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>,
+and <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -6822,101 +6829,101 @@
<p>This shows the horizontal and vertical distances.
</p>
<div class="float">
-<img src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list">
+<img class="image" src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list">
</div>
<p>The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the
-right edge of the bracket for <var>h1</var> equals the right edge of the
-bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at
-<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>).
+right edge of the bracket for <var class="var">h1</var> equals the right edge of the
+bracket for <var class="var">h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at
+<var class="var">h3</var>+<var class="var">h4</var>-(<var class="var">h0</var>+<var class="var">h1</var>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>v0</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><em class='math'><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">v0</var></dt>
+<dd><p><em class="math"><code class="code">\topsep</code> + <code class="code">\parskip</code></em> if
the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and
-<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does
+<code class="code">\topsep</code>+<code class="code">\parskip</code>+<code class="code">\partopsep</code> if it does
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>v1</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\parsep</code>
+<dt><var class="var">v1</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\parsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>v2</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code>
+<dt><var class="var">v2</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\itemsep</code>+<code class="code">\parsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>v3</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
+<dt><var class="var">v3</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <var class="var">v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line
appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h0</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\labelwidth</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h0</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\labelwidth</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h1</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h1</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\labelsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h2</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\listparindent</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h2</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\listparindent</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h3</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\leftmargin</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h3</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\leftmargin</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h4</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\itemindent</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h4</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\itemindent</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>h5</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p><code>\rightmargin</code>
+<dt><var class="var">h5</var></dt>
+<dd><p><code class="code">\rightmargin</code>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The list’s left and right margins, shown above as <var>h3</var> and <var>h5</var>,
+<p>The list’s left and right margins, shown above as <var class="var">h3</var> and <var class="var">h5</var>,
are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or
with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width
-used for typesetting the list items is <code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one
+used for typesetting the list items is <code class="code">\linewidth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one
quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
enclosing environment with
-<code>\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>.
+<code class="code">\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>.
</p>
<p>Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three
parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is
-<code>-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code>-51</code>. Because it is negative,
+<code class="code">-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code class="code">-51</code>. Because it is negative,
it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with,
-e.g., <code>\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
+e.g., <code class="code">\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code>\@beginparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-beginparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@beginparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code>\@itempenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-itempenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code class="code">\@itempenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code>\@endparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="list-endparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@endparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code class="code">-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></span>
-<span id="index-enumitem-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumitem-package-1"></a>
-<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+<p>The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>.
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{color}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{color}
\newcounter{cnt}
\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}}
\newenvironment{redlabel}
@@ -6935,28 +6942,28 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
-<li><a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2"><code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005citem">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list">8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item text of item
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\item text of item
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\item[<var class="var">optional-label</var>] text of item
</pre></div>
<p>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default
@@ -6963,20 +6970,20 @@
depends on the list type.
</p>
<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
-‘<samp>[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you
-have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
+‘<samp class="samp">[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you
+have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code class="code">\item
{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
</p>
<p>Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a
close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same
-way: <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>.
+way: <code class="code">\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default
label and one that uses the optional label.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate}
\item Moe
\item[sometimes] Shemp
\item Larry
@@ -6983,43 +6990,43 @@
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>The first item is labelled ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, the second item is labelled
-‘<samp>sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Because
+<p>The first item is labelled ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, the second item is labelled
+‘<samp class="samp">sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’. Because
of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not
-labelled ‘<samp>3.</samp>’.
+labelled ‘<samp class="samp">3.</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="trivlist">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="trivlist">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list">8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{trivlist}
...
\end{trivlist}
</pre></div>
<p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
-indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
+indented and an <code class="code">\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the <code>\item</code> command is part of the environment’s definition. For
-instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
+the <code class="code">\item</code> command is part of the environment’s definition. For
+instance, the <code class="code">center</code> environment is defined essentially like
this:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{center}
{\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}
{\end{trivlist}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Using <code>trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some
+<p>Using <code class="code">trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some
common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments;
detecting whether the text following the environment should be
considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one;
@@ -7026,16 +7033,16 @@
adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list
environments.
</p>
-<p>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list
-parameters (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the
-value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>,
-and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero.
+<p>Specifically, <code class="code">trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list
+parameters (see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), except that <code class="code">\parsep</code> is set to the
+value of <code class="code">\parskip</code>, and <code class="code">\leftmargin</code>, <code class="code">\labelwidth</code>,
+and <code class="code">\itemindent</code> are set to zero.
</p>
<p>This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by
default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{trivlist}
\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old.
\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
\end{trivlist}
@@ -7045,52 +7052,52 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="math">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="math">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="math-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="math-1">8.17 <code class="code">math</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-math-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-inline-formulas"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inline-formulas"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{math}
-<var>math</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{math}
+<var class="var">math</var>
\end{math}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_0024-inline-math"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></span>
-<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
-the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
-See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024-inline-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">math</code> environment inserts given <var class="var">math</var> material within
+the running text. <code class="code">\(...\)</code> and <code class="code">$...$</code> are synonyms.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="minipage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="minipage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="minipage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="minipage-1">8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></span>
-<span id="index-minipage-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minipage-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{<var>width</var>}
- <var>contents</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{<var class="var">width</var>}
+ <var class="var">contents</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
@@ -7097,22 +7104,22 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}
- <var>contents</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">inner-pos</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}
+ <var class="var">contents</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>Put <var>contents</var> into a box that is <var>width</var> wide. This is like a
+<p>Put <var class="var">contents</var> into a box that is <var class="var">width</var> wide. This is like a
small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized
lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
-floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code>minipage</code>
-is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>) but here you can have
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code class="code">minipage</code>
+is similar to <code class="code">\parbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>) but here you can have
paragraphs.
</p>
<p>This example will be 3 inches wide, and has two paragraphs.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{3in}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{3in}
Stephen Kleene was a founder of the Theory of Computation.
He was a student of Church, wrote three influential texts,
@@ -7122,35 +7129,35 @@
</pre></div>
<p>See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a
-<code>minipage</code>.
+<code class="code">minipage</code>.
</p>
-<p>The required argument <var>width</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
-It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset.
+<p>The required argument <var class="var">width</var> is a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It gives the width of the box into which <var class="var">contents</var> are typeset.
</p>
-<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
-<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
-default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
-<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} <var>contents</var>
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var class="var">position</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and
+<var class="var">inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
+default <var class="var">position</var> and set the <var class="var">height</var> with
+<code class="code">\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} <var class="var">contents</var>
\end{minipage}</code>. (Get the natural height with an empty argument,
-<code>[]</code>.)
+<code class="code">[]</code>.)
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code>
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> governs how the <code class="code">minipage</code>
vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(synonym <code class="code">m</code>) Default. Positions the <code class="code">minipage</code> so its
vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code>t</code><a href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
-baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vtop</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code class="code">t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code class="code">\vtop</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code>b</code><a href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
-baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vbox</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code class="code">b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code class="code">\vbox</code>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -7157,50 +7164,50 @@
<p>To see the effects of these, contrast running this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
first\\ second\\ third
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>with the results of changing <code>c</code> to <code>b</code> or <code>t</code>.
+<p>with the results of changing <code class="code">c</code> to <code class="code">b</code> or <code class="code">t</code>.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
-It sets the height of the <code>minipage</code>. You can enter any value
-larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">height</var> is a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It sets the height of the <code class="code">minipage</code>. You can enter any value
+larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code class="code">minipage</code>’s natural
height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set
it to a height of zero or a negative value.
</p>
-<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
-<var>contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
-default is the value of <var>position</var>).
+<p>The final optional argument <var class="var">inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var class="var">contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+default is the value of <var class="var">position</var>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place <var class="var">contents</var> at the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Place it in the vertical center.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt>
<dd><p>Place it at the box bottom.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Stretch <var>contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically
+<dt><code class="code">s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch <var class="var">contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically
stretchable space.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> option
-is set to a value larger than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural height. To
+<p>The <var class="var">inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var class="var">height</var> option
+is set to a value larger than the <code class="code">minipage</code>’s natural height. To
see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
-in place of <code>b</code>.
+in place of <code class="code">b</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Text before
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Text before
\begin{center}
---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}
first\\ second\\ third
@@ -7209,27 +7216,27 @@
Text after
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cparindent"></span>
-<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
-that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
-the start of <var>contents</var>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent"></a>
+<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code class="code">minipage</code>. Change
+that with a command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
+the start of <var class="var">contents</var>.
</p>
-<span id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></span>
-<span id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></span>
-<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
+<p>Footnotes in a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
-<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
+<code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
-uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
-<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+uses the <code class="code">\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
+<code class="code">footnote</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of the
page.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
\begin{minipage}{2.5in}
\begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage
\begin{tabular}{ll}
@@ -7245,16 +7252,16 @@
<p>If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
-<code>\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place.
+<code class="code">\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place.
</p>
<p>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
are vertically centered.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></span>
-<span id="index-siunitx-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-siunitx-package"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
% which aligns numbers on their decimal point.
\usepackage{siunitx}
\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
@@ -7282,23 +7289,23 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="picture">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="picture">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="picture-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="picture-1">8.19 <code class="code">picture</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-picture"></span>
-<span id="index-picture-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-picture-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-creating-pictures"></span>
-<span id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-creating-pictures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
- <var>picture command</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)
+ <var class="var">picture command</var>
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
@@ -7305,12 +7312,12 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
- <var>picture command</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)(<var class="var">xoffset</var>,<var class="var">yoffset</var>)
+ <var class="var">picture command</var>
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>Where there may be any number of <var>picture command</var>’s.
+<p>Where there may be any number of <var class="var">picture command</var>’s.
</p>
<p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
@@ -7320,9 +7327,9 @@
</p>
<p>To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cunitlength"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
\put(0,0){\vector(2,1){4}} % for every 2 over this vector goes 1 up
\put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ first leg}}
@@ -7333,26 +7340,26 @@
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
-positive real numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the
-value <code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e.
+<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
+positive real numbers (<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>). Multiply these by the
+value <code class="code">\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e.
the space that LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size
need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things
from the picture outside the picture’s box.
</p>
<p>This environment also has an optional argument
-(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
+(<var class="var">xoffset</var>,<var class="var">yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
As with the required argument, it consists of a pair of two real
numbers, but these may also be negative or null. Multiply these
-by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the
+by <code class="code">\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the
lower-left corner of the picture.
</p>
-<p>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the
+<p>For example, if <code class="code">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class="code">1mm</code>, the
command
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre></div>
<p>produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
@@ -7363,49 +7370,49 @@
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
-<span id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></span>
-<p>Each <var>picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by
-providing its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
-giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
+<p>Each <var class="var">picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by
+providing its position. A <em class="dfn">position</em> is a pair such as <code class="code">(2.4,-5)</code>
+giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em class="dfn">coordinate</em> is a not a length,
it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
-specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>,
-so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate
-<code>2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code class="code">\unitlength</code>,
+so if <code class="code">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class="code">1cm</code>, then the coordinate
+<code class="code">2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX’s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. It is a rigid
-length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
+<p>LaTeX’s default for <code class="code">\unitlength</code> is <code class="code">1pt</code>. It is a rigid
+length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code class="code">\setlength</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>). Make this change only outside of a <code class="code">picture</code>
environment.
</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic
+<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic
expressions as well as numbers.
</p>
<p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
-as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
+as an argument, as with <code class="code">\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
-further up the page, for example, <em class='math'>y = 1</em> is <em>above</em> <em class='math'>y = 0</em>.
+further up the page, for example, <em class="math">y = 1</em> is <em class="emph">above</em> <em class="math">y = 0</em>.
</p>
-<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
-<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
-often used is <code>\put</code>. This
+<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code class="code">\put</code>,
+<code class="code">\multiput</code>, <code class="code">\qbezier</code>, and <code class="code">\graphpaper</code>. The most
+often used is <code class="code">\put</code>. This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
</pre></div>
<p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
-<em class='math'>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
+<em class="math">(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<span id="index-LR-box"></span>
-The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
-Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) can
-go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LR-box"></a>
+The <code class="code">\put</code> command creates an <em class="dfn">LR box</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+Anything that can go in an <code class="code">\mbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) can
+go in the text argument of the <code class="code">\put</code> command. The reference point
will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
...\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
@@ -7413,11 +7420,11 @@
</pre></div>
<p>the three dots are just slightly left of the point of the angle formed
-by the two lines. (Also, <code>\line(1,1){1}</code> does not call for a
+by the two lines. (Also, <code class="code">\line(1,1){1}</code> does not call for a
line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of
1.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code> commands are
+<p>The <code class="code">\multiput</code>, <code class="code">qbezier</code>, and <code class="code">graphpaper</code> commands are
described below.
</p>
<p>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
@@ -7424,7 +7431,7 @@
exact location. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
@@ -7435,88 +7442,88 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The red X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\textwidth</code> from
-the left margin, and <code>0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the
+<p>The red X will be precisely a quarter of the <code class="code">\textwidth</code> from
+the left margin, and <code class="code">0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the
picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
page header to get repeat material on each of a document’s pages.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1"><code>\put</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2"><code>\multiput</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3"><code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4"><code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5"><code>\line</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6"><code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7"><code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8"><code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9"><code>\circle</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\put</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\line</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\circle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005coval"><code class="code">\oval</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector"><code class="code">\vector</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code class="code">\frame</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox"><code class="code">\dashbox</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cput">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput-1">8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cput"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){<var>content</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(<var class="var">xcoord</var>,<var class="var">ycoord</var>){<var class="var">content</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place <var>content</var> at the coordinate (<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). See
-the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>.
-The <var>content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot
+<p>Place <var class="var">content</var> at the coordinate (<var class="var">xcoord</var>,<var class="var">ycoord</var>). See
+the discussion of coordinates and <code class="code">\unitlength</code> in <a class="ref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>.
+The <var class="var">content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot
contain line breaks.
</p>
-<p>This includes the text into the <code>picture</code>.
+<p>This includes the text into the <code class="code">picture</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move}
</pre></div>
<p>The reference point, the location (4.5,2.5), is the lower left of the
-text, at the bottom left of the ‘<samp>A</samp>’.
+text, at the bottom left of the ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmultiput">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput-1">8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cmultiput"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>num-copies</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\multiput(<var class="var">x</var>,<var class="var">y</var>)(<var class="var">delta_x</var>,<var class="var">delta_y</var>){<var class="var">num-copies</var>}{<var class="var">obj</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Copy <var>obj</var> a total of <var>num-copies</var> times, with an increment of
-<var>delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var>obj</var> first appears at position
-<em class='math'>(x,y)</em>, then at <em class='math'>(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on.
+<p>Copy <var class="var">obj</var> a total of <var class="var">num-copies</var> times, with an increment of
+<var class="var">delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var class="var">obj</var> first appears at position
+<em class="math">(x,y)</em>, then at <em class="math">(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on.
</p>
<p>This draws a simple grid with every fifth line in bold (see also
-<a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>).
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(10,10)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(10,10)
\linethickness{0.05mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}}
@@ -7529,48 +7536,48 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cqbezier">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier-1">8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cqbezier"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cqbezier"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\qbezier(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)
-\qbezier[<var>num</var>](<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\qbezier(<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>)
+\qbezier[<var class="var">num</var>](<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>)
</pre></div>
<p>Draw a quadratic Bezier curve whose control points are given by the
-three required arguments <code>(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)</code>,
-<code>(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)</code>, and <code>(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)</code>. That is,
-the curve runs from <var>(x1,y1)</var> to <var>(x3,y3)</var>, is quadratic, and is
-such that the tangent line at <var>(x1,y1)</var> passes through
-<var>(x2,y2)</var>, as does the tangent line at <var>(x3,y3)</var>.
+three required arguments <code class="code">(<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)</code>,
+<code class="code">(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)</code>, and <code class="code">(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>)</code>. That is,
+the curve runs from <var class="var">(x1,y1)</var> to <var class="var">(x3,y3)</var>, is quadratic, and is
+such that the tangent line at <var class="var">(x1,y1)</var> passes through
+<var class="var">(x2,y2)</var>, as does the tangent line at <var class="var">(x3,y3)</var>.
</p>
<p>This draws a curve from the coordinate (1,1) to (1,0).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
</pre></div>
<p>The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
curve’s tangent line at (1,0).
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>num</var> gives the number of calculated
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">num</var> gives the number of calculated
intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose
-maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
-<code>\renewcommand</code>).
+maximum number of points is <code class="code">\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
+<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>).
</p>
-<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
+<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code class="code">\qbezier</code> for
that curve.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(8,4)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(8,4)
\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis
\put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side
@@ -7585,34 +7592,34 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1">8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\graphpaper(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
-\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphpaper(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)(<var class="var">x_dimen</var>,<var class="var">y_dimen</var>)
+\graphpaper[<var class="var">spacing</var>](<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)(<var class="var">x_dimen</var>,<var class="var">y_dimen</var>)
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></span>
-<span id="index-graphpap-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphpap-package"></a>
-<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
-The grid’s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
-Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
-The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
+<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code class="code">graphpap</code> package.
+The grid’s origin is <code class="code">(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)</code>.
+Grid lines come every <var class="var">spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
+The grid extends <var class="var">x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var class="var">y_dimen</var> units up.
All arguments must be positive integers.
</p>
<p>This make a grid with seven vertical lines and eleven horizontal lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble
...
\begin{picture}(6,20) % in document body
\graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20)
@@ -7624,78 +7631,78 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline-1">8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cline"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cline"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\line(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for
-every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal
+<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var class="var">y_rise</var> for
+every horizontal <var class="var">x_run</var>. The <var class="var">travel</var> is the total horizontal
change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
-<em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
-(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in
-<em class='math'>y</em>.
+<em class="math">x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
+(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var class="var">travel</var> gives the change in
+<em class="math">y</em>.
</p>
<p>This draws a line starting at coordinates (1,3).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}
</pre></div>
-<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var>travel</var>
+<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var class="var">travel</var>
specifies that this goes over 4, it must go up 10. Thus its
-endpoint is <em class='math'>(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that
-<em class='math'><var>travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in
-<em class='math'>x</em>.
+endpoint is <em class="math">(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that
+<em class="math"><var class="var">travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in
+<em class="math">x</em>.
</p>
-<p>The arguments <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are integers that can be
+<p>The arguments <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> are integers that can be
positive, negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the
second as 1.) With
-<code>\put(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>){\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}}</code>,
-if <var>x_run</var> is negative then the line’s ending point has a first
-coordinate that is less than <var>x_init</var>. If <var>y_rise</var> is negative
+<code class="code">\put(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>){\line(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>}}</code>,
+if <var class="var">x_run</var> is negative then the line’s ending point has a first
+coordinate that is less than <var class="var">x_init</var>. If <var class="var">y_rise</var> is negative
then the line’s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
-<var>y_init</var>.
+<var class="var">y_init</var>.
</p>
-<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
+<p>If <var class="var">travel</var> is negative then you get <code class="code">LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</p>
-<span id="index-graphics-packages"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></span>
-<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-packages"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pict2e-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></span>
-<span id="index-TikZ-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></span>
-<span id="index-PSTricks-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PSTricks-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></span>
-<span id="index-MetaPost-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></span>
-<span id="index-Asymptote-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package"></a>
<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
-pre-made fonts. The two numbers <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> must have
-integer values from -6 through 6. Also, they must be
-relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
+pre-made fonts. The two numbers <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> must have
+integer values from −6 through 6. Also, they must be
+relatively prime, so that <var class="var">(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <code>pict2e</code>
-(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution
+<code class="code">picture</code>, see the package <code class="code">pict2e</code>
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution
is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
MetaPost, or Asymptote.
</p>
@@ -7702,139 +7709,139 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005clinethickness">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness-1">8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005clinethickness"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinethickness"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\linethickness{<var class="var">dim</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in a
-picture to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code>\thinlines</code> and
-<code>\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
-lines, circles, or ovals (see <a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>).
+picture to be <var class="var">dim</var>, which must be a positive length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code class="code">\thinlines</code> and
+<code class="code">\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
+lines, circles, or ovals (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005coval"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthinlines">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines-1">8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cthinlines"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
-in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default
+in a picture environment to be 0.4<span class="dmn">pt</span>. This is the default
thickness, so this command is unnecessary unless the thickness has been
-changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> or <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>.
+changed with either <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cthicklines"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthicklines">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines-1">8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cthicklines"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
-in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also
-<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>. This command is illustrated
-in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>.
+in a picture environment to be 0.8<span class="dmn">pt</span>. See also
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cthinlines"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>. This command is illustrated
+in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccircle">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccircle-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle-1">8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005ccircle"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccircle"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\circle{<var>diameter</var>}
-\circle*{<var>diameter</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\circle{<var class="var">diameter</var>}
+\circle*{<var class="var">diameter</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Produces a circle with a diameter as close as possible to the specified
-one. The <code>*</code> form produces a filled-in circle.
+one. The <code class="code">*</code> form produces a filled-in circle.
</p>
-<p>This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at <code>(5,7)</code>.
+<p>This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at <code class="code">(5,7)</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The available radii for <code>\circle</code> are, in points, the even
-numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>\circle*</code> they are all the
+<p>The available radii for <code class="code">\circle</code> are, in points, the even
+numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code class="code">\circle*</code> they are all the
integers from 1 to 15.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005coval">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005coval-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval-1">8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005coval"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coval"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
-\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\oval(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)
+\oval(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)[<var class="var">portion</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as an
-<em>oval</em>. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce
-only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var>portion</var>
+<em class="dfn">oval</em>. The optional argument <var class="var">portion</var> allows you to produce
+only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var class="var">portion</var>
to be one of these.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
<dd><p>top half
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt>
<dd><p>bottom half
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
<dd><p>right half
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt>
<dd><p>left half
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting <var>portion</var> to
-<code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>.
+<p>Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting <var class="var">portion</var> to
+<code class="code">tr</code>, <code class="code">br</code>, <code class="code">bl</code>, or <code class="code">tl</code>.
</p>
<p>This draws the top half of an oval that is 3 wide and 7 tall.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]}
</pre></div>
<p>The (5,7) is the center of the entire oval, not just the center of the
@@ -7842,34 +7849,34 @@
</p>
<p>These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are
made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of
-20pt (see <a href="#g_t_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
+20<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccircle"><code class="code">\circle</code></a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
frames with a small amount of corner rounding.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cshortstack">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack-1">8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cshortstack"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cshortstack"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{<var>line 1</var> \\ ... }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\shortstack[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">line 1</var> \\ ... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a vertical stack of objects.
</p>
-<p>This labels the <em class='math'>y</em> axis by writing the word ‘<samp><em class='math'>y</em></samp>’ above
-the word ‘<samp>axis</samp>’.
+<p>This labels the <em class="math">y</em> axis by writing the word ‘<samp class="samp"><em class="math">y</em></samp>’ above
+the word ‘<samp class="samp">axis</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0)
\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y
@@ -7878,127 +7885,127 @@
</pre></div>
<p>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In the above example the <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) puts
+In the above example the <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) puts
the stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack
-sits slightly to the left of the <em class='math'>y</em> axis.
+sits slightly to the left of the <em class="math">y</em> axis.
</p>
<p>The valid positions are:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Make objects flush right
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt>
<dd><p>Make objects flush left
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt>
<dd><p>Center objects (default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></span>
-<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
-that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
+<p>Separate objects into lines with <code class="code">\\</code>. These stacks are short in
+that, unlike in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
-<code>\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than
+<code class="code">\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than
the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle
rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can
adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline
-spacing with <code>\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>),
-or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code>\shortstack{X \\
-\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code>\\</code>’s optional
-argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
+spacing with <code class="code">\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>),
+or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code class="code">\shortstack{X \\
+\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code class="code">\\</code>’s optional
+argument <code class="code">\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command is also available outside the
-<code>picture</code> environment.
+<p>The <code class="code">\shortstack</code> command is also available outside the
+<code class="code">picture</code> environment.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvector">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cvector-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector-1">8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cvector"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvector"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\vector(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
-vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The
-<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change—it is not the
-length of the vector, it is the change in <em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case
-of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
-<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em class='math'>y</em>.
+vertically rises <var class="var">y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var class="var">x_run</var>. The
+<var class="var">travel</var> is the total horizontal change—it is not the
+length of the vector, it is the change in <em class="math">x</em>. In the special case
+of vertical vectors, if (<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
+<var class="var">travel</var> gives the change in <em class="math">y</em>.
</p>
-<p>For an example see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>.
+<p>For an example see <a class="ref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>For elaboration on <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> see <a href="#g_t_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>. As
-there, the values of <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are limited. For
-<code>\vector</code> you must chooses integers between -4 and 4,
+<p>For elaboration on <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cline"><code class="code">\line</code></a>. As
+there, the values of <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> are limited. For
+<code class="code">\vector</code> you must chooses integers between −4 and 4,
inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be relatively prime. Thus,
-<code>\vector(2,1){4}</code> is acceptable but <code>\vector(4,2){4}</code> is
+<code class="code">\vector(2,1){4}</code> is acceptable but <code class="code">\vector(4,2){4}</code> is
not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<span id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
-\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>}
+\makebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make a box to hold <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
-<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
-because <var>rec-width</var> and <var>rec-height</var> are numbers specifying
-distances in terms of the <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This
-command is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This
-command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Make a box to hold <var class="var">text</var>. This command fits with the
+<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+because <var class="var">rec-width</var> and <var class="var">rec-height</var> are numbers specifying
+distances in terms of the <code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>). This
+command is similar to the normal <code class="code">\makebox</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This
+command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code>\unitlength</code> and height 4
-times <code>\unitlength</code>.
+<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code class="code">\unitlength</code> and height 4
+times <code class="code">\unitlength</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The optional argument <code><var>position</var></code> specifies where in the box
-the <var>text</var> appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally
+<p>The optional argument <code class="code"><var class="var">position</var></code> specifies where in the box
+the <var class="var">text</var> appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally
and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or
two of these letters.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> the top of the box.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Puts <var class="var">text</var> the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> at the bottom.
+<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the left.
+<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> on the left.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the right.
+<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> on the right.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -8006,150 +8013,151 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<span id="index-_005cframebox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
-\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\framebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>}
+\framebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This is the same as <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
+<p>This is the same as <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference point is
the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with the
-<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example creates a frame 2.5 inches by 3 inches and puts
the text in the center.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
\framebox(2.5,3){test text}
</pre></div>
<p>The required arguments are that the rectangle has overall width
-<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
+<var class="var">rect-width</var> units and height <var class="var">rect-height</var> units.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
-<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> specifies the position of
+<var class="var">text</var>; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></span>
-<p>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
-<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
+<p>The rule has thickness <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
+<code class="code">\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</p>
-<p>For this command, you must specify the <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. If
+<p>For this command, you must specify the <var class="var">width</var> and <var class="var">height</var>. If
you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is
-determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>).
+determined in some other way then either use <code class="code">\fbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>) or <code class="code">\frame</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframe"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cframe">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cframe-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe-1">8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cframe"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframe"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\frame{<var>contents</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\frame{<var class="var">contents</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is
-the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\framebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
-between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var class="var">contents</var>. The reference point
+is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to
+<code class="code">\framebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>), this command puts no
+extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cdashbox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox-1">8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cdashbox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>){<var>text</var>}
-\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\dashbox{<var class="var">dash-len</var>}(<var class="var">rect-width</var>,<var class="var">rect-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>}
+\dashbox{<var class="var">dash-len</var>}(<var class="var">rect-width</var>,<var class="var">rect-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
-<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var class="var">text</var>. This command fits with the
+<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var>dash-len</var> units long, with
+<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var class="var">dash-len</var> units long, with
the same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width
-<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
+<var class="var">rect-width</var> units and height <var class="var">rect-height</var> units.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
-<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> specifies the position of
+<var class="var">text</var>; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
-<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var>dash-len</var>.
+<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var class="var">dash-len</var>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Each dash will be <code>0.1\unitlength</code> long, the box’s width is
-<code>5\unitlength</code> and its height is <code>0.5\unitlength</code>.
+<p>Each dash will be <code class="code">0.1\unitlength</code> long, the box’s width is
+<code class="code">5\unitlength</code> and its height is <code class="code">0.5\unitlength</code>.
</p>
-<p>As in that example, a dashed box looks best when <var>rect-width</var> and
-<var>rect-height</var> are multiples of the <var>dash-len</var>.
+<p>As in that example, a dashed box looks best when <var class="var">rect-width</var> and
+<var class="var">rect-height</var> are multiples of the <var class="var">dash-len</var>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="quotation-_0026-quote">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote-1">8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></span>
-<span id="index-quotation-environment"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="quotation"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
-<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></span>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-quote"></span>
-<span id="index-quote-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="quote"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
-<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
- <var>text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation}
+ <var class="var">text</var>
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -8156,22 +8164,22 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
- <var>text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quote}
+ <var class="var">text</var>
\end{quote}
</pre></div>
<p>Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides by
-<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified.
+<code class="code">\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified.
</p>
-<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code>quotation</code>
-environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space
-between paragraphs is small, <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code>
+<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code class="code">quotation</code>
+environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5<span class="dmn">em</span> and the space
+between paragraphs is small, <code class="code">0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code class="code">quote</code>
environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space
-between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
+between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code class="code">\parsep</code>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small\it
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation} \small\it
Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
@@ -8181,27 +8189,27 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="tabbing">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="tabbing">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="tabbing-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="tabbing-1">8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></span>
-<span id="index-tabbing-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></span>
-<span id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></span>
-<span id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
-<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> ... \\
-<var>row2col1</var> \> <var>row2col2</var> ... \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing}
+<var class="var">row1col1</var> \= <var class="var">row1col2</var> ... \\
+<var class="var">row2col1</var> \> <var class="var">row2col2</var> ... \\
...
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
@@ -8208,15 +8216,15 @@
<p>Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments
-<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array"><code>array</code></a>) because
+<code class="code">tabular</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>) or <code class="code">array</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#array"><code class="code">array</code></a>) because
in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be
known in advance.
</p>
<p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
-widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
+widths, ended by a <code class="code">\kill</code> command (which is described below):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill
Ship \>Guns \>Year \\
\textit{Sophie} \>14 \>1800 \\
@@ -8226,123 +8234,123 @@
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
-<p>Both the <code>tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used
-<code>tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important
-distinction is that in <code>tabular</code> the width of columns is
-determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user
-sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code>
-generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
-Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code>
+<p>Both the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used
+<code class="code">tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important
+distinction is that in <code class="code">tabular</code> the width of columns is
+determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code class="code">tabbing</code> the user
+sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code class="code">tabular</code>
+generates a box, but <code class="code">tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
+Finally, while <code class="code">tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code class="code">tabbing</code>
can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph,
without indentation.
</p>
<p>Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
-to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning
-of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
+to use the starred form of the <code class="code">\hspace</code> command at the beginning
+of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
-<code>\linewidth</code>.
+<code class="code">\linewidth</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></span>
-<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em class="dfn">tabbed
rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
-<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
-<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
-<code>\end{tabbing}</code>.
+<code class="code">\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code class="code">\\</code> or
+<code class="code">\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code class="code">\\</code> and end with just
+<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></span>
-<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <em>current tab stop
-pattern</em>, a sequence of <em class='math'><var>n</var> > 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
-etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<p>At any point the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment has a <em class="dfn">current tab stop
+pattern</em>, a sequence of <em class="math"><var class="var">n</var> > 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+etc. These create <var class="var">n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is
always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
-stop number <var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
-position on the page. Tab stop number <var>i</var> can only be set if
-all the stops 0, …, <em class='math'>i-1</em> have already been set; normally
+stop number <var class="var">i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
+position on the page. Tab stop number <var class="var">i</var> can only be set if
+all the stops 0, …, <em class="math">i-1</em> have already been set; normally
later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
</p>
-<p>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset
+<p>By default any text typeset in a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment is typeset
ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
-done in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+done in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
-They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment.
+They are all fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\> <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e"></a>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code>\<</code><a href='#index-_005c_003c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code class="code">\<</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003c'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code>\+</code><a href='#index-_005c_002b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code class="code">\+</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002b'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code>\-</code><a href='#index-_005c_002d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code class="code">\-</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
-everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>,
-<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
+everything from the most recent <code class="code">\></code>, <code class="code">\<</code>, <code class="code">\'</code>,
+<code class="code">\\</code>, or <code class="code">\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column’s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last
-column because there’s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
-all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or
-<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin
-of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or
-<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
-<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line.
+column because there’s no tab stop there. The <code class="code">\`</code> command moves
+all the text that follows it, up to the <code class="code">\\</code> or
+<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin
+of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code class="code">\></code> or
+<code class="code">\'</code> command between the <code class="code">\`</code> and the <code class="code">\\</code> or
+<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
-<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
-<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead,
-use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
+<p>In a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code class="code">\=</code>, <code class="code">\'</code> and
+<code class="code">\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a class="pxref" href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead,
+use the commands <code class="code">\a=</code>, <code class="code">\a'</code> and <code class="code">\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code>\kill</code><a href='#index-_005ckill' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
+<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code class="code">\kill</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckill'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code class="code">\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
-Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
+Any <code class="code">\=</code>, <code class="code">\+</code> or <code class="code">\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code>\poptabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpoptabs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></span>
-<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code class="code">\poptabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpoptabs'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
+<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code class="code">\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code>\pushtabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpushtabs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code class="code">\pushtabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpushtabs'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
-tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
+tab stop positions in the middle of a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code>\tabbingsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabbingsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
+<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code class="code">\tabbingsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabbingsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code class="code">\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -8350,7 +8358,7 @@
<p>This example typesets a Pascal function:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\
@@ -8364,7 +8372,7 @@
<p>The output looks like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">function fact(n : integer) : integer;
+<pre class="example-preformatted">function fact(n : integer) : integer;
begin
if n > 1 then
fact := n * fact(n-1);
@@ -8373,56 +8381,56 @@
end;
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></span>
-<span id="index-algorithm2e-package"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-listings"></span>
-<span id="index-listings-package"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-minted"></span>
-<span id="index-minted-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-algorithm2e-package"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></span>
-<span id="index-fancyvrb-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
-(see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
-there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
-<code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and <code>minted</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
+there are quite a few packages, including <code class="code">algorithm2e</code>,
+<code class="code">fancyvrb</code>, <code class="code">listings</code>, and <code class="code">minted</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="table">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="table">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="table-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="table-1">8.22 <code class="code">table</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-table"></span>
-<span id="index-table-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-tables_002c-creating"></span>
-<span id="index-creating-tables"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-creating-tables"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
- <var>table body</var>
- \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
- \label{<var>label}</var> % also optional
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}[<var class="var">placement</var>]
+ <var class="var">table body</var>
+ \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % also optional
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages
+<p>A class of floats (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages
and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
</p>
-<p>This example <code>table</code> environment contains a <code>tabular</code>
+<p>This example <code class="code">table</code> environment contains a <code class="code">tabular</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}
\centering\small
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}
@@ -8436,25 +8444,25 @@
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>:
-the <var>table body</var> may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is
-typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
+<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code class="code">table</code>:
+the <var class="var">table body</var> may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is
+typeset in a <code class="code">parbox</code> of width <code class="code">\textwidth</code>.
</p>
-<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
-float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+<p>For the possible values of <var class="var">placement</var> and their effect on the
+float placement algorithm, see <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<span id="index-_005ccaption-2"></span>
-The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption
-text <var>title</var> for the table (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is
-numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is
-used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
+<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption-2"></a>
+The <code class="code">\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption
+text <var class="var">title</var> for the table (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code class="code">\caption</code></a>). By default it is
+numbered. If its optional <var class="var">lottitle</var> is present then that text is
+used in the list of tables instead of <var class="var">title</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}[b]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}[b]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}} \hline
One &The loneliest number \\
@@ -8469,24 +8477,24 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="tabular">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="tabular">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="tabular-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="tabular-1">8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></span>
-<span id="index-tabular-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabular-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-lines-in-tables"></span>
-<span id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
- <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>}
+ <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -8494,8 +8502,8 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
- <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular*}{<var class="var">width</var>}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>}
+ <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>
@@ -8505,7 +8513,7 @@
illustrates many of the features.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textit{Player name} &\textit{Career home runs} \\
\hline
Hank Aaron &755 \\
@@ -8514,80 +8522,80 @@
</pre></div>
<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
-between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument
-<code>{l|l}</code>.
-<span id="index-_0026-for-table-cells"></span>
+between them. This is specified in <code class="code">tabular</code>’s argument
+<code class="code">{l|l}</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"></a>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
-ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
-backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
-backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></span>
-After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
+ampersand, <code class="code">&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
+backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
+backslash, with <code class="code">\hline</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"></a>
+After the last row the <code class="code">\\</code> is optional, unless an <code class="code">\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</p>
-<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
+<p>The required and optional arguments to <code class="code">tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>pos</var></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">pos</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
-surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code>
+surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code class="code">t</code>
aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the surrounding
-text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row.
+text, and <code class="code">b</code> aligns on the bottom row.
</p>
<p>This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case of a
-<code>tabular</code> alone in a <code>center</code> environment this option makes
+<code class="code">tabular</code> alone in a <code class="code">center</code> environment this option makes
no difference.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>cols</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">cols</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required. Specifies the formatting of columns. It consists of a
sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of
column and intercolumn material.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of left-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of right-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt>
<dd><p>A column of centered items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>|</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">|</code></dt>
<dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Insert <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var>text
+<dt><code class="code">@{<var class="var">text or space</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Insert <var class="var">text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var class="var">text
or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX’s
-<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
-either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
-default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
-separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named
+<p>If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then
+LaTeX’s <code class="code">book</code>, <code class="code">article</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> classes will
+put on either side of each column a space of width <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code>,
+which by default is 6<span class="dmn">pt</span>. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+separated by 12<span class="dmn">pt</span> (so <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named
since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In
-addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and
-after the final column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code>
+addition, a space of <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> also comes before the first
+column and after the final column, unless you put a <code class="code">@{...}</code>
there.
</p>
<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX does
-not insert <code>\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space
-yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
+not insert <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space
+yourself, as in <code class="code">@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
+<p>An empty expression <code class="code">@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before the first
column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l}
...
\end{tabular}
@@ -8598,24 +8606,24 @@
arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l}
$3$ &$14$ \\
$9$ &$80665$
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cextracolsep"></span>
-<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
-extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
-columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cextracolsep"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
+<p>An <code class="code">\extracolsep{<var class="var">wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
+extra space of width <var class="var">wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
+columns, until countermanded by another <code class="code">\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an
- at -expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
- at -expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the
+ at -expression. An <code class="code">\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
+ at -expression in the <code class="code">cols</code> argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the
right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches
wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l}
Seven times down, eight times up \ldots
&such is life!
\end{tabular*}
@@ -8622,42 +8630,42 @@
</pre></div>
<p>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
-column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>>{...}</code>
+column, load the <code class="code">array</code> package and use the <code class="code">>{...}</code>
specifier.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if
-it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command.
+<dt><code class="code">p{<var class="var">wd</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var class="var">wd</var>, as if
+it were the argument of a <code class="code">\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command.
</p>
-<p>A line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item,
-except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or
-<code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope of
-a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
-declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
-must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
+<p>A line break double backslash <code class="code">\\</code> may not appear in the item,
+except inside an environment like <code class="code">minipage</code>, <code class="code">array</code>, or
+<code class="code">tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code class="code">\parbox</code>, or in the scope of
+a <code class="code">\centering</code>, <code class="code">\raggedright</code>, or <code class="code">\raggedleft</code>
+declaration (when used in a <code class="code">p</code>-column element these declarations
+must appear inside braces, as with <code class="code">{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
-<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\newline</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
-positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the
-specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
-the specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that
-<var>cols</var> may contain another <code>*</code>-expression.
+<dt><code class="code">*{<var class="var">num</var>}{<var class="var">cols</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <var class="var">num</var> copies of <var class="var">cols</var>, where <var class="var">num</var> is a
+positive integer and <var class="var">cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the
+specifier <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
+the specifier <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that
+<var class="var">cols</var> may contain another <code class="code">*</code>-expression.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>width</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
-the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
-should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
+<dt><var class="var">width</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Required for <code class="code">tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code class="code">tabular</code>. Specifies
+the width of the <code class="code">tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
+should be rubber, as with <code class="code">@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
-are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+are likely to get the <code class="code">Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
...</code> warning.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8665,72 +8673,72 @@
<p>Parameters that control formatting:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></span><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
-<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
-environments. The default is ‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’. Change it as in
-<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code class="code">\arrayrulewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code class="code">|</code>,
+<code class="code">\hline</code>, and <code class="code">\vline</code> in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and <code class="code">array</code>
+environments. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">.4pt</samp>’. Change it as in
+<code class="code">\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code>\arraystretch</code><a href='#index-_005carraystretch' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="tabular-arraystrech"></span><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
-<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is ‘<samp>1</samp>’, for
-no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code class="code">\arraystretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carraystretch'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and
+<code class="code">array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’, for
+no scaling. Change it as <code class="code">\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code>\doublerulesep</code><a href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="tabular-doublerulesep"></span><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
-<code>||</code> specifier. The default is ‘<samp>2pt</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code class="code">\doublerulesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
+<code class="code">||</code> specifier. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code>\tabcolsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabcolsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="tabular-tabcolsep"></span><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
-‘<samp>6pt</samp>’. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code class="code">\tabcolsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabcolsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
+‘<samp class="samp">6pt</samp>’. Change it with <code class="code">\setlength</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code>tabular</code>
+<p>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code class="code">tabular</code>
environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2"><code>\vline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3"><code>\cline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4"><code>\hline</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\vline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\cline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\hline</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1">8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\multicolumn{<var>numcols</var>}{<var>cols</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\multicolumn{<var class="var">numcols</var>}{<var class="var">cols</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> entry that spans several columns.
-The first argument <var>numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span.
-The second argument <var>cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry,
-with <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flush left, or <code>r</code> for
-flush right. The third argument <var>text</var> gives the contents of that
+<p>Make an <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> entry that spans several columns.
+The first argument <var class="var">numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span.
+The second argument <var class="var">cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry,
+with <code class="code">c</code> for centered, <code class="code">l</code> for flush left, or <code class="code">r</code> for
+flush right. The third argument <var class="var">text</var> gives the contents of that
entry.
</p>
<p>In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are
-spanned by the single heading ‘<samp>Name</samp>’.
+spanned by the single heading ‘<samp class="samp">Name</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{lccl}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{lccl}
\textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\
\hline
978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\
@@ -8739,22 +8747,22 @@
</pre></div>
<p>What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the
-<code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where
-each part (except the first) begins with <code>l</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>r</code>,
-or <code>p</code>. So from <code>\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code>
-the parts are <code>|r|</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>c</code>,
-and <code>p{1.5in}|</code>.
+<code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where
+each part (except the first) begins with <code class="code">l</code>, <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">r</code>,
+or <code class="code">p</code>. So from <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code>
+the parts are <code class="code">|r|</code>, <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">c</code>,
+and <code class="code">p{1.5in}|</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code>
+<p>The <var class="var">cols</var> argument overrides the <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code>
environment’s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
-<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>@{...}</code>
-expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is ‘<samp>|c|</samp>’ then this multicolumn
+<code class="code">|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code class="code">@{...}</code>
+expressions. Thus if <var class="var">cols</var> is ‘<samp class="samp">|c|</samp>’ then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|}
\multicolumn{1}{r}{w} % entry one
&\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x} % entry two
&\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y} % entry three
@@ -8763,33 +8771,33 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
-the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier ‘<samp>r</samp>’ with no
+the <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> has the <var class="var">cols</var> specifier ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ with no
initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
-vertical rule; although the first <var>cols</var> does not have an ending
-vertical bar, the second <var>cols</var> does have a starting one. Between
+vertical rule; although the first <var class="var">cols</var> does not have an ending
+vertical bar, the second <var class="var">cols</var> does have a starting one. Between
entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that
-the <var>cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code>multicolumn</code>’s call for
+the <var class="var">cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code class="code">multicolumn</code>’s call for
a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry
four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the
-<var>cols</var> in the entry three <code>\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and
+<var class="var">cols</var> in the entry three <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and
that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a
vertical rule because of the default.
</p>
-<p>The number of spanned columns <var>numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving
+<p>The number of spanned columns <var class="var">numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving
the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
-override for one row the <code>tabular</code> definition’s default intercolumn
+override for one row the <code class="code">tabular</code> definition’s default intercolumn
area specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
</p>
-<p>In the example below, in the <code>tabular</code> definition the first column
+<p>In the example below, in the <code class="code">tabular</code> definition the first column
is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry
-is centered with <code>\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>.
+is centered with <code class="code">\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>.
Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a
-single entry with <code>\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>,
+single entry with <code class="code">\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>,
overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page
range en-dash.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline
Baroque &1600 &1760 \\
@@ -8799,44 +8807,44 @@
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>Although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a vertical
+<p>Although the <code class="code">tabular</code> specification by default puts a vertical
rule between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears
in the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the
-<var>cols</var> part of the first row’s first <code>\multicolumn</code> command.
+<var class="var">cols</var> part of the first row’s first <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cvline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline-1">8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cvline"></span>
-<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvline"></a>
+<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be
used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
-bar <code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
+bar <code class="code">|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
body of a table; typically a table’s vertical lines are specified in
-<code>tabular</code>’s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
-<code>\multicolumn</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
+<code class="code">tabular</code>’s <var class="var">cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
+<code class="code">\multicolumn</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s second
-entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
+entry the <code class="code">\hfill</code> moves the <code class="code">\vline</code> to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
-rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier coming before the
-one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, the first row’s
+rules, with the one from the <code class="code">{c|cc}</code> specifier coming before the
+one produced by the <code class="code">\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, the first row’s
third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two
-columns. In the second row, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest entry in its
-column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has no effect and
+columns. In the second row, the <code class="code">ghi</code> is the widest entry in its
+column so in the <code class="code">\vline\hfill</code> the <code class="code">\hfill</code> has no effect and
the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
-<code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
+<code class="code">g</code>, with no whitespace.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1
abc &def &\vline\hfill ghi % row 2
\end{tabular}
@@ -8845,25 +8853,25 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline-1">8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005ccline"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccline"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cline{<var class="var">i</var>-<var class="var">j</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>In an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment, draw a horizontal rule
-beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The
-dash, <code>-</code>, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single
-column use the number twice, as with <code>\cline{2-2}</code>.
+<p>In an <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> environment, draw a horizontal rule
+beginning in column <var class="var">i</var> and ending in column <var class="var">j</var>. The
+dash, <code class="code">-</code>, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single
+column use the number twice, as with <code class="code">\cline{2-2}</code>.
</p>
<p>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second
rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the
@@ -8871,7 +8879,7 @@
height.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{llrr}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{llrr}
a &b &c &d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}
e &f &g &h
\end{tabular}
@@ -8880,27 +8888,27 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005chline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline-1">8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005chline"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chline"></a>
-<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
-<code>array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the
+<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code class="code">tabular</code> or
+<code class="code">array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
</p>
<p>In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above
the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a single
-rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code>\hline</code>, the
-<code>tabular</code> second row’s line ending double backslash <code>\\</code>
+rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code class="code">\hline</code>, the
+<code class="code">tabular</code> second row’s line ending double backslash <code class="code">\\</code>
is required.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
Baseball &Red Sox \\
Basketball &Celtics \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
@@ -8910,23 +8918,23 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="thebibliography">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="thebibliography">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="thebibliography-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="thebibliography-1">8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></span>
-<span id="index-thebibliography-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>}
- \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{thebibliography}{<var class="var">widest-label</var>}
+ \bibitem[<var class="var">label</var>]{<var class="var">cite_key}</var>
...
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
@@ -8933,13 +8941,13 @@
<p>Produce a bibliography or reference list. There are two ways to produce
bibliographic lists. This environment is suitable when you have only a
-few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>,
+few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a class="xref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>,
for a more sophisticated approach.
</p>
<p>This shows the environment with two entries.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">This work is based on \cite{latexdps}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">This work is based on \cite{latexdps}.
Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}.
...
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
@@ -8954,80 +8962,80 @@
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>This styles the first reference as ‘<samp>[1] Leslie ...</samp>’, and so that
-<code>... based on \cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching
-‘<samp>... based on [1]</samp>’. The second <code>\cite</code> produces ‘<samp>[1,
+<p>This styles the first reference as ‘<samp class="samp">[1] Leslie ...</samp>’, and so that
+<code class="code">... based on \cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching
+‘<samp class="samp">... based on [1]</samp>’. The second <code class="code">\cite</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">[1,
2]</samp>’. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory argument <var>widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is
-as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
-commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
-than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
+<p>The mandatory argument <var class="var">widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is
+as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code class="code">\bibitem</code>
+commands. The tradition is to use <code class="code">9</code> for bibliographies with less
+than 10 references, <code class="code">99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cbibname"></span>
-<span id="index-_005crefname"></span>
-<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’.
-To change it there are two cases. In the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>
-classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
-default title is ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’, that title is in the macro
-<code>\bibname</code>. For <samp>article</samp>, where the class’s top level
-sectioning is <code>\section</code> and the default is ‘<samp>References</samp>’, the
-title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
-as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after
-<code>\begin{document}</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibname"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crefname"></a>
+<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘<samp class="samp">Bibliography</samp>’.
+To change it there are two cases. In the <samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp>
+classes, where the top level sectioning is <code class="code">\chapter</code> and the
+default title is ‘<samp class="samp">Bibliography</samp>’, that title is in the macro
+<code class="code">\bibname</code>. For <samp class="file">article</samp>, where the class’s top level
+sectioning is <code class="code">\section</code> and the default is ‘<samp class="samp">References</samp>’, the
+title is in macro <code class="code">\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
+as with <code class="code">\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after
+<code class="code">\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-1"></a>
-<p>Language support packages such as <code>babel</code> will automatically
-redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
+<p>Language support packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> will automatically
+redefine <code class="code">\refname</code> or <code class="code">\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>, for the list layout control parameters.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>, for the list layout control parameters.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1"><code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2"><code>\cite</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3"><code>\nocite</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\cite</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbibitem">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem-1">8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cbibitem"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibitem"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bibitem{<var>cite_key</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibitem{<var class="var">cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibitem[<var class="var">label</var>]{<var class="var">cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
-<code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em>
-<span id="index-citation-key"></span>
-<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
+<code class="code">enumi</code> counter. The <em class="dfn">citation key</em>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-citation-key"></a>
+<var class="var">cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, for an example.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, for an example.
</p>
-<p>When provided, the optional <var>label</var> becomes the entry label and the
-<code>enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this
+<p>When provided, the optional <var class="var">label</var> becomes the entry label and the
+<code class="code">enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps}
Leslie Lamport.
\textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}.
@@ -9039,32 +9047,32 @@
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>the first entry will be styled as ‘<samp>[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>’ (The
+<p>the first entry will be styled as ‘<samp class="samp">[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>’ (The
amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on
-the <var>widest-label</var> argument of the <code>thebibliography</code>
-environment; see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>.) Similarly, <code>... based on
-\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce ‘<samp>... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>’.
+the <var class="var">widest-label</var> argument of the <code class="code">thebibliography</code>
+environment; see <a class="ref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>.) Similarly, <code class="code">... based on
+\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce ‘<samp class="samp">... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>If you mix <code>\bibitem</code> entries having a <var>label</var> with those that
+<p>If you mix <code class="code">\bibitem</code> entries having a <var class="var">label</var> with those that
do not then LaTeX will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In
-the example above the <code>texbook</code> entry will appear as ‘<samp>[1]
+the example above the <code class="code">texbook</code> entry will appear as ‘<samp class="samp">[1]
Donald ...</samp>’, despite that it is the second entry.
</p>
-<p>If you use the same <var>cite_key</var> twice then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX
+<p>If you use the same <var class="var">cite_key</var> twice then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX
Warning: There were multiply-defined labels</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>
-information because <code>\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file
-<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, the above
-example causes the two <code>\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and
-<code>\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp>.aux</samp>
-file is read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command and then the
-information is available for <code>\cite</code> commands. This explains why
+<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var class="var">cite_key</var> and <var class="var">label</var>
+information because <code class="code">\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, the above
+example causes the two <code class="code">\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and
+<code class="code">\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp class="file">.aux</samp>
+file is read by the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> command and then the
+information is available for <code class="code">\cite</code> commands. This explains why
you need to run LaTeX twice to resolve references: once to write it
out and once to read it in.
</p>
-<p>Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a <code>\bibitem</code> or
-change its <var>cite_key</var> you may get ‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may
+<p>Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a <code class="code">\bibitem</code> or
+change its <var class="var">cite_key</var> you may get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may
have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right</samp>’. Fix it by
recompiling.
</p>
@@ -9071,35 +9079,35 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccite">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite-1">8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005ccite"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cite{<var>keys</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cite{<var class="var">keys</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cite[<var class="var">subcite</var>]{<var class="var">keys</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Generate as output a citation to the references associated with
-<var>keys</var>. The mandatory <var>keys</var> is a citation key, or a
-comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>).
+<var class="var">keys</var>. The mandatory <var class="var">keys</var> is a citation key, or a
+comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}.
...
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem{texbook}
@@ -9109,119 +9117,119 @@
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces output like ‘<samp>... source is [1]</samp>’. You can change the
+<p>produces output like ‘<samp class="samp">... source is [1]</samp>’. You can change the
appearance of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography
-styles if you generate automatically the <code>thebibliography</code>
-environment. More information in <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>.
+styles if you generate automatically the <code class="code">thebibliography</code>
+environment. More information in <a class="ref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
-example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce
-‘<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p. 314]</samp>’.
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
+example, <code class="code">See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce
+‘<samp class="samp">See 14.3 in [1, p. 314]</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
-information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp>
-(see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes
-‘<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>’ to that file. This information is used by
+<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code class="code">\cite</code> writes
+information to the auxiliary file <samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code class="code">\cite{latexdps}</code> writes
+‘<samp class="samp">\citation{latexdps}</samp>’ to that file. This information is used by
BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you
-have actually cited; see <a href="#g_t_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a> also.
+have actually cited; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnocite"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a> also.
</p>
-<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
-‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>’, and in the output
+<p>If <var class="var">keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>’, and in the output
the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in
-<code>\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the
+<code class="code">\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the
other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic
-information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>) then
+information and so changed the <samp class="file">.aux</samp> file (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>) then
the fix may be to run LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnocite">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnocite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite-1">8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cnocite"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\nocite{<var class="var">keys</var>}</code>
</pre></div>
-<p>Produces no output but writes <var>keys</var> to the auxiliary file
-<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>).
+<p>Produces no output but writes <var class="var">keys</var> to the auxiliary file
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>).
</p>
-<p>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
-more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>). This information is used by
+<p>The mandatory argument <var class="var">keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
+more citation keys (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>). This information is used by
BibTeX to include these works in your reference list even though you
-have not explicitly cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>).
+have not explicitly cited them (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccite"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Using-BibTeX">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Using-BibTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX-1">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
-<span id="index-using-BibTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></span>
-<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
-<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>), a
+<p>As described in <code class="code">thebibliography</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
-documentation on CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
+documentation on CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
-<p>With BibTeX, you don’t use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment
-directly (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>). Instead, include these lines:
+<p>With BibTeX, you don’t use the <code class="code">thebibliography</code> environment
+directly (see <a class="pxref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>). Instead, include these lines:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
-\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>, <var>bibfile2</var>, ...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibliographystyle{<var class="var">bibstyle</var>}
+\bibliography{<var class="var">bibfile1</var>, <var class="var">bibfile2</var>, ...}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file <samp><var>bibstyle</var>.bst</samp>, which
-defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>bibstyle</var>’s
+<p>The <var class="var">bibstyle</var> refers to a file <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibstyle</var>.bst</samp>, which
+defines how your citations will look. The standard <var class="var">bibstyle</var>’s
distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>alpha</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">alpha</code></dt>
<dd><p>Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.
The bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically.
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>Labels are integers.
Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>unsrt</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
+<dt><code class="code">unsrt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Like <code class="code">plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
</p></dd>
-<dt><span><code>abbrv</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.
+<dt><code class="code">abbrv</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Like <code class="code">plain</code>, but more compact labels.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Many, many other BibTeX style files exist,
tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic
-<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty">https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty">https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</a>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
+<p>The <code class="code">\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
-files named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>,
+files named <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>,
… These contain your database in BibTeX format. This shows a
typical couple of entries in that format.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">@book{texbook,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">@book{texbook,
title = {The {{\TeX}}book},
author = {D.E. Knuth},
isbn = {0201134489},
@@ -9237,67 +9245,67 @@
}
</pre></div>
-<p>Only the bibliographic entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
-<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you
+<p>Only the bibliographic entries referred to via <code class="code">\cite</code> and
+<code class="code">\nocite</code> will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you
can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that
you used.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"></span>
-<p>With BibTeX, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be
-the single character ‘<samp>*</samp>’. This means to implicitly cite all
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"></a>
+<p>With BibTeX, the <var class="var">keys</var> argument to <code class="code">\nocite</code> can also be
+the single character ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’. This means to implicitly cite all
entries from all given bibliographies.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages" accesskey="1">BibTeX error messages</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="BibTeX-error-messages">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using BibTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="BibTeX-error-messages-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages-1">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4>
-<span id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></span>
-<span id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"></a>
-<p>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
-in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code>
+<p>If you forget to use <code class="code">\bibliography</code> or <code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code>
+in your document (or, less likely, any <code class="code">\cite</code> or <code class="code">\nocite</code>
command), BibTeX will issue an error message. Because BibTeX
can be used with any program, not just LaTeX, the error messages
-refer to the internal commands read by BibTeX (from the <samp>.aux</samp>
+refer to the internal commands read by BibTeX (from the <samp class="file">.aux</samp>
file), rather than the user-level commands described above.
</p>
<p>Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX
errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code>\bibdata</code><a href='#index-_005cbibdata' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></span>
-<p><code>\bibliography</code>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code class="code">\bibdata</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibdata'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></a>
+<p><code class="code">\bibliography</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code>\bibstyle</code><a href='#index-_005cbibstyle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></span>
-<p><code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code class="code">\bibstyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibstyle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></a>
+<p><code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code>\citation</code><a href='#index-_005ccitation' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span>
-<p><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code>
+<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code class="code">\citation</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccitation'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a>
+<p><code class="code">\cite</code>, <code class="code">\nocite</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>For example, if your document has no <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+<p>For example, if your document has no <code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code>
command, BibTeX complains as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var>document</var>.aux
+<pre class="example-preformatted">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var class="var">document</var>.aux
</pre></div>
@@ -9305,32 +9313,32 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="theorem">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="theorem">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="theorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="theorem-1">8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></span>
-<span id="index-theorem-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorem-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{theorem}
- <var>theorem body</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{theorem}
+ <var class="var">theorem body</var>
\end{theorem}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produces ‘<samp>Theorem <var>n</var></samp>’ in boldface followed by <var>theorem
-body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under
-<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>).
+<p>Produces ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem <var class="var">n</var></samp>’ in boldface followed by <var class="var">theorem
+body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var class="var">n</var> are described under
+<code class="code">\newtheorem</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
...
\begin{lem} % in document body
@@ -9343,13 +9351,13 @@
\end{thm}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-4"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-4"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></span>
-<span id="index-amsthm-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsthm-package"></a>
-<p>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
+<p>Most new documents use the packages <code class="code">amsthm</code> and <code class="code">amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
packages include a large number of options for theorem environments,
such as styling options.
@@ -9357,23 +9365,23 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="titlepage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="titlepage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="titlepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="titlepage-1">8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></span>
-<span id="index-titlepage-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-making-a-title-page"></span>
-<span id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{titlepage}
... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
@@ -9385,7 +9393,7 @@
the author.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{titlepage}
\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
\begin{center}
{\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex]
@@ -9407,195 +9415,195 @@
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
-<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
-environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>).
+<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code class="code">titlepage</code>
+environment, use <code class="code">\maketitle</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="verbatim">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="verbatim">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="verbatim-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="verbatim-1">8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></span>
-<span id="index-verbatim-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-verbatim-text"></span>
-<span id="index-simulating-typed-text"></span>
-<span id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></span>
-<span id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></span>
-<span id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim}
-<var>literal-text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verbatim}
+<var class="var">literal-text</var>
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>
<p>A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces as output
-exactly what you type as input. For instance inside <var>literal-text</var>
-the backslash <code>\</code> character does not start commands, it
-produces a printed ‘<samp>\</samp>’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken
+exactly what you type as input. For instance inside <var class="var">literal-text</var>
+the backslash <code class="code">\</code> character does not start commands, it
+produces a printed ‘<samp class="samp">\</samp>’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken
literally. The output appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font
-(<code>\tt</code>).
+(<code class="code">\tt</code>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verbatim}
Symbol swearing: %&$#?!.
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>
-<p>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
-the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>.
+<p>The only restriction on <code class="code">literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
+the string <code class="code">\end{verbatim}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></span>
-<span id="index-cprotect-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package"></a>
<p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
-instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
-commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work,
-as the <code>verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before
+instance in the argument to a <code class="code">\section</code>. This is not the same as
+commands being fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work,
+as the <code class="code">verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before
processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
-when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can
+when the macro was called. However, the <code class="code">cprotect</code> package can
help with this.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></span>
-<span id="index-listings-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package-1"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></span>
-<span id="index-minted-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-1"></a>
<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
-packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
+packages that are an improvement the <code class="code">verbatim</code> environment. For
instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
-and <code>minted</code>.
+files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code class="code">listings</code>,
+and <code class="code">minted</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></span>
-<span id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></span>
-<span id="index-verbatimbox-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatimbox-package"></a>
<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
-<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
+<code class="code">fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code class="code">verbatimbox</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
+<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1"><code>\verb</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\verb</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cverb">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>verbatim</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cverb-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb-1">8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cverb"></span>
-<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cverb"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\verb <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var>
-\verb* <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\verb <var class="var">char</var> <var class="var">literal-text</var> <var class="var">char</var>
+\verb* <var class="var">char</var> <var class="var">literal-text</var> <var class="var">char</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters
-and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font.
+<p>Typeset <var class="var">literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters
+and spaces, using the typewriter (<code class="code">\tt</code>) font.
</p>
-<p>This example shows two different invocations of <code>\verb</code>.
+<p>This example shows two different invocations of <code class="code">\verb</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
</pre></div>
-<p>The first <code>\verb</code> has its <var>literal-text</var> surrounded with
-exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code>+</code>,
-because the exclamation point is part of <code>literal-text</code>.
+<p>The first <code class="code">\verb</code> has its <var class="var">literal-text</var> surrounded with
+exclamation point, <code class="code">!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code class="code">+</code>,
+because the exclamation point is part of <code class="code">literal-text</code>.
</p>
-<p>The single-character delimiter <var>char</var> surrounds
-<var>literal-text</var>—it must be the same character before and after.
-No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and <var>char</var>,
-or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
-<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the
+<p>The single-character delimiter <var class="var">char</var> surrounds
+<var class="var">literal-text</var>—it must be the same character before and after.
+No spaces come between <code class="code">\verb</code> or <code class="code">\verb*</code> and <var class="var">char</var>,
+or between <var class="var">char</var> and <var class="var">literal-text</var>, or between
+<var class="var">literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var class="var">char</var> (the
synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
-other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The
-<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
+other). The delimiter must not appear in <var class="var">literal-text</var>. The
+<var class="var">literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
</p>
-<span id="index-visible-space"></span>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-visible-space"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
</p>
<p>The output from this will include a visible space on both side of word
-‘<samp>with</samp>’:
+‘<samp class="samp">with</samp>’:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-url"></span>
-<span id="index-url-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-url"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-url-package"></a>
-<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
-is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
+<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code class="code">url</code>
+is a better option than the <code class="code">\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></span>
-<span id="index-listings-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package-2"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></span>
-<span id="index-minted-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-2"></a>
<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<code>\verb</code>. One is <code>listings</code>, another is <code>minted</code>.
+<code class="code">\verb</code>. One is <code class="code">listings</code>, another is <code class="code">minted</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></span>
-<span id="index-cprotect-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package-1"></a>
-<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
-the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
-being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, as the
-<code>\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its
+<p>You cannot use <code class="code">\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
+the argument to a <code class="code">\section</code>. It is not a question of <code class="code">\verb</code>
+being fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, as the
+<code class="code">\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its
argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a
macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a
token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called.
-However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
+However, the <code class="code">cprotect</code> package can help with this.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="verse">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="verse">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="verse-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="verse-1">8.28 <code class="code">verse</code></h3>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-verse"></span>
-<span id="index-verse-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verse-environment"></a>
-<span id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
- <var>line1</var> \\
- <var>line2</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse}
+ <var class="var">line1</var> \\
+ <var class="var">line2</var> \\
...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
@@ -9605,16 +9613,16 @@
<p>Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></span>
-<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"></a>
+<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code class="code">\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse}
\makebox[\linewidth][c]{\textit{Shut Not Your Doors} ---Walt Whitman}
\\[1\baselineskip]
Shut not your doors to me proud libraries, \\
@@ -9634,15 +9642,15 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Line-breaking">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Line-breaking">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Line-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</h2>
-<span id="index-line-breaking"></span>
-<span id="index-breaking-lines"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaking"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-lines"></a>
<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -9660,90 +9668,90 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1"><code>\\</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code>\newline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\\</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\newline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_005c">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_005c-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c-1">9.1 <code class="code">\\</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></span>
-<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></span>
-<span id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\\
-\\[<var>morespace</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\\
+\\[<var class="var">morespace</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\\*
-\\*[<var>morespace</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\\*
+\\*[<var class="var">morespace</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>End the current line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies
+<p>End the current line. The optional argument <var class="var">morespace</var> specifies
extra vertical space to be inserted before the next line. This is a
-rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before
+rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before
the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched
-to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe}
</pre></div>
-<p>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page
-between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
+<p>The starred form, <code class="code">\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page
+between the two lines, by issuing a <code class="code">\nobreak</code>.
</p>
<p>Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
-particular, don’t start new paragraphs with <code>\\</code>. Instead leave a
+particular, don’t start new paragraphs with <code class="code">\\</code>. Instead leave a
blank line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of
-<code>\\</code>’s to make vertical space. Instead use
-<code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
-<code>\leavevmode\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
-<code>\vspace*{<var>length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown
-out at the top of a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\\</code>’s to make vertical space. Instead use
+<code class="code">\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>}</code>, or
+<code class="code">\leavevmode\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>}</code>, or
+<code class="code">\vspace*{<var class="var">length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown
+out at the top of a new page (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text
-such as in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment or in an
+<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text
+such as in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment or in an
equation environment.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a synonym for <code>\newline</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an
-exception is the <code>p{...}</code> column in a <code>tabular</code>
-environment; see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is a synonym for <code class="code">\newline</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an
+exception is the <code class="code">p{...}</code> column in a <code class="code">tabular</code>
+environment; see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context
-so that its definition in normal text, a <code>center</code> environment, a
-<code>flushleft</code> environment, and a <code>tabular</code> are all different.
+<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context
+so that its definition in normal text, a <code class="code">center</code> environment, a
+<code class="code">flushleft</code> environment, and a <code class="code">tabular</code> are all different.
In normal text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand
-for <code>\newline</code>. It does not end horizontal mode or end the
+for <code class="code">\newline</code>. It does not end horizontal mode or end the
paragraph, it just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the
paragraph does end a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short
line padded with white space.
</p>
-<p>You get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end</samp>’ if you use
-<code>\\</code> to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line.
-An example is if you have <code>\begin{document}\\</code> or, more likely,
+<p>You get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end</samp>’ if you use
+<code class="code">\\</code> to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line.
+An example is if you have <code class="code">\begin{document}\\</code> or, more likely,
something like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
\\
In that vertical space put your mark.
@@ -9752,34 +9760,34 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like
-<code>\vspace{\baselineskip}</code>.
+<code class="code">\vspace{\baselineskip}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cobeycr"></span>
-<span id="index-_005crestorecr"></span>
-<span id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cobeycr"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crestorecr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>
-<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (‘<samp>^^M</samp>’,
-internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
+<p>The <code class="code">\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (‘<samp class="samp">^^M</samp>’,
+internally) the same as <code class="code">\\</code>, followed by <code class="code">\relax</code>. So each
new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
-<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+<code class="code">\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</p>
<p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
-<code>verbatim</code> (see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) instead.
+<code class="code">verbatim</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>) instead.
</p>
<p>With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">aaa
+<pre class="example-preformatted">aaa
bbb
\obeycr
@@ -9798,7 +9806,7 @@
<p>produces output like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> aaa bbb
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> aaa bbb
ccc
ddd
eee
@@ -9812,62 +9820,62 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewline-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline-1">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewline"></span>
-<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewline"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>
<p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in
-paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code>\newline</code> command is
-equivalent to double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+paragraph mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code class="code">\newline</code> command is
+equivalent to double-backslash (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code>tabular</code> or
-<code>array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a
-paragraph box such as typically <code>p{...}</code>, <code>\newline</code> will
+<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code class="code">tabular</code> or
+<code class="code">array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a
+paragraph box such as typically <code class="code">p{...}</code>, <code class="code">\newline</code> will
insert a line end inside of the column; that is, it does not break the
-entire tabular row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code> or its
-equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
+entire tabular row. To break the entire row use <code class="code">\\</code> or its
+equivalent <code class="code">\tabularnewline</code>.
</p>
-<p>This will print ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Address:</samp>’ as two lines in a
+<p>This will print ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Address:</samp>’ as two lines in a
single cell of the table.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>The ‘<samp>Date:</samp>’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’.
+<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">Date:</samp>’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
-<span id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>
<p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
-insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
+insert <code class="code">\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct
hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The
-<code>\-</code> command is for exceptional cases.
+<code class="code">\-</code> command is for exceptional cases.
</p>
<p>For example, LaTeX does not ordinarily hyphenate words containing a
hyphen. Below, the long and hyphenated word means LaTeX has to put
@@ -9874,7 +9882,7 @@
in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}}
Isaac Asimov &The strain of
anti-intellectualism
% an\-ti-in\-tel\-lec\-tu\-al\-ism
@@ -9888,43 +9896,43 @@
<p>Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much
better fit.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
-require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
-<code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the text
-then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
-care.
+<p>The <code class="code">\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
+require that it break there. You can force a split with something
+like <code class="code">Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the
+text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach
+requires care.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
-<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></span>
-<span id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></span>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break</var>}{<var>post-break</var>}{<var>no-break</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\discretionary{<var class="var">pre-break</var>}{<var class="var">post-break</var>}{<var class="var">no-break</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Handle word changes around hyphens. This command is not often used in
LaTeX documents.
</p>
-<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code>\discretionary</code> appears
-then TeX puts <var>pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts
-<var>post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line
-break here then TeX puts <var>no-break</var>.
+<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code class="code">\discretionary</code> appears
+then TeX puts <var class="var">pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts
+<var class="var">post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line
+break here then TeX puts <var class="var">no-break</var>.
</p>
-<p>In ‘<samp>difficult</samp>’ the three letters <code>ffi</code> form a ligature. But
-TeX can nonetheless break between the two ‘<samp>f</samp>’’s with this.
+<p>In ‘<samp class="samp">difficult</samp>’ the three letters <code class="code">ffi</code> form a ligature. But
+TeX can nonetheless break between the two ‘<samp class="samp">f</samp>’’s with this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
+<pre class="example-preformatted">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
</pre></div>
<p>Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
@@ -9934,62 +9942,62 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfussy"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csloppy"></span>
-<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfussy"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csloppy"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfussy"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csloppy"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></a>
<p>Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line
-breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
+breaking. Declaring <code class="code">\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely,
-<code>\sloppy</code> avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword
+<code class="code">\sloppy</code> avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword
spacing.
</p>
-<p>The default is <code>\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is
+<p>The default is <code class="code">\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is
controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the
-paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code>\par</code> or displayed
+paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code class="code">\par</code> or displayed
equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include
that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1"><code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1"><code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="sloppypar">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="sloppypar">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="sloppypar-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="sloppypar-1">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></h4>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></span>
-<span id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></a>
-<span id="index-sloppypar-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sloppypar-environment"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{sloppypar}
... paragraphs ...
\end{sloppypar}
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code>\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
-‘<samp>Overfull box</samp>’ or ‘<samp>Underfull box</samp>’ errors.
+<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code class="code">\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
+‘<samp class="samp">Overfull box</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull box</samp>’ errors.
</p>
<p>The example is simple.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{sloppypar}
Her plan for the morning thus settled, she sat quietly down to her
book after breakfast, resolving to remain in the same place and the
same employment till the clock struck one; and from habitude very
@@ -10007,34 +10015,34 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chyphenation">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation-1">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005chyphenation"></span>
-<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word1</var> ...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hyphenation{<var class="var">word1</var> ...}
</pre></div>
<p>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The
words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for
-hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
+hyphenation with a dash character, <code class="code">-</code>.
</p>
<p>Here is an example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
</pre></div>
<p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code>
+exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code class="code">\hyphenation</code>
commands accumulate.
</p>
@@ -10041,66 +10049,66 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005clinebreak"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></span>
-<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></span>
-<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005clinebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnolinebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\linebreak
-\linebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\linebreak
+\linebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>or one of these.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\nolinebreak
-\nolinebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\nolinebreak
+\nolinebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
+<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var class="var">zero-to-four</var>
is an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the
instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument
these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance,
-<code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better.
+<code class="code">\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better.
The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands
-are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+are fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here we tell LaTeX that a good place to put a linebreak is after the
standard legal text.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2]
We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally
underrepresented groups.
</pre></div>
-<p>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
-out so that the break point reaches the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>
-and <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
+<p>When you issue <code class="code">\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
+out so that the break point reaches the right margin. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>
+and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Page-breaking">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Page-breaking">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Page-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</h2>
-<span id="index-page-breaking"></span>
-<span id="index-breaking-pages"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-breaking"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-pages"></a>
<p>Ordinarily LaTeX automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -10107,12 +10115,13 @@
tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to
understand how to influence its actions.
</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-badness"></a>
<p>LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than
would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some
-way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this
-approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
+way (it has the smallest <em class="dfn">badness</em>). An example of the advantage of
+this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs,
then LaTeX can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts
with the last line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line
@@ -10129,60 +10138,60 @@
far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to
influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2"><code>\newpage</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1">10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cclearpage"></span>
-<span id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></span>
-<span id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></span>
-<span id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclearpage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\clearpage
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\clearpage
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cleardoublepage
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cleardoublepage
</pre></div>
<p>End the current page and output all of the pending floating figures and
-tables (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). If there are too many floats to fit on the
+tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). If there are too many floats to fit on the
page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In
-two-sided printing, <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of
+two-sided printing, <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of
content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
-a blank page. The <code>\clearpage</code> command is robust while
-<code>\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+a blank page. The <code class="code">\clearpage</code> command is robust while
+<code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command will put in a blank page, but it
+<p>The <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> command will put in a blank page, but it
will have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank
page, use this command.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage
\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{%
\clearpage
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
@@ -10189,54 +10198,56 @@
}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you want LaTeX’s standard <code>\chapter</code> command to do this then
-add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>.
+<p>If you want LaTeX’s standard <code class="code">\chapter</code> command to do this then
+add the line <code class="code">\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>. (Of
+course this affects all uses of <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code>, not just the
+one in <code class="code">\chapter</code>.)
</p>
-<p>The command <code>\newpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>) also ends the current
+<p>The command <code class="code">\newpage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>) also ends the current
page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in
-two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
-<code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page.
+two-column mode then <code class="code">\newpage</code> ends the current column while
+<code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewpage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage-1">10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewpage"></span>
-<span id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></span>
-<span id="index-starting-a-new-page"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newpage
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newpage
</pre></div>
-<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
</p>
-<p>While the commands <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also
+<p>While the commands <code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> also
end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>). And, if LaTeX is in
-two-column mode then <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>). And, if LaTeX is in
+two-column mode then <code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> end
the current page, possibly leaving an empty column, while
-<code>\newpage</code> only ends the current column.
+<code class="code">\newpage</code> only ends the current column.
</p>
-<p>In contrast with <code>\pagebreak</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>),
-the <code>\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where
+<p>In contrast with <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a>),
+the <code class="code">\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where
requested. This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent,
\newpage
\noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
@@ -10243,33 +10254,33 @@
proposition that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, and the cut-off line is
-not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically
-stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
+<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp class="samp">continent</samp>’, and the cut-off line is
+not right justified. In addition, <code class="code">\newpage</code> does not vertically
+stretch out the page, as <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> does.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1">10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></span>
-<span id="index-enlarge-current-page"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{size}
-\enlargethispage*{size}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\enlargethispage{<var class="var">size</var>}
+\enlargethispage*{<var class="var">size</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page. The required
-argument <var>size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be
-positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Enlarge the <code class="code">\textheight</code> for the current page. The required
+argument <var class="var">size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be
+positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A common strategy is to wait until you have the final text of a
document, and then pass through it tweaking line and page breaks. This
@@ -10278,53 +10289,53 @@
<p>This will allow one extra line on the current page.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
</pre></div>
-<p>The starred form <code>\enlargesthispage*</code> tries to squeeze the material
+<p>The starred form <code class="code">\enlargesthispage*</code> tries to squeeze the material
together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of
getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an
-explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
+explicit <code class="code">\pagebreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1">10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpagebreak"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></span>
-<span id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></span>
-<span id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cpagebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnopagebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagebreak
-\pagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagebreak
+\pagebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\nopagebreak
-\nopagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\nopagebreak
+\nopagebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
+<p>Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional <var class="var">zero-to-four</var>
is an integer that allows you to soften the request. The default is 4,
so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or
-prevent the break. But for instance <code>\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to
+prevent the break. But for instance <code class="code">\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to
LaTeX that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number,
the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
-command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+<p>LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
+commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
</p>
<p>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following
@@ -10331,7 +10342,7 @@
the line in which they appear. So this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent,
\pagebreak
a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition
@@ -10338,40 +10349,40 @@
that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, but instead at
-‘<samp>nation</samp>’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
-addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
+<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp class="samp">continent</samp>’, but instead at
+‘<samp class="samp">nation</samp>’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
+addition, with <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
-margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
-this can cause you to get ‘<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>’. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>, for a command that
+margin. This can look strange, and if <code class="code">\flushbottom</code> is in effect
+this can cause you to get ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
+occurred while \output is active</samp>’. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005csamepage"></span>
-<span id="index-samepage-environment"></span>
-<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csamepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-samepage-environment"></a>
+<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code class="code">\samepage</code>, which tries to only
allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-<code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
+<code class="code">samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
-<a href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.)
+<a class="url" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Footnotes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Footnotes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</h2>
-<span id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>
<p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Noël Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Noël Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making
love.\footnote{%
I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
@@ -10380,44 +10391,44 @@
<p>You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text becomes
too long then it will flow to the next page.
</p>
-<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
-the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
+<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> and
+the <code class="code">\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
circumstances.
</p>
<p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
-include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
+include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1"><code>\footnote</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2"><code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3"><code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\footnote</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
<li><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></li>
<li><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnote">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote-1">11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnote"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnote"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\footnote{<var>text</var>}
-\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnote{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\footnote[<var class="var">number</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
+<p>Place a footnote <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
+<pre class="example-preformatted">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained,
``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method
@@ -10425,35 +10436,35 @@
at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
</pre></div>
-<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the number of
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">number</var> allows you to specify the number of
the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
-<code>footnote</code> counter.
+<code class="code">footnote</code> counter.
</p>
-<span id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
-<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
-uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
+uses a sequence of symbols (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
-<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.
+<code class="code">\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</p>
-<span id="index-footnote-parameters"></span>
-<span id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code>\footnoterule</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnoterule' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="footnote-footnoterule"></span><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code class="code">\footnoterule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnoterule'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
-<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
-<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
+<code class="code">slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
+<code class="code">0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code class="code">0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
Change the rule with something like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
@@ -10460,66 +10471,66 @@
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code>\footnotesep</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnotesep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><span id="index-strut"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code class="code">\footnotesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnotesep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnotesep"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut"></a>
<p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
-<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
-extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’,
-‘<samp>7.7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. Change
-it as with <code>\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
+<code class="code">\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a class="pxref" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
+extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<samp class="samp">6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">7.7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’. Change
+it as with <code class="code">\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
-<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
-sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
-paragraph mode; see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see
+<code class="code">\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
+sectioning command such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
+paragraph mode; see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</p>
-<span id="index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></span>
-<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></span>
-<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
-<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a>
+<p>In a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment the <code class="code">\footnote</code> command uses the
+<code class="code">mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code class="code">footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are
-shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
+shown alphabetically. See <a class="xref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1">11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\footnotemark
-\footnotemark[<var>number</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnotemark
+\footnotemark[<var class="var">number</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>Put the current footnote mark in the text. To specify associated text
-for the footnote see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>. The optional argument
-<var>number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the
+for the footnote see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>. The optional argument
+<var class="var">number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the
footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
-increments the <code>footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional
-<var>number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several
+<p>If you use <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
+increments the <code class="code">footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional
+<var class="var">number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several
consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre></div>
@@ -10527,11 +10538,11 @@
<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
-(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
+(<code class="code">\thanks</code> is a version of <code class="code">\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
number of the footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
\and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University}
\and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]}
@@ -10543,7 +10554,7 @@
is followed by the same footnote marker as the first.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
@@ -10552,16 +10563,16 @@
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></span>
-<span id="index-cleveref-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package-2"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package"></a>
-<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>.
+<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code class="code">cleveref</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker, Evers, 1994.}
@@ -10569,56 +10580,56 @@
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-1"></a>
-<p>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>.
+<p>It will work with the package <code class="code">hyperref</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1">11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\footnotetext{<var>text</var>}
-\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnotetext{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\footnotetext[<var class="var">number</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with
-<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>) and can come anywhere after
-that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
-The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
+<p>Place <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with
+<code class="code">\footnotemark</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>) and can come anywhere after
+that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+The optional argument <var class="var">number</var> changes the number of the footnote
mark.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage
examples.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
-<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></span>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
</pre></div>
<p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
@@ -10625,35 +10636,35 @@
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way
to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to <code>\section</code>
+argument to <code class="code">\section</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
</pre></div>
-<p>No <code>\protect</code> is needed in front of <code>\footnote</code> here because
+<p>No <code class="code">\protect</code> is needed in front of <code class="code">\footnote</code> here because
what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-in-a-table">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
-<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a>
-<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
+<p>Inside a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment the <code class="code">\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
-<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>).
+<code class="code">minipage</code> environment as here (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textsc{Ship} &\textsc{Book} \\ \hline
@@ -10667,18 +10678,18 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>Inside a <code>minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
+<p>Inside a <code class="code">minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
that with something like
-<code>\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
</p>
<p>The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the
-<code>minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
-part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
-<code>\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter.
+<code class="code">minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
+part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> and
+<code class="code">\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
\setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} \centering
@@ -10698,14 +10709,14 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-tablefootnote"></span>
-<span id="index-tablefootnote-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tablefootnote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tablefootnote-package"></a>
-<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), use the
-<code>tablefootnote</code> package.
+<p>For a floating <code class="code">table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>), use the
+<code class="code">tablefootnote</code> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
...
\begin{table}
\centering
@@ -10726,25 +10737,25 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
-<span id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></span>
-<span id="index-bigfoot-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bigfoot-package"></a>
<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-<code>bigfoot</code> extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many
+<code class="code">bigfoot</code> extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{}
...
@@ -10757,95 +10768,96 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Definitions">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Definitions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Definitions-1">12 Definitions</h2>
-<span id="index-definitions"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-definitions"></a>
<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2"><code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4"><code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6"><code>\newlength</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7"><code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9"><code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1">12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewcommand"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></span>
-<span id="index-defining-a-new-command"></span>
-<span id="index-redefining-a-command"></span>
-<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewcommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewcommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewcommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redefining-a-command"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>or all the same possibilities with <code>\renewcommand</code> instead of
-<code>\newcommand</code>:
+<p>or all the same possibilities with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> instead of
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define or redefine a command (see also <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in
-<a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
+<p>Define or redefine a command (see also <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in
+<a class="ref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clong"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clong"></a>
<p>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands
-are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
+are not <code class="code">\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>These are the parameters (examples follow):
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>cmd</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a
-backslash, <code>\</code>, and must not begin with the four character string
-<code>\end</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined.
-For <code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined.
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">cmd</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Required; <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a
+backslash, <code class="code">\</code>, and must not begin with the four character string
+<code class="code">\end</code>. For <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined.
+For <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
that the command takes, including any optional argument. Omitting this
argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that the command has no
@@ -10853,34 +10865,34 @@
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'><span><var>optargdefault</var><a href='#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using"></span>
+<dt id='index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'><span><var class="var">optargdefault</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
<p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
-(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present
-then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var>
+(which may be the empty string). If <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is not present
+then <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</p>
-<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called with a following argument in
-square brackets, as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then
-within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to <var>optval</var>.
-On the other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without following
-square brackets then within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set
-to <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start
-with <code>#2</code>.
+<p>That is, if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is called with a following argument in
+square brackets, as in <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var>[<var class="var">optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then
+within <var class="var">defn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set to <var class="var">optval</var>.
+On the other hand, if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is called without following
+square brackets then within <var class="var">defn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set
+to <var class="var">optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start
+with <code class="code">#2</code>.
</p>
-<p>Omitting <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> from the definition is entirely
+<p>Omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]</code> from the definition is entirely
different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in
-<code>[]</code>. The former says the command being defined takes no
-optional argument, so <code>#1</code> is the first required argument (if
-<em class='math'><var>nargs</var> ≥ 1</em>); the latter sets the optional argument
-<code>#1</code> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument
+<code class="code">[]</code>. The former says the command being defined takes no
+optional argument, so <code class="code">#1</code> is the first required argument (if
+<em class="math"><var class="var">nargs</var> ≥ 1</em>); the latter sets the optional argument
+<code class="code">#1</code> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument
was given in the call.
</p>
-<p>Similarly, omitting <code>[<var>optval</var>]</code> from a call is also entirely
+<p>Similarly, omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">optval</var>]</code> from a call is also entirely
different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The
-former sets <code>#1</code> to the value of <var>optval</var> (assuming the
+former sets <code class="code">#1</code> to the value of <var class="var">optval</var> (assuming the
command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets
-<code>#1</code> to the empty string, just as with any other value.
+<code class="code">#1</code> to the empty string, just as with any other value.
</p>
<p>If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is
called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there
@@ -10887,33 +10899,33 @@
may be a LaTeX error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-parameters_002c-substituting'><span><var>defn</var><a href='#index-parameters_002c-substituting' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-parameters_002c-substituting'><span><var class="var">defn</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-parameters_002c-substituting'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>,
-…, <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when
-the command is called (or by <var>optargdefault</var> in the case of an
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>,
+…, <code class="code">#<var class="var">nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when
+the command is called (or by <var class="var">optargdefault</var> in the case of an
optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences"></a>
<p>TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word
-(see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), as in ‘<samp>\cmd </samp>’. If you want a space
-there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command
-(‘<samp>\cmd{} </samp>’), and another solution is to use an explicit control
-space (‘<samp>\cmd\ </samp>’).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), as in ‘<samp class="samp">\cmd </samp>’. If you want a space
+there, one solution is to type <code class="code">{}</code> after the command
+(‘<samp class="samp">\cmd{} </samp>’), and another solution is to use an explicit control
+space (‘<samp class="samp">\cmd\ </samp>’).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
-<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code class="code">\RS</code> being
replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar:
-<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>.
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>If you use <code>\newcommand</code> and the command name has already been
-used then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred
+<p>If you use <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and the command name has already been
+used then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \fred
already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’.
-Similarly, If you use <code>\renewcommand</code> and the command name has
-not been defined then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: \hank
+Similarly, If you use <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> and the command name has
+not been defined then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: \hank
undefined</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the
@@ -10920,180 +10932,183 @@
second, a command with one required argument:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Use the first as in <code>I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The
-second has a variable argument, so that <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
-<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to
-something like ‘<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>’.
+<p>Use the first as in <code class="code">I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The
+second has a variable argument, so that <code class="code">\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
+<code class="code">Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to
+something like ‘<samp class="samp">Definition~3.14</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Similarly, but with two required arguments:
-<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as
-<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>.
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as
+<code class="code">\nbym{2}{k}</code>.
</p>
<p>This example has an optional argument.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
</pre></div>
-<p>Then <code>\salutation</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>’ while
-<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear John:</samp>’. And
-<code>\salutation[]</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear :</samp>’.
+<p>Then <code class="code">\salutation</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>’ while
+<code class="code">\salutation[John]</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear John:</samp>’. And
+<code class="code">\salutation[]</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear :</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This example has an optional argument and two required arguments.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.
</pre></div>
-<p>The output is ‘<samp>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</samp>’. The optional
-argument, <code>Howe</code>, is associated with <code>#1</code>, while
-<code>Dewey</code> and <code>Cheatem</code> are associated with <code>#2</code>
-and <code>#3</code>. Because of the optional argument,
-<code>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output ‘<samp>I
+<p>The output is ‘<samp class="samp">I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</samp>’. The optional
+argument, <code class="code">Howe</code>, is associated with <code class="code">#1</code>, while
+<code class="code">Dewey</code> and <code class="code">Cheatem</code> are associated with <code class="code">#2</code>
+and <code class="code">#3</code>. Because of the optional argument,
+<code class="code">\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output ‘<samp class="samp">I
employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not
-delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. For example,
-with <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, in this sentence,
+<p>The braces around <var class="var">defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not
+delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var class="var">defn</var>. For example,
+with <code class="code">\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, in this sentence,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
</pre></div>
-<p>the words ‘<samp>met the</samp>’, and the period, would incorrectly be in
+<p>the words ‘<samp class="samp">met the</samp>’, and the period, would incorrectly be in
italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the
-definition: <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
+definition: <code class="code">\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Control-sequences" accesskey="1">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Control-sequences">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Control-sequences">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol"></span><h4 class="subsection">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4>
-<span id="index-control-sequences"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-sequences"></a>
-<p>When reading input TeX converts sequences of read characters into a
-sequence of <em>tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it
-will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make
-a <em>control sequence</em> token.
+<p>When reading input TeX converts the stream of read characters into a
+sequence of <em class="dfn">tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code class="code">\</code>, it will
+handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
+<em class="dfn">control sequence</em> token.
</p>
<p>The control sequences fall into two categories:
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> <span id="index-control-word_002c-defined"></span>
-<em>control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
-<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<code>A-Z</code> and
-<code>a-z</code>), followed by at least one non-letter.
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-word_002c-defined"></a>
+<em class="dfn">control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code class="code">\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<code class="code">A-Z</code> and
+<code class="code">a-z</code>), followed by at least one non-letter.
-</li><li> <span id="index-control-symbol_002c-defined"></span>
-<em>control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
-<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-symbol_002c-defined"></a>
+<em class="dfn">control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code class="code">\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
</li></ul>
-<p>The sequence of characters so found after the <code>\</code> is also called
-the <em>control sequence name</em>.
+<p>The sequence of characters so found after the <code class="code">\</code> is also called
+the <em class="dfn">control sequence name</em>.
</p>
<p>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
-whitespace in the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> and
-<a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>).
+whitespace in the output (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> and
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following input
-will simply print ‘<samp>Hello!</samp>’ :
+<p>Just as the <code class="code">\relax</code> command does nothing, the following input
+will simply print ‘<samp class="samp">Hello!</samp>’ :
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
<!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo!
</pre></div>
-<p>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline, are
+<p>This is because blanks after <code class="code">\relax</code>, including the newline, are
ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
-(see <a href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1">12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></span>
-<span id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></span>
-<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
-as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
+as <code class="code">\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, for the description of the arguments.
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>, for the description of the arguments.
</p>
<p>This example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV}
From \myaffiliation.
</pre></div>
-<p>outputs ‘<samp>From Saint Michael's College.</samp>’. Unlike
-<code>\newcommand</code>, the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> to (try
-to) define <code>\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error.
+<p>outputs ‘<samp class="samp">From Saint Michael's College.</samp>’. Unlike
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code>, the repeated use of <code class="code">\providecommand</code> to (try
+to) define <code class="code">\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1">12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></h3>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatother"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter
... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
\makeatother
</pre></div>
<p>Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an
-at-sign character ‘<samp><code>@</code></samp>’. The <code>\makeatletter</code>
+at-sign character ‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">@</code></samp>’. The <code class="code">\makeatletter</code>
declaration makes the at-sign character have the category code of a
-letter, code 11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
+letter, code 11. The <code class="code">\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value.
</p>
<p>As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<span id="index-catcode"></span>
-<span id="index-character-category-code"></span>
-<span id="index-category-code_002c-character"></span>
-<em>catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
-character ‘<samp><code>\</code></samp>’ the catcode 0. Command names
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-catcode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-category-code"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
+<em class="dfn">catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
+character ‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">\</code></samp>’ the catcode 0. Command names
consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
by letters, category 11 characters (except that a command name can
also consist of a category 0 character followed by a single
@@ -11100,32 +11115,32 @@
non-letter symbol).
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use
-<code>@</code> in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package
+<code class="code">@</code> in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package
or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a
package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
</p>
-<p>Use the pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> inside a
-<samp>.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or
-redefining commands named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your
-definition. Don’t use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files
-since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already
+<p>Use the pair <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and <code class="code">\makeatother</code> inside a
+<samp class="file">.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or
+redefining commands named with <code class="code">@</code>, by having them surround your
+definition. Don’t use these inside <samp class="file">.sty</samp> or <samp class="file">.cls</samp> files
+since the <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\documentclass</code> commands already
arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
catcode 11.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></span>
-<span id="index-macros2e-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macros2e-package"></a>
<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
-<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the class file has a command
-<code>\thesis at universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
+<code class="code">\thesis at universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
three lines should go in the preamble, before the
-<code>\begin{document}</code>.
+<code class="code">\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\thesis at universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
\makeatother
</pre></div>
@@ -11133,56 +11148,56 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1">12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></span>
-<span id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd at star}{\mycmd at nostar}}
-\newcommand{\mycmd at nostar}[<var>nostar-num-args</var>]{<var>nostar-body</var>}
-\newcommand{\mycmd at star}[<var>star-num-args</var>]{<var>star-body</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd at star}{\mycmd at nostar}}
+\newcommand{\mycmd at nostar}[<var class="var">nostar-num-args</var>]{<var class="var">nostar-body</var>}
+\newcommand{\mycmd at star}[<var class="var">star-num-args</var>]{<var class="var">star-body</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
-same name but ending with a star character <code>*</code>, an asterisk.
-Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
-<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
+same name but ending with a star character <code class="code">*</code>, an asterisk.
+Examples are the <code class="code">table</code> and <code class="code">table*</code> environments and the
+<code class="code">\section</code> and <code class="code">\section*</code> commands.
</p>
<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
-because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
+because <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> and <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code> allow the
environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write
-<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>}</code> or
-<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>*}</code> and continue the definition as
+<code class="code">\newenvironment{<var class="var">myenv</var>}</code> or
+<code class="code">\newenvironment{<var class="var">myenv</var>*}</code> and continue the definition as
usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being
a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above,
-there will be a user-called command, given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which
+there will be a user-called command, given above as <code class="code">\mycmd</code>, which
peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For instance, LaTeX
-does not really have a <code>\section*</code> command; instead, the
-<code>\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept
+does not really have a <code class="code">\section*</code> command; instead, the
+<code class="code">\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept
arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept
-arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code>\mycmd at nostar</code> and
-<code>\mycmd at star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a
+arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code class="code">\mycmd at nostar</code> and
+<code class="code">\mycmd at star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a
different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX
-document a command using an at-sign <code>@</code> in its name must be
-enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>).
+document a command using an at-sign <code class="code">@</code> in its name must be
+enclosed inside a <code class="code">\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
-variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
-<code>\ciel{blue}</code> will return "not starry blue sky" while
-<code>\ciel*{night}</code> will return "starry night sky".
+<p>This example of <code class="code">\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code class="code">\ciel</code> and a
+variant <code class="code">\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
+<code class="code">\ciel{blue}</code> will return "not starry blue sky" while
+<code class="code">\ciel*{night}</code> will return "starry night sky".
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\ciel at unstarred}[1]{not starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel at starred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel at starred}{\ciel at unstarred}}
@@ -11191,12 +11206,12 @@
<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s
-<code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
+<code class="code">``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to entering the commands
-<code>``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
+<code class="code">``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret at unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\agentsecret at unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret at starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
\@ifstar{\agentsecret at starred}{\agentsecret at unstarred}}
@@ -11206,28 +11221,28 @@
argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is
part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus,
it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the
-command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and
-<code>\agentsecret *<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the
+command and the star. Thus <code class="code">\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and
+<code class="code">\agentsecret *<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the
standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-suffix"></span>
-<span id="index-suffix-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-suffix"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-suffix-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xparse-1"></span>
-<span id="index-xparse-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xparse-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xparse-package-1"></a>
<p>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\@ifstar</code>. (1) The <code>suffix</code> package allows the
-construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred-variant</var>}</code>
+<code class="code">\@ifstar</code>. (1) The <code class="code">suffix</code> package allows the
+construct <code class="code">\newcommand\mycommand{<var class="var">unstarred-variant</var>}</code>
followed by
-<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred-variant</var>}</code>.
-(2) LaTeX provides the <code>xparse</code> package, which allows
+<code class="code">\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var class="var">starred-variant</var>}</code>.
+(2) LaTeX provides the <code class="code">xparse</code> package, which allows
this code:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
- {<var>starred-variant</var>}%
- {<var>unstarred-variant</var>}%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
+ {<var class="var">starred-variant</var>}%
+ {<var class="var">unstarred-variant</var>}%
}
</pre></div>
@@ -11234,43 +11249,43 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewcounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></span><h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter">12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewcounter"></span>
-<span id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}
-\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{<var class="var">countername</var>}
+\newcounter{<var class="var">countername</var>}[<var class="var">supercounter</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize it
-to zero (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var class="var">countername</var> and initialize it
+to zero (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
-<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consist of letters only. It does not
+<p>The name <var class="var">countername</var> must consist of letters only. It does not
begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
counter.
</p>
-<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then the
-counter <var>countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever
-<var>supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily
-<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time you
-increment <var>section</var>, either with <code>\stepcounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>), then LaTeX will reset <var>subsection</var> to
+<p>When you use the optional argument <code class="code">[<var class="var">supercounter</var>]</code> then the
+counter <var class="var">countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever
+<var class="var">supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily
+<code class="code">subsection</code> is numbered within <code class="code">section</code> so that any time you
+increment <var class="var">section</var>, either with <code class="code">\stepcounter</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>) or <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>), then LaTeX will reset <var class="var">subsection</var> to
zero.
</p>
<p>This example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1}
\newcounter{asub}[asuper] \setcounter{asub}{3} % Note `asuper'
The value of asuper is \arabic{asuper} and of asub is \arabic{asub}.
\stepcounter{asuper}
@@ -11277,97 +11292,97 @@
Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}.
</pre></div>
-<p>produces ‘<samp>The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3</samp>’ and
-‘<samp>Now asuper is 2 while asub is 0</samp>’.
+<p>produces ‘<samp class="samp">The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3</samp>’ and
+‘<samp class="samp">Now asuper is 2 while asub is 0</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>If the counter already exists, for instance by entering <code>asuper</code>
-twice, then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \c at asuper
+<p>If the counter already exists, for instance by entering <code class="code">asuper</code>
+twice, then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \c at asuper
already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.</samp>’.
</p>
<p>If you use the optional argument then the super counter must already
-exist. Entering <code>\newcounter{jh}[lh]</code> when <code>lh</code> is not a
-defined counter will get you ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh'
+exist. Entering <code class="code">\newcounter{jh}[lh]</code> when <code class="code">lh</code> is not a
+defined counter will get you ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh'
defined.</samp>’
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewlength">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength-1">12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewlength"></span>
-<span id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></span>
-<span id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></span>
-<span id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>len</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\<var class="var">len</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument
-<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under
normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as
-<code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length
-register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code> register). The
-initial value is zero. The control sequence <code>\<var>len</var></code> must not
+<code class="code">72.27pt</code> or <code class="code">1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length
+register is what plain TeX calls a <code class="code">skip</code> register). The
+initial value is zero. The control sequence <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> must not
be already defined.
</p>
<p>An example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\graphichgt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\graphichgt}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you forget the backslash then you get ‘<samp>Missing control sequence
+<p>If you forget the backslash then you get ‘<samp class="samp">Missing control sequence
inserted</samp>’. If the control sequence already exists then you get
-something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
+something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1">12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></span>
-<span id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define \<var>cmd</var>, the string consisting of a backslash followed by
-<var>cmd</var>, to refer to a new bin for storing material. These bins hold
+<p>Define \<var class="var">cmd</var>, the string consisting of a backslash followed by
+<var class="var">cmd</var>, to refer to a new bin for storing material. These bins hold
material that has been typeset, to use multiple times or to measure or
-manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var>cmd</var> is required, must
+manipulate (see <a class="pxref" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var class="var">cmd</var> is required, must
start with a backslash, \, and must not already be a defined command.
-This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This allocates a bin and then puts typeset material into it.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\logobox}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\logobox}
\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}
Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
</pre></div>
-<p>The output is ‘<samp>Our logo is LoGo</samp>’.
+<p>The output is ‘<samp class="samp">Our logo is LoGo</samp>’.
</p>
<p>If there is an already defined bin then you get something like
-‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name
\end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The allocation of a box is global.
@@ -11375,124 +11390,124 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1">12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></span>
-<span id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></span>
-<span id="index-environments_002c-defining"></span>
-<span id="index-defining-new-environments"></span>
-<span id="index-redefining-environments"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewenvironment"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environments_002c-defining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redefining-environments"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or one of these.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
-\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
+\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
-construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
+<p>Define or redefine the environment <var class="var">env</var>, that is, create the
+construct <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>} ... <var class="var">body</var> ... \end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>env</var></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">env</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
-<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code>\</code>.
-It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
-<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
-already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
-must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the
+<code class="code">*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code class="code">\</code>.
+It must not begin with the string <code class="code">end</code>. For
+<code class="code">\newenvironment</code>, the name <var class="var">env</var> must not be the name of an
+already existing environment, and also the command <code class="code">\<var class="var">env</var></code>
+must be undefined. For <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code>, <var class="var">env</var> must be the
name of an existing environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">nargs</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
that the environment takes. When you use the environment these
-arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>} ... {<var>argn</var>}</code>. Omitting
+arguments appear after the <code class="code">\begin</code>, as in
+<code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">arg1</var>} ... {<var class="var">argn</var>}</code>. Omitting
this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the environment will have no
arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>optargdefault</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">optargdefault</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this is present then the first argument of the defined
-environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which
+environment is optional, with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var> (which
may be the empty string). If this is not in the definition then the
environment does not take an optional argument.
</p>
-<p>That is, when <var>optargdefault</var> is present in the definition of the
+<p>That is, when <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is present in the definition of the
environment then you can start the environment with square brackets, as
-in <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>optval</var>]{...} ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
-In this case, within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the
-value of <var>optval</var>. If you call <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> without
-square brackets, then within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is
-set to the value of the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case,
-any required arguments start with <code>#2</code>.
+in <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">optval</var>]{...} ... \end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>.
+In this case, within <var class="var">begdefn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set to the
+value of <var class="var">optval</var>. If you call <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}</code> without
+square brackets, then within <var class="var">begdefn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is
+set to the value of the default <var class="var">optargdefault</var>. In either case,
+any required arguments start with <code class="code">#2</code>.
</p>
-<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different than having the
-square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
-in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
-<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
+<p>Omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">myval</var>]</code> in the call is different than having the
+square brackets with no contents, as in <code class="code">[]</code>. The former results
+in <code class="code">#1</code> expanding to <var class="var">optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
+<code class="code">#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>begdef</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">begdef</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the parameters
-<code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, ... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the
+<code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. Within <var class="var">begdef</var>, the parameters
+<code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>, ... <code class="code">#<var class="var">nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the
values that you supply when you call the environment; see the examples
below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>enddef</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">enddef</var></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
-<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is,
-you cannot use <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final
+<code class="code">\end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is,
+you cannot use <code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final
example below).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdef</var> code, the environment
-body, and the <var>enddef</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
-the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to
+<p>All environments, that is to say the <var class="var">begdef</var> code, the environment
+body, and the <var class="var">enddef</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in
+the first example below, the effect of the <code class="code">\small</code> is limited to
the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
</p>
<p>If you try to define an environment and the name has already been used
-then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
+then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. If you try
to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you
-get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.</samp>’.
+get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s <code>quotation</code>
+<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s <code class="code">quotation</code>
except that it will be set in smaller type.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
\small\begin{quotation}
}{%
\end{quotation}
@@ -11503,7 +11518,7 @@
paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{point}[1]{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{point}[1]{%
\noindent\textbf{#1}
}{%
}
@@ -11513,7 +11528,7 @@
environment that cites the author.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
\begin{quotation}
\noindent\textit{#1}:
}{%
@@ -11521,20 +11536,20 @@
}
</pre></div>
-<p>The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘<samp>Shakespeare</samp>’. In
+<p>The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘<samp class="samp">Shakespeare</samp>’. In
the document, use the environment like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
...
\end{citequote}
</pre></div>
<p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
-<var>enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>).
+<var class="var">enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
\sbox\quoteauthor{#1}%
\begin{quotation}
@@ -11547,81 +11562,81 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1">12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></span>
-<span id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></span>
-<span id="index-defining-new-theorems"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-theorems"></a>
-<span id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></span>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}
-\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]
-\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}
+\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_within</var>]
+\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_like</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Define a new theorem-like environment. You can specify one of
-<var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>, or neither, but not both.
+<var class="var">numbered_within</var> and <var class="var">numbered_like</var>, or neither, but not both.
</p>
-<p>The first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>, creates
-an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>; see the first
+<p>The first form, <code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}</code>, creates
+an environment that will be labelled with <var class="var">title</var>; see the first
example below.
</p>
<p>The second form,
-<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>,
+<code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_within</var>]</code>,
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
-counter <var>numbered_within</var>, so this counter will be reset when
-<var>numbered_within</var> is reset. See the second example below.
+counter <var class="var">numbered_within</var>, so this counter will be reset when
+<var class="var">numbered_within</var> is reset. See the second example below.
</p>
<p>The third form
-<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>,
+<code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_like</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code>,
with optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an
environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
-<var>numbered_like</var>. See the third example.
+<var class="var">numbered_like</var>. See the third example.
</p>
-<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
-the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
-theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
-<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>).
+<p>This command creates a counter named <var class="var">name</var>. In addition, unless
+the optional argument <var class="var">numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
+theorem-like environment the current <code class="code">\ref</code> value will be that of
+<code class="code">\the<var class="var">numbered_within</var></code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Arguments:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">name</var></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must not
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. It must not be the name of an
-existing environment, and the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not
+begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. It must not be the name of an
+existing environment, and the command name <code class="code">\<var class="var">name</var></code> must not
already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>title</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">title</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
-number. For example, ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’.
+number. For example, ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>numbered_within</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">numbered_within</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional
-unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>. When the
-<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment’s
+unit such as <code class="code">chapter</code> or <code class="code">section</code>. When the
+<var class="var">numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var class="var">name</var> environment’s
counter will also be reset.
</p>
<p>If this optional argument is not used then the command
-<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic{<var>name</var>}</code>.
+<code class="code">\the<var class="var">name</var></code> is set to <code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">name</var>}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>numbered_like</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">numbered_like</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The
-new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
+new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var class="var">numbered_like</var>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -11628,11 +11643,11 @@
<p>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
-results in ‘<samp>Definition 1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Definition 2</samp>’ in the
+results in ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2</samp>’ in the
output.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
@@ -11646,12 +11661,12 @@
</pre></div>
<p>This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here
-<code>\newtheorem</code>’s optional argument <var>numbered_within</var> is given as
-<code>section</code>, so the output is like ‘<samp>Definition 1.1</samp>’ and
-‘<samp>Definition 2.1</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\newtheorem</code>’s optional argument <var class="var">numbered_within</var> is given as
+<code class="code">section</code>, so the output is like ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1.1</samp>’ and
+‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2.1</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
@@ -11665,12 +11680,12 @@
</pre></div>
<p>In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
-second of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
-counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives ‘<samp>Definition 1.1</samp>’, followed
-by ‘<samp>Theorem 2.1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Definition 2.2</samp>’.
+second of which calls for the new <code class="code">thm</code> environment to use the same
+counter as <code class="code">defn</code>. It gives ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1.1</samp>’, followed
+by ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem 2.1</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2.2</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
@@ -11691,47 +11706,47 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewfont">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont-1">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cnewfont"></span>
-<span id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></span>
-<span id="index-defining-new-fonts"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>
<p>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
documents. New documents should define fonts in families through the
New Font Selection Scheme which allows you to, for example, associate a
-boldface with a roman (see <a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>).
+boldface with a roman (see <a class="pxref" href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>).
</p>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newfont{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>font description</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newfont{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">font description</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define a command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the current font.
+<p>Define a command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> that will change the current font.
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
-backslash, <code>\</code>.
+backslash, <code class="code">\</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
-<span id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
-<p>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
-<em>at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
-<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either
-<code>at <var>dimen</var></code> or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a
-<var>factor</var> of ‘<samp>1000</samp>’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s purposes,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
+<p>The <var class="var">font description</var> consists of a <var class="var">fontname</var> and an optional
+<em class="dfn">at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either
+<code class="code">at <var class="var">dimen</var></code> or <code class="code">scaled <var class="var">factor</var></code>, where a
+<var class="var">factor</var> of ‘<samp class="samp">1000</samp>’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s purposes,
all this does is scale all the character and other font dimensions
relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined in the
-<samp>.tfm</samp> file.
+<samp class="file">.tfm</samp> file.
</p>
<p>This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in each.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100}
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
@@ -11740,18 +11755,18 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprotect">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cprotect-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect-1">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cprotect"></span>
-<span id="index-fragile-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-robust-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotect"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fragile-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-robust-commands"></a>
-<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>. A
+<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em class="dfn">fragile</em> or <em class="dfn">robust</em>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
other commands. Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an
auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material
@@ -11759,49 +11774,49 @@
etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an
optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from
breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command
-<code>\protect</code>.
+<code class="code">\protect</code>.
</p>
-<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code>\section{<var>section
-name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
-<samp>.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
+<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code class="code">\section{<var class="var">section
+name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var class="var">section name</var> text to the
+<samp class="file">.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<span id="index-moving-arguments"></span>
-<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-moving-arguments"></a>
+<em class="dfn">moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
-moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
-command (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
-<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
+moving arguments are those that appear in the <code class="code">\caption{...}</code>
+command (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>), in the <code class="code">\thanks{...}</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>), and in @-expressions in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and
+<code class="code">array</code> environments (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
-protected with their own <code>\protect</code>.
+preceding it with <code class="code">\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
+protected with their own <code class="code">\protect</code>.
</p>
-<p>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn’t hurt, length
-commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
-command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
-<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
+<p>Although usually a <code class="code">\protect</code> command doesn’t hurt, length
+commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code class="code">\protect</code>
+command. Nor can a <code class="code">\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
+<code class="code">\addtocounter</code> or <code class="code">\setcounter</code> command.
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
+<p>In this example the <code class="code">\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
-<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
+<code class="code">\raisebox</code> command with <code class="code">\protect</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}
...
\caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
-because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX
-in the <samp>.toc</samp> file. You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code>
-to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
+<p>In the next example the <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
+because the <code class="code">\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX
+in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file. You can solve this by changing <code class="code">\(..\)</code>
+to <code class="code">\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{document}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
...
\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
@@ -11811,44 +11826,44 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cignorespaces"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span>
-<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespaces"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespacesafterend"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ignorespaces
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ignorespaces
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ignorespacesafterend
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ignorespacesafterend
</pre></div>
<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of
catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the
command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a
-command from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+primitive command of TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
-<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
+<p>The <code class="code">\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code>, or <code class="code">\newenvironment</code>, or <code class="code">\def</code>. The
example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
-shown in the <code>enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between
+shown in the <code class="code">enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between
the command and the question text.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item\points{10}no extra space output here
\item\points{15} extra space between the number and the `extra'
@@ -11858,7 +11873,7 @@
<p>The solution is to change to this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\points}[1]{%
\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}
</pre></div>
@@ -11865,10 +11880,10 @@
<p>A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The
commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
-<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
+<code class="code">\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title
\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
@@ -11878,20 +11893,20 @@
</pre></div>
<p>To fix this, change to
-<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}</code>.
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code>
-at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in
-<code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env
+<p>The <code class="code">\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code class="code">\newenvironment</code>
+at the end of the <var class="var">begin</var> clause, as in
+<code class="code">\begin{newenvironment}{<var class="var">env
name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>.
</p>
<p>To strip blanks off the end of an environment use
-<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
+<code class="code">\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
between the second and third.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}
\begin{eq}
e=mc^2
\end{eq}
@@ -11903,80 +11918,80 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Putting a comment character <code>%</code> immediately after the
-<code>\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is
+<p>Putting a comment character <code class="code">%</code> immediately after the
+<code class="code">\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is
inconvenient. The solution is to change to
-<code>\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>.
+<code class="code">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="xspace-package">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="xspace-package">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="xspace-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.13 xspace package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="xspace-package-1">12.13 xspace package</h3>
-<span id="index-_005cxspace"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xspace"></span>
-<span id="index-xspace-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cxspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xspace-package"></a>
-<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{xspace}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xspace}
...
\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
+<p>The <code class="code">\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
</p>
-<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code>\$</code>), TeX
+<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code class="code">\$</code>), TeX
gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has ‘<samp>Vermont</samp>’ placed snugly against the period, without any
+has ‘<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>’ placed snugly against the period, without any
intervening space.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
The \VT{} summers are nice.
</pre></div>
<p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
-braces or else there would be no space separating ‘<samp>Vermont</samp>’ from
-‘<samp>summers</samp>’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space
-<code>\ </code> for this. See <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>.)
+braces or else there would be no space separating ‘<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>’ from
+‘<samp class="samp">summers</samp>’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space
+<code class="code">\ </code> for this. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>xspace</code> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
-commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place
+<p>The <code class="code">xspace</code> package provides <code class="code">\xspace</code>. It is for writing
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed
at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space
after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}
Our college is in \VT .
\VT summers are nice.
</pre></div>
-<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
+<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code class="code">,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
-and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
-list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds
-<code>\myfni</code> and <code>\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
-list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
+and the commands <code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
+list as with <code class="code">\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds
+<code class="code">\myfni</code> and <code class="code">\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
+list as with <code class="code">\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
</p>
-<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
+<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code class="code">\xspace</code>. Putting it in
a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
-<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
-command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
+<code class="code">\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
+command, and so <code class="code">\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
</p>
@@ -11983,45 +11998,45 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Counters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Counters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Counters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Counters-1">13 Counters</h2>
-<span id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></span>
-<span id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
environment or command associated with the number, except that the
-counter’s name has no backslash <code>\</code>. Thus, associated with
-the <code>\chapter</code> command is the <code>chapter</code> counter that keeps
+counter’s name has no backslash <code class="code">\</code>. Thus, associated with
+the <code class="code">\chapter</code> command is the <code class="code">chapter</code> counter that keeps
track of the chapter number.
</p>
<p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</p>
-<span id="index-part-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-chapter-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-section-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-subsection-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-subsubsection-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-subparagraph-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-page-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-figure-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-table-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-footnote-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></span>
-<span id="index-enumi-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-enumii-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-enumiii-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-enumiv-counter"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumi-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumii-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumiii-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumiv-counter"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi
+<pre class="example-preformatted">part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
section page footnote enumiii
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
@@ -12028,97 +12043,98 @@
subsubsection
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
-inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>). The counters <code>enumi</code>
-through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
-up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code class="code">\footnote</code> command
+inside of a minipage (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>). The counters <code class="code">enumi</code>
+through <code class="code">enumiv</code> are used in the <code class="code">enumerate</code> environment, for
+up to four levels of nesting (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive.
</p>
-<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.
+<p>New counters are created with <code class="code">\newcounter</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3"><code>\value</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4"><code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5"><code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7"><code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\value</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></span><h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters">13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
-<span id="index-counters_002c-printing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>
<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
-the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
-<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase
+the counter <var class="var">counter</var> has the value 1 then a
+<code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase
letter a appearing in the output.
</p>
<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
-instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not
+instance, <code class="code">\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’,
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the value of <var class="var">counter</var> in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’,
<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
-you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>’
+you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value
-is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
+is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘<samp>5</samp>’ or ‘<samp>-2</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘<samp class="samp">5</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">-2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
+<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Prints the value of <var class="var">counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
-<var>counter</var> should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the
-counter’s value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX
+<var class="var">counter</var> should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the
+counter’s value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX
Error: Counter too large</samp>’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or
warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
</p>
<p>Here are the symbols:
</p>
-<table>
+<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="11%">Number</th><th width="30%">Name</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="28%">Symbol</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="11%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="28%">*</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">†</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="28%">§</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="28%">¶</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="28%">‖</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="28%">**</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">††</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡‡</td></tr>
+<tbody><tr><td width="11%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ast</code></td><td width="28%">*</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">†</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\S</code></td><td width="28%">§</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\P</code></td><td width="28%">¶</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\parallel</code></td><td width="28%">‖</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ast\ast</code></td><td width="28%">**</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">††</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡‡</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
@@ -12127,36 +12143,36 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cusecounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter-1">13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cusecounter"></span>
-<span id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
-<span id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usecounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment
-(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by
-<var>counter</var>. It initializes <var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that
-when <code>\item</code> is called without its optional argument then
-<var>counter</var> is incremented by <code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value
-be the current <code>ref</code> value (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Used in the second argument of the <code class="code">list</code> environment
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by
+<var class="var">counter</var>. It initializes <var class="var">counter</var> to zero, and arranges that
+when <code class="code">\item</code> is called without its optional argument then
+<var class="var">counter</var> is incremented by <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code>, making its value
+be the current <code class="code">ref</code> value (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list environment
-enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
+enumerated with <var class="var">testcounter</var>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{testcounter}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{testcounter}
\newenvironment{test}{%
\begin{list}{}{%
\usecounter{testcounter}
@@ -12169,30 +12185,30 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvalue">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cvalue-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue-1">13.3 <code class="code">\value</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cvalue"></span>
-<span id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvalue"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\value{<var class="var">counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Expands to the value of the counter <var>counter</var>. (Note that the name
+<p>Expands to the value of the counter <var class="var">counter</var>. (Note that the name
of a counter does not begin with a backslash.)
</p>
-<p>This example outputs ‘<samp>Test counter is 6. Other counter
+<p>This example outputs ‘<samp class="samp">Test counter is 6. Other counter
is 5.</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5}
\newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}}
\addtocounter{test}{1}
@@ -12200,18 +12216,18 @@
Other counter is \arabic{other}.
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
-counter. For that, see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
+<p>The <code class="code">\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
+counter. For that, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
</p>
-<p>It is often used in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code> but
-<code>\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such
-as in <code>\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be
-preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>It is often used in <code class="code">\setcounter</code> or <code class="code">\addtocounter</code> but
+<code class="code">\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such
+as in <code class="code">\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be
+preceded by <code class="code">\protect</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>.
+<p>This example inserts <code class="code">\hspace{4\parindent}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
</pre></div>
@@ -12218,33 +12234,33 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csetcounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter-1">13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csetcounter"></span>
-<span id="index-counters_002c-setting"></span>
-<span id="index-setting-counters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-setting-counters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}{<var class="var">value</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally set the counter <var>counter</var> to have the value of the
-<var>value</var> argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a
-counter’s value as <code>\setcounter{section}{5}</code>. Note that the
+<p>Globally set the counter <var class="var">counter</var> to have the value of the
+<var class="var">value</var> argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a
+counter’s value as <code class="code">\setcounter{section}{5}</code>. Note that the
counter name does not start with a backslash.
</p>
-<p>In this example if the counter <code>theorem</code> has value 12 then the
-second line will print ‘<samp>XII</samp>’.
+<p>In this example if the counter <code class="code">theorem</code> has value 12 then the
+second line will print ‘<samp class="samp">XII</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
</pre></div>
@@ -12251,28 +12267,28 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtocounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1">13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005caddtocounter"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}{<var class="var">value</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally increment <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the
-<var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
+<p>Globally increment <var class="var">counter</var> by the amount specified by the
+<var class="var">value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</p>
-<p>In this example the section value appears as ‘<samp>VII</samp>’.
+<p>In this example the section value appears as ‘<samp class="samp">VII</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{section}{5}
\addtocounter{section}{2}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
</pre></div>
@@ -12280,79 +12296,79 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1">13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\refstepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally increments the value of <var>counter</var> by one, as does
-<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>). The difference is that this
+<p>Globally increments the value of <var class="var">counter</var> by one, as does
+<code class="code">\stepcounter</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>). The difference is that this
command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
-definition of “counters numbered within”, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
+definition of “counters numbered within”, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
</p>
-<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value
-to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
+<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code class="code">\ref</code> value
+to be the result of <code class="code">\thecounter</code>.
</p>
-<p>While the counter value is set globally, the <code>\ref</code> value is set
+<p>While the counter value is set globally, the <code class="code">\ref</code> value is set
locally, i.e., inside the current group.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstepcounter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1">13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cstepcounter"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\stepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all counters numbered
+<p>Globally adds one to <var class="var">counter</var> and resets all counters numbered
within it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
</p>
-<p>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
+<p>This command differs from <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
-<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\ref</code> value to be the result of <code class="code">\thecounter</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1">13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cday"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmonth"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cyear"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cday"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmonth"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cyear"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cday"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmonth"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cyear"></a>
-<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
-(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
-the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code>\year</code> for
+<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code class="code">\day</code> for the day of the month
+(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code class="code">\month</code> for the month of
+the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code class="code">\year</code> for
the year. When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values
-on the system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
-representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>).
+on the system. The related command <code class="code">\today</code> produces a string
+representing the current day (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code class="code">\today</code></a>).
</p>
<p>They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle they
could be incorrect by the end. In addition, TeX does no sanity
@@ -12359,42 +12375,42 @@
check:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today
</pre></div>
-<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘<samp>-2, -4</samp>’ (the
+<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘<samp class="samp">-2, -4</samp>’ (the
bogus month value produces no output).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, to force the date to a given value from the
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, to force the date to a given value from the
command line.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Lengths">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Lengths">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Lengths-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Lengths-1">14 Lengths</h2>
-<span id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
-<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
+<p>A <em class="dfn">length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
-<span id="index-rigid-lengths"></span>
-<span id="index-rubber-lengths"></span>
-<span id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></span>
-<span id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></span>
-<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> such as <code>10pt</code>
-does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
-TeX calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what plain
-TeX calls a <em>skip</em> or <em>glue</em>) such as with <code>1cm
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rigid-lengths"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rubber-lengths"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></a>
+<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em class="dfn">rigid length</em> such as <code class="code">10pt</code>
+does not contain a <code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component. (Plain
+TeX calls this a <em class="dfn">dimen</em>.) A <em class="dfn">rubber length</em> (what plain
+TeX calls a <em class="dfn">skip</em> or <em class="dfn">glue</em>) such as with <code class="code">1cm
plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code> can contain either or both of those
-components. In that rubber length, the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural
-length</em> while the other two, the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components. In that rubber length, the <code class="code">1cm</code> is the <em class="dfn">natural
+length</em> while the other two, the <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code>
components, allow TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize
placement.
</p>
@@ -12401,7 +12417,7 @@
<p>The illustrations below use these two commands.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide
+<pre class="example-preformatted">% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide
\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}
% Make a box around #2 that is #1 wide (excluding the border)
@@ -12410,20 +12426,20 @@
</pre></div>
<p>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points
-long between ‘<samp>XXX</samp>’ and ‘<samp>YYY</samp>’. This length is rigid.
+long between ‘<samp class="samp">XXX</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">YYY</samp>’. This length is rigid.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
</pre></div>
-<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code>1cm minus
-0.05cm</code>, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down
-as far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
+<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code class="code">1cm minus
+0.05cm</code>, the natural length is 1<span class="dmn">cm</span> but TeX can shrink it down
+as far as 0.95<span class="dmn">cm</span>. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98 points between the two bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
@@ -12430,10 +12446,10 @@
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
</pre></div>
-<p>But the second one gets a warning like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
-wide) detected at line 17</samp>’. In the output the first ‘<samp>Y</samp>’ is
+<p>But the second one gets a warning like ‘<samp class="samp">Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
+wide) detected at line 17</samp>’. In the output the first ‘<samp class="samp">Y</samp>’ is
overwritten by the end of the black bar, because the box’s material is
-wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink
+wider than the 300<span class="dmn">pt</span> allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink
the total to less than 309 points.
</p>
<p>Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
@@ -12441,7 +12457,7 @@
producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
@@ -12450,17 +12466,17 @@
<p>In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only
1 point was specified. TeX stretches the space to the required
-length but it gives you a warning like ‘<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness
+length but it gives you a warning like ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \hbox (badness
10000) detected at line 22</samp>’. (We won’t discuss badness.)
</p>
<p>You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in
-<code>1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>.
+<code class="code">1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>.
</p>
<p>If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
@@ -12468,18 +12484,18 @@
<p>The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs
another 100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two
-<code>\hspace</code>’s must stretch 20 points. Because the two are
-<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch
+<code class="code">\hspace</code>’s must stretch 20 points. Because the two are
+<code class="code">plus 50pt</code> and <code class="code">plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch
from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
</p>
-<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
-a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
+<p>The <code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
+a <em class="dfn">fill</em> component, as in <code class="code">1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set
it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
the page.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
@@ -12486,88 +12502,88 @@
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code>fil</code>,
-<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
+<p>TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code class="code">fil</code>,
+<code class="code">fill</code>, and <code class="code">filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
-(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chfill"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
-that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
-<code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
-<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
+that after <code class="code">\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
+<code class="code">\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
+<code class="code">\zlength</code> is <code class="code">3in</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2"><code>\setlength</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3"><code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4"><code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5"><code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6"><code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7"><code>\stretch</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Expressions" accesskey="8">Expressions</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Units-of-length">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Units-of-length">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Units-of-length-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Units-of-length-1">14.1 Units of length</h3>
-<span id="index-units_002c-of-length"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-units_002c-of-length"></a>
<p>TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-pt'><span><code>pt</code><a href='#index-pt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-point"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
-is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-pt'><span><code class="code">pt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pt'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-point"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
+is 1<span class="dmn">point</span> = .35146<span class="dmn">mm</span> = .035146<span class="dmn">cm</span>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-pc'><span><code>pc</code><a href='#index-pc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-pica"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-pc"></span><p>Pica, 12 pt
+<dt id='index-pc'><span><code class="code">pc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pica"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-in'><span><code>in</code><a href='#index-in' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-inch"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<dt id='index-in'><span><code class="code">in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-in'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inch"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-bp'><span><code>bp</code><a href='#index-bp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-big-point"></span>
-<span id="index-PostScript-point"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-bp"></span><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
+<dt id='index-bp'><span><code class="code">bp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-point"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-point"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-mm'><span><code>mm</code><a href='#index-mm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-millimeter"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter, 2.845 pt
+<dt id='index-mm'><span><code class="code">mm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-millimeter"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter, 2.845<span class="dmn">pt</span>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-cm'><span><code>cm</code><a href='#index-cm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-centimeter"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter, 10 mm
+<dt id='index-cm'><span><code class="code">cm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centimeter"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter, 10<span class="dmn">mm</span>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-dd'><span><code>dd</code><a href='#index-dd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-didot-point"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-dd"></span><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
+<dt id='index-dd'><span><code class="code">dd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-didot-point"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-cc'><span><code>cc</code><a href='#index-cc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-cicero"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-cc"></span><p>Cicero, 12 dd
+<dt id='index-cc'><span><code class="code">cc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cicero"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-sp'><span><code>sp</code><a href='#index-sp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-scaled-point"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-sp"></span><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
+<dt id='index-sp'><span><code class="code">sp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaled-point"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -12575,30 +12591,30 @@
<p>Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather
than being an absolute dimension.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code>ex</code><a href='#index-ex-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-x_002dheight"></span>
-<span id="index-ex"></span>
-<span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code class="code">ex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ex-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-x_002dheight"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ex"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fex"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>The x-height of the current font <em class="dfn">ex</em>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code>em</code><a href='#index-em-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span>
-<span id="index-em"></span>
-<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><p>Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
+<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code class="code">em</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-em-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fem"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-em"></a><p>Similarly <em class="dfn">em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often
-the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will
-have 1em = 10pt. LaTeX has several commands to produce
-horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a>).
+the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> font will
+have 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 10<span class="dmn">pt</span>. LaTeX has several commands to produce
+horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-mu'><span><code>mu</code><a href='#index-mu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-mu"></span><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
-of the math unit <em>mu</em>, defined by 1em = 18mu, where the
-em is taken from the current math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
+<dt id='index-mu'><span><code class="code">mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mu'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mu"></a><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
+of the math unit <em class="dfn">mu</em>, defined by 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, where the
+em is taken from the current math symbols family. See <a class="xref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -12605,235 +12621,235 @@
<p>Using these units can help make a definition work better across font
changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list
-items given as <code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus
+items given as <code class="code">\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus
0.01ex}</code> is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed
than a definition given in points.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csetlength">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csetlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength-1">14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csetlength"></span>
-<span id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetlength"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name
-<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
-normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> can be a rubber length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
-any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to <var class="var">amount</var>. The length name
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var class="var">amount</var> can be a rubber length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
<p>Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
He said stop going to those places.
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, for example if
you mistype it as in
-<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
-then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+<code class="code">\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
+then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument>
\sepcindent</samp>’. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
-then you get an error like ‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>’.
+then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtolength">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength-1">14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005caddtolength"></span>
-<span id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtolength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtolength{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Increment the length \<var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
-<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
-normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> is a rubber length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
-any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Increment the length \<var class="var">len</var> by <var class="var">amount</var>. The length name
+<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var class="var">amount</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
-<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
+<p>Below, if <code class="code">\parskip</code> starts with the value <code class="code">0pt plus 1pt</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
Nurse: no change.
</pre></div>
-<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
+<p>then it has the value <code class="code">1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
</p>
-<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, for example if
you mistype it as in
-<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
-then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\sepcindent</samp>’. If the <var>amount</var> uses some length that has not been
+<code class="code">\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
+then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\sepcindent</samp>’. If the <var class="var">amount</var> uses some length that has not been
declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as
-<code>\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get
-something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent</samp>’.
-If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in
-<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
-‘<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get
+something like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent</samp>’.
+If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
+<code class="code">\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettodepth">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth-1">14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csettodepth"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettodepth"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\settodepth{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
-has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
+<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var class="var">text</var> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
<p>This will print how low the character descenders go.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if for example you
-mistype the above as <code>\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>,
-then you get something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
-<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
-‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
+<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, if for example you
+mistype the above as <code class="code">\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>,
+then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
+<code class="code">\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettoheight">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight-1">14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csettoheight"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettoheight"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\settoheight{\<var class="var">len</var>}{text}
</pre></div>
-<p>Sets the length \<var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
-has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
+<p>Sets the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <code class="code">text</code> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
<p>This will print how high the characters go.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetheight}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetheight}
\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetheight
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+<p>If no such length \<var class="var">len</var> has been declared with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, if
for example you mistype as
-<code>\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
-like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight</samp>’. If
-you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
-<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
-‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
+like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight</samp>’. If
+you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
+<code class="code">\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettowidth">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth-1">14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csettowidth"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\settowidth{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
-has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
+<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var class="var">text</var> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
<p>This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>,
+<p>If no such length \<var class="var">len</var> has been declared with <code class="code">\newlength</code>,
if for example you mistype the above as
-<code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
-like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If
-you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
-<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
-‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
+like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If
+you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in
+<code class="code">\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstretch">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cstretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch-1">14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cstretch"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstretch"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\stretch{<var>number</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\stretch{<var class="var">number</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var>number</var> times
-<code>\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The
-<var>number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var class="var">number</var> times
+<code class="code">\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The
+<var class="var">number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this horizontal
example, LaTeX produces three tick marks, and the distance between
@@ -12841,16 +12857,16 @@
second and third.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}%
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}
</pre></div>
-<p>In this vertical example, the ‘<samp>We dedicate …</samp>’ will have three
+<p>In this vertical example, the ‘<samp class="samp">We dedicate …</samp>’ will have three
times as much space under it as above it.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble
\clearpage\thispagestyle{empty}%
\vspace*{\stretch{1}} % stretchable space at top
\it
@@ -12867,22 +12883,22 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Expressions">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Expressions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Expressions-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.8 Expressions</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Expressions-1">14.8 Expressions</h3>
-<span id="index-expressions"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expressions"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\numexpr <var>expression</var>
-\dimexpr <var>expression</var>
-\glueexpr <var>expression</var>
-\muglue <var>expression</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\numexpr <var class="var">expression</var>
+\dimexpr <var class="var">expression</var>
+\glueexpr <var class="var">expression</var>
+\muglue <var class="var">expression</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Any place where you may write an integer, or a TeX dimen, or TeX
@@ -12889,21 +12905,21 @@
glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that
type of quantity.
</p>
-<p>An example is that <code>\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will
+<p>An example is that <code class="code">\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will
produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a
-line (the only purpose of <code>\the</code> is to show the result in the
-document). Analogously, <code>\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will
-produce ‘<samp>ix</samp>’, and <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code>
-will produce ‘<samp>10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>’.
+line (the only purpose of <code class="code">\the</code> is to show the result in the
+document). Analogously, <code class="code">\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will
+produce ‘<samp class="samp">ix</samp>’, and <code class="code">\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code>
+will produce ‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>’.
</p>
<p>A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers and
-then using <code>\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
+then using <code class="code">\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places
where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width
-of the <code>\parbox</code>.
+of the <code class="code">\parbox</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}
\begin{center}
\parbox{\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3}{With malice toward none
with charity for all with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
@@ -12916,57 +12932,57 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type
+<p>The <var class="var">expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type
(integer, dimension, etc.) that are added or subtracted. A term that is
a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type,
optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is
either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The
-expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code>\numexpr</code>
-produces an integer, <code>\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc.
+expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code class="code">\numexpr</code>
+produces an integer, <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc.
</p>
<p>In the quotation example above, changing to
-<code>\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code>Illegal unit
-of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code>\dimexpr</code> and
-<code>\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value
+<code class="code">\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code class="code">Illegal unit
+of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> and
+<code class="code">\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value
followed by an optional multiplication factor, and not the other way
-around. Thus <code>\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces
-‘<samp>10.0pt</samp>’, but <code>\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the
-<code>Illegal unit</code> error.
+around. Thus <code class="code">\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces
+‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt</samp>’, but <code class="code">\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the
+<code class="code">Illegal unit</code> error.
</p>
<p>The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics up
-to a <code>\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first
-non-valid token. Thus, <code>\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print
-‘<samp>5px</samp>’, because LaTeX reads the <code>\numexpr2+3</code>, which is
-made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code>p</code>, which cannot
+to a <code class="code">\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first
+non-valid token. Thus, <code class="code">\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print
+‘<samp class="samp">5px</samp>’, because LaTeX reads the <code class="code">\numexpr2+3</code>, which is
+made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code class="code">p</code>, which cannot
be part of a number. It therefore terminates the expression and
-produces the ‘<samp>5</samp>’, followed by the regular text ‘<samp>px</samp>’.
+produces the ‘<samp class="samp">5</samp>’, followed by the regular text ‘<samp class="samp">px</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In
-<code>\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than
-sign terminates the expression and the result is ‘<samp>No</samp>’ (in a
+<code class="code">\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than
+sign terminates the expression and the result is ‘<samp class="samp">No</samp>’ (in a
standard LaTeX article).
</p>
-<p>Expressions may use the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and
-<code>/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code>(...)</code>. In
-glue expressions the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> parts do not need
-parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
-1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in ‘<samp>10pt plus 2pt</samp>’.
+<p>Expressions may use the operators <code class="code">+</code>, <code class="code">-</code>, <code class="code">*</code> and
+<code class="code">/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code class="code">(...)</code>. In
+glue expressions the <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> parts do not need
+parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code class="code">\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
+1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in ‘<samp class="samp">10pt plus 2pt</samp>’.
</p>
<p>TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
-doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr
-1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in ‘<samp>65536</samp>’, which is <code>1pt</code>
-converted to scaled points (see <a href="#units-of-length-sp"><code>sp</code></a>,
+doing register assignment. Thus <code class="code">\the\numexpr\dimexpr
+1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in ‘<samp class="samp">65536</samp>’, which is <code class="code">1pt</code>
+converted to scaled points (see <a class="pxref" href="#units-of-length-sp"><code class="code">sp</code></a>,
TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an integer. With a
-<code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going
-the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a <code>\dimexpr</code> or
-<code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
-<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
-‘<samp>3.0pt</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going
+the other way, a <code class="code">\numexpr</code> inside a <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> or
+<code class="code">\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
+<code class="code">\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
+‘<samp class="samp">3.0pt</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the
-allowed range, numbers must be less than <em class='math'>2^{31}</em> in absolute
+allowed range, numbers must be less than <em class="math">2^{31}</em> in absolute
value, and dimensions or glue components must be less than
-<em class='math'>2^{14}</em> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The
+<em class="math">2^{14}</em> points, or <code class="code">mu</code>, or <code class="code">fil</code>, etc. The
arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling
operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which
is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as
@@ -12974,24 +12990,24 @@
be in the allowed range.
</p>
<p>Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s
-<code>\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus
-<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts ‘<samp>10.0pt</samp>’ in the document,
-because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
-<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces ‘<samp>5.0pt</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus
+<code class="code">\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts ‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt</samp>’ in the document,
+because it rounds <code class="code">3/2</code> to <code class="code">2</code>, while
+<code class="code">\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">5.0pt</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Making-paragraphs">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Making-paragraphs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
-<span id="index-making-paragraphs"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraphs"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraphs"></a>
<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
@@ -12998,7 +13014,7 @@
separation of which is made by two empty lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
+<pre class="example-preformatted">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
@@ -13010,15 +13026,15 @@
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
</pre></div>
-<p>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank
-line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank
-line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as
-space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and
-span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns
-are identical:
+<p>A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank
+line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line
+is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space
+or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code class="code">%</code> and span up
+to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are
+identical:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\begin{document}
First paragraph.
@@ -13035,93 +13051,93 @@
<p>Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
-(see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>).
</p>
<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
-blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the
-<code>\end{equation}</code>
+blank line in math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the
+<code class="code">\end{equation}</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
2^{|S|} > |S|
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>will get you the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank
-line in this <code>\section</code> argument
+<p>will get you the error ‘<samp class="samp">Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank
+line in this <code class="code">\section</code> argument
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section{aaa
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{aaa
bbb}
</pre></div>
-<p>gets ‘<samp>Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
+<p>gets ‘<samp class="samp">Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
complete</samp>’.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1"><code>\par</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\par</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpar">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpar">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpar-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpar-1">15.1 <code class="code">\par</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpar"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpar"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence
-of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>):
+of one or more blank lines to a <code class="code">\par</code>, <a class="ref" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\par
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\par
</pre></div>
<p>End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with
-a blank line but the <code>\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This
-command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+a blank line but the <code class="code">\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This
+command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This example uses <code>\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for
+<p>This example uses <code class="code">\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for
readability.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
</pre></div>
-<p>In LR mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In
-paragraph mode, the <code>\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode,
-switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>In LR mode the <code class="code">\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In
+paragraph mode, the <code class="code">\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode,
+switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
+<p>You cannot use the <code class="code">\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning
-commands, e.g. <code>\section</code> (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and
-<a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>).
+commands, e.g. <code class="code">\section</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code>
-command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
+<p>The <code class="code">\par</code> command is not the same as the <code class="code">\paragraph</code>
+command. The latter is, like <code class="code">\section</code> or <code class="code">\subsection</code>, a
sectioning command used by the LaTeX document standard classes
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line
-break double backslash, <code>\\</code>. The difference is that <code>\par</code>
+<p>The <code class="code">\par</code> command is not the same as <code class="code">\newline</code> or the line
+break double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. The difference is that <code class="code">\par</code>
ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of
-the between-paragraph vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>).
+the between-paragraph vertical space <code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The output from this example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">xyz
+<pre class="example-preformatted">xyz
\setlength{\parindent}{3in}
\setlength{\parskip}{5in}
@@ -13128,57 +13144,56 @@
\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
</pre></div>
-<p>is: after ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then
-‘<samp>test</samp>’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line,
+<p>is: after ‘<samp class="samp">xyz</samp>’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then
+‘<samp class="samp">test</samp>’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line,
there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then
-‘<samp>test1</samp>’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of
+‘<samp class="samp">test1</samp>’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of
5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of
-3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text ‘<samp>test2</samp>’.
+3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text ‘<samp class="samp">test2</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1">15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cindent"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnoindent"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cparindent-1"></span>
-<span id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnoindent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\indent
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\indent
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent
</pre></div>
-<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code>\indent</code> command
-first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
-commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code class="code">\indent</code> command
+first outputs an empty box whose width is <code class="code">\parindent</code>. These
+commands are robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cpar"><code class="code">\par</code></a>, for the difference between this command and <code class="code">\par</code>. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
-paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
+paragraph, use <code class="code">\noindent</code>.
</p>
-<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code>\noindent</code> command has no effect,
+<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code class="code">\noindent</code> command has no effect,
because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The
-<code>\indent</code> command’s only effect is to output a space.
+<code class="code">\indent</code> command’s only effect is to output a space.
</p>
<p>This example starts a fresh paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></div>
@@ -13186,7 +13201,7 @@
<p>and this continues an interrupted paragraph.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The data
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The data
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular}
@@ -13195,137 +13210,138 @@
\noindent shows this clearly.
</pre></div>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
<p>To omit indentation in the entire document put
-<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
+<code class="code">\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
-<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></span>
-<span id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></a>
<p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
-look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
+look on CTAN for the package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1">15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cparindent-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cparskip"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-indentation"></span>
-<span id="index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation"></span>
-<span id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparskip"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{<var>horizontal len</var>}
-\setlength{\parskip}{<var>vertical len</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\parindent}{<var class="var">horizontal len</var>}
+\setlength{\parskip}{<var class="var">vertical len</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the
+<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the
indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside
-minipages (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>), and the vertical space between
+minipages (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>), and the vertical space between
paragraphs, respectively.
</p>
<p>For example, if this is put in the preamble:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
</pre></div>
<p>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead
-are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘<samp>x</samp>’.
+are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">x</samp>’.
</p>
<p>In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for
-<code>\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the
-default text size is <code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and
-<code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>.
-(These values are set before LaTeX calls <code>\normalfont</code> so
-<code>em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use
-a different font then to set <code>\parindent</code> to 1em matching
+<code class="code">\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code class="code">15pt</code> when the
+default text size is <code class="code">10pt</code>, <code class="code">17pt</code> for <code class="code">11pt</code>, and
+<code class="code">1.5em</code> for <code class="code">12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code class="code">1em</code>.
+(These values are set before LaTeX calls <code class="code">\normalfont</code> so
+<code class="code">em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use
+a different font then to set <code class="code">\parindent</code> to 1<span class="dmn">em</span> matching
that font, put
-<code>\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code> in the
+<code class="code">\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code> in the
preamble.)
</p>
-<p>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX’s standard document
-classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+<p>The default value for <code class="code">\parskip</code> in LaTeX’s standard document
+classes is <code class="code">0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Marginal-notes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Marginal-notes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Marginal-notes-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Marginal-notes-1">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
-<span id="index-marginal-notes"></span>
-<span id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></span>
-<span id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginpar"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-marginal-notes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\marginpar{<var>right</var>}
-\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\marginpar{<var class="var">right</var>}
+\marginpar[<var class="var">left</var>]{<var class="var">right</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the
-same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code>
+same baseline as the line in the text where the <code class="code">\marginpar</code>
occurs.
</p>
<p>The margin that LaTeX uses for the note depends on the current layout
-(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>) and also on <code>\reversemarginpar</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>) and also on <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code>
(see below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option
-<code>oneside</code>) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using
-two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
+<code class="code">oneside</code>) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using
+two-sided layout (document option <code class="code">twoside</code>) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
-<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
+<code class="code">twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></span>
-<p>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
+<p>If you declare <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
-<code>\normalmarginpar</code>.
+<code class="code">\normalmarginpar</code>.
</p>
-<p>When you specify the optional argument <var>left</var> then it is used for
-a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var>right</var> is
+<p>When you specify the optional argument <var class="var">left</var> then it is used for
+a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var class="var">right</var> is
used for a note in the right margin.
</p>
<p>Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
-hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
-<code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.
+hyphenation there by beginning <var class="var">left</var> or <var class="var">right</var> with
+<code class="code">\hspace{0pt}</code>.
</p>
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></span><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’
-documents, ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ else. See also <a href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’
+documents, ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ else. See also <a class="ref" href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code>\marginparsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
-‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ else.
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code class="code">\marginparsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparsep'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ else.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></span><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document
-is ‘<samp>90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>68pt</samp>’ for
-‘<samp>12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp>17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document.
-In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp>48pt</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ document
+is ‘<samp class="samp">90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">68pt</samp>’ for
+‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp class="samp">17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document.
+In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">48pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -13337,31 +13353,31 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Math-formulas">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Math-formulas">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-formulas-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</h2>
-<span id="index-math-formulas"></span>
-<span id="index-formulas_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></span>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></span>
-<span id="index-math-environment-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-formulas"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-environment-1"></a>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></span>
-<span id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></span>
-<span id="index-equation-environment-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
<p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
-math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both.
+math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The wave equation for \( u \) is
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The wave equation for \( u \) is
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u
\end{displaymath}
@@ -13369,9 +13385,9 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked
-by the starting <code>\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code>\)</code>.
+by the starting <code class="code">\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code class="code">\)</code>.
Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
-<code>displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text
+<code class="code">displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text
whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character,
is handled in math mode.
</p>
@@ -13379,7 +13395,7 @@
your input text differently than in other text modes. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">contrast x+y with \( x+y \)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">contrast x+y with \( x+y \)
</pre></div>
<p>in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus
@@ -13389,22 +13405,22 @@
mode.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( <var>mathematical material</var> \)
-$ <var>mathematical material</var> $
-\begin{math} <var>mathematical material</var> \end{math}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\( <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \)
+$ <var class="var">mathematical material</var> $
+\begin{math} <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \end{math}
</pre></div>
<p>The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the
third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes
-another, as in <code>\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph
-mode or in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+another, as in <code class="code">\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph
+mode or in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with
either:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
- <var>mathematical material</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
+ <var class="var">mathematical material</var>
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
@@ -13411,31 +13427,31 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- <var>mathematical material</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
+ <var class="var">mathematical material</var>
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>(see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>, see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>). The only difference is that
-with the <code>equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number
-alongside the formula. The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is
-equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var>
+<p>(see <a class="pxref" href="#displaymath"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>). The only difference is that
+with the <code class="code">equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number
+alongside the formula. The construct <code class="code">\[ <var class="var">math</var> \]</code> is
+equivalent to <code class="code">\begin{displaymath} <var class="var">math</var>
\end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
-mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-5"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-5"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></span>
-<span id="index-amsfonts-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsfonts-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package"></a>
<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
-<code>amsmath</code> and <code>amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code>mathtools</code>
-package that is an extension to, and loads, <code>amsmath</code>). New
+<code class="code">amsmath</code> and <code class="code">amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code class="code">mathtools</code>
+package that is an extension to, and loads, <code class="code">amsmath</code>). New
documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages.
Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
@@ -13442,7 +13458,7 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></li>
@@ -13453,51 +13469,51 @@
<li><a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="8">Math miscellany</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3>
-<span id="index-superscript"></span>
-<span id="index-subscript"></span>
-<span id="index-_005e-superscript"></span>
-<span id="index-_005f-subscript"></span>
-<span id="index-exponent"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="superscript"></a><a class="anchor" id="subscript"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-superscript"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subscript"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e-superscript"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005f-subscript"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exponent"></a>
<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var>
-<var>base</var>^{<var>exp</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">base</var>^<var class="var">exp</var>
+<var class="var">base</var>^{<var class="var">exp</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var>
-<var>base</var>_{<var>exp</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">base</var>_<var class="var">exp</var>
+<var class="var">base</var>_{<var class="var">exp</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret
-character, <code>^</code>) or a subscript (with
-underscore, <code>_</code>).
+<p>Make <var class="var">exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var class="var">base</var> (with the caret
+character, <code class="code">^</code>) or a subscript (with
+underscore, <code class="code">_</code>).
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>0</code>’s and <code>1</code>’s are subscripts while the
-<code>2</code>’s are superscripts.
+<p>In this example the <code class="code">0</code>’s and <code class="code">1</code>’s are subscripts while the
+<code class="code">2</code>’s are superscripts.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
</pre></div>
<p>To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
-surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code>e^{-2x}</code>.
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code class="code">e^{-2x}</code>.
This example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression
for the exponent.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
(3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
\qquad
3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
@@ -13506,10 +13522,11 @@
<p>LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
-expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct
+expressions such as <code class="code">e^{x^2}</code> and <code class="code">x_{i_0}</code> give correct
output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
-<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then
-you get ‘<samp>Double superscript</samp>’.
+<var class="var">base</var> a determined <var class="var">exp</var>. If you enter <code class="code">\(3^3^3\)</code>, this
+interpreted as <code class="code">\(3^{3}^{3}\)</code> and then you get TeX error
+‘<samp class="samp">Double superscript</samp>’.
</p>
<p>LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
@@ -13516,53 +13533,53 @@
the correct place without any author intervention.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
\int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a
+<p>Note the curly braces around <code class="code">x=a</code> to make the entire expression a
subscript.
</p>
<p>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like
-<code>{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code>{}</code> give the
+<code class="code">{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code class="code">{}</code> give the
subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
attaching to a prior symbols.
</p>
<p>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or
-display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
-the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’.
+display math mode, as in <code class="code">the expression x^2</code>, will get you
+the TeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Missing $ inserted</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></span>
-<span id="index-mhchem-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mhchem-package"></a>
<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
-<code>mhchem</code>; see CTAN.
+<code class="code">mhchem</code>; see CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Math-symbols">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-symbols">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-symbols-1">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
-<span id="index-math-symbols"></span>
-<span id="index-symbols_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-greek-letters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-symbols"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-greek-letters"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></span>
-<span id="index-comprehensive-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-comprehensive-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
-anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
+anyone uses. For example, if you include <code class="code">$\pi$</code> in your source,
you will get the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive
LaTeX Symbol List” package at
-<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive">https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive">https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</a>.
</p>
<p>Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive.
Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class,
@@ -13569,1071 +13586,1072 @@
which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless
said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math
mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current
-mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code>\ensuremath</code></a>.
+mode, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code>\|</code><a href='#index-_005c_007c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\parallel</code>.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code class="code">\|</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007c'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code>\aleph</code><a href='#index-_005caleph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code class="code">\aleph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caleph'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code>\alpha</code><a href='#index-_005calpha' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code class="code">\alpha</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calpha'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code>\amalg</code><a href='#index-_005camalg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code class="code">\amalg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005camalg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨿ Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code>\angle</code><a href='#index-_005cangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code class="code">\angle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cangle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
-sign <code><</code> and angle bracket <code>\langle</code>.
+sign <code class="code"><</code> and angle bracket <code class="code">\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code>\approx</code><a href='#index-_005capprox' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code class="code">\approx</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005capprox'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≈ Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code>\ast</code><a href='#index-_005cast' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code class="code">\ast</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cast'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
-(binary). Synonym: <code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
-subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code>\star</code>, which is
+(binary). Synonym: <code class="code">*</code>, which is often a superscript or
+subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code class="code">\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code>\asymp</code><a href='#index-_005casymp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code class="code">\asymp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005casymp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code>\backslash</code><a href='#index-_005cbackslash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code>\setminus</code>, and
-<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code class="code">\backslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbackslash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code class="code">\setminus</code>, and
+<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code>\beta</code><a href='#index-_005cbeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code class="code">\beta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbeta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code>\bigcap</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code class="code">\bigcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcap'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
-binary intersection <code>\cap</code>.
+binary intersection <code class="code">\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code>\bigcirc</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcirc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code class="code">\bigcirc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcirc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
-composition <code>\circ</code>.
+composition <code class="code">\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code>\bigcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code class="code">\bigcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
-union <code>\cup</code>.
+union <code class="code">\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code>\bigodot</code><a href='#index-_005cbigodot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code class="code">\bigodot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigodot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code>\bigoplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbigoplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code class="code">\bigoplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigoplus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code>\bigotimes</code><a href='#index-_005cbigotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code class="code">\bigotimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigotimes'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
-(operator).
+<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangledown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
+pointing down (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangledown</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
+<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangleup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
+pointing up (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangleup</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code>\bigsqcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigsqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code class="code">\bigsqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigsqcup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code>\biguplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbiguplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code class="code">\biguplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbiguplus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code>\bigvee</code><a href='#index-_005cbigvee' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code class="code">\bigvee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigvee'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code>\bigwedge</code><a href='#index-_005cbigwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code class="code">\bigwedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigwedge'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code>\bot</code><a href='#index-_005cbot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code class="code">\bot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
-set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code>\top</code>.
+set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code class="code">\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code>\bowtie</code><a href='#index-_005cbowtie' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code class="code">\bowtie</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbowtie'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code>\Box</code><a href='#index-_005cBox' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code class="code">\Box</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cBox'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box
-(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code>\bullet</code><a href='#index-_005cbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bullet-symbol"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code class="code">\bullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbullet'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
<p>• Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
-dot <code>\cdot</code>.
+dot <code class="code">\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code>\cap</code><a href='#index-_005ccap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code class="code">\cap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccap'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigcap</code>.
+operator <code class="code">\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code>\cdot</code><a href='#index-_005ccdot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code class="code">\cdot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
-dot <code>\bullet</code>.
+dot <code class="code">\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code>\chi</code><a href='#index-_005cchi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code class="code">\chi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cchi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code>\circ</code><a href='#index-_005ccirc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code class="code">\circ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccirc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
-variable-sized operator <code>\bigcirc</code>.
+variable-sized operator <code class="code">\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code>\clubsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cclubsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code class="code">\clubsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cclubsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♣ Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code>\complement</code><a href='#index-_005ccomplement' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code class="code">\complement</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccomplement'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used:
-<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
+<code class="code">$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. Also used:
+<code class="code">$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code class="code">$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code>\cong</code><a href='#index-_005ccong' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code class="code">\cong</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccong'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≅ Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code>\coprod</code><a href='#index-_005ccoprod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code class="code">\coprod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoprod'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∐ Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code>\cup</code><a href='#index-_005ccup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code class="code">\cup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigcup</code>.
+operator <code class="code">\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code>\dagger</code><a href='#index-_005cdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code class="code">\dagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdagger'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>† Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code>\dashv</code><a href='#index-_005cdashv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code class="code">\dashv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdashv'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
-turnstile <code>\vdash</code>.
+turnstile <code class="code">\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code>\ddagger</code><a href='#index-_005cddagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code class="code">\ddagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddagger'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>‡ Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code>\Delta</code><a href='#index-_005cDelta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code class="code">\Delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDelta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code>\delta</code><a href='#index-_005cdelta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code class="code">\delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdelta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code>\Diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cDiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code class="code">\Diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDiamond'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code>\diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code class="code">\diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamond'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
-diamond <code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code>\bullet</code>.
+diamond <code class="code">\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code class="code">\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code>\diamondsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code class="code">\diamondsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code>\div</code><a href='#index-_005cdiv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code class="code">\div</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiv'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>÷ Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code>\doteq</code><a href='#index-_005cdoteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code class="code">\doteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoteq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
-to <code>\Doteq</code>.
+to <code class="code">\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code>\downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
-<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
+<code class="code">\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code>\Downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cDownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
-<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
+<code class="code">\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code>\ell</code><a href='#index-_005cell' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code class="code">\ell</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cell'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code>\emptyset</code><a href='#index-_005cemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code class="code">\emptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cemptyset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\varnothing</code>.
+<code class="code">\varnothing</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code>\epsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code class="code">\epsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cepsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
-letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code> ε. Related:
-the set membership relation <code>\in</code> ∈.
+letter epsilon <code class="code">\varepsilon</code> ε. Related:
+the set membership relation <code class="code">\in</code> ∈.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code>\equiv</code><a href='#index-_005cequiv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code class="code">\equiv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cequiv'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≡ Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code>\eta</code><a href='#index-_005ceta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code class="code">\eta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ceta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code>\exists</code><a href='#index-_005cexists' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code class="code">\exists</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexists'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code>\flat</code><a href='#index-_005cflat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code class="code">\flat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cflat'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♭ Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code>\forall</code><a href='#index-_005cforall' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code class="code">\forall</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cforall'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code>\frown</code><a href='#index-_005cfrown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code class="code">\frown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfrown'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code>\Gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cGamma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code class="code">\Gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cGamma'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code>\gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cgamma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code class="code">\gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgamma'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code>\ge</code><a href='#index-_005cge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code class="code">\ge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cge'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
-for <code>\geq</code>.
+for <code class="code">\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code>\geq</code><a href='#index-_005cgeq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code class="code">\geq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgeq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
-for <code>\ge</code>.
+for <code class="code">\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code>\gets</code><a href='#index-_005cgets' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code class="code">\gets</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgets'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>← Is assigned the value (relation).
-Synonym: <code>\leftarrow</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code>\gg</code><a href='#index-_005cgg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code class="code">\gg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
-than <code>\ll</code>.
+than <code class="code">\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code>\hbar</code><a href='#index-_005chbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code class="code">\hbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chbar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code>\heartsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cheartsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code class="code">\heartsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheartsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♡ Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↩ Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↪ Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code>\iff</code><a href='#index-_005ciff' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>⟷ If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
-with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
+<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code class="code">\iff</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciff'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>⟷ If and only if (relation). It is <code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code>
+with a <code class="code">\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code>\Im</code><a href='#index-_005cIm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code>\Re</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code class="code">\Im</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code class="code">\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code>\imath</code><a href='#index-_005cimath' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></span>
-<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code class="code">\imath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cimath'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
+<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code>\in</code><a href='#index-_005cin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code class="code">\in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
-epsilon <code>\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script
-epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>.
+epsilon <code class="code">\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script
+epsilon <code class="code">\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code>\infty</code><a href='#index-_005cinfty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code class="code">\infty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinfty'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∞ Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code>\int</code><a href='#index-_005cint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code class="code">\int</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cint'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∫ Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code>\iota</code><a href='#index-_005ciota' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code class="code">\iota</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciota'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code>\Join</code><a href='#index-_005cJoin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code class="code">\Join</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cJoin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code>\jmath</code><a href='#index-_005cjmath' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></span>
-<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code class="code">\jmath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cjmath'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
+<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code>\kappa</code><a href='#index-_005ckappa' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code class="code">\kappa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckappa'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code>\Lambda</code><a href='#index-_005cLambda' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code class="code">\Lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLambda'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code>\lambda</code><a href='#index-_005clambda' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code class="code">\lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clambda'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code>\land</code><a href='#index-_005cland' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\wedge</code>.
-See also logical or <code>\lor</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code class="code">\land</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cland'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\wedge</code>.
+See also logical or <code class="code">\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code>\langle</code><a href='#index-_005clangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code class="code">\langle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clangle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
-less-than <code><</code>. Matches <code>\rangle</code>.
+less-than <code class="code"><</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code>\lbrace</code><a href='#index-_005clbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code class="code">\lbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>{ Left curly brace
-(opening). Synonym: <code>\{</code>. Matches <code>\rbrace</code>.
+(opening). Synonym: <code class="code">\{</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code>\lbrack</code><a href='#index-_005clbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code class="code">\lbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrack'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>[ Left square bracket (opening).
-Synonym: <code>[</code>. Matches <code>\rbrack</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">[</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code>\lceil</code><a href='#index-_005clceil' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code class="code">\lceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clceil'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
-shaved off (opening). Matches <code>\rceil</code>.
+shaved off (opening). Matches <code class="code">\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code>\le</code><a href='#index-_005cle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code class="code">\le</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
-for <code>\leq</code>.
+for <code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code>\leadsto</code><a href='#index-_005cleadsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code class="code">\leadsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleadsto'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
-<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
-preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
+<code class="code">\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
+preamble and then use <code class="code">\Leadsto</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code>\Leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line left arrow <code>\leftarrow</code>.
+single-line left arrow <code class="code">\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code>\leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>← Single-line left arrow (relation).
-Synonym: <code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
-arrow <code>\Leftarrow</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
+arrow <code class="code">\Leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
-Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
+Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
-double-line double headed arrow <code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
+double-line double headed arrow <code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code>\leq</code><a href='#index-_005cleq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code class="code">\leq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
-for <code>\le</code>.
+for <code class="code">\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code>\lfloor</code><a href='#index-_005clfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code>\floor</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code class="code">\lfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clfloor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code class="code">\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code>\lhd</code><a href='#index-_005clhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code class="code">\lhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clhd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
-<code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
+<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code>\ll</code><a href='#index-_005cll' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code class="code">\ll</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cll'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
-than <code>\gg</code>.
+than <code class="code">\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code>\lnot</code><a href='#index-_005clnot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\neg</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code class="code">\lnot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clnot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code class="code">\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code>\longleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
-double-line left arrow <code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
+double-line left arrow <code class="code">\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
-double-line double-headed arrow <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
+double-line double-headed arrow <code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code>\longmapsto</code><a href='#index-_005clongmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code class="code">\longmapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongmapsto'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
-(relation). Similar: shorter version <code>\mapsto</code>.
+(relation). Similar: shorter version <code class="code">\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code>\longrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
-double-line right arrow <code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
+double-line right arrow <code class="code">\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code>\lor</code><a href='#index-_005clor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: <code>\vee</code>.
-See also logical and <code>\land</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code class="code">\lor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\vee</code>.
+See also logical and <code class="code">\land</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code>\mapsto</code><a href='#index-_005cmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code class="code">\mapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmapsto'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
-Similar: longer version <code>\longmapsto</code>.
+Similar: longer version <code class="code">\longmapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code>\mho</code><a href='#index-_005cmho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code class="code">\mho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmho'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code>\mid</code><a href='#index-_005cmid' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code class="code">\mid</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmid'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
-<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
+<code class="code">\mid</code> is for a set <code class="code">\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
</p>
-<p>Similar: <code>\vert</code> and <code>|</code> produce the same single-line
+<p>Similar: <code class="code">\vert</code> and <code class="code">|</code> produce the same single-line
vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class
ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
-for <code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code>\Vert</code>.
+for <code class="code">\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code class="code">\Vert</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code>\models</code><a href='#index-_005cmodels' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code class="code">\models</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmodels'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
-(relation). Similar: long double dash <code>\vDash</code>.
+(relation). Similar: long double dash <code class="code">\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code>\mp</code><a href='#index-_005cmp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code class="code">\mp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∓ Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code>\mu</code><a href='#index-_005cmu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code class="code">\mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmu'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code>\nabla</code><a href='#index-_005cnabla' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code class="code">\nabla</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnabla'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code>\natural</code><a href='#index-_005cnatural' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code class="code">\natural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnatural'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code>\ne</code><a href='#index-_005cne' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\neq</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code class="code">\ne</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cne'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code>\nearrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code class="code">\nearrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnearrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↗ North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code>\neg</code><a href='#index-_005cneg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code class="code">\neg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary).
-Synonym: <code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
-negation: <code>\sim</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
+negation: <code class="code">\sim</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code>\neq</code><a href='#index-_005cneq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\ne</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code class="code">\neq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code>\ni</code><a href='#index-_005cni' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code class="code">\ni</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cni'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
-(relation). Synonym: <code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
-of <code>\in</code>.
+(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
+of <code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code>\not</code><a href='#index-_005cnot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code class="code">\not</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>  Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</p>
-<p>Many negated operators are available that don’t require <code>\not</code>,
-particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
-is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
+<p>Many negated operators are available that don’t require <code class="code">\not</code>,
+particularly with the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. For example, <code class="code">\notin</code>
+is typographically preferable to <code class="code">\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code>\notin</code><a href='#index-_005cnotin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code class="code">\notin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnotin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
-of <code>\nsubseteq</code>.
+of <code class="code">\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code>\nu</code><a href='#index-_005cnu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code class="code">\nu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnu'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code>\nwarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnwarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code class="code">\nwarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnwarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↖ North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code>\odot</code><a href='#index-_005codot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code class="code">\odot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005codot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigodot</code>.
+operator <code class="code">\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code>\oint</code><a href='#index-_005coint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code class="code">\oint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coint'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code>\Omega</code><a href='#index-_005cOmega' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code class="code">\Omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOmega'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code>\omega</code><a href='#index-_005comega' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code class="code">\omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005comega'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code>\ominus</code><a href='#index-_005cominus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code class="code">\ominus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cominus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code>\oplus</code><a href='#index-_005coplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code class="code">\oplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coplus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigoplus</code>.
+operator <code class="code">\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code>\oslash</code><a href='#index-_005coslash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code class="code">\oslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coslash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code>\otimes</code><a href='#index-_005cotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code class="code">\otimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cotimes'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
-variable-sized operator <code>\bigotimes</code>.
+variable-sized operator <code class="code">\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code>\owns</code><a href='#index-_005cowns' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code class="code">\owns</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cowns'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
-(relation). Synonym: <code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
-of <code>\in</code>.
+(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
+of <code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code>\parallel</code><a href='#index-_005cparallel' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\|</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code class="code">\parallel</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparallel'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code>\partial</code><a href='#index-_005cpartial' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code class="code">\partial</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartial'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∂ Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code>\perp</code><a href='#index-_005cperp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code>\bot</code> uses the
+<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code class="code">\perp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cperp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code class="code">\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code>\Phi</code><a href='#index-_005cPhi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code class="code">\Phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPhi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code>\phi</code><a href='#index-_005cphi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code class="code">\phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cphi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\varphi</code> φ.
+<code class="code">\varphi</code> φ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code>\Pi</code><a href='#index-_005cPi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code class="code">\Pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code>\pi</code><a href='#index-_005cpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code class="code">\pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\varpi</code> ϖ.
+<code class="code">\varpi</code> ϖ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code>\pm</code><a href='#index-_005cpm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code class="code">\pm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>± Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code>\prec</code><a href='#index-_005cprec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code><</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code class="code">\prec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprec'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code class="code"><</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code>\preceq</code><a href='#index-_005cpreceq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code class="code">\preceq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpreceq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
-equals <code>\leq</code>.
+equals <code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code>\prime</code><a href='#index-_005cprime' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code class="code">\prime</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprime'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
-Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
-and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
-is that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
-result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less
-typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
-single quote <code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
+Typically used as a superscript: <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code>; <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code>
+and <code class="code">$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
+is that <code class="code">$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as <code class="code">$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less
+typing. You can only use <code class="code">\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
+single quote <code class="code">'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code>\prod</code><a href='#index-_005cprod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code class="code">\prod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprod'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∏ Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code>\propto</code><a href='#index-_005cpropto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code class="code">\propto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpropto'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∝ Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code>\Psi</code><a href='#index-_005cPsi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code class="code">\Psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPsi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code>\psi</code><a href='#index-_005cpsi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code class="code">\psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpsi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code>\rangle</code><a href='#index-_005crangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code class="code">\rangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crangle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
-Similar: greater than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
+Similar: greater than <code class="code">></code>. Matches:<code class="code">\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code>\rbrace</code><a href='#index-_005crbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code class="code">\rbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>} Right curly brace
-(closing). Synonym: <code>\}</code>. Matches <code>\lbrace</code>.
+(closing). Synonym: <code class="code">\}</code>. Matches <code class="code">\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code>\rbrack</code><a href='#index-_005crbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code class="code">\rbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrack'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>] Right square bracket
-(closing). Synonym: <code>]</code>. Matches <code>\lbrack</code>.
+(closing). Synonym: <code class="code">]</code>. Matches <code class="code">\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code>\rceil</code><a href='#index-_005crceil' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code>\lceil</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code class="code">\rceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crceil'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code class="code">\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code>\Re</code><a href='#index-_005cRe' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code class="code">\Re</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRe'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
-double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
-this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package.
+double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code class="code">\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
+this, load the <code class="code">amsfonts</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code>\restriction</code><a href='#index-_005crestriction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code class="code">\restriction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crestriction'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
-<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+<code class="code">\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code>\revemptyset</code><a href='#index-_005crevemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code class="code">\revemptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crevemptyset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
-<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
+<code class="code">\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp class="file">stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code>\rfloor</code><a href='#index-_005crfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code class="code">\rfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crfloor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
-off (closing). Matches <code>\lfloor</code>.
+off (closing). Matches <code class="code">\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code>\rhd</code><a href='#index-_005crhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code class="code">\rhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crhd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
-load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code>\rho</code><a href='#index-_005crho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code class="code">\rho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crho'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\varrho</code> ϱ.
+<code class="code">\varrho</code> ϱ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code>\Rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cRightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
-(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>.
+(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code class="code">\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code>\rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005crightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code class="code">\rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
-Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
-arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">\to</code>. Similar: right double line
+arrow <code class="code">\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoondown'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoonup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code class="code">\rightleftharpoons</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code>\searrow</code><a href='#index-_005csearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code class="code">\searrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csearrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code>\setminus</code><a href='#index-_005csetminus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code class="code">\setminus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csetminus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
-like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also
-<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
+like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code class="code">\backslash</code> and also
+<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code>\sharp</code><a href='#index-_005csharp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code class="code">\sharp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csharp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♯ Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code>\Sigma</code><a href='#index-_005cSigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code class="code">\Sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cSigma'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code>\sigma</code><a href='#index-_005csigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code class="code">\sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csigma'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\varsigma</code> ς.
+<code class="code">\varsigma</code> ς.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code>\sim</code><a href='#index-_005csim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code class="code">\sim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csim'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∼ Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code>\simeq</code><a href='#index-_005csimeq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code class="code">\simeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csimeq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code>\smallint</code><a href='#index-_005csmallint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code class="code">\smallint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallint'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code>\smile</code><a href='#index-_005csmile' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code class="code">\smile</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmile'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code>\spadesuit</code><a href='#index-_005cspadesuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code class="code">\spadesuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cspadesuit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>♠ Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code>\sqcap</code><a href='#index-_005csqcap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code class="code">\sqcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcap'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
-intersection <code>cap</code>.
+intersection <code class="code">cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code>\sqcup</code><a href='#index-_005csqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code class="code">\sqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
-union <code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigsqcup</code>.
+union <code class="code">cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
+operator <code class="code">\bigsqcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code>\sqsubset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code class="code">\sqsubset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset <code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+subset <code class="code">\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsubseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
-equal to <code>\subseteq</code>.
+equal to <code class="code">\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code>\sqsupset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code class="code">\sqsupset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset <code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+superset <code class="code">\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsupseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
-Similar: superset or equal <code>\supseteq</code>.
+Similar: superset or equal <code class="code">\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code>\star</code><a href='#index-_005cstar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code class="code">\star</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cstar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
-Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
+Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code class="code">*</code> and <code class="code">\ast</code>, which
are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code>\subset</code><a href='#index-_005csubset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code class="code">\subset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code>\subseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code class="code">\subseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊆ Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code>\succ</code><a href='#index-_005csucc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code class="code">\succ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
-than <code>></code>.
+than <code class="code">></code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code>\succeq</code><a href='#index-_005csucceq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code class="code">\succeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucceq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
-than or equal to <code>\leq</code>.
+than or equal to <code class="code">\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code>\sum</code><a href='#index-_005csum' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code class="code">\sum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csum'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
-sigma <code>\Sigma</code>.
+sigma <code class="code">\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code>\supset</code><a href='#index-_005csupset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code class="code">\supset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊃ Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code>\supseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code class="code">\supseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊇ Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code>\surd</code><a href='#index-_005csurd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code class="code">\surd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csurd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
-<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+<code class="code">\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code>\swarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cswarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code class="code">\swarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cswarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code>\tau</code><a href='#index-_005ctau' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code class="code">\tau</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctau'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code>\theta</code><a href='#index-_005ctheta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code class="code">\theta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctheta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
-<code>\vartheta</code> ϑ.
+<code class="code">\vartheta</code> ϑ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code>\times</code><a href='#index-_005ctimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code class="code">\times</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctimes'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>× Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
-also <code>\cdot</code>.
+also <code class="code">\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code>\to</code><a href='#index-_005cto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code class="code">\to</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cto'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
-Synonym: <code>\rightarrow</code>.
+Synonym: <code class="code">\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code>\top</code><a href='#index-_005ctop' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code class="code">\top</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctop'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
-(ordinary). See also <code>\bot</code>.
+(ordinary). See also <code class="code">\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code>\triangle</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code class="code">\triangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>△ Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code>\triangleleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleleft' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code class="code">\triangleleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleleft'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left
-(binary). Similar: <code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
-should load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
+(binary). Similar: <code class="code">\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
+should load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code>\triangleright</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code class="code">\triangleright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleright'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
-<code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code>\unlhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunlhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code class="code">\unlhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunlhd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
-use <code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and
+use <code class="code">\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code>\unrhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunrhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code class="code">\unrhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunrhd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
-use <code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and
+use <code class="code">\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code>\Uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code class="code">\Uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUparrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
-arrow <code>\uparrow</code>.
+arrow <code class="code">\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code>\uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cuparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code class="code">\uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuparrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
-arrow <code>\Uparrow</code>.
+arrow <code class="code">\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code>\Updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
-arrow <code>\updownarrow</code>.
+arrow <code class="code">\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code>\updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cupdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
-arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>.
+arrow <code class="code">\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code>\upharpoonright</code><a href='#index-_005cupharpoonright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code class="code">\upharpoonright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupharpoonright'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym: <code>\restriction</code>.
-Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\restriction</code>.
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code>\uplus</code><a href='#index-_005cuplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code class="code">\uplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuplus'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
-the middle (binary). Similar: union <code>\cup</code>. Related:
-variable-sized operator <code>\biguplus</code>.
+the middle (binary). Similar: union <code class="code">\cup</code>. Related:
+variable-sized operator <code class="code">\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code>\Upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cUpsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code class="code">\Upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code>\upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cupsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code class="code">\upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code>\varepsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cvarepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code class="code">\varepsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarepsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
-<code>\epsilon</code> ϵ. Related: set
-membership <code>\in</code>.
+<code class="code">\epsilon</code> ϵ. Related: set
+membership <code class="code">\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code>\vanothing</code><a href='#index-_005cvanothing' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
-<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
+<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code class="code">\vanothing</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvanothing'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code class="code">\emptyset</code>. Related:
+<code class="code">\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code>\varphi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarphi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code class="code">\varphi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarphi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> ϕ.
+The non-variant form is <code class="code">\phi</code> ϕ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code>\varpi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code class="code">\varpi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarpi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> π.
+The non-variant form is <code class="code">\pi</code> π.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code>\varrho</code><a href='#index-_005cvarrho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code class="code">\varrho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarrho'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> ρ.
+The non-variant form is <code class="code">\rho</code> ρ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code>\varsigma</code><a href='#index-_005cvarsigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code class="code">\varsigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarsigma'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
-<code>\sigma</code> σ.
+<code class="code">\sigma</code> σ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code>\vartheta</code><a href='#index-_005cvartheta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code class="code">\vartheta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvartheta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
-<code>\theta</code> θ.
+<code class="code">\theta</code> θ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code>\vdash</code><a href='#index-_005cvdash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code class="code">\vdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
-half-circle <code>\dashv</code>.
+half-circle <code class="code">\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code>\vee</code><a href='#index-_005cvee' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code class="code">\vee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvee'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
-logical and <code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigvee</code>.
+logical and <code class="code">\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+operator <code class="code">\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code>\Vert</code><a href='#index-_005cVert' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
-for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
+<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code class="code">\Vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cVert'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
+for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code>\vert</code><a href='#index-_005cvert' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code class="code">\vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvert'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such
-that”, as in the definition of a set, use <code>\mid</code> because it
-is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code>
+that”, as in the definition of a set, use <code class="code">\mid</code> because it
+is a relation. See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code>
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code>\wedge</code><a href='#index-_005cwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\land</code>. See also
-logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
-operator <code>\bigwedge</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code class="code">\wedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwedge'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\land</code>. See also
+logical or <code class="code">\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+operator <code class="code">\bigwedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code>\wp</code><a href='#index-_005cwp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code class="code">\wp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code>\wr</code><a href='#index-_005cwr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code class="code">\wr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwr'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>≀ Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code>\Xi</code><a href='#index-_005cXi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code class="code">\Xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cXi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code>\xi</code><a href='#index-_005cxi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code class="code">\xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cxi'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code>\zeta</code><a href='#index-_005czeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code class="code">\zeta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005czeta'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14642,24 +14660,24 @@
<p>The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code>\mathdollar</code><a href='#index-_005cmathdollar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code class="code">\mathdollar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathdollar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code>\mathparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005cmathparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code class="code">\mathparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathparagraph'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code>\mathsection</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsection' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Section sign in math mode §.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code class="code">\mathsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsection'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Section sign in math mode: §.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code>\mathsterling</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code class="code">\mathsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsterling'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: £.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code>\mathunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005cmathunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code class="code">\mathunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathunderscore'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14667,9 +14685,9 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></li>
<li><a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></li>
<li><a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></li>
@@ -14677,155 +14695,215 @@
<li><a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Arrows">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Arrows">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Arrows-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Arrows-1">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
-<span id="index-arrows"></span>
-<span id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></span>
-<span id="index-math_002c-arrows"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrows"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math_002c-arrows"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></span>
-<span id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></span>
-<span id="index-latexsym-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latexsym-package"></a>
<p>These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The
-<code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more.
+<code class="code">latexsym</code> and <code class="code">amsfonts</code> packages contain many more.
</p>
-<table>
+<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="40%">Command</th><th width="50%"></th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇓</td><td width="40%"><code>\Downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↓</td><td width="40%"><code>\downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↩</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↪</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">←</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇐</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇔</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↔</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟵</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟸</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟷</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟺</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟼</td><td width="40%"><code>\longmapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟹</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟶</td><td width="40%"><code>\longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↦</td><td width="40%"><code>\mapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↗</td><td width="40%"><code>\nearrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↖</td><td width="40%"><code>\nwarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇒</td><td width="40%"><code>\Rightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">→</td><td width="40%"><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↘</td><td width="40%"><code>\searrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↙</td><td width="40%"><code>\swarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↑</td><td width="40%"><code>\uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇑</td><td width="40%"><code>\Uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">↕</td><td width="40%"><code>\updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⇕</td><td width="40%"><code>\Updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tbody><tr><td width="10%">⇓</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↓</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↩</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↪</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">←</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⇐</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⇔</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↔</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟵</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟸</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟷</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟺</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟼</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longmapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟹</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⟶</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↦</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\mapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↗</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\nearrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↖</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\nwarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⇒</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">→</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\rightarrow</code>, or <code class="code">\to</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↘</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\searrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↙</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\swarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↑</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⇑</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">↕</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">⇕</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<p>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
-is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
+<p>An example of the difference between <code class="code">\to</code> and <code class="code">\mapsto</code>
+is: <code class="code">\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amscd"></span>
-<span id="index-amscd-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amscd"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amscd-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></span>
-<span id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></a>
<p>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
-<code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>.
+<code class="code">tikz-cd</code> and <code class="code">amscd</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1">16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></h4>
-<span id="index-boldface-mathematics"></span>
-<span id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cboldmath"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cunboldmath"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cboldmath"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cunboldmath"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boldface-mathematics"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathematics_002c-boldface"></a>
<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\boldmath \( <var class="var">math</var> \)
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\unboldmath \( <var class="var">math</var> \)
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></span>
-<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var class="var">math</var> to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
-(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
-math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <em class="emph">not</em> in
+math mode or display math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are
+fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
-<code>\mbox</code>,
+<p>In this example each <code class="code">\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
+<code class="code">\mbox</code>,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+<pre class="example-preformatted">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
</pre></div>
-<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
-mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
-and <code>u</code>.
+<p>which means <code class="code">\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
+mode, and explains why we must switch LaTeX into math mode to set
+<code class="code">v</code> and <code class="code">u</code>.
</p>
-<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
-\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>’ and ‘<samp>LaTeX
-Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
-11</samp>’.
+<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code class="code">Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-bm"></span>
-<span id="index-bm-package"></span>
-<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
-the <code>bm</code> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
-description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
-documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#bm" accesskey="1"><code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a></li>
+<li><a href="#OpenType-bold-math" accesskey="2">OpenType bold math</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="bm">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#OpenType-bold-math" accesskey="n" rel="next">OpenType bold math</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols">16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bm-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a>
+
+<p>Specifying <code class="code">\boldmath</code> is the best method for typesetting a whole
+math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an
+expression in bold, the <code class="code">bm</code> package provided by the LaTeX
+Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this
+document (see its documentation at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/bm">https://ctan.org/pkg/bm</a> or in
+your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example
+will show that it is an improvement over <code class="code">\boldmath</code> within an
+expression:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
...
we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
</pre></div>
-<p>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="OpenType-bold-math">
+<div class="nav-panel">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#bm" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="OpenType-bold-math-1">16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math</h4>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fontspec-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontspec-package-1"></a>
+
+
+<p>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (XeLaTeX,
+LuaLaTeX), neither <code class="code">\boldmath</code> nor <code class="code">bm</code> usually work
+well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines
+rarely come with a bold companion, and both <code class="code">\boldmath</code> and
+<code class="code">bm</code> require this. (The implementation of <code class="code">bm</code> relies
+on <code class="code">\boldmath</code>, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have
+a bold math font, though, then <code class="code">\boldmath</code> and <code class="code">bm</code> work
+fine.
</p>
+<p>If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
+bold fonts with the <code class="code">fontspec</code> package’s <code class="code">FakeBold=1</code>
+parameter (see its documentation,
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec</a>). This may be acceptable for
+drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true
+bold font.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbf"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbfit"></a>
+<p>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use
+the <code class="code">\symbf</code> (bold), <code class="code">\symbfit</code> (bold italic), and related
+commands from the <code class="code">unicode-math</code> package. These do not change
+the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used,
+which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font.
+Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the
+desired output. As usual, see the package documentation
+(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math">https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold">
-<div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Blackboard-bold">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Blackboard-bold-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold-1">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
-<span id="index-blackboard-bold"></span>
-<span id="index-doublestruck"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-doublestruck"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
...
-\mathbb{<var>uppercase-letter</var>}
+\mathbb{<var class="var">uppercase-letter</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck
@@ -14835,10 +14913,10 @@
<p>Here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
</pre></div>
-<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ,
+<p>the <code class="code">\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ,
representing the natural numbers.
</p>
<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
@@ -14850,21 +14928,21 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Calligraphic">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Calligraphic">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Calligraphic-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Calligraphic-1">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
-<span id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></span>
-<span id="index-script-fonts"></span>
-<span id="index-fonts_002c-script"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-fonts"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-script"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\mathcal{<var>uppercase-letters</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\mathcal{<var class="var">uppercase-letters</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Use a script-like font.
@@ -14872,28 +14950,28 @@
<p>In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
</pre></div>
<p>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get
an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
-<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol.
+<code class="code">\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Delimiters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Delimiters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Delimiters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Delimiters-1">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
-<span id="index-delimiters"></span>
-<span id="index-parentheses"></span>
-<span id="index-braces"></span>
-<span id="index-curly-braces"></span>
-<span id="index-brackets"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delimiters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parentheses"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-braces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-curly-braces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brackets"></a>
<p>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
@@ -14900,77 +14978,78 @@
parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
+<pre class="example-preformatted">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
</pre></div>
-<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code>\( [0,1) \)</code>.
+<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code class="code">\( [0,1) \)</code>.
</p>
<p>Here are the common delimiters:
</p>
-<table>
+<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="11%">Delimiter</th><th width="20%">Command</th><th width="40%">Name</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code>(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code>)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code>\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code>\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code>\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code>\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code>\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code>\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code>/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code>\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="11%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr>
+<tbody><tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">{</code> or <code class="code">\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">}</code> or <code class="code">\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">[</code> or <code class="code">\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">]</code> or <code class="code">\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">|</code> or <code class="code">\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\|</code> or <code class="code">\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired
+<p>The <code class="code">mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble
+<code class="code">\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble
then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
in math mode). The starred form, such as
-<code>\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
+<code class="code">\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
match the height of the argument. The unstarred form, such as
-<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
-This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
+<code class="code">\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
+This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code class="code">\abs[<var class="var">size
command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
-<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code>\lVert</code>
-and <code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
+<var class="var">size command</var>, such as <code class="code">\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code class="code">\lVert</code>
+and <code class="code">\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
same behavior.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1">16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></h4>
-<span id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></span>
-<span id="index-paired-delimiters"></span>
-<span id="index-matching-parentheses"></span>
-<span id="index-matching-brackets"></span>
-<span id="index-null-delimiter"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cleft"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cright"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cleft"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cright"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleft"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cright"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paired-delimiters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-matching-parentheses"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-matching-brackets"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-null-delimiter"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\left <var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \right <var class="var">delimiter2</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. LaTeX makes
@@ -14981,7 +15060,7 @@
the entries.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\left(\begin{array}{c}
1 \\
0 \\
@@ -14989,25 +15068,25 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters.
</p>
-<p>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. In the above
-example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message
-‘<samp>Extra \right</samp>’. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets ‘<samp>You
+<p>Every <code class="code">\left</code> must have a matching <code class="code">\right</code>. In the above
+example, leaving out the <code class="code">\left(</code> gets the error message
+‘<samp class="samp">Extra \right</samp>’. Leaving out the <code class="code">\right)</code> gets ‘<samp class="samp">You
can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-6"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-6"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-2"></a>
-<p>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
+<p>However, <var class="var">delimiter1</var> and <var class="var">delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
-‘<samp>.</samp>’, as a null delimiter.
+‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’, as a <em class="dfn">null delimiter</em>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
1 &\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\
f(n-1)+3n^2 &\mbox{--else}
@@ -15016,25 +15095,25 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, <code>\{</code> (see <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>). (The packages
-<code>amsmath</code> and <code>mathtools</code> allow you to get the above
-construct through in a <code>cases</code> environment.)
+backslash, <code class="code">\{</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>). (The packages
+<code class="code">amsmath</code> and <code class="code">mathtools</code> allow you to get the above
+construct through in a <code class="code">cases</code> environment.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
-the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
+<p>The <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
+the formula enclosed in the <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and
LaTeX-generated automatic ones. In this example, LaTeX breaks the
equation to make the formula fit the margins.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \)
</pre></div>
-<p>But with <code>\left</code> and <code>\right</code>
+<p>But with <code class="code">\left</code> and <code class="code">\right</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
</pre></div>
@@ -15041,12 +15120,12 @@
<p>LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
margin.
</p>
-<p>Because <code>\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping
-rules hold. Here, the value of <code>\testlength</code> set inside the
-equation will be forgotten, and the output is ‘<samp>1.2pt</samp>’.
+<p>Because <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping
+rules hold. Here, the value of <code class="code">\testlength</code> set inside the
+equation will be forgotten, and the output is ‘<samp class="samp">1.2pt</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}
\begin{equation}
\left( a+b=c \setlength{\testlength}{3.4pt} \right)
\the\testlength
@@ -15053,11 +15132,11 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
-enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code>\( \sin(x) =
+<p>The <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
+enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code class="code">\( \sin(x) =
\sin\left(x\right) \)</code> the one after the equals sign has more space
-around the <code>x</code>. That’s because <code>\left( ... \right)</code> inserts
-an inner node while <code>( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second
+around the <code class="code">x</code>. That’s because <code class="code">\left( ... \right)</code> inserts
+an inner node while <code class="code">( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second
way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they
form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
@@ -15067,7 +15146,7 @@
height of the integral.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\left[ \int_{x=r_0}^{\infty} -G\frac{Mm}{r^2}\, dr \right]
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
@@ -15077,17 +15156,17 @@
rule.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right)
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code>\( \left|
+<p>TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code class="code">\( \left|
|x|+|y| \right| \)</code>. It can also choose delimiters that are too large,
as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\left( \sum_{0\leq i<n} i^k \right)
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
@@ -15094,77 +15173,80 @@
<p>A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
-delimiter; you can’t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
-<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
+delimiter; you can’t use <code class="code">\left</code> on the first line and
+<code class="code">\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
</p>
-<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>.
+<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
+<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigl"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigl"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigr"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\Bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\Biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var class="var">delimiter2</var>
+\Bigl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var class="var">delimiter2</var>
+\biggl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var class="var">delimiter2</var>
+\Biggl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var class="var">delimiter2</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>(as with <code>\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be
+<p>(as with <code class="code">\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be
paired, see below), or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bigm<var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigm<var>delimiter</var>
-\biggm<var>delimiter</var>
-\Biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigm<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\Bigm<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\biggm<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\Biggm<var class="var">delimiter</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of:
+<p>(as with <code class="code">\bigm|</code>), or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\big<var>delimiter</var>
-\Big<var>delimiter</var>
-\bigg<var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\big<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\Big<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\bigg<var class="var">delimiter</var>
+\Bigg<var class="var">delimiter</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>(as with <code>\big[</code>).
+<p>(as with <code class="code">\big[</code>).
</p>
<p>Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are
-automatically sized see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>).
+automatically sized see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This produces slightly larger outer vertical bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
</pre></div>
<p>The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can use
-the smallest size such as <code>\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without
+the smallest size such as <code class="code">\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without
causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
for displayed equations.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
-commands with ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’, <var>delimiter1</var> and
-<var>delimiter2</var> need not match together.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
+commands with ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’, <var class="var">delimiter1</var> and
+<var class="var">delimiter2</var> need not match together.
</p>
-<p>The ‘<samp>l</samp>’ and ‘<samp>r</samp>’ commands produce open and close delimiters
+<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ commands produce open and close delimiters
that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the
-delimiter, while the commands without ‘<samp>l</samp>’ and ‘<samp>r</samp>’ insert some
+delimiter, while the commands without ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ insert some
space (because each delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare
these two.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l}
\(\displaystyle \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \) \\ % good
\(\displaystyle \sin\bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg) \) \\ % bad
\end{tabular}
@@ -15172,45 +15254,45 @@
<p>The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the
second line the output will have some extra space between the
-<code>\sin</code> and the open parenthesis.
+<code class="code">\sin</code> and the open parenthesis.
</p>
-<p>Commands without ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’ do give correct spacing in
+<p>Commands without ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ do give correct spacing in
some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-7"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-7"></a>
-<p>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
-from the <code>amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash.
+<p>(many authors would replace <code class="code">\frac</code> with the <code class="code">\tfrac</code> command
+from the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>), the
-commands here with ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’ do not make a group.
+<p>Unlike the <code class="code">\left...\right</code> pair (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>), the
+commands here with ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ do not make a group.
Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something
like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\Biggl[ \pi/6 ]
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The commands with ‘<samp>m</samp>’ are for relations, which are in the middle of
+<p>The commands with ‘<samp class="samp">m</samp>’ are for relations, which are in the middle of
formulas, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\biggl\{ a\in B \biggm| a=\sum_{0\leq i<n}3i^2+4 \biggr\}
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
@@ -15220,21 +15302,21 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Dots">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Dots">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
-<span id="index-ellipses"></span>
-<span id="index-dots"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipses"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dots"></a>
<p>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{array}{cccc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}{cccc}
a_{0,0} &a_{0,1} &a_{0,2} &\ldots \\
a_{1,0} &\ddots \\
\vdots
@@ -15243,31 +15325,32 @@
<p>LaTeX provides these.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="ellipses-cdots"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code>\cdots</code><a href='#index-_005ccdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code class="code">\cdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdots'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
-in ⋯. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
+in ⋯. Used as: <code class="code">\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\)</code>.
</p>
-<span id="ellipses-ddots"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code>\ddots</code><a href='#index-_005cddots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code class="code">\ddots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddots'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, ⋱. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
-<span id="ellipses-ldots"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <code>\(
-x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
-synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <code>amsmath</code>
-package is <code>\hdots</code>.
+<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathellipsis'><span><code class="code">\mathellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathellipsis'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <code class="code">\(
+x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example.
+Synonyms are <code class="code">\mathellipsis</code> and <code class="code">\dots</code>. A synonym from
+the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package is <code class="code">\hdots</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
-<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph
-mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
+<code class="code">The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>.
</p>
-<span id="ellipses-vdots"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code>\vdots</code><a href='#index-_005cvdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code class="code">\vdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdots'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
@@ -15274,15 +15357,15 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-8"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
-<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
+<p>The <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has the command <code class="code">\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
-for the first two uses of the <code>\dots</code> command.
+for the first two uses of the <code class="code">\dots</code> command.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
...
Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes.
Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
@@ -15290,321 +15373,349 @@
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
</pre></div>
-<p>In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following <code>\dots</code> to
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsb"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsi"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdots-1"></a>
+<p>In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following <code class="code">\dots</code> to
determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
-line has a <code>\cdot</code> following <code>\dots</code> so LaTeX outputs an
+line has a <code class="code">\cdot</code> following <code class="code">\dots</code> so LaTeX outputs an
ellipsis that is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the
third usage has no follow-on character so you have to tell LaTeX what
-to do. You can use one of the commands: <code>\dotsc</code> if you need the
-ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, <code>\dotsb</code> if you need
+to do. You can use one of the commands: <code class="code">\dotsc</code> if you need the
+ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, <code class="code">\dotsb</code> if you need
the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator
-or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
-<code>\dotso</code> for others.
+or relation symbol, <code class="code">\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
+<code class="code">\dotso</code> for others.
</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">\dots</code> command from <code class="code">amsmath</code> differs from the
+LaTeX kernel’s <code class="code">\dots</code> command in another way: it outputs a
+thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the <code class="code">unicode-math</code>
+package automatically loads <code class="code">amsmath</code>, so <code class="code">amsmath</code>’s
+<code class="code">\dots</code> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it,
+thus changing the output from <code class="code">\dots</code> in both text and math mode.
+</p>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029"></a>
+<p>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
+engines (<code class="code">lualatex</code>, <code class="code">xelatex</code>), LaTeX will use the
+Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available;
+under traditional TeX engines (<code class="code">pdflatex</code>, <code class="code">latex</code>), it
+will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode
+single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three
+periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more
+in accordance with traditional typography.
+</p>
+
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Greek-letters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Greek-letters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Greek-letters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Greek-letters-1">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
-<span id="index-Greek-letters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Greek-letters"></a>
<p>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
differ from Roman upper case letters.
</p>
-<table>
+<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="15%">Name</th><th width="45%"></th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="10%">α</td><td width="30%"><code>\alpha</code></td><td width="15%">Alpha</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">β</td><td width="30%"><code>\beta</code></td><td width="15%">Beta</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">γ, Γ</td><td width="30%"><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></td><td width="15%">Gamma</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">δ, Δ</td><td width="30%"><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></td><td width="15%">Delta</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ε, ϵ</td><td width="30%"><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></td><td width="15%">Epsilon</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ζ</td><td width="30%"><code>\zeta</code></td><td width="15%">Zeta</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">η</td><td width="30%"><code>\eta</code></td><td width="15%">Eta</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">θ, ϑ</td><td width="30%"><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></td><td width="15%">Theta</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ι</td><td width="30%"><code>\iota</code></td><td width="15%">Iota</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">κ</td><td width="30%"><code>\kappa</code></td><td width="15%">Kappa</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">λ, Λ</td><td width="30%"><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></td><td width="15%">Lambda</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">μ</td><td width="30%"><code>\mu</code></td><td width="15%">Mu</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ν</td><td width="30%"><code>\nu</code></td><td width="15%">Nu</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ξ, Ξ</td><td width="30%"><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></td><td width="15%">Xi</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">π, Π</td><td width="30%"><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></td><td width="15%">Pi</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ρ, ϱ</td><td width="30%"><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></td><td width="15%">Rho</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">σ, Σ</td><td width="30%"><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></td><td width="15%">Sigma</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">τ</td><td width="30%"><code>\tau</code></td><td width="15%">Tau</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ϕ, φ, Φ</td><td width="30%"><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></td><td width="15%">Phi</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">χ</td><td width="30%"><code>\chi</code></td><td width="15%">chi</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ψ, Ψ</td><td width="30%"><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></td><td width="15%">Psi</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">ω, Ω</td><td width="30%"><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr>
+<tbody><tr><td width="10%">α</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\alpha</code></td><td width="15%">Alpha</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">β</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\beta</code></td><td width="15%">Beta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">γ, Γ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\gamma</code>, <code class="code">\Gamma</code></td><td width="15%">Gamma</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">δ, Δ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\delta</code>, <code class="code">\Delta</code></td><td width="15%">Delta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ε, ϵ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\varepsilon</code>, <code class="code">\epsilon</code></td><td width="15%">Epsilon</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ζ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\zeta</code></td><td width="15%">Zeta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">η</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\eta</code></td><td width="15%">Eta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">θ, ϑ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\theta</code>, <code class="code">\vartheta</code></td><td width="15%">Theta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ι</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\iota</code></td><td width="15%">Iota</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">κ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\kappa</code></td><td width="15%">Kappa</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">λ, Λ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\lambda</code>, <code class="code">\Lambda</code></td><td width="15%">Lambda</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">μ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\mu</code></td><td width="15%">Mu</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ν</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\nu</code></td><td width="15%">Nu</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ξ, Ξ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\xi</code>, <code class="code">\Xi</code></td><td width="15%">Xi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">π, Π</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\pi</code>, <code class="code">\Pi</code></td><td width="15%">Pi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ρ, ϱ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\rho</code>, <code class="code">\varrho</code></td><td width="15%">Rho</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">σ, Σ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\sigma</code>, <code class="code">\Sigma</code></td><td width="15%">Sigma</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">τ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\tau</code></td><td width="15%">Tau</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ϕ, φ, Φ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\phi</code>, <code class="code">\varphi</code>, <code class="code">\Phi</code></td><td width="15%">Phi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">χ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\chi</code></td><td width="15%">chi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ψ, Ψ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\psi</code>, <code class="code">\Psi</code></td><td width="15%">Psi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">ω, Ω</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\omega</code>, <code class="code">\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr>
+</tbody>
</table>
-<span id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></span>
-<span id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"></a>
<p>For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font
-then enter omicron just as ‘<samp>o</samp>’ or ‘<samp>O</samp>’. If you like having the
+then enter omicron just as ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’. If you like having the
name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
-<code>\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <code>unicode-math</code> has
-<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math
+<code class="code">\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <code class="code">unicode-math</code> has
+<code class="code">\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code class="code">\mitomicron</code> for math
italic.
</p>
<p>While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by
-<code>\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
+<code class="code">\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Math-functions">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-functions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-functions-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-functions-1">16.3 Math functions</h3>
-<span id="index-math-functions"></span>
-<span id="index-functions_002c-math"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-functions"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-functions_002c-math"></a>
<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code>\arccos</code><a href='#index-_005carccos' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code class="code">\arccos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carccos'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code>\arcsin</code><a href='#index-_005carcsin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code class="code">\arcsin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carcsin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code>\arctan</code><a href='#index-_005carctan' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code class="code">\arctan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carctan'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code>\arg</code><a href='#index-_005carg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code class="code">\arg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code>\bmod</code><a href='#index-_005cbmod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
+<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code class="code">\bmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbmod'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code class="code">\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code>\cos</code><a href='#index-_005ccos' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code class="code">\cos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccos'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code>\cosh</code><a href='#index-_005ccosh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code class="code">\cosh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccosh'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code>\cot</code><a href='#index-_005ccot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code class="code">\cot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code>\coth</code><a href='#index-_005ccoth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code class="code">\coth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code>\csc</code><a href='#index-_005ccsc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code class="code">\csc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccsc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code>\deg</code><a href='#index-_005cdeg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code class="code">\deg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdeg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code>\det</code><a href='#index-_005cdet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code class="code">\det</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdet'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code>\dim</code><a href='#index-_005cdim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code class="code">\dim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdim'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code>\exp</code><a href='#index-_005cexp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code class="code">\exp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexp'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code>\gcd</code><a href='#index-_005cgcd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code class="code">\gcd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgcd'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code>\hom</code><a href='#index-_005chom' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code class="code">\hom</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chom'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code>\inf</code><a href='#index-_005cinf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Infinum
+<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code class="code">\inf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Infimum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code>\ker</code><a href='#index-_005cker' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code class="code">\ker</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cker'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code>\lg</code><a href='#index-_005clg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code class="code">\lg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clg'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code>\lim</code><a href='#index-_005clim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code class="code">\lim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clim'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code>\liminf</code><a href='#index-_005climinf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code class="code">\liminf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climinf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code>\limsup</code><a href='#index-_005climsup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code class="code">\limsup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climsup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code>\ln</code><a href='#index-_005cln' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code class="code">\ln</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cln'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code>\log</code><a href='#index-_005clog' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code class="code">\log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clog'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code>\max</code><a href='#index-_005cmax' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code class="code">\max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmax'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code>\min</code><a href='#index-_005cmin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code class="code">\min</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code>\pmod</code><a href='#index-_005cpmod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
+<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code class="code">\pmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpmod'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code class="code">\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code>\Pr</code><a href='#index-_005cPr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code class="code">\Pr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPr'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code>\sec</code><a href='#index-_005csec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code class="code">\sec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csec'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code>\sin</code><a href='#index-_005csin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code class="code">\sin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csin'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code>\sinh</code><a href='#index-_005csinh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code class="code">\sinh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csinh'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code>\sup</code><a href='#index-_005csup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>sup
+<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code class="code">\sup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csup'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Supremum
+sup
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code>\tan</code><a href='#index-_005ctan' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code class="code">\tan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctan'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code>\tanh</code><a href='#index-_005ctanh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code class="code">\tanh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctanh'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-9"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
-<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
-allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
-briefly, you can define an identity operator with
-<code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones
-above but prints as ‘<samp>id</samp>’. The starred form
-<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any limits above and
-below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>.
+<p>The <code class="code">amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and
+also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN,
+but briefly, you can define an identity operator with
+<code class="code">\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones
+above but prints as ‘<samp class="samp">id</samp>’. The starred form
+<code class="code">\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any superscript or
+subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <code class="code">\lim</code>,
+<code class="code">\sup</code>, or <code class="code">\max</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Math-accents">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-accents">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-accents-1">16.4 Math accents</h3>
-<span id="index-math-accents"></span>
-<span id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-accents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
-(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code>\acute</code><a href='#index-_005cacute' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code class="code">\acute</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cacute'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code>\bar</code><a href='#index-_005cbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code class="code">\bar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code>\breve</code><a href='#index-_005cbreve' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code class="code">\breve</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbreve'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code>\check</code><a href='#index-_005ccheck' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code class="code">\check</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccheck'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math háček (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code>\ddot</code><a href='#index-_005cddot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code class="code">\ddot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code>\dot</code><a href='#index-_005cdot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code class="code">\dot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code>\grave</code><a href='#index-_005cgrave' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code class="code">\grave</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgrave'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code>\hat</code><a href='#index-_005chat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
-<span id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code class="code">\hat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chat'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code>\mathring</code><a href='#index-_005cmathring' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code class="code">\mathring</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathring'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code>\tilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code class="code">\tilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctilde'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code>\vec</code><a href='#index-_005cvec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code class="code">\vec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvec'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code>\widehat</code><a href='#index-_005cwidehat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code class="code">\widehat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidehat'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code>\widetilde</code><a href='#index-_005cwidetilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code class="code">\widetilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidetilde'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
@@ -15611,54 +15722,54 @@
</dl>
<p>When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to use
-one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
+one without a dot, <code class="code">\imath</code> or <code class="code">jmath</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
-<span id="index-overlining"></span>
-<span id="index-underlining"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overlining"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underlining"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
putting braces over or under some material.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Underline <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
-descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
-<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+descenders, so in <code class="code">\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
+<code class="code">\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-ulem"></span>
-<span id="index-ulem-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ulem-package"></a>
-<p>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
+<p>Note that the package <code class="code">ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a> for
+documentation on CTAN. See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a> for
producing a line, for such things as a signature.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
-outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
-Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
+<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
+outside. For example, <code class="code">\overline{x+y}</code>.
+Note that this differs from the command <code class="code">\bar</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
-<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
-Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
-<code>^</code>, as here.
+<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace under <var class="var">math</var>. For example, this
+<code class="code">(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
+Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <code class="code">_</code>, or
+superscript, <code class="code">^</code>, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+
\underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{>1/2}+\cdots
\end{displaymath}
@@ -15668,99 +15779,99 @@
unconnected to the underbrace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
-<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
-<code>\underbrace</code>.
+<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put a brace over <var class="var">math</var>, as with
+<code class="code">\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
+<code class="code">\underbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-3"></a>
-<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
+<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
-<span id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></span>
-<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
-normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code class="code">y=m x</code> then
LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
-as <em class='math'>y=mx</em>.
+as <em class="math">y=mx</em>.
</p>
<p>But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
-<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command:
+<code class="code">f(x)</code> and the <code class="code">dx</code>, here done with the <code class="code">\,</code> command:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
</pre></div>
<p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-<em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the
-current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a
-<code>\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of
-a ‘<samp>M</samp>’.
+<em class="dfn">mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18<span class="dmn">em</span>, where the em is taken from the
+current math symbols family (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a
+<code class="code">\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of
+a ‘<samp class="samp">M</samp>’.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code>\;</code><a href='#index-_005c_003b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code class="code">\;</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003b'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-10"></a>
-<p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
-the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
+<p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thickspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
+the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code>\negthickspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegthickspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code class="code">\negthickspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegthickspace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code>\:</code><a href='#index-_005c_003a' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\></code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmedspace"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
-4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code class="code">\:</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003a'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\></code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\medspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
+4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before
that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code>\negmedspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegmedspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code class="code">\negmedspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegmedspace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code>
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code>\,</code><a href='#index-_005c_002c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span>
-<span id="index-thin-space"></span>
-<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></span><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
-Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>).
+<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code class="code">\,</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002c'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thinspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">3mu</code>, which is 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>.
+Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
-infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does
+infinitesimal in an integral <code class="code">\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does
this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The antiderivative is
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The antiderivative is
\begin{equation}
3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.
\end{equation}
@@ -15767,27 +15878,27 @@
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code>\!</code><a href='#index-_005c_0021' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span>
-<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
-<code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code class="code">\!</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0021'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
+<code class="code">-3mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode;
-otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the
-<code>\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>).
+otherwise, the <code class="code">\!</code> command is math mode only but the
+<code class="code">\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-quad'><span><code>\quad</code><a href='#index-quad' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cquad"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></span><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
+<dt id='index-quad'><span><code class="code">\quad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-quad'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, that is, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
-two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
+two equations inside a <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code>\qquad</code><a href='#index-_005cqquad' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
+<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code class="code">\qquad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cqquad'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<span class="dmn">mu</span> = 2<span class="dmn">em</span>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -15794,50 +15905,50 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1"><code>\smash</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3"><code>\mathstrut</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\smash</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005csmash">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csmash-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash-1">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></h4>
-<span id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
-<span id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\smash{<var>subformula</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\smash{<var class="var">subformula</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset <var>subformula</var> as if its height and depth were zero.
+<p>Typeset <var class="var">subformula</var> as if its height and depth were zero.
</p>
<p>In this example the exponential is so tall that without the
-<code>\smash</code> command LaTeX would separate its line from the line
+<code class="code">\smash</code> command LaTeX would separate its line from the line
above it, and the uneven line spacing might be unsightly.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
+<pre class="example-preformatted">To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.
</pre></div>
-<p>(Because of the <code>\smash</code> the printed expression could run into the
+<p>(Because of the <code class="code">\smash</code> the printed expression could run into the
line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the
document to make such adjustments.)
</p>
-<p>This pictures the effect of <code>\smash</code> by using <code>\fbox</code> to
+<p>This pictures the effect of <code class="code">\smash</code> by using <code class="code">\fbox</code> to
surround the box that LaTeX will put on the line. The
-<code>\blackbar</code> command makes a bar extending from 10 points below
+<code class="code">\blackbar</code> command makes a bar extending from 10 points below
the baseline to 20 points above.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
\fbox{\blackbar}
\fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}
</pre></div>
@@ -15847,27 +15958,27 @@
having zero height and zero depth, despite that the ink printed on the
page still extends well above and below the line.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\smash</code> command appears often in mathematics to adjust the
+<p>The <code class="code">\smash</code> command appears often in mathematics to adjust the
size of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical
extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\sqrt{\sum_{0\leq k< n} f(k)}
\sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)}
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note the use of <code>\vphantom</code> to give the <code>\sqrt</code> command an
-argument with the height of the <code>\sum</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>).
+<p>Note the use of <code class="code">\vphantom</code> to give the <code class="code">\sqrt</code> command an
+argument with the height of the <code class="code">\sum</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code>\smash</code> command can
+<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code class="code">\smash</code> command can
appear in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal
mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
-<code>\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below.
+<code class="code">\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">xxx xxx xxx
+<pre class="example-preformatted">xxx xxx xxx
\smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
@@ -15874,159 +15985,163 @@
\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package-4"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-4"></a>
-<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
+<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1">16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></h4>
-<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
-<span id="index-horizontal-spacing"></span>
-<span id="index-vertical-spacing"></span>
-<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></span>
-<span id="index-invisible-character"></span>
-<span id="index-character_002c-invisible"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cvphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chphantom"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cphantom"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvphantom"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chphantom"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-spacing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-invisible-character"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character_002c-invisible"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\phantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\phantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vphantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\vphantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hphantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hphantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
-and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
+<p>The <code class="code">\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
+and width as <var class="var">subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
LaTeX will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer,
but will not show that answer.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
\int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}}
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
-vertical size as <var>subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having
-zero width. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as
-<var>subformula</var> but with zero height and depth.
+<p>The <code class="code">\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
+vertical size as <var class="var">subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having
+zero width. And <code class="code">\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as
+<var class="var">subformula</var> but with zero height and depth.
</p>
<p>In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand expression
is so tall that TeX places this expression further down than its
default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be at
-different levels. The <code>\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells
+different levels. The <code class="code">\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells
TeX to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the
two expressions come out at the same level.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{j\in\{0,\ldots\, 10\}\vphantom{3^{3^{3^j}}}}
\sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
-See <a href="#g_t_005csmash"><code>\smash</code></a>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code class="code">\smash</code>.
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005csmash"><code class="code">\smash</code></a>, which includes another example of <code class="code">\vphantom</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></span>
-<span id="index-mathtools-package-5"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-5"></a>
<p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
-convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) as well
-as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>), <code>\settoheight</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>).
-In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer
+convenient, including <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) as well
+as <code class="code">\settodepth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettodepth"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>), <code class="code">\settoheight</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettoheight"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>), and <code class="code">\settowidth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettowidth"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>).
+In addition, the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-11"></a>
<p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
-should give it such a status, for example with the <code>\operatorname</code>
-command from the package <code>amsmath</code>.
+should give it such a status, for example with the <code class="code">\operatorname</code>
+command from the package <code class="code">amsmath</code>.
</p>
<p>While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
-with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
+with <code class="code">\leavevmode</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmathstrut">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1">16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cmathstrut"></span>
-<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></span>
-<span id="index-vertical-spacing-1"></span>
-<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></span>
-<span id="index-invisible-character-1"></span>
-<span id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></span>
-<span id="index-strut_002c-math"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmathstrut"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-invisible-character-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut_002c-math"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\mathstrut
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\mathstrut
</pre></div>
-<p>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>.
+<p>The analogue of <code class="code">\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>The input <code>$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the
+<p>The input <code class="code">$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the
second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space
without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
-<code>$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$</code>.
+<code class="code">$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open
-parenthesis, <code>(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
-<code>\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a> for
-more. An advantage over <code>\strut</code> is that <code>\mathstrut</code> adds no
+<p>The <code class="code">\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open
+parenthesis, <code class="code">(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
+<code class="code">\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a> for
+more. An advantage over <code class="code">\strut</code> is that <code class="code">\mathstrut</code> adds no
depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of
an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
-amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>.
+amount of space, use <code class="code">\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005crule"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Math-styles">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-styles">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math styles</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-styles-1">16.7 Math styles</h3>
-<span id="index-math-styles"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-styles"></a>
<p>TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
-example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_{0\leq
+example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code class="code">\sum_{0\leq
i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}</code> will give
output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol.
But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right
@@ -16037,36 +16152,36 @@
</p>
<p>TeX uses four math styles.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> <span id="index-display-style"></span>
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-display-style"></a>
Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as
-with <code>\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>.
+with <code class="code">\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>.
-</li><li> <span id="index-text-style"></span>
-Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘<samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>’.
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text-style"></a>
+Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘<samp class="samp">so we have $ ... $</samp>’.
-</li><li> <span id="index-script-style"></span>
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-style"></a>
Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript.
-</li><li> <span id="index-scriptscript-style"></span>
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scriptscript-style"></a>
Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more)
of subscript or superscript.
</li></ul>
-<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ctextstyle"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cscriptstyle"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextstyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptstyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"></a>
<p>TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a
-declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or
-<code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>.
+declaration of <code class="code">\displaystyle</code>, or <code class="code">\textstyle</code>, or
+<code class="code">\scriptstyle</code>, or <code class="code">\scriptscriptstyle</code>.
</p>
-<p>In this example, the ‘<samp>Arithmetic</samp>’ line’s fraction will look
+<p>In this example, the ‘<samp class="samp">Arithmetic</samp>’ line’s fraction will look
scrunched.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
\textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
Arithmetic &$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$
&$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}$ \\
@@ -16075,8 +16190,8 @@
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>But because of the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration,
-the ‘<samp>Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with
+<p>But because of the <code class="code">\displaystyle</code> declaration,
+the ‘<samp class="samp">Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with
characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
</p>
<p>Another example is that, compared to the same input without the
@@ -16083,18 +16198,18 @@
declaration, the result of
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">we get
+<pre class="example-preformatted">we get
$\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$
</pre></div>
<p>will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the
-<code>\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is
-delimited by being inside curly braces, as ‘<samp>{\displaystyle ...}</samp>’.
+<code class="code">\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is
+delimited by being inside curly braces, as ‘<samp class="samp">{\displaystyle ...}</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The last example is a continued fraction.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
a_0+\frac{1}{
\displaystyle a_1+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
\displaystyle a_2+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
@@ -16102,21 +16217,21 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Without the <code>\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be
-set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code>\mathstrut</code>
-improves the height of the denominators; see <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>.)
+<p>Without the <code class="code">\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be
+set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code class="code">\mathstrut</code>
+improves the height of the denominators; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a>.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Math-miscellany">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-miscellany">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.8 Math miscellany</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Math-miscellany-1">16.8 Math miscellany</h3>
-<span id="index-math-miscellany"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-miscellany"></a>
<p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don’t fit into other categories.
@@ -16123,161 +16238,162 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2"><code>\*</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3"><code>\frac</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4"><code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5"><code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\*</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\frac</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\stackrel</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></h4>
-<span id="index-colon-character"></span>
-<span id="index-_003a-for-math"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccolon"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="colon"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colon-character"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolon"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">:
+<pre class="example-preformatted">:
\colon
</pre></div>
-<p>In mathematics, the colon character, <code>:</code>, is a relation.
+<p>In mathematics, the colon character, <code class="code">:</code>, is a relation.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-12"></a>
-<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
+<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code class="code">\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
-<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>.
+<code class="code">\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-13"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-13"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-13"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-13"></a>
-<p>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
-in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
-the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}</code>.
+<p>But the widely-used <code class="code">amsmath</code> package defines <code class="code">\colon</code> for use
+in the definition of functions <code class="code">f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
+the colon character as a punctuation then use <code class="code">\mathpunct{:}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002a">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a-1">16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code></h4>
-<span id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></span>
-<span id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
-<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
-<span id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_002a"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002a"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\*
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\*
</pre></div>
<p>A multiplication symbol that allows a line break. If there is a break
-then LaTeX puts a <code>\times</code> symbol, ×, before
+then LaTeX puts a <code class="code">\times</code> symbol, ×, before
that break.
</p>
-<p>In <code>\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)</code>, if there is no line break then
-LaTeX outputs it as though it were <code>\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)</code>. If
+<p>In <code class="code">\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)</code>, if there is no line break then
+LaTeX outputs it as though it were <code class="code">\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)</code>. If
a line break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then
-LaTeX sets it like <code>\( A_1 A_2 \times \)</code>, followed by the
-break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
+LaTeX sets it like <code class="code">\( A_1 A_2 \times \)</code>, followed by the
+break, followed by <code class="code">\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrac">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac-1">16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code></h4>
-<span id="index-fraction"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfrac"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fraction"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrac"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\frac{<var>numerator</var>}{<var>denominator</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\frac{<var class="var">numerator</var>}{<var class="var">denominator</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produces the fraction. Used as: <code>\begin{displaymath}
+<p>Produces the fraction. Used as: <code class="code">\begin{displaymath}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}</code>. In inline math
-mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
-(see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>).
+mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code class="code">\displaystyle</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005csqrt">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt-1">16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code></h4>
-<span id="index-square-root"></span>
-<span id="index-roots"></span>
-<span id="index-radical"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csqrt"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-square-root"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roots"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-radical"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csqrt"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\sqrt{<var>arg</var>}
-\sqrt[<var>root-number</var>]{<var>arg</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\sqrt{<var class="var">arg</var>}
+\sqrt[<var class="var">root-number</var>]{<var class="var">arg</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var>arg</var>. The optional
-argument <var>root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of
-<code>x+y</code> as <code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
-The radical grows with the size of <var>arg</var> (as the height of the
-radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for
-a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
+<p>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var class="var">arg</var>. The optional
+argument <var class="var">root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of
+<code class="code">x+y</code> as <code class="code">\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>.
+The size of the radical grows with that of <var class="var">arg</var> (as the height of
+the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until
+for a tall enough <code class="code">arg</code>, it is vertical).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX has a separate <code>\surd</code> character (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
+<p>LaTeX has a separate <code class="code">\surd</code> symbol for making a square root
+without <var class="var">arg</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstackrel">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel-1">16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code></h4>
-<span id="index-stack-math"></span>
-<span id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cstackrel"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stack-math"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstackrel"></a>
-<p>Synopsis, one of:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\stackrel{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">relation</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Put <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. To put a function name above an
-arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
+<p>Put <var class="var">text</var> above <var class="var">relation</var>. To put a function name above an
+arrow enter <code class="code">\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -16284,14 +16400,14 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Modes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Modes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Modes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Modes-1">17 Modes</h2>
-<span id="index-modes"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modes"></a>
<p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -16299,97 +16415,97 @@
in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span>
-<em>Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em>horizontal
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li><a class="anchor" id="modes-paragraph-mode"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<em class="dfn">Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em class="dfn">horizontal
mode</em>) is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks
the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that
in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode LaTeX is
in most of the time.
-<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span>
-<span id="index-LR-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-lr-mode"></span><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
-<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
-making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LR-mode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="modes-lr-mode"></a><p><em class="dfn">LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+<em class="dfn">restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
+making a box with an <code class="code">\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
LaTeX’s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
in paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put
-that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
+that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR
box won’t fit there.)
</p>
-</li><li> <span id="index-math-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-math-mode"></span><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="modes-math-mode"></a><em class="dfn">Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
-<span id="index-display-math-mode"></span>
-<p><em>Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-display-math-mode"></a>
+<p><em class="dfn">Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
-ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
+ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code class="code">\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</p>
-</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is
+</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-mode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="modes-vertical-mode"></a><em class="dfn">Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is
building the list of lines and other material making the output page,
which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is
in when it starts a document.
-<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
-<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></a><p><em class="dfn">Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+<code class="code">\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
</li></ul>
-<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘<samp>Let \( x \) be
+<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘<samp class="samp">Let \( x \) be
...</samp>’ then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in
-vertical mode, then it reads the ‘<samp>L</samp>’ and switches to paragraph
-mode, then the next switch happens at the ‘<samp>\(</samp>’ where LaTeX
+vertical mode, then it reads the ‘<samp class="samp">L</samp>’ and switches to paragraph
+mode, then the next switch happens at the ‘<samp class="samp">\(</samp>’ where LaTeX
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</p>
-<span id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></span>
-<span id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></span><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
-or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a class="anchor" id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code class="code">\parbox</code> command
+or a <code class="code">minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
-<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
-situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em>
-(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
+<em class="dfn">parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em class="dfn">inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
+situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em class="dfn">outer paragraph mode</em>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1"><code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005censuremath">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005censuremath-1"></span><h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath-1">17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ensuremath{<var class="var">formula</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Ensure that <var>formula</var> is typeset in math mode.
+<p>Ensure that <var class="var">formula</var> is typeset in math mode.
</p>
<p>For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used only
in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain text.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
</pre></div>
-<p>Caution: the <code>\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea.
+<p>Caution: the <code class="code">\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
</pre></div>
@@ -16400,15 +16516,15 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Page-styles">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Page-styles">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Page-styles-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</h2>
-<span id="index-styles_002c-page"></span>
-<span id="index-page-styles"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-styles"></a>
<p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -16416,47 +16532,47 @@
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></span>
-<span id="index-fancyhdr-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyhdr-package"></a>
-<p>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is very helpful for constructing page
-styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
+<p>The package <code class="code">fancyhdr</code> is commonly used for constructing page
+styles. See its documentation.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1"><code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmaketitle">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1">18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code></h3>
-<span id="index-titles_002c-making"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmaketitle"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\maketitle
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\maketitle
</pre></div>
<p>Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a
-separate page, except in the <code>article</code> class where it is at the top
-of the first page. (See <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>, for information about
-the <code>titlepage</code> document class option.)
+separate page, except in the <code class="code">article</code> class where it is at the top
+of the first page. (See <a class="xref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>, for information about
+the <code class="code">titlepage</code> document class option.)
</p>
-<p>This example shows <code>\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place,
-immediately after <code>\begin{document}</code>.
+<p>This example shows <code class="code">\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place,
+immediately after <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts}
\author{Jonas Grumby\thanks{%
With the support of a Ginger Grant from the Roy Hinkley Society.} \\
@@ -16479,124 +16595,126 @@
<p>You tell LaTeX the information used to produce the title by making
the following declarations. These must come before the
-<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
+<code class="code">\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code><a href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code class="code">\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a>
<p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
-list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
+list of authors separated by <code class="code">\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s
-institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit
-the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: No
+institution or address, use a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. If you omit
+the <code class="code">\author</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: No
\author given</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
-<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document’s date. The <var>text</var>
+<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<p>Optional. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the document’s date. The <var class="var">text</var>
doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
-omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>).
-To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>.
+omit <code class="code">\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code class="code">\today</code></a>).
+To have no date, instead use <code class="code">\date{}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
-<span id="index-credit-footnote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-credit-footnote"></a>
<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
-all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
+the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
+at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
address.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></span>
-<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
-breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
-omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No
-\title given</samp>’.
+<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"></a>
+<p>Required. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
+breaks inside <var class="var">text</var> with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. If you
+omit the <code class="code">\title</code> declaration then the <code class="code">\maketitle</code> command
+yields error ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>To make your own title page, see <a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a>. You can either
+<p>To make your own title page, see <a class="ref" href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-<code>\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
-in place of <code>article</code> that formats the title according to their
+<code class="code">\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+in place of <code class="code">article</code> that formats the title according to their
house requirements.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></span>
-<span id="index-page-numbering-style"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-numbering-style"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>number-style</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagenumbering{<var class="var">number-style</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The
numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of
contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
-so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments.
+so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
+or an end of environment.
</p>
-<p>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered
-‘<samp>a</samp>’, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages
-are numbered ‘<samp>1</samp>’, etc.
+<p>In this example, before the ‘<samp class="samp">Main</samp>’ section the pages are numbered
+‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+<code class="code">\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered
+‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’, etc.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
...
\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
...
</pre></div>
-<p>The argument <var>number-style</var> is one of the following (see
-also <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
+<p>The argument <var class="var">number-style</var> is one of the following (see
+also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>arabic</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">arabic</code></dt>
<dd><p>Arabic numerals: 1, 2, …
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>roman</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, …
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>Roman</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">Roman</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, …
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>alph</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase letters: a, b, … If you have more than 26 pages then you
-get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’.
+get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>Alph</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">Alph</code></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase letters: A, B, … If you have more than 26 pages then you
-get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’.
+get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code>gobble</code><a href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span>
+<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code class="code">gobble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number
-not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
-<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.)
+work with the popular package <code class="code">hyperref</code> so to have the page number
+not appear you may want to instead use <code class="code">\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
+<code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -16603,80 +16721,80 @@
<p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of
contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>.
+main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>.
</p>
<p>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page
+number, then you manipulate the <code class="code">page</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagestyle">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cpagestyle"></span>
-<span id="index-header-style"></span>
-<span id="index-footer-style"></span>
-<span id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-header-style"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footer-style"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagestyle{<var class="var">style</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></span>
-<span id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a>
<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
-<code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
+<code class="code">fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
on CTAN.
</p>
-<p>Values for <var>style</var>:
+<p>Values for <var class="var">style</var>:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">plain</code></dt>
<dd><p>The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>empty</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">empty</code></dt>
<dd><p>The header and footer are both empty.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>headings</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">headings</code></dt>
<dd><p>Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style
specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>myheadings</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the
-<code>\markright</code> commands.
+<dt><code class="code">myheadings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code class="code">\markboth</code> or the
+<code class="code">\markright</code> commands.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you
-work with the options <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. The
+work with the options <code class="code">headings</code> or <code class="code">myheadings</code>. The
document source below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle
-<code>headings</code>. On this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in
+<code class="code">headings</code>. On this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in
addition to the page number) the title of the current section. On its
right hand pages LaTeX wants the title of the current subsection.
When it makes up a page, LaTeX gets this information from the
-commands <code>\leftmark</code> and <code>\rightmark</code>. So it is up to
-<code>\section</code> and <code>\subsection</code> to store that information there.
+commands <code class="code">\leftmark</code> and <code class="code">\rightmark</code>. So it is up to
+<code class="code">\section</code> and <code class="code">\subsection</code> to store that information there.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass[twoside]{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twoside]{article}
\pagestyle{headings}
\begin{document}
... \section{Section 1} ... \subsection{Subsection 1.1} ...
@@ -16690,7 +16808,7 @@
<p>Suppose that the second section falls on a left page. Although when the
page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put
-‘<samp>Section 2</samp>’ in the left page header. As to the right header,
+‘<samp class="samp">Section 2</samp>’ in the left page header. As to the right header,
if no subsection starts before the end of the right page then LaTeX
blanks the right hand header. If a subsection does appear before the
right page finishes then there are two cases. If at least one
@@ -16701,26 +16819,26 @@
title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during
the right hand page.
</p>
-<p>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has <code>\section</code>
-issue a command <code>\markboth</code>, setting <code>\leftmark</code>
-to ‘<samp>Section 2</samp>’ and setting <code>\rightmark</code> to blank.
-And, LaTeX has <code>\subsection</code> issue a command <code>\markright</code>,
-setting <code>\rightmark</code> to ‘<samp>Subsection 2.1</samp>’, etc.
+<p>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has <code class="code">\section</code>
+issue a command <code class="code">\markboth</code>, setting <code class="code">\leftmark</code> to
+‘<samp class="samp">Section 2</samp>’ and setting <code class="code">\rightmark</code> to an empty content.
+And, LaTeX has <code class="code">\subsection</code> issue a command <code class="code">\markright</code>,
+setting <code class="code">\rightmark</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">Subsection 2.1</samp>’, etc.
</p>
-<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
+<p>Here are the descriptions of <code class="code">\markboth</code> and <code class="code">\markright</code>:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
-page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
-heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
+page style of <code class="code">headings</code> or <code class="code">myheadings</code>. A left hand page
+heading <var class="var">left-head</var> is generated by the last <code class="code">\markboth</code>
command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
-<var>right-head</var> is generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or
-<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
+<var class="var">right-head</var> is generated by the first <code class="code">\markboth</code> or
+<code class="code">\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d'><span><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -16729,33 +16847,33 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></span>
-<span id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\thispagestyle{<var class="var">style</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Works in the same way as the <code>\pagestyle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>),
-except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. This
+<p>Works in the same way as the <code class="code">\pagestyle</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>),
+except that it changes to <var class="var">style</var> for the current page only. This
declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces
or environments.
</p>
<p>Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style. For
example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first
-chapter in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
+chapter in <code class="code">plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\pagestyle{headings}
\begin{document}
\chapter{First chapter}
@@ -16764,131 +16882,131 @@
...
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>plain</code> style has a page number on it, centered in the footer.
+<p>The <code class="code">plain</code> style has a page number on it, centered in the footer.
To make the page entirely empty, the command
-<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code> immediately follows the second
-<code>\chapter</code>.
+<code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code> immediately follows the second
+<code class="code">\chapter</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Spaces">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Spaces">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Spaces-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Spaces-1">19 Spaces</h2>
-<span id="index-spaces"></span>
-<span id="index-white-space"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-white-space"></a>
<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of
these are best suited to mathematical text; for these
-see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
+see <a class="ref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2"><code>\hspace</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3"><code>\hfill</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code>\hss</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code>\spacefactor</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code>~</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code>\/</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\hss</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code class="code">~</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\/</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace"><code class="code">\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1">19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005censpace"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cquad-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cqquad-1"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005censpace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cquad"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cqquad"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005censpace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cqquad-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\enspace
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\enspace
\quad
\qquad
</pre></div>
-<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, or 2em. The
+<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2<span class="dmn">em</span>, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>, or 2<span class="dmn">em</span>. The
em is a length defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the
width of a capital M. One advantage of describing space in ems is
that it can be more portable across documents than an absolute
-measurement such as points (see <a href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>).
+measurement such as points (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>).
</p>
<p>This puts a suitable gap between two graphics.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\includegraphics{womensmile.png}%
\qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, for <code class="code">\quad</code> and <code class="code">\qquad</code>. These
are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice
in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
-<code>\hspace</code>.
+<code class="code">\hspace</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005chspace">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chspace">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chspace-1">19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005chspace"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chspace"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hspace{<var>length</var>}
-\hspace*{<var>length</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hspace{<var class="var">length</var>}
+\hspace*{<var class="var">length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Insert the amount <var>length</var> of horizontal space. The <var>length</var> can
+<p>Insert the amount <var class="var">length</var> of horizontal space. The <var class="var">length</var> can
be positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is
like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a
-<code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component, or both (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component, or both (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
Because the space is stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called
-<em>glue</em>.
+<em class="dfn">glue</em>.
</p>
-<p>This makes a line with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ an inch from the right margin.
+<p>This makes a line with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ an inch from the right margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white
space—glues and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The
-<code>*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+<code class="code">*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space).
</p>
<p>In this example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in},
conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
@@ -16895,13 +17013,13 @@
that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
</pre></div>
-<p>the 1 inch blank following ‘<samp>conceived in</samp>’ falls at the start
-of a line. If you erase the <code>*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank.
+<p>the 1 inch blank following ‘<samp class="samp">conceived in</samp>’ falls at the start
+of a line. If you erase the <code class="code">*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank.
</p>
-<p>Here, the <code>\hspace</code> separates the three graphics.
+<p>Here, the <code class="code">\hspace</code> separates the three graphics.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space
\hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%
\hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
@@ -16908,50 +17026,50 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>Because the argument to each <code>\hspace</code> has <code>minus 0.25cm</code>,
+<p>Because the argument to each <code class="code">\hspace</code> has <code class="code">minus 0.25cm</code>,
each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each
-space won’t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+space won’t shrink more than 0.25<span class="dmn">cm</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005chfill">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chfill">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chfill-1">19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005chfill"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chfill"></a>
-<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></span>
-<span id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hfill
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hfill
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch
-horizontally as far as needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+horizontally as far as needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ on the left side
-of the page and ‘<samp>Quiz One</samp>’ on the right.
+<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ on the left side
+of the page and ‘<samp class="samp">Quiz One</samp>’ on the right.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cfill"></span>
-<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfill"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code class="code">\hspace{\fill}</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
-<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{figure}
\hspace*{\fill}%
@@ -16962,74 +17080,74 @@
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note the <code>\hspace*</code>’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+<p>Note the <code class="code">\hspace*</code>’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005chss">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chss">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chss-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chss-1">19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005chss"></span>
-<span id="index-horizontal-space"></span>
-<span id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chss"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-space"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hss
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hss
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX
-authors should reach first for the <code>\makebox</code> command to get the
-effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>).
+authors should reach first for the <code class="code">\makebox</code> command to get the
+effects of <code class="code">\hss</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Here, the first line’s <code>\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right,
+<p>Here, the first line’s <code class="code">\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
overwriting the X.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
+<pre class="example-preformatted">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
</pre></div>
-<p>Without the <code>\hss</code> you get something like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox
+<p>Without the <code class="code">\hss</code> you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">Overfull \hbox
(6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cspacefactor">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1">19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\spacefactor=<var class="var">integer</var>
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cspacefactor"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
<p>Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
</p>
<p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
+<em class="dfn">interword glue</em>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>). The <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> command
(from Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</p>
<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
-parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input
+parameter called the <em class="dfn">space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input
is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking
can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
@@ -17040,19 +17158,19 @@
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
</p>
-<p>If the space factor <var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
+<p>If the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
-3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
+3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is greater
than 2000 then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer
Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s
-normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class='math'>f /1000</em> and the normal
-shrink value is multiplied by <em class='math'>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
+normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class="math">f /1000</em> and the normal
+shrink value is multiplied by <em class="math">1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points).
</p>
-<p>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his
+<p>For example, consider the period ending <code class="code">A man's best friend is his
dog.</code> After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after <code>friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
+after <code class="code">friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
</p>
<p>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
@@ -17062,44 +17180,44 @@
will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
+that do not end in a capital letter (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
-<code>\the\spacefactor</code> or <code>\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
+<p>You can only use <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
+<code class="code">\the\spacefactor</code> or <code class="code">\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
</p>
-<p>(Comment, not really related to <code>\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
-like ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>’, or ‘<samp>You
-can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>’, or ‘<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>’
+<p>(Comment, not really related to <code class="code">\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
+like ‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">Improper \spacefactor</samp>’
then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>.)
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>.)
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code>\@</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\@</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040-1">19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040"></span>
-<span id="index-at_002dsign"></span>
-<span id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></span>
-<span id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></span>
-<span id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></span>
-<span id="g_t_005cAT"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-at_002dsign"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAT"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>capital-letter</var>\@.
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">capital-letter</var>\@.
</pre></div>
<p>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
@@ -17108,63 +17226,63 @@
thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
+between words (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
</pre></div>
<p>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting
-<code>\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
-‘<samp>etc.</samp>’ but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code>\ </code>,
+<code class="code">\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
+‘<samp class="samp">etc.</samp>’ but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>,
produces a mid-sentence space.
</p>
<p>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
-sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the period. This holds even if
+sentence, then put <code class="code">\@</code> before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through
those characters. For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide},
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide},
(a book by the MAA)\@.
</pre></div>
<p>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
-a text mode then you get ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode</samp>’ (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
+a text mode then you get ‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
+mode</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
-backslash-space, (<code>\ </code>), or a tie, (<code>~</code>), or <code>\@</code>.
-Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
-<code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
-<code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+backslash-space, (<code class="code">\ </code>), or a tie, (<code class="code">~</code>), or <code class="code">\@</code>.
+Examples are <code class="code">Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code class="code">Mr.~Bean</code>, and
+<code class="code">(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
+<code class="code">\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a><h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1">19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></span>
-<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\frenchspacing
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\frenchspacing
\nonfrenchspacing
</pre></div>
@@ -17172,12 +17290,12 @@
sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code>
(the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
spaces are treated equally.
</p>
@@ -17184,57 +17302,57 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></span>
-<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\normalsfcodes
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\normalsfcodes
</pre></div>
<p>Reset the LaTeX space factors to the default values
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></span><h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cSPACE"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cTAB"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTAB"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></a>
<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
backslash followed by a space.<br>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ <!-- /@w -->
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ <!-- /@w -->
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
-3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
+3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus 1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span>.
</p>
<p>When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rl}
One blank:& makes some space \\
Three blanks:& in a row \\
Three spaces:&\ \ \ in a row \\
@@ -17249,123 +17367,123 @@
tab, or by a newline. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so
the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a
fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a
-horizontal space of any width at all with <code>\hspace</code>;
-see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>.)
+horizontal space of any width at all with <code class="code">\hspace</code>;
+see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>.)
</p>
<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after
control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that follows, as
-after <code>\TeX</code> in <code>\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces
+after <code class="code">\TeX</code> in <code class="code">\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces
has the advantage of still working whether the next character is a blank
-or any other non-letter, as in <code>\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})</code> in which
-<code>{}</code> can be added after <code>\LaTeX</code> as well as after
-<code>\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending
-an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>Prof.\ Smith</code>
-or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
+or any other non-letter, as in <code class="code">\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})</code> in which
+<code class="code">{}</code> can be added after <code class="code">\LaTeX</code> as well as after
+<code class="code">\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending
+an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code class="code">Prof.\ Smith</code>
+or <code class="code">Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">TAB</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt>
-are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
+<p>Under normal circumstances, <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">TAB</kbd> and <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd>
+are equivalent to backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>.
</p>
-<span id="Leading-blanks"></span><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
+<a class="anchor" id="Leading-blanks"></a><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
-following prints ‘<samp>one word</samp>’:
+following prints ‘<samp class="samp">one word</samp>’:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">one
+<pre class="example-preformatted">one
word
</pre></div>
-<p>where the white space between ‘<samp>one</samp>’ and ‘<samp>word</samp>’ is produced by
-the newline after ‘<samp>one</samp>’, not by the space before ‘<samp>word</samp>’.
+<p>where the white space between ‘<samp class="samp">one</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">word</samp>’ is produced by
+the newline after ‘<samp class="samp">one</samp>’, not by the space before ‘<samp class="samp">word</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_007e">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_007e">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_007e-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_007e-1">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_007e"></span>
-<span id="index-tie"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></span>
-<span id="index-hard-space"></span>
-<span id="index-unbreakable-space"></span>
-<span id="index-NBSP"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hard-space"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unbreakable-space"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-NBSP"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">before</var>~<var class="var">after</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>The <em>tie</em> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
-<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
-space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
-1.11111pt (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<p>The <em class="dfn">tie</em> character, <code class="code">~</code>, produces a space between <var class="var">before</var> and
+<var class="var">after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
+space has length 3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus
+1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>Note that the word ‘<samp>tie</samp>’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
+<p>Note that the word ‘<samp class="samp">tie</samp>’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which
is a diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent
-in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
+in <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
</pre></div>
<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
-end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
+end-of-sentence spacing (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>).
+words in an <code class="code">\mbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>).
</p>
<p>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
+from <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li> Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
-<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
-<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>.
+<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
+<li>Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
+<code class="code">Chapter~12</code>, or <code class="code">Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
+<code class="code">Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>.
-</li><li> When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
+</li><li>When cases are enumerated inline: <code class="code">(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
-<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx-1"></span>
-<span id="index-siunitx-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-siunitx-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-siunitx-package-1"></a>
-</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
-<code>siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or
-<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date:
-<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
+</li><li>Between a number and its unit: <code class="code">$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
+<code class="code">siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or
+<code class="code">144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date:
+<code class="code">October~12</code> or <code class="code">12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
-<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
-<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
-choices here are a thin space (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>) and
+<code class="code">AD~565</code>, or <code class="code">2:50~pm</code>, or <code class="code">Boeing~747</code>, or
+<code class="code">268~Plains Road</code>, or <code class="code">\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
+choices here are a thin space (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>) and
no space at all.
-</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
-<code>less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code>given~$X$</code>, or <code>modulo~$p^e$
-for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code>is~$15$</code> with <code>is $15$~times
+</li><li>When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code class="code">equals~$n$</code>, or
+<code class="code">less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code class="code">given~$X$</code>, or <code class="code">modulo~$p^e$
+for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code class="code">is~$15$</code> with <code class="code">is $15$~times
the height</code>). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
-<code>dimension~$d$</code> or <code>function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare <code>with
+<code class="code">dimension~$d$</code> or <code class="code">function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare <code class="code">with
length $l$~or more</code>). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
-preposition: <code>of~$x$</code>, or <code>from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code>in
+preposition: <code class="code">of~$x$</code>, or <code class="code">from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code class="code">in
common with~$m$</code>.
-</li><li> Between symbols in series: <code>$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code>$1$,~$2$,
+</li><li>Between symbols in series: <code class="code">$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code class="code">$1$,~$2$,
\ldots,~$n$</code>.
-</li><li> Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames:
-<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
-<code>Charles~XII</code>—but you must give TeX places to break the line
-so you might do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la
+</li><li>Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames:
+<code class="code">Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code class="code">Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
+<code class="code">Charles~XII</code>—but you must give TeX places to break the line
+so you might do <code class="code">Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la
Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
</li></ul>
@@ -17373,110 +17491,110 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span>
-<span id="index-thin-space-1"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-thin"></span>
-<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnegthinspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-thin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\thinspace
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\thinspace
\negthinspace
</pre></div>
-<p>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6em and
--1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of
-<code>\,</code> and <code>\!</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>).
+<p>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span> and
+-1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of
+<code class="code">\,</code> and <code class="code">\!</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>).
</p>
-<p>You can use <code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
+<p>You can use <code class="code">\,</code> as a synonym for <code class="code">\thinspace</code> in text mode.
</p>
-<p>One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested
+<p>One common use of <code class="code">\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested
quotes:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
</pre></div>
-<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code>
+<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code class="code">\thinspace</code>
between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides,
think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
-style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
+style-specific use is between initials, as in <code class="code">D.\thinspace E.\
Knuth</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-14"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-14"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-14"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-14"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode
-(see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as
of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as
-well as math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; but
+well as math mode, including <code class="code">\!</code> for <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>; but
otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002f">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002f-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f-1">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005c_002f"></span>
-<span id="index-italic-correction"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002f"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-correction"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>before-character</var>\/<var>after-character</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">before-character</var>\/<var class="var">after-character</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Insert an <em>italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font
+<p>Insert an <em class="dfn">italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font
designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character
-colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX
+colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code class="code">\/</code>, LaTeX
takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any
scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much
horizontal space.
</p>
-<p>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var>
-italic f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman H
+<p>Here, were it not for the <code class="code">\/</code>, the <var class="var">before-character</var>
+italic f would hit the <var class="var">after-character</var> roman H
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
</pre></div>
<p>because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
</p>
-<p>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don’t insert an
+<p>If <var class="var">after-character</var> is a period or comma then don’t insert an
italic correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the
baseline already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with
normal letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used
between a switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font.
</p>
-<p>When you use commands such as <code>\emph</code> and <code>\textit</code> and
-<code>\textsl</code> to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the
-italic correction when needed (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). However,
-declarations such as <code>\em</code> and <code>\itshape</code> and
-<code>\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections.
+<p>When you use commands such as <code class="code">\emph</code> and <code class="code">\textit</code> and
+<code class="code">\textsl</code> to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the
+italic correction when needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). However,
+declarations such as <code class="code">\em</code> and <code class="code">\itshape</code> and
+<code class="code">\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections.
</p>
<p>Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example
-where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
+where this is needed is the name <code class="code">pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></span>
-<span id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></a>
<p>Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called
-<em>slant parameter</em> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether
+<em class="dfn">slant parameter</em> (namely <code class="code">\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether
to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
particular font commands.
</p>
@@ -17486,24 +17604,24 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005chrulefill"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cdotfill"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chrulefill"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cdotfill"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\hrulefill
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\hrulefill
\dotfill
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce an infinite horizontal rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that
+<p>Produce an infinite horizontal rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that
LaTeX fills with a rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of
white space.
</p>
@@ -17510,7 +17628,7 @@
<p>This outputs a line 2 inches long.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
</pre></div>
<p>This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that
@@ -17518,10 +17636,10 @@
spaced dots.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
</pre></div>
-<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use <code>\null</code> at the
+<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use <code class="code">\null</code> at the
start or end.
</p>
<p>To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
@@ -17528,24 +17646,24 @@
here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt }
</pre></div>
-<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4pt to 1pt.
+<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4<span class="dmn">pt</span> to 1<span class="dmn">pt</span>.
Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%
\leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern0pt }
</pre></div>
-<p>which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
+<p>which changes the default length of 0.33<span class="dmn">em</span> to 1.00<span class="dmn">em</span>.
</p>
<p>This example produces a line for a signature.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{4cm}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{4cm}
\centering
\hrulefill\\
Signed
@@ -17552,34 +17670,38 @@
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>The line is 4cm long.
+<p>The line is 4<span class="dmn">cm</span> long.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1">19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></h3>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bigskip
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigskip
\medskip
\smallskip
</pre></div>
<p>Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
-small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+small. These commands are fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i>The Golden Ocean</i> by
+<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i class="i">The Golden Ocean</i> by
O’Brian).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
was at home again, and it was delightful.
\bigskip
@@ -17590,54 +17712,58 @@
<p>Each command is associated with a length defined in the document class
file.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="bigskip"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cbigskip'><span><code>\bigskip</code><a href='#index-_005cbigskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></span>
-<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
-space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
-<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="bigskip"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigskip-1'><span><code class="code">\bigskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
+<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
+space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code> and
+<code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
-<span id="medskip"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cmedskip'><span><code>\medskip</code><a href='#index-_005cmedskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></span>
-<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
-line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
-and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
+<a class="anchor" id="medskip"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cmedskip-1'><span><code class="code">\medskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmedskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
+<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
+line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code>
+and <code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
-<span id="smallskip"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005csmallskip'><span><code>\smallskip</code><a href='#index-_005csmallskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></span>
-<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
+<a class="anchor" id="smallskip"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005csmallskip-1'><span><code class="code">\smallskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
+<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
-<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
+<code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph
+<p>Because each command is a <code class="code">\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph
then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
these are best between paragraphs.
</p>
-<p>The commands <code>\bigbreak</code>, <code>\medbreak</code>, and <code>\smallbreak</code>
+<p>The commands <code class="code">\bigbreak</code>, <code class="code">\medbreak</code>, and <code class="code">\smallbreak</code>
are similar but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to
-put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>.
+put a page break (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1">19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></h3>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallbreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigbreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedbreak"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallbreak"></a>
+
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\bigbreak
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigbreak
\medbreak
\smallbreak
</pre></div>
@@ -17644,63 +17770,64 @@
<p>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and
suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The
-associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.)
+associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and
+−50.)
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for more. These commands
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, for more. These commands
produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a
preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as
-with <code>\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where
+with <code class="code">\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where
they are used: this example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">abc\bigbreak def ghi
+<pre class="example-preformatted">abc\bigbreak def ghi
jkl mno pqr
</pre></div>
-<p>will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘<samp>abc</samp>’ and the
+<p>will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘<samp class="samp">abc</samp>’ and the
second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent,
-with ‘<samp>def</samp>’.
+with ‘<samp class="samp">def</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstrut">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cstrut-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut-1">19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cstrut"></span>
-<span id="index-strut-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstrut"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\strut
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\strut
</pre></div>
-<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code>0.7\baselineskip</code>
-and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX
+<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code class="code">0.7\baselineskip</code>
+and depth at least <code class="code">0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX
inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
-<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>).
-The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize.
+<code class="code">\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crule"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>).
+The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize.
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
+<p>In this example the <code class="code">\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
having zero height.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
</pre></div>
<p>This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2.
-The second list fixes that with a <code>\strut</code> at the end of its first
+The second list fixes that with a <code class="code">\strut</code> at the end of its first
item’s second line.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}
@@ -17731,32 +17858,32 @@
\end{minipage}%
</pre></div>
-<p>The final two lists use <code>\fbox</code> to show what’s happening. The
-first item <code>\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of
-its second ‘<samp>test</samp>’, which happens not have any characters that
+<p>The final two lists use <code class="code">\fbox</code> to show what’s happening. The
+first item <code class="code">\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of
+its second ‘<samp class="samp">test</samp>’, which happens not have any characters that
descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives
the needed extra below-baseline space.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></span>
-<span id="index-TikZ-package-1"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></span>
-<span id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
-<code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command
-such as <code>\graphnode{<var>node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around
-<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>’s
-‘<samp>x</samp>’ and ‘<samp>y</samp>’ will produce different-diameter circles because
-the characters are different sizes. A careful <code>\graphnode</code> might
-insert a <code>\strut</code>, then <var>node-name</var>, and then draw the circle.
+<p>The <code class="code">\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
+<code class="code">TikZ</code> or <code class="code">Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command
+such as <code class="code">\graphnode{<var class="var">node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around
+<var class="var">node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var class="var">node-name</var>’s
+‘<samp class="samp">x</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">y</samp>’ will produce different-diameter circles because
+the characters are different sizes. A careful <code class="code">\graphnode</code> might
+insert a <code class="code">\strut</code>, then <var class="var">node-name</var>, and then draw the circle.
</p>
-<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code>\rule</code> is useful in
+<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code class="code">\rule</code> is useful in
many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of
-the first integral from hitting the <code>\hline</code>. Similarly, the
+the first integral from hitting the <code class="code">\hline</code>. Similarly, the
second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rl}
\textsc{Integral} &\textsc{Value} \\
\hline
$\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\
@@ -17767,53 +17894,53 @@
<p>(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t
solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
-<code>\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the
-<code>\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
+<code class="code">\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the
+<code class="code">\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvspace">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace-1">19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cvspace"></span>
-<span id="index-vertical-space"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-vertical"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>}
-\vspace*{<var>length</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>}
+\vspace*{<var class="var">length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be positive,
-negative, or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a <code>plus</code>
-or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<p>Add the vertical space <var class="var">length</var>. The <var class="var">length</var> can be positive,
+negative, or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a <code class="code">plus</code>
+or <code class="code">minus</code> component (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>This puts space between the two paragraphs.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">And I slept.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">And I slept.
\vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex}
The new day dawned cold.
</pre></div>
-<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for common inter-paragraph
+<p>(See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
+<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the
-<code>*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+<code class="code">*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
between the two questions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
\vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm}
Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
@@ -17822,16 +17949,16 @@
<p>That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
between the questions.
</p>
-<p>If you use <code>\vspace</code> in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+<p>If you use <code class="code">\vspace</code> in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing
-the <code>\vspace</code> command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
-<code>\vspace</code> command.
+the <code class="code">\vspace</code> command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
+<code class="code">\vspace</code> command.
</p>
<p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{document}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}
1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
@@ -17843,41 +17970,41 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvfill">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cvfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill-1">19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cvfill"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvfill"></a>
-<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></span>
-<span id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\vfill
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\vfill
</pre></div>
<p>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length that is
infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that
-<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph whereas <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>
+<p>It is often used in the same way as <code class="code">\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that
+<code class="code">\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph whereas <code class="code">\vspace{\fill}</code>
adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the
paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page
boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option
-in <a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>.
+in <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain
-the text ‘<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>’ and the second ‘<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>’ is exactly
+the text ‘<samp class="samp">Lost Dog!</samp>’ and the second ‘<samp class="samp">Lost Dog!</samp>’ is exactly
halfway between them.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{document}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}
Lost Dog!
\vfill
Lost Dog! % perfectly in the middle
@@ -17889,38 +18016,38 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddvspace">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace-1">19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005caddvspace"></span>
-<span id="index-vertical-space-1"></span>
-<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addvspace{<var>vert-length</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addvspace{<var class="var">vert-length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add a vertical space of <var>vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or
-more <code>\addvspace</code>’s in a sequence then together they only add the
+<p>Add a vertical space of <var class="var">vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or
+more <code class="code">\addvspace</code>’s in a sequence then together they only add the
space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
-<var>vert-length</var>’s in that sequence. This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<var class="var">vert-length</var>’s in that sequence. This command is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). The <var class="var">vert-length</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale over which
+<p>This example illustrates. The <code class="code">picture</code> draws a scale over which
to rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length
-<code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two
-rules are 22pt apart: the sum of the <code>\baselineskip</code> and the
-10pt from the first <code>\addvspace</code>.
+<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is 12<span class="dmn">pt</span>. As shown by the scale, the two
+rules are 22<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart: the sum of the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> and the
+10<span class="dmn">pt</span> from the first <code class="code">\addvspace</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{color}
\begin{document}
\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}%
@@ -17934,210 +18061,211 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
-20pt longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code>
-and 20pt. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
+<p>Now uncomment the second <code class="code">\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
+20<span class="dmn">pt</span> longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>
+and 20<span class="dmn">pt</span>. So <code class="code">\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
its name—it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
</p>
<p>LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a
-<code>theorem</code> environment begins and ends with <code>\addvspace</code> so
-that two consecutive <code>theorem</code>’s are separated by one vertical
+<code class="code">theorem</code> environment begins and ends with <code class="code">\addvspace</code> so
+that two consecutive <code class="code">theorem</code>’s are separated by one vertical
space, not two.
</p>
-<p>A error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’ pointing to an
-<code>\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit
-this command. One way to change that is to precede <code>\addvspace</code>
-with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>), as in the above example.
+<p>A error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’ pointing to an
+<code class="code">\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit
+this command. One way to change that is to precede <code class="code">\addvspace</code>
+with a <code class="code">\par</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpar"><code class="code">\par</code></a>), as in the above example.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Boxes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Boxes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Boxes-1">20 Boxes</h2>
-<span id="index-boxes"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boxes"></a>
<p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-adjustbox"></span>
-<span id="index-adjustbox-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-adjustbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-adjustbox-package"></a>
<p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
-One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>.
+One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code class="code">adjustbox</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3"><code>\parbox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4"><code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6"><code>lrbox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7"><code>\usebox</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1">20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cmbox"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmakebox"></span>
-<span id="index-box"></span>
-<span id="index-make-a-box"></span>
-<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-make-a-box"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\mbox{<var>text</var>}
-\makebox{<var>text</var>}
-\makebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
-\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\mbox{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\makebox{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\makebox[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\makebox[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is typeset in
-LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
-<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var class="var">text</var> is typeset in
+LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
+<code class="code">\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code class="code">\makebox</code> is fragile
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
+<p>Because <code class="code">text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code class="code">\mbox</code>
to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
-the tank name, ‘<samp>T-34</samp>’.
+the tank name, ‘<samp class="samp">T-34</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
</pre></div>
-<p>The first two command synopsis versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
-roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
-<var>text</var>. (They are like plain TeX’s <code>\hbox</code>.)
+<p>The first two command invocations shown, <code class="code">\mbox</code> and
+<code class="code">\makebox</code>, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide
+enough to contain the <var class="var">text</var>. (They are like plain TeX’s
+<code class="code">\hbox</code>.)
</p>
-<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
+<p>In the third version the optional argument <var class="var">width</var> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
-equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small;
+equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var class="var">text</var> can be too small;
this creates a full-line box
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
</pre></div>
-<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
-for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
+<p>with ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var class="var">text</var> can also be too wide
+for <var class="var">width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
</p>
-<span id="mbox-makebox-depth"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-height"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-width"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
+<a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-depth"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-height"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-width"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the <var class="var">width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
-<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>,
-<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For
+<var class="var">text</var>: <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>, <code class="code">\width</code>,
+<code class="code">\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For
example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size you can say this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
</pre></div>
-<p>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var>position</var>
+<p>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var class="var">position</var>
gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
values:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default).
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var class="var">text</var> is centered (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left.
+<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var class="var">text</var> is flush left.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt>
<dd><p>Flush right.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
-The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
+<dt><code class="code">s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var class="var">text</var> across the entire <var class="var">width</var>.
+The <var class="var">text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
instance, this could head a press release:
-<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+<code class="code">\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
RELEASE\hfil}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>A common use of <code>\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+<p>A common use of <code class="code">\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This
puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
\pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</pre></div>
-<p><span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></span>
-<span id="index-TikZ-package-2"></span>
-</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></span>
-<span id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package-2"></a>
-<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp>10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space
-after ‘<samp>points</samp>’) will be just before the ‘<samp>What</samp>’. You can use
-<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code>TikZ</code>
-or <code>Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp class="samp">10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space
+after ‘<samp class="samp">points</samp>’) will be just before the ‘<samp class="samp">What</samp>’. You can use
+<code class="code">\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code class="code">TikZ</code>
+or <code class="code">Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
location, regardless of the length of that text.
</p>
-<p>For boxes with frames see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>. For colors
-see <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
+<p>For boxes with frames see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>. For colors
+see <a class="ref" href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
</p>
-<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
-<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>).
+<p>There is a related version of <code class="code">\makebox</code> that is used within the
+<code class="code">picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
+<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>).
</p>
-<p>As <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash
-<code>\\</code> nor <code>\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance
-<code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp>abc defghi</samp>’ while
-<code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp>abc def ghi</samp>’, both on
-a single line. To get multiple lines see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>
-and <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>.
+<p>As <var class="var">text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash
+<code class="code">\\</code> nor <code class="code">\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance
+<code class="code">\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp class="samp">abc defghi</samp>’ while
+<code class="code">\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp class="samp">abc def ghi</samp>’, both on
+a single line. To get multiple lines see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>
+and <a class="ref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1">20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cfbox"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cframebox-1"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cframebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
-\framebox{<var>text</var>}
-\framebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
-\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\fbox{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\framebox{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\framebox[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\framebox[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var>text</var>.
-These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except
-for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
-robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var class="var">text</var>.
+These commands are the same as <code class="code">\mbox</code> and <code class="code">\makebox</code> except
+for the frame (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>). The <code class="code">\fbox</code> command is
+robust, the <code class="code">\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
</pre></div>
<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated.
@@ -18144,58 +18272,58 @@
Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making
a frame.
</p>
-<p>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox{...}</code> and
-<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
+<p>The first two command invocations, <code class="code">\fbox{...}</code> and
+<code class="code">\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
-width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
-<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full description but
-here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
+width as <var class="var">width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
+<var class="var">position</var>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, for the full description but
+here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<span class="dmn">in</span> wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>).
</p>
<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code>\fboxrule</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></span>
-<span id="index-frame-rule-width"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxrule"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxrule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
<p>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is
-0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
-<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>).
+0.2<span class="dmn">pt</span>. Change it with a command such as
+<code class="code">\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code>\fboxsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxsep"></span>
-<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
-Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
+<a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<span class="dmn">pt</span>.
+Change it with a command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>). Setting it to 0<span class="dmn">pt</span> is useful sometimes:
this will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}%
\framebox{%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code>\setlength</code> local.
+<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code class="code">\setlength</code> local.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>As with <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines
-in <var>text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a
+<p>As with <code class="code">\mbox</code> and <code class="code">\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines
+in <var class="var">text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a
paragraph, and then frame the result.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\framebox{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\framebox{%
\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
@@ -18202,41 +18330,41 @@
\end{minipage}}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white.
</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of the <code>\framebox</code>
-command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>’s <code>\unitlength</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment has a version of the <code class="code">\framebox</code>
+command where the units depend on <code class="code">picture</code>’s <code class="code">\unitlength</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cparbox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cparbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox-1">20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cparbox"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></span>
-<span id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></a>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\parbox{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
-\parbox[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
-\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
-\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\parbox{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>}
+\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">inner-pos</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make
+<p>Produce a box of text that is <var class="var">width</var> wide. Use this command to make
a box of small pieces of text, of a single paragraph. This command is
-fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0)
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(0,0)
...
\put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
this semilog paper, the relationship is
@@ -18244,89 +18372,89 @@
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so
+<p>The <var class="var">contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so
LaTeX will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make
-multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code>minipage</code> environment
-(see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>).
+multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>contents</var>) are the same
-as those for <code>minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options
-is here but see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> for a complete description.
+<p>The options for <code class="code">\parbox</code> (except for <var class="var">contents</var>) are the same
+as those for <code class="code">minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options
+is here but see <a class="ref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a> for a complete description.
</p>
-<p>There are two required arguments. The <var>width</var> is a rigid length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
-typesets <var>contents</var>. The <var>contents</var> is the text that is placed
+<p>There are two required arguments. The <var class="var">width</var> is a rigid length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
+typesets <var class="var">contents</var>. The <var class="var">contents</var> is the text that is placed
in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
</p>
-<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
-<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
-<em>parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported
-values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var class="var">position</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and
+<var class="var">inner-pos</var>. The <var class="var">position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
+<em class="dfn">parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported
+values are <code class="code">c</code> or <code class="code">m</code> to make the vertical center of the
parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the
-default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with
-the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
+default), or <code class="code">t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with
+the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code class="code">b</code> to match the
bottom line.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> overrides the natural height of the
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">height</var> overrides the natural height of the
box.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
-<var>content</var> inside the <code>parbox</code>. Its default is the value of
-<var>position</var>. Its possible values are: <code>t</code> to put the
-<var>content</var> at the top of the box, <code>c</code> to put it in the vertical
-center, <code>b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code>s</code> to
+<p>The optional argument <var class="var">inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var class="var">content</var> inside the <code class="code">parbox</code>. Its default is the value of
+<var class="var">position</var>. Its possible values are: <code class="code">t</code> to put the
+<var class="var">content</var> at the top of the box, <code class="code">c</code> to put it in the vertical
+center, <code class="code">b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code class="code">s</code> to
stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
stretchable space).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005craisebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005craisebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox-1">20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005craisebox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craisebox"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}{<var>text</var>}
-\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>]{<var>text</var>}
-\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}[<var class="var">height</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}[<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">depth</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Raise or lower <var class="var">text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a command for denoting the restriction of a function
by lowering the vertical bar symbol.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
$f\restricted{A}$
</pre></div>
-<p>The first mandatory argument <var>distance</var> specifies how far to raise
-the second mandatory argument <var>text</var>. This is a rigid length
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). If it is negative then it lowers <var>text</var>. The
-<var>text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>The first mandatory argument <var class="var">distance</var> specifies how far to raise
+the second mandatory argument <var class="var">text</var>. This is a rigid length
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). If it is negative then it lowers <var class="var">text</var>. The
+<var class="var">text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If
+<p>The optional arguments <var class="var">height</var> and <var class="var">depth</var> are dimensions. If
they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the
-box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>.
+box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var class="var">text</var>.
</p>
-<span id="raisebox-depth"></span><span id="raisebox-height"></span><span id="raisebox-width"></span><span id="raisebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
+<a class="anchor" id="raisebox-depth"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-height"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-width"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the arguments <var class="var">distance</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and <var class="var">depth</var> you can
use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that
-LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>,
-<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its
+LaTeX gets on typesetting <var class="var">text</var>: <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>,
+<code class="code">\width</code>, <code class="code">\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its
depth).
</p>
-<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
+<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
@@ -18337,43 +18465,43 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The first <code>\height</code> is the height of <samp>lion.png</samp> while the
-second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>.
+<p>The first <code class="code">\height</code> is the height of <samp class="file">lion.png</samp> while the
+second is the height of <samp class="file">meta.png</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1">20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005csbox"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csavebox"></span>
-<span id="index-box_002c-save"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csavebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csbox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csavebox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-save"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
-\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
-\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
-\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\sbox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
-in a box register referred to by a variable named <var>box-cmd</var>. The
-variable name <var>box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must
-have previously allocated the box register <var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while
-<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Typeset <var class="var">text</var> just as with <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
+in a box register referred to by a variable named <var class="var">box-cmd</var>. The
+variable name <var class="var">box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. You must
+have previously allocated the box register <var class="var">box-cmd</var> with <code class="code">\newsavebox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>). The <code class="code">\sbox</code> command is robust while
+<code class="code">\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This creates and uses a box register.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\fullname}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\fullname}
\sbox{\fullname}{John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt}
...
\usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too!
@@ -18382,28 +18510,28 @@
</pre></div>
<p>One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a
-<code>\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not
+<code class="code">\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not
repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
</p>
-<p>The first two command invocations,
-<code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and
-<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent.
-As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
-the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
-box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full
-description.
+<p>The first two command invocations shown above,
+<code class="code">\sbox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> and
+<code class="code">\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>, are roughly the same.
+As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to
+specify the box width as <var class="var">width</var>, and the position of the text
+inside that box as <var class="var">position</var>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, for the
+full description.
</p>
-<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
-typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If
+<p>In the <code class="code">\sbox</code> and <code class="code">\savebox</code> commands the <var class="var">text</var> is
+typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If
you use these then LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores
-what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}</code> and
-<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp>testtest</samp>’, while if you
-enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and
-<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp>test test</samp>’, but no error or
-warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
+what you want: if you enter <code class="code">\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}</code> and
+<code class="code">\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp class="samp">testtest</samp>’, while if you
+enter <code class="code">\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and
+<code class="code">\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp class="samp">test test</samp>’, but no error or
+warning. To fix this use a <code class="code">\parbox</code> or <code class="code">minipage</code> as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\areg}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\areg}
\savebox{\areg}{%
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
@@ -18420,7 +18548,7 @@
header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble
\newsavebox{\sealreg}
\savebox{\sealreg}{%
\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%
@@ -18436,44 +18564,44 @@
\pagestyle{headings}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
+<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
</p>
-<p>If the register <code>\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like
-‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg</samp>’.
+<p>If the register <code class="code">\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like
+‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="lrbox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="lrbox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="lrbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="lrbox-1">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-lrbox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lrbox"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{<var>box-cmd</var>}
- <var>text</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{lrbox}{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}
+ <var class="var">text</var>
\end{lrbox}
</pre></div>
-<p>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code>
-commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, for the
+<p>This is the environment form of the <code class="code">\sbox</code> and <code class="code">\savebox</code>
+commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, for the
full description.
</p>
-<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
-referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
-<var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must allocate
-this box register in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). In this example the environment is convenient
-for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
+<p>The <var class="var">text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
+referred to by variable <code class="code"><var class="var">box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
+<var class="var">box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. You must allocate
+this box register in advance with <code class="code">\newsavebox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>). In this example the environment is convenient
+for entering the <code class="code">tabular</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhreg}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\jhreg}
\begin{lrbox}{\jhreg}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\
@@ -18487,109 +18615,109 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cusebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cusebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox-1">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cusebox"></span>
-<span id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusebox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by
-the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
-environment. For more information and examples, see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
-backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var class="var">box-cmd</var> by
+the commands <code class="code">\sbox</code> or <code class="code">\savebox</code>, or the <code class="code">lrbox</code>
+environment. For more information and examples, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>. (Note that the variable name <var class="var">box-cmd</var> starts with a
+backslash, <code class="code">\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Color">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Color">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Color-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Color-1">21 Color</h2>
-<span id="index-color"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color"></a>
<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
</p>
<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-<code>\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the
+<code class="code">\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the
commands described here.
</p>
<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
+Particularly worth mentioning is <samp class="file">xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-‘<samp>HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Hsb</samp>’ color models.
+‘<samp class="samp">HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Hsb</samp>’ color models.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>color</code> package options</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></li>
<li><a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Color-package-options">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-package-options">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="color-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</h3>
-<span id="index-color-package-options"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-color-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{color}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{color}
</pre></div>
-<p>When you load the <samp>color</samp> package there are two kinds of available
+<p>When you load the <samp class="file">color</samp> package there are two kinds of available
options.
</p>
-<p>The first specifies the <em>printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn’t contain
+<p>The first specifies the <em class="dfn">printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn’t contain
information about different output systems but instead depends on
information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s
default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>,
-<samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two
-<samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp>
-(and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, <samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>,
-<samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, <samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>,
-<samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, <samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>,
-<samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>).
+currently relevant ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>,
+<samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>, <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two
+<samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp>
+(and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>,
+<samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>,
+<samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>, <samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>,
+<samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>).
</p>
<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>monochrome</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">monochrome</code></dt>
<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
not generate color either.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>dvipsnames</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">dvipsnames</code></dt>
<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
-provided by the <samp>dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
+provided by the <samp class="file">dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>nodvipsnames</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">nodvipsnames</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
memory space.
</p>
@@ -18599,18 +18727,18 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Color-models">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-models">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Color-models-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Color-models-1">21.2 Color models</h3>
-<span id="index-color-models"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-models"></a>
-<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s
-capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>,
-<samp>xetex</samp>, and <samp>luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the
+<p>A <em class="dfn">color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s
+capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>,
+<samp class="file">xetex</samp>, and <samp class="file">luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the
most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but
one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers
used today.
@@ -18621,9 +18749,9 @@
such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
and yellow makes black.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="color-models-cmyk"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>cmyk</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">cmyk</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
@@ -18630,13 +18758,13 @@
minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
</p>
-<span id="color-models-gray"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>gray</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">gray</code></dt>
<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
</p>
-<span id="color-models-rgb"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>rgb</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">rgb</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
@@ -18643,22 +18771,22 @@
none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
This is an additive model.
</p>
-<span id="color-models-RGB"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>RGB</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">RGB</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
-convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
+convenience for using <code class="code">rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
-The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
+The values entered here are converted to the <code class="code">rgb</code> model by
dividing by 255.
</p>
-<span id="color-models-named"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>named</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of
-names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp>black</samp>’,
-‘<samp>blue</samp>’, ‘<samp>cyan</samp>’, ‘<samp>green</samp>’, ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’, ‘<samp>red</samp>’,
-‘<samp>white</samp>’, and ‘<samp>yellow</samp>’ (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
-<a href="#Color-package-options"><code>color</code> package options</a>).
+<a class="anchor" id="color-models-named"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">named</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp class="samp">PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of
+names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp class="samp">black</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">blue</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">cyan</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">green</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">red</samp>’,
+‘<samp class="samp">white</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">yellow</samp>’ (See the <code class="code">dvipsnames</code> option in
+<a class="ref" href="#Color-package-options"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -18666,20 +18794,20 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Commands-for-color">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-color">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Commands-for-color-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-color-1">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
-<span id="index-color-package-commands"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-commands"></a>
-<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package.
+<p>These are the commands available with the <samp class="file">color</samp> package.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></li>
<li><a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></li>
<li><a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></li>
@@ -18686,30 +18814,30 @@
<li><a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Define-colors">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Define-colors">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Define-colors-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Define-colors-1">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
-<span id="index-color-1"></span>
-<span id="index-define-color"></span>
-<span id="index-color_002c-define"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-define-color"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color_002c-define"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\definecolor{<var>name</var>}{<var>model</var>}{<var>specification</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">model</var>}{<var class="var">specification</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after this
+<p>Give the name <var class="var">name</var> to the color. For example, after this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
</pre></div>
-<p>you can use that color name with <code>Hi ho,
+<p>you can use that color name with <code class="code">Hi ho,
\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>.
</p>
<p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and
@@ -18716,7 +18844,7 @@
not be misleading.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
</pre></div>
@@ -18726,57 +18854,57 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Colored-text">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-text">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Colored-text-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-text-1">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
-<span id="index-color-2"></span>
-<span id="index-colored-text"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-text"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\textcolor{<var>name</var>}{...}
-\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
+\textcolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}{...}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\color{<var>name</var>}
-\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>specification</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\color{<var class="var">name</var>}
+\color[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The affected text gets the color. This line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
</pre></div>
<p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
-way that we just used the builtin color ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’.
+can use a color declared with <code class="code">\definecolor</code> in exactly the same
+way that we just used the builtin color ‘<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
</pre></div>
-<p>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is
+<p>The two <code class="code">\textcolor</code> and <code class="code">\color</code> differ in that the first is
a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of {\color{green}
+form is a declaration, as in <code class="code">The moon is made of {\color{green}
green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
-below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment,
+below where it colors everything inside the <code class="code">center</code> environment,
including the vertical and horizontal lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center} \color{blue}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \color{blue}
\begin{tabular}{l|r}
UL &UR \\ \hline
LL &LR
@@ -18788,13 +18916,13 @@
in the preamble
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
</pre></div>
<p>and then contain this equation.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation}
\int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
@@ -18804,22 +18932,22 @@
synopses.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
</pre></div>
-<p>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model
-(see <a href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
-numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
+<p>The format of <var class="var">color specification</var> depends on the color model
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code class="code">rgb</code> takes three
+numbers, <code class="code">gray</code> takes only one.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
</pre></div>
<p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
</pre></div>
<p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
@@ -18828,52 +18956,52 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-boxes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Colored-boxes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes-1">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
-<span id="index-color-3"></span>
-<span id="index-colored-boxes"></span>
-<span id="index-box_002c-colored"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-boxes"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\colorbox{<var>name</var>}{...}
-\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{<var class="var">name</var>}{...}
+\colorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\fcolorbox{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
-\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\fcolorbox{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
+\fcolorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...}
</pre></div>
-<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code>
+<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code>
command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
</pre></div>
<p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is
-<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This
+depth and height from the <code class="code">\strut</code> (so the depth is
+<code class="code">-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>). This
puts white text on a blue background.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+<p>The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code class="code">\fbox</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>), <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and <code class="code">\fboxsep</code>, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
-and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
-<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
+and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code class="code">0.4pt</code> and
+<code class="code">3pt</code>, respectively.
</p>
<p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
@@ -18880,7 +19008,7 @@
of the second line.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
</pre></div>
@@ -18887,35 +19015,35 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="Colored-pages">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-pages">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Colored-pages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-pages-1">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
-<span id="index-color-4"></span>
-<span id="index-colored-page"></span>
-<span id="index-page_002c-colored"></span>
-<span id="index-background_002c-colored"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-page"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\pagecolor{<var>name</var>}
-\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}
+\pagecolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}
\nopagecolor
</pre></div>
<p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages,
to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second
-form see <a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal,
+form see <a class="pxref" href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal,
which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use
-<code>\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background
+<code class="code">\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background
rather than the default transparent background.)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> ...
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> ...
\pagecolor{cyan}
...
\nopagecolor
@@ -18926,15 +19054,15 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Graphics">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Graphics">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Graphics-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Graphics-1">22 Graphics</h2>
-<span id="index-graphics"></span>
-<span id="index-graphics-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package"></a>
<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX.
@@ -18941,14 +19069,14 @@
This example is the short how-to.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
...
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
</pre></div>
<p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
-either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or
-<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <code>graphicx</code> is the
+either <code class="code">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or
+<code class="code">\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <code class="code">graphicx</code> is the
better choice.
</p>
<p>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use
@@ -18955,7 +19083,7 @@
both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph
in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
-instructions such as ‘<samp>draw a circle with this radius and that
+instructions such as ‘<samp class="samp">draw a circle with this radius and that
center</samp>’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems,
@@ -18963,8 +19091,8 @@
</p>
<p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
-as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment
-(see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code class="code">picture</code> environment
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
@@ -18975,93 +19103,93 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-options">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Graphics-package-options">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="graphics-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</h3>
-<span id="index-graphics-package-options"></span>
-<span id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics}
</pre></div>
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
-<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
+<p>The <code class="code">graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
+<code class="code">\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
-the <code>graphics</code> or <code>graphicx</code> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
+the <code class="code">graphics</code> or <code class="code">graphicx</code> package with <code class="code">\usepackage</code>
there are two kinds of available options.
</p>
<p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
output systems but instead depends on information stored in a
-<em>printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver
+<em class="dfn">printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver
option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One
advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
</p>
<p>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant
-ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, <samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>,
-<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two <samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are
-essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> (and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome).
-Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>,
-<samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, <samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>,
-<samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, <samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>,
-<samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, <samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an
-alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a
-<samp>.def</samp> extension, such as <samp>pdftex.def</samp>.
+ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>, <samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>,
+<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are
+essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp> (and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome).
+Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>,
+<samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>,
+<samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>,
+<samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>, <samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an
+alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a
+<samp class="file">.def</samp> extension, such as <samp class="file">pdftex.def</samp>.
</p>
<p>The second kind of options are below.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>demo</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">demo</code></dt>
<dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt
rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
-<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
+<code class="code">\includegraphics</code> command).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">draft</code></dt>
<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
the file must be present.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the
+<dt><code class="code">final</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code class="code">draft</code> option, so that the
document shows the contents of the graphic files.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>hiderotate</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">hiderotate</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>hidescale</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">hidescale</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">hiresbb</code></dt>
<dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
-<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer
+<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer
multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72
inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
-multiples, such as 1.23, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This
+multiples, such as 1.23, in <code class="code">%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This
option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -19070,16 +19198,16 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-configuration">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Graphics-package-configuration">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="graphics-package-configuration"></span><h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
-<span id="index-graphics-1"></span>
-<span id="index-graphics-package-1"></span>
-<span id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a>
<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -19087,61 +19215,61 @@
<p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
-the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
+the documentation in <samp class="file">grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
TeX distribution’s documentation.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1"><code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of directories inside curly braces</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphicspath{<var class="var">list of directories inside curly braces</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
-you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
+you to later say something like <code class="code">\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
instead of having to give its path.
</p>
<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
-(and the output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>).
+(and the output directory, if specified; see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>).
The declaration below tells the system to then look in the
-subdirectory <samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
+subdirectory <samp class="file">pix</samp>, and then <samp class="file">../pix</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
...
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include
+<p>The <code class="code">\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include
it then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it
-usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code>\input at path</code>). In
+usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code class="code">\input at path</code>). In
particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
directory.
</p>
<p>Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says
-‘<samp><code>{pix}</code></samp>’. Do this even if there is only one directory.
-Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp>/</samp>. This is true
+‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">{pix}</code></samp>’. Do this even if there is only one directory.
+Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp class="file">/</samp>. This is true
even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all
the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other
platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double
-quotes, as with <code>{"my docs/"}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong
-will cause LaTeX to report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>' not
+quotes, as with <code class="code">{"my docs/"}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong
+will cause LaTeX to report <code class="code">Error: File `<var class="var">filename</var>' not
found</code>.
</p>
<p>Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the
@@ -19148,72 +19276,72 @@
current directory,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
...
\usepackage{lion.png}
</pre></div>
<p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
-filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
-and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the
-<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
-if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in
-<samp>a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that
+filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp class="file">pix/lion.png</samp>
+and then <samp class="file">../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the
+<code class="code">\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
+if you issue <code class="code">\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in
+<samp class="file">a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that
you can use absolute paths such as
-<code>\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or
-<code>\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using
+<code class="code">\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or
+<code class="code">\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using
these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
-parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
+parameter <code class="code">TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
</p>
-<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> anywhere in the document. You can use
+<p>You can use <code class="code">\graphicspath</code> anywhere in the document. You can use
it more than once. Show its value with
-<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother</code>.
+<code class="code">\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother</code>.
</p>
<p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
-suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp>
-and it contains <code>\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in
-<samp>chap1.tex</samp> you put <code>\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then
-LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp>book/chapters/plots</samp>, but
-instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
+suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp class="file">book/book.tex</samp>
+and it contains <code class="code">\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in
+<samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp> you put <code class="code">\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then
+LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp class="file">book/chapters/plots</samp>, but
+instead in <samp class="file">book/plots</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var class="var">comma-separated list of file extensions</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the
order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files
by giving the filename without the extension, as in
-<code>\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>.
</p>
<p>In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF
files.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
...
-\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp>
+\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp class="file">lion.png</samp> before <samp class="file">lion.pdf</samp>
</pre></div>
-<p>Because the filename <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
+<p>Because the filename <samp class="file">lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
-and extensions then it reports ‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>'
+and extensions then it reports ‘<samp class="samp">! LaTeX Error: File `<samp class="file">lion</samp>'
not found</samp>’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the
extensions.
</p>
@@ -19221,108 +19349,107 @@
file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
platform is not case sensitive.
</p>
-<p>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in
+<p>You are not required to include <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in
your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
-the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list.
+the most recent <samp class="file">pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
+<pre class="example-preformatted">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-grfext"></span>
-<span id="index-grfext-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-grfext"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grfext-package"></a>
-<p>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package.
+<p>To change the order, use the <code class="code">grfext</code> package.
</p>
<p>You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more
than once. Show its value with
-<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother</code>.
+<code class="code">\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var>extension</var>}{<var>type</var>}{<var>size-file extension</var>}{<var>command</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var class="var">extension</var>}{<var class="var">type</var>}{<var class="var">size-file extension</var>}{<var class="var">command</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>.
+<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var class="var">extension</var>.
</p>
<p>This example declares that all files with names of the form
-<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+<samp class="file">filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
input the file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
</pre></div>
<p>This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
</pre></div>
<p>tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
-extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>,
-<samp>filename.2</samp>, etc.
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp class="file">filename.1</samp>,
+<samp class="file">filename.2</samp>, etc.
</p>
<p>This describes the four arguments.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>extension</var></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">extension</var></dt>
<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
-<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
+<code class="code">*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>type</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">type</var></dt>
<dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
-in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>,
-<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>.
+in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp class="file">.ps</samp>,
+<samp class="file">.eps</samp>, or <samp class="file">.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code class="code">eps</code>.
All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
-by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp>pdftex</samp>
-recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>,
-<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>.
+by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>
+recognizes are: <code class="code">jpg</code>, <code class="code">jbig2</code>, <code class="code">mps</code>, <code class="code">pdf</code>,
+<code class="code">png</code>, <code class="code">tif</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>size-file extension</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">size-file extension</var></dt>
<dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
-graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var>
+graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var class="var">extension</var>
but it may be different.
</p>
<p>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it
-might be compressed into a <samp>.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not
+might be compressed into a <samp class="file">.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not
easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a
-separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must
-specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>.
+separate file. If <var class="var">size-file extension</var> is empty then you must
+specify size information in the arguments of <code class="code">\includegraphics</code>.
</p>
<p>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
-<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
-for reading <samp>.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
-files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
+<code class="code">type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+for reading <samp class="file">.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+files in a file with a PostScript style <code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
other format is available.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>command</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the
-file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a
-single backward quote. Thus,
-<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
-#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should
-be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information
-stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command
-<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+<dt><var class="var">command</var></dt>
+<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left
+empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus,
+<code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
+#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp class="file">.eps.gz</samp> should
+be treated as an <code class="code">eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information
+stored in the file with extension <samp class="file">.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command
+<code class="code">gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
</p>
<p>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX
system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure
@@ -19335,67 +19462,67 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-graphics">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Commands-for-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics-1">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
-<span id="index-graphics-package-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
-<p>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and
-<code>graphicx</code> packages.
+<p>These are the commands available with the <code class="code">graphics</code> and
+<code class="code">graphicx</code> packages.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1"><code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2"><code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3"><code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4"><code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></h4>
-<span id="index-graphics-2"></span>
-<span id="index-graphics-package-2"></span>
-<span id="index-including-graphics"></span>
-<span id="index-importing-graphics"></span>
-<span id="index-EPS-files"></span>
-<span id="index-JPEG-files"></span>
-<span id="index-JPG-files"></span>
-<span id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></span>
-<span id="index-PNG-files"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-including-graphics"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-importing-graphics"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-EPS-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-JPEG-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-JPG-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PNG-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a>
-<p>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package:
+<p>Synopses for <code class="code">graphics</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>][<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>][<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses for <code>graphicx</code> package:
+<p>Synopses for <code class="code">graphicx</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
-\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var class="var">filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will
+<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code class="code">\includegraphics*</code> will
clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
over-print the surrounding area.
@@ -19403,7 +19530,7 @@
<p>This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{plot.pdf}
@@ -19410,34 +19537,34 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>,
+<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp class="file">plot.pdf</samp>,
centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
-as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
-of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>.
+as with <code class="code">\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
+of locations to search for the file, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>.
</p>
<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An example
-is <code>\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>.
+is <code class="code">\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
-type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
-instead use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in
-<code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of
-extensions such as <code>.png</code> and <code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file
-with that extension (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>).
+<p>The <code class="code">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
+type of graphic by splitting <var class="var">filename</var> on the first dot. You can
+instead use <var class="var">filename</var> with no dot, as in
+<code class="code">\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of
+extensions such as <code class="code">.png</code> and <code class="code">.pdf</code> until it finds a file
+with that extension (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
them with curly braces, as in
-<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use
-the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
-<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
-with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use
+the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code class="code">type</code> and
+<code class="code">ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
+with the package <samp class="file">grffile</samp>.
</p>
-<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so LaTeX can
+<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code class="code">figure</code> environment so LaTeX can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
-(see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}
\caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray}
@@ -19450,7 +19577,7 @@
caption.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
@@ -19462,7 +19589,7 @@
text, with the two vertically centered.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
@@ -19475,23 +19602,23 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the only options involve the
-size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>).
+<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cscalebox"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>).
When one optional argument is present then it is
-<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
-right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In
+<code class="code">[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
+right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code class="code">bp</code>. In
this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
-<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
-lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for
+<code class="code">[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
+lower left. Thus, <code class="code">\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for
the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches
tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
</p>
-<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+<p>The <code class="code">graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them
in a key-value form, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}
\hspace{2em}
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}
@@ -19505,84 +19632,84 @@
</p>
<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</p>
-<span id="index-bounding-box"></span>
-<span id="index-box_002c-bounding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bounding-box"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-bounding"></a>
<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its <em>bounding box</em> (distinct from the
+traditionally referred to as its <em class="dfn">bounding box</em> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-width"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>width</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-width"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">width</code></dt>
<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
-is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
-TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
-<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
-(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
-<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than
+is <code class="code">\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
+TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
+<code class="code">\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code class="code">\columnwidth</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
+<samp class="file">calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than
the width of the text with
-<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>height</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-height"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
-use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
-convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
-<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
+<dt><code class="code">height</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-height"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
+convenient are <code class="code">\pageheight</code> and <code class="code">\textheight</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>totalheight</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheight"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+<dt><code class="code">totalheight</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-totalheight"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>keepaspectratio</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></span><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+<dt><code class="code">keepaspectratio</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></a><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>
</pre></div>
-<p>and you give as options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or
-<code>totalheight</code>), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
+<p>and you give as options both <code class="code">width</code> and <code class="code">height</code> (or
+<code class="code">totalheight</code>), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither
-is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
-<code>totalheight</code>).
+is the graphic wider than <code class="code">width</code> nor taller than <code class="code">height</code> (or
+<code class="code">totalheight</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>scale</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">scale</code></dt>
<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
-nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
+nominal size, enter <code class="code">\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>angle</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">angle</code></dt>
<dd><p>Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
-The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
+The graphic is rotated about its <code class="code">origin</code>; see that option. For a
complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
-see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>.
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">origin</code></dt>
<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
-values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
-<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
-for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, entering the command
-<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
+values are any string containing one or two of: <code class="code">l</code> for left,
+<code class="code">r</code> for right, <code class="code">b</code> for bottom, <code class="code">c</code> for center, <code class="code">t</code>
+for top, and <code class="code">B</code> for baseline. Thus, entering the command
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
picture upside down about that picture’s center, while the command
-<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
-picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
-gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
-vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code class="code">c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code class="code">bc</code> or <code class="code">tc</code>, but gives the
+vertical center in <code class="code">lc</code> or <code class="code">rc</code>.) The default is <code class="code">lB</code>.
</p>
-<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>.
+<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -19589,48 +19716,48 @@
<p>These are lesser-used options.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-viewport"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>viewport</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-viewport"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">viewport</code></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
-<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When
the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big
-points, <code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
-by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
+points, <code class="code">bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
+by the bounding box. See also the <code class="code">trim</code> option.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>trim</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-trim"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">trim</code></dt>
<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
-<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>.
These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX
will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on
the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the
-top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
+top. See also the <code class="code">viewport</code> option.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-clip"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>clip</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-clip"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">clip</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}
</pre></div>
<p>then the graphic is cropped to the bounding box. This is the same as
using the starred form of the command,
-<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
+<code class="code">\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-page"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>page</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-page"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">page</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
-<code>page=1</code>.
+<code class="code">page=1</code>.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-pagebox"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>pagebox</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-pagebox"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">pagebox</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
-<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
-<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
+<code class="code">mediabox</code>, <code class="code">cropbox</code>, <code class="code">bleedbox</code>, <code class="code">trimbox</code>, or
+<code class="code">artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The
MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the
region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when
@@ -19641,27 +19768,27 @@
present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-interpolate"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>interpolate</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-interpolate"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">interpolate</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
-set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
+set with <code class="code">interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
</pre></div>
-<span id="includegraphics-quiet"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>quiet</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-quiet"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">quiet</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
-<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>,
+<code class="code">quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code class="code">\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-draft"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">draft</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If you set it with <code class="code">draft=true</code> or just specify it with
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}
</pre></div>
<p>then the graphic will not appear in the document, possibly saving color
@@ -19673,52 +19800,52 @@
<p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
-<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
-giving the lower <em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, lower <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate, upper
-<em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate. The units are
+<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
+giving the lower <em class="math">x</em> coordinate, lower <em class="math">y</em> coordinate, upper
+<em class="math">x</em> coordinate, and upper <em class="math">y</em> coordinate. The units are
PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.
-For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
+For example, if an <samp class="file">.eps</samp> file has the line <code class="code">%%BoundingBox 10
20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
60/72 inch tall.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-bb"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>bb</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bb"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">bb</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
-dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
-0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the
+dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code class="code">\includegraphics[.., bb=
+0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code class="code">\includegraphics</code> reads the
BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
to change it.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-bbllx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bblly"></span><span id="includegraphics-bburx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bbury"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bbllx"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bblly"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bburx"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bbury"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
compatibility with old packages.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-natwidth"></span><span id="includegraphics-natheight"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>natwidth, natheight</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-natwidth"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-natheight"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An alternative for <code class="code">bb</code>. Setting
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}
</pre></div>
-<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
+<p>is the same as setting <code class="code">bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as with
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}
</pre></div>
-<p>then LaTeX will look for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of
-<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only
-natural numbers while the <code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals;
+<p>then LaTeX will look for <code class="code">%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of
+<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> lines. (The <code class="code">BoundingBox</code> lines use only
+natural numbers while the <code class="code">HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals;
both use units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To
-override a prior setting of <code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
+override a prior setting of <code class="code">true</code>, you can set it to <code class="code">false</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -19725,30 +19852,30 @@
<p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
-will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
-<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>.
+is that <code class="code">\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
+will read the file <samp class="file">lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
+<samp class="file">lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-type"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>type</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-type"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">type</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-ext"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>ext</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-ext"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">ext</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
-Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-read"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>read</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-read"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">read</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
-Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>.
</p>
-<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd>
-<dt><span><code>command</code></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-command"></a></dd>
+<dt><code class="code">command</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
-conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>,
-for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
+conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>,
+for a discussion of enabling the <code class="code">\write18</code> functionality to run
external commands.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -19757,38 +19884,38 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005crotatebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox-1">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></h4>
-<span id="index-rotation"></span>
-<span id="index-rotating-graphics"></span>
-<span id="index-rotating-text"></span>
-<span id="index-_005crotatebox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotation"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotating-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
-<p>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package:
+<p>Synopsis if you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses if you use the <code>graphicx</code> package:
+<p>Synopses if you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
-\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
+\rotatebox[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees
+<p>Put <var class="var">material</var> in a box and rotate it <var class="var">angle</var> degrees
counterclockwise.
</p>
<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{ll}
\rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
A &AL-FAH \\
B &BRAH-VOH
@@ -19795,14 +19922,14 @@
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+<p>The <var class="var">material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
</pre></div>
<p>To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets
-<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
+<var class="var">material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point.
The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated
material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left
@@ -19811,43 +19938,43 @@
bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when
typesetting this material.
</p>
-<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box. If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package
-then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>,
+<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package
+then these are the options that can go in the <var class="var">key-value list</var>,
but note that you can get the same effect without needing this
-package, except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>).
+package, except for the <code class="code">x</code> and <code class="code">y</code> options
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens.
-Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
-left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
-<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">origin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The point of the <var class="var">material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens.
+Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code class="code">l</code> for
+left, <code class="code">r</code> for right, <code class="code">b</code> for bottom, <code class="code">c</code> for center,
+<code class="code">t</code> for top, and <code class="code">B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}
\rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau}
</pre></div>
<p>will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second will
turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character
-<code>c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives
-the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>, and gives both in
-<code>c</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+<code class="code">c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code class="code">bc</code> or <code class="code">tc</code> but gives
+the vertical center in <code class="code">lc</code> or <code class="code">rc</code>, and gives both in
+<code class="code">c</code>.) The default is <code class="code">lB</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>x, y</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">x, y</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
-<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX
-dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset
+<code class="code">\rotatebox[x=<var class="var">TeX dimension</var>,y=<var class="var">TeX
+dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset
from the box’s reference point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>units</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">units</code></dt>
<dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
-Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
-setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
+Setting <code class="code">units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
+setting <code class="code">units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -19855,85 +19982,85 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cscalebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox-1">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></h4>
-<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></span>
-<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></span>
-<span id="index-scaling"></span>
-<span id="index-resizing"></span>
-<span id="index-text_002c-scaling"></span>
-<span id="index-text_002c-resizing"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cscalebox"></span>
-<span id="index-_005creflectbox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaling"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resizing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscalebox"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005creflectbox"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}{<var>material</var>}
-\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}[<var>vertical factor</var>]{<var>material</var>}
-\reflectbox{<var>material</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{<var class="var">horizontal factor</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
+\scalebox{<var class="var">horizontal factor</var>}[<var class="var">vertical factor</var>]{<var class="var">material</var>}
+\reflectbox{<var class="var">material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Scale the <var>material</var>.
+<p>Scale the <var class="var">material</var>.
</p>
<p>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the
first text and doubles the size of the second.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it
-defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
+<p>If you do not specify the optional <var class="var">vertical factor</var> then it
+defaults to the same value as the <var class="var">horizontal factor</var>.
</p>
<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same
-thing with optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>).
+<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same
+thing with optional arguments to <code class="code">\includegraphics</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
-<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
-I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp>Able was I</samp>’
+<p>The <code class="code">\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
+<code class="code">\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var class="var">material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code class="code">Able was
+I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp class="samp">Able was I</samp>’
immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cresizebox">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox-1">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></h4>
-<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></span>
-<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></span>
-<span id="index-scaling-1"></span>
-<span id="index-resizing-1"></span>
-<span id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></span>
-<span id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cresizebox"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaling-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resizing-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cresizebox"></a>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\resizebox{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
-\resizebox*{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\resizebox{<var class="var">horizontal length</var>}{<var class="var">vertical length</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
+\resizebox*{<var class="var">horizontal length</var>}{<var class="var">vertical length</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it
-that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var>
-is an exclamation point <code>!</code> then the other argument is used
+<p>Given a size, such as <code class="code">3cm</code>, transform <var class="var">material</var> to make it
+that size. If either <var class="var">horizontal length</var> or <var class="var">vertical length</var>
+is an exclamation point <code class="code">!</code> then the other argument is used
to determine a scale factor for both directions.
</p>
<p>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
@@ -19940,19 +20067,19 @@
vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
-the box’s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
+<p>The unstarred form <code class="code">\resizebox</code> takes <var class="var">vertical length</var> to be
+the box’s height while the starred form <code class="code">\resizebox*</code> takes it to
be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
-quarter-inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This
+quarter-inch with <code class="code">\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This
box has both height and depth.}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
-<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
+<p>You can use <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>, <code class="code">\totalheight</code>, and
+<code class="code">\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
text two inches wide but keep the original height with
-<code>\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>.
+<code class="code">\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -19959,15 +20086,15 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Special-insertions">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Special-insertions">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Special-insertions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</h2>
-<span id="index-special-insertions"></span>
-<span id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-insertions"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
@@ -19974,7 +20101,7 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></li>
<li><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></li>
@@ -19981,58 +20108,58 @@
<li><a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></li>
-<li><a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7"><code>inputenc</code> package</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8"><code>\rule</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code>\today</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\rule</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\today</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Reserved-characters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Reserved-characters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Reserved-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Reserved-characters-1">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
-<span id="index-reserved-characters"></span>
-<span id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></span>
-<span id="index-special-characters"></span>
-<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-characters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>. They are
+example, the percent sign <code class="code">%</code> is for comments. They are
+called <em class="dfn">reserved characters</em> or <em class="dfn">special characters</em>. They are
all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
+<pre class="example-preformatted"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005c_0023"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0024"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0025"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0026"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_005f"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_007b"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_007d"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0023"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0024"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0025"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0026"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005f"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007b"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007d"></a>
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
-typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output.
+put a backslash <code class="code">\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
+typing <code class="code">\$1.23</code> will produce <code class="code">$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005c_007e"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_005e"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005e"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
-use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
+use <code class="code">\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
-font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
-the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+font circumflex use <code class="code">\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
+the text body, enter <code class="code">\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only
-there to split the lines in the output).
+<code class="code">\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code class="code">\\</code> in the
+example is only there to split the lines in the output).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
\verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
@@ -20041,43 +20168,43 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Upper-and-lower-case">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case-1">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
-<span id="index-uppercase"></span>
-<span id="index-lowercase"></span>
-<span id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></span>
-<span id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-uppercase"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lowercase"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\uppercase{<var>text</var>}
-\lowercase{<var>text</var>}
-\MakeUppercase{<var>text</var>}
-\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\uppercase{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\lowercase{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\MakeUppercase{<var class="var">text</var>}
+\MakeLowercase{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
-<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work
+<code class="code">\uppercase</code> and <code class="code">\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work
only with the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
-characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The
-commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
-but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and <code class="code">\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
+characters accessed by commands such as <code class="code">\ae</code> or <code class="code">\aa</code>. The
+commands <code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and <code class="code">\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
+but they have moving arguments (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
-command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
-Latin letter inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus,
-<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces ‘<samp>LET Y=F(X)</samp>’. Another
+command within <var class="var">text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
+Latin letter inside the argument <var class="var">text</var>. Thus,
+<code class="code">\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces ‘<samp class="samp">LET Y=F(X)</samp>’. Another
example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
-<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will
+<code class="code">\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will
produce an error because the first half is changed to
-<code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>.
+<code class="code">\begin{TABULAR}</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
@@ -20084,318 +20211,330 @@
works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but
will cause problems when using other alphabets.
</p>
-<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var>text</var>
-you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
-‘<samp>COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>’.
+<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var class="var">text</var>
+you need to do expansion. Here the <code class="code">\Schoolname</code> produces
+‘<samp class="samp">COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase
<!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-textcase"></span>
-<span id="index-textcase-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-textcase"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-textcase-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the
-standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
-<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
+<p>The <code class="code">textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the
+standard LaTeX commands <code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and
+<code class="code">\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></span>
-<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mfirstuc-package"></a>
<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
-<code>mfirstuc</code>.
+<code class="code">mfirstuc</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></span>
-<span id="index-expl3-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expl3-package-1"></a>
-<span id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></a>
<p>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
the original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the
-<code>expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From
+<code class="code">expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From
TeX primitives to the Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright,
-<cite>TUGboat</cite> 41:1,
-<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a
+<cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite> 41:1,
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a
good overview of the topic, past and present.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Symbols-by-font-position">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position-1">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
-<span id="index-_005csymbol"></span>
-<span id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></span>
-<span id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a>
<p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
-the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
-used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the
+the <code class="code">\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
+used in the <code class="code">\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the
standard Computer Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as
-<code>\symbol{32}</code>.
+<code class="code">\symbol{32}</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
-prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>"</code> prefix, so the
+<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code class="code">'</code>
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code class="code">"</code> prefix, so the
visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
-<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>.
+<code class="code">\symbol{'40}</code> or <code class="code">\symbol{"20}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Text-symbols">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Text-symbols">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Text-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Text-symbols-1">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
-<span id="index-text-symbols"></span>
-<span id="index-symbols_002c-text"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text-symbols"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
-<span id="index-textcomp-package"></span>
-<span id="index-TS1-encoding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-textcomp-package"></a>
+
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TS1-encoding"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1. As of the LaTeX February 2020 release, all
symbols are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use
-the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
-<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
+the <code class="code">textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
+<code class="code">TS1</code> font encoding).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code>\copyright</code><a href='#index-_005ccopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code>\textcopyright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-copyright-symbol"></span>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code class="code">\copyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccopyright'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code class="code">\textcopyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcopyright'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
<p>© The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code>\dag</code><a href='#index-_005cdag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code class="code">\dag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdag'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>† The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code>\ddag</code><a href='#index-_005cddag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code class="code">\ddag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddag'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>‡ The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code>\LaTeX</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-LaTeX-logo"></span>
-<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code class="code">\LaTeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code>\LaTeXe</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeXe' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></span>
-<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code class="code">\LaTeXe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeXe'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-double-guillemets"></span>
-<span id="index-single-guillemets"></span>
-<span id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
-<span id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
-<span id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
-<span id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
-<span id="index-French-quotation-marks"></span>
-<span id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotleft <span class="r">(«)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotright <span class="r">(»)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(‹)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglright <span class="r">(›)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-guillemets"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-guillemets"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
<p>«, », ‹, ›
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code>\dots</code><a href='#index-_005cdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code>\textellipsis</code><a href='#index-_005ctextellipsis' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-ellipsis"></span>
-<p>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
-and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code class="code">\textellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextellipsis'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdots-2'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots-2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis"></a>
+<p>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code class="code">\ldots</code> and
+<code class="code">\dots</code> also work in math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Dots">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>). See that math
+mode ellipsis description for additional general information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code>\lq</code><a href='#index-_005clq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-left-quote"></span>
-<span id="index-opening-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code class="code">\lq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-opening-quote"></a>
<p>‘ Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code>\P</code><a href='#index-_005cP' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code>\textparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005ctextparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-paragraph-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-pilcrow"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code class="code">\P</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cP'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code class="code">\textparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextparagraph'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pilcrow"></a>
<p>¶ Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code>\pounds</code><a href='#index-_005cpounds' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code>\textsterling</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-pounds-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-sterling-symbol"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code class="code">\pounds</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpounds'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code class="code">\textsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsterling'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
<p>£ English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
-<span id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
-<span id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotedblbase <span class="r">(„)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(‚)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
<p>„ and ‚
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code>\rq</code><a href='#index-_005crq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-right-quote"></span>
-<span id="index-closing-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code class="code">\rq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crq'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-closing-quote"></a>
<p>’ Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code>\S</code><a href='#index-_005cS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code>\textsection</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsection' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-section-symbol"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code class="code">\S</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cS'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code class="code">\textsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsection'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-symbol"></a>
<p>§ Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code>\TeX</code><a href='#index-_005cTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-TeX-logo"></span>
-<span id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code class="code">\TeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX-logo"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code>\textasciicircum</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code class="code">\textasciicircum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code>\textasciitilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code class="code">\textasciitilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code>\textasteriskcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code>\textbackslash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></span>
-<p>\ Backslash.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code class="code">\textbackslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
+<p>\ Backslash. However, <code class="code">\texttt{\textbackslash}</code> produces a roman
+(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it
+is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as
+in:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code>\textbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code class="code">\textbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code>\textbardbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbardbl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code class="code">\textbardbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbardbl'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>⏸ Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code>\textbigcircle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code class="code">\textbigcircle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>◯, Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code>\textbraceleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
-<p>{ Left brace.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code class="code">\textbraceleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
+<p>{ Left brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about
+making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceleft}</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code>\textbraceright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
-<p>} Right brace.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code class="code">\textbraceright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceright'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
+<p>} Right brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about
+making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceright}</code> produce a typewriter brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code>\textbullet</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code class="code">\textbullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbullet'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>• Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></span>
-<p>Ⓐ, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code class="code">\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
+<p>Ⓐ, Circle around <var class="var">letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-cap-height"></span>
-<span id="index-ascender-height"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cap-height"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ascender-height"></a>
<p>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
-<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces ‘<samp>fi</samp>’ without a ligature. This
+<code class="code">f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">fi</samp>’ without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
-<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
-while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
+<code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
+while the <code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code>\textdagger</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code class="code">\textdagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdagger'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>† Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code>\textdaggerdbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code class="code">\textdaggerdbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
<p>‡ Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dollar-sign"></span>
-<span id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code class="code">\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar-sign"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-em_002ddash"></span>
-<p>— Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
-parentheses, as in ‘<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
+<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash"></a>
+<div class="raggedright"><p class="raggedright-paragraph">— Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+parentheses, as in ‘<code class="code">The playoffs---if you're lucky
enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>’ Conventions
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
-</p>
+</p></div>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-e_002ddash"></span>
-<p>– En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘<code>see pages 12--14</code>’.
+<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002ddash"></a>
+<p>– En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘<code class="code">see pages 12--14</code>’.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code>\texteuro</code><a href='#index-_005ctexteuro' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-euro-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-currency_002c-euro"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></span>
-<span id="index-eurosym-package"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code class="code">\texteuro</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexteuro'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-euro-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eurosym-package"></a>
<p>The Euro currency symbol: €.
-<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym-1"></span>
-<span id="index-eurosym-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-eurosym-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eurosym-package-1"></a>
</p>
<p>For an alternative glyph design, try the
-<code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
+<code class="code">eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>¡ Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code>\textfiguredash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-figure-dash-character"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code class="code">\textfiguredash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-dash-character"></a>
<p>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available
@@ -20403,133 +20542,133 @@
to the log file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code>\textgreater</code><a href='#index-_005ctextgreater' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code class="code">\textgreater</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextgreater'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>> Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code>\texthorizontalbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code class="code">\texthorizontalbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></a>
<p>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
-release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
+release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code class="code">\textfiguredash</code> above;
the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code>\textless</code><a href='#index-_005ctextless' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code class="code">\textless</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextless'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>< Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code>\textleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\textleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>←, Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></span>
-<span id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code class="code">\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></a>
<p>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
-2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code>
+2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code class="code">\textfiguredash</code>
above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code>\textordfeminine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code>\textordmasculine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
-<span id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code class="code">\textordfeminine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code class="code">\textordmasculine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
<p>ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code>\textperiodcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>· Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
<p>¿ Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></span>
-<span id="index-double-left-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-left-quote"></a>
<p>“ Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></span>
-<span id="index-double-right-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-right-quote"></a>
<p>” Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></span>
-<span id="index-single-left-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-left-quote"></a>
<p>‘ Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></span>
-<span id="index-single-right-quote"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-right-quote"></a>
<p>’ Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code>\textquotesingle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></span>
-<span id="index-straight-single-quote"></span>
-<span id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code class="code">\textquotesingle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
<p>', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
-<span id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></span>
-<span id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
-<span id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a>
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code>\textregistered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextregistered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-registered-symbol"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code class="code">\textregistered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextregistered'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-registered-symbol"></a>
<p>® Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code>\textrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
-<span id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\textrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>→, Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></span>
-<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code class="code">\textthreequartersemdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
<p>﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code>\texttrademark</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttrademark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-trademark-symbol"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code class="code">\texttrademark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttrademark'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
<p>™ Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code>\texttwelveudash</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></span>
-<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code class="code">\texttwelveudash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
<p>﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code>\textunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005ctextunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code class="code">\textunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextunderscore'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code>\textvisiblespace</code><a href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code class="code">\textvisiblespace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
<p>␣, Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -20538,174 +20677,174 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Accents">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Accents">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Accents-1">23.5 Accents</h3>
-<span id="index-accents"></span>
-<span id="index-characters_002c-accented"></span>
-<span id="index-letters_002c-accented"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-2"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></span>
-<span id="index-polyglossia-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package"></a>
-<span id="index-multilingual-support"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multilingual-support"></a>
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and
-languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
+languages, provided through the core <code class="code">babel</code> package, which
supports pdfLaTeX, XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The
-<code>polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter
+<code class="code">polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter
two engines.
</p>
<p>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The
-<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for
+<code class="code">\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for
use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
</p>
<p>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
-lowercase ‘<samp>o</samp>’.
+lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-dotless-i"></span>
-<p>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
-<span id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-dotless-j"></span>
-and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-i"></a>
+<p>Note that <code class="code">\i</code> produces a dotless i,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-j"></a>
+and <code class="code">\j</code> produces a dotless j.
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\"</code><a href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitaldieresis</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span>
-<span id="index-umlaut-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-dieresis-accent"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\"</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
<p>ö Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code>\'</code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalacute</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span>
-<span id="index-acute-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\'</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalacute</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent"></a>
<p>ó Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code>\.</code><a href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-dot-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\.</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>ȯ Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code>\=</code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalmacron</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span>
-<span id="index-macron-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-overbar-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\=</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalmacron</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overbar-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
<p>ō Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code>\^</code><a href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span>
-<span id="index-circumflex-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-hat-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\^</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent"></a>
<p>ô Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code>\`</code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalgrave</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span>
-<span id="index-grave-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\`</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalgrave</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent"></a>
<p>ò Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code>\~</code><a href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitaltilde</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span>
-<span id="index-tilde-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\~</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaltilde</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent"></a>
<p>ñ Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\b</code><a href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span>
-<p>o_ Bar accent underneath.
+<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<p>o̲ Bar accent underneath.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cunderbar"></span>
-<span id="index-underbar"></span>
-<p>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under
-<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
-thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
-<a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underbar"></a>
+<p>Related to this, <code class="code">\underbar{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> produces a bar under
+<var class="var">text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
+thus crossing through descenders. See also <code class="code">\underline</code> in
+<a class="ref" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code>\c</code><a href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalcedilla</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span>
-<span id="index-cedilla-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\c</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
<p>ç Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\d</code><a href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span>
-<span id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\d</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
<p>ọ Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\H</code><a href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span>
-<span id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\H</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
<p>ő Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code>\k</code><a href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalogonek</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span>
-<span id="index-ogonek"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code class="code">\k</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalogonek</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ogonek"></a>
<p>ǫ Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code>\r</code><a href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalring</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span>
-<span id="index-ring-accent"></span>
-<p>o* Ring accent.
+<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalring</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent"></a>
+<p>o̊ Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code>\t</code><a href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitaltie</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\newtie</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalnewtie</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnewtie"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></span>
-<span id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitaltie</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\newtie</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
<p>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters.
-The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
+The <code class="code">\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\u</code><a href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalbreve</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span>
-<span id="index-breve-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\u</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalbreve</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent"></a>
<p>ŏ Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\v</code><a href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\capitalcaron</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span>
-<span id="index-hacek-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-check-accent"></span>
-<span id="index-caron-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\v</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\capitalcaron</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caron-accent"></a>
<p>ǒ Háček (check, caron) accent.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -20713,33 +20852,33 @@
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1"><code>\accent</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\accent</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caccent">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005caccent"></span>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent-1">23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code></h4>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caccent"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\accent <var>number</var> <var>character</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\accent <var class="var">number</var> <var class="var">character</var>
</pre></div>
<p>A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from
-accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>, a
-numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var>
+accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var class="var">number</var>, a
+numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var class="var">character</var>
argument to construct the accented character in the current font.
</p>
-<p>These are accented ‘<samp>e</samp>’ characters.
+<p>These are accented ‘<samp class="samp">e</samp>’ characters.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\accent18 e
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\accent18 e
\accent20 e
\accent21 e
\accent22 e
@@ -20750,25 +20889,25 @@
a macron, and the fifth a ring above.
</p>
<p>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the
-outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
+outcome of <code class="code">\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building
-them using <code>\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the
+them using <code class="code">\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the
accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation
-whereas <code>\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font
+whereas <code class="code">\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font
encoding where accented glyphs are absent).
</p>
-<p>There can be an optional font change between <var>number</var> and
-<var>character</var>. Note also that this command sets the
-<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
+<p>There can be an optional font change between <var class="var">number</var> and
+<var class="var">character</var>. Note also that this command sets the
+<code class="code">\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and
the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be
assembled from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while
-<code>\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter
+<code class="code">\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter
combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between
letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where
the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that
-conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code>\accent</code> in these
+conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code class="code">\accent</code> in these
cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
</p>
@@ -20775,107 +20914,107 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-Latin-letters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters-1">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
-<span id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></span><span id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></span>
-<span id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></span>
-<span id="index-extended-Latin"></span>
-<span id="index-special-characters-1"></span>
-<span id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></span>
-<span id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-extended-Latin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond
A–Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
than English.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code>\aa</code><a href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\AA</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-aring"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code class="code">\aa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\AA</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aring"></a>
<p>å and Å.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code>\ae</code><a href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\AE</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-ae-ligature"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code class="code">\ae</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\AE</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ae-ligature"></a>
<p>æ and Æ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code>\dh</code><a href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\DH</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-Icelandic-eth"></span>
-<span id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
-<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
-encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
-font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
+<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code class="code">\dh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\DH</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
+encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code>\dj</code><a href='#index-_005cdj' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\DJ</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDJ"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code class="code">\dj</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdj'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\DJ</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDJ"></a>
<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
-available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
-select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
+available with <small class="sc">OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to
+select an alternate font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code>\ij</code><a href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\IJ</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code class="code">\ij</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\IJ</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code>\l</code><a href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\L</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-polish-l"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code class="code">\l</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\L</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polish-l"></a>
<p>ł and Ł.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code>\ng</code><a href='#index-_005cng' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\NG</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cNG"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code class="code">\ng</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cng'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\NG</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNG"></a>
<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code>\o</code><a href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\O</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-oslash"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code class="code">\o</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\O</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oslash"></a>
<p>ø and Ø.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code>\oe</code><a href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\OE</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-oe-ligature"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code class="code">\oe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\OE</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oe-ligature"></a>
<p>œ and Œ.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code>\ss</code><a href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\SS</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></span>
-<span id="index-sharp-S-letters"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code class="code">\ss</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\SS</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
<p>ß and SS.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code>\th</code><a href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>\TH</code></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></span>
-<span id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
-<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
-encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
-font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
+<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code class="code">\th</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">\TH</code></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small>
+encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
+font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -20883,35 +21022,35 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="inputenc-package">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="inputenc-package">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="inputenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="inputenc-package-1">23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package</h3>
-<span id="index-inputenc"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inputenc"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>encoding-name</var>]{inputenc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">encoding-name</var>]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. The
+<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. The
default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
useful to omit it.
</p>
-<span id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></span>
-<span id="index-character-encoding"></span>
-<span id="index-Unicode"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
<p>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the <em>encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
+called the <em class="dfn">encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character ‘<samp>ä</samp>’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence <code>\"a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
+a-umlaut character ‘<samp class="samp">ä</samp>’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
+sequence <code class="code">\"a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
encoding is more convenient.
</p>
@@ -20919,79 +21058,79 @@
UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
LaTeX since 2018.
</p>
-<p>The <code>inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is
+<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is
used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
</pre></div>
-<p>Caution: use <code>inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine
-(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume
+<p>Caution: use <code class="code">inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume
that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with
-either the <code>xelatex</code> command or the <code>lualatex</code>
-command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code>inputenc</code>,
-such as <code>latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code>inputenc is
+either the <code class="command">xelatex</code> command or the <code class="command">lualatex</code>
+command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code class="code">inputenc</code>,
+such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code class="code">inputenc is
not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
</p>
-<p>An <code>inputenc</code> package error such as <code>Invalid UTF-8 byte "96</code>
+<p>An <code class="code">inputenc</code> package error such as <code class="code">Invalid UTF-8 byte "96</code>
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
-is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a
+is a left single quote from a web page using <code class="code">latin1</code> inside a
LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
LaTeX equivalent command or character.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cinputencoding"></span>
-<span id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></span><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinputencoding"></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
necessary. Use the command
-<code>\inputencoding{<var>encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
-for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
-<code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>, <code>latin5</code>,
-<code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, and <code>utf8</code>.
+<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
+for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>, <code class="code">latin1</code>,
+<code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>, <code class="code">latin5</code>,
+<code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, and <code class="code">utf8</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005crule">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005crule">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005crule-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crule-1">23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005crule"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crule"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\rule{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
-\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\rule{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">thickness</var>}
+\rule[<var class="var">raise</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">thickness</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce a <em>rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle.
+<p>Produce a <em class="dfn">rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle.
</p>
-<span id="index-Halmos-symbol"></span>
-<span id="index-tombstone"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Halmos-symbol"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tombstone"></a>
<p>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></span>
-<span id="index-amsthm-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsthm-package-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat
+<p>The <code class="code">amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var>width</var> and vertical
-<var>thickness</var> of the rectangle. They are rigid lengths
-(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The optional argument <var>raise</var> is also a rigid
+<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var class="var">width</var> and vertical
+<var class="var">thickness</var> of the rectangle. They are rigid lengths
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The optional argument <var class="var">raise</var> is also a rigid
length, and tells LaTeX how much to raise the rule above the
baseline, or lower it if the length is negative.
</p>
@@ -20998,7 +21137,7 @@
<p>This produces a line, a rectangle that is wide but not tall.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}
</pre></div>
<p>The line is the width of the page and 0.4 points tall. This line
@@ -21006,44 +21145,44 @@
</p>
<p>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the
output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>, for examples.
+See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, for examples.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctoday">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ctoday-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.9 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday-1">23.9 <code class="code">\today</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ctoday"></span>
-<span id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></span>
-<span id="index-today_0027s-date"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctoday"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-today_0027s-date"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\today
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\today
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce today’s date in the format ‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>,
-<var>yyyy</var></samp>’. An example of a date in that format is ‘<samp>July 4,
+<p>Produce today’s date in the format ‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">month</var> <var class="var">dd</var>,
+<var class="var">yyyy</var></samp>’. An example of a date in that format is ‘<samp class="samp">July 4,
1976</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-3"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></span>
-<span id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></a>
-<p>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or
-classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
-the following will output ‘<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>’:
+<p>Multilingual packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code>, or
+classes such as <samp class="file">lettre</samp>, will localize <code class="code">\today</code>. For example,
+the following will output ‘<samp class="samp">4 juillet 1976</samp>’:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
\begin{document}
@@ -21051,13 +21190,13 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
-<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a>).
+<p><code class="code">\today</code> uses the counters <code class="code">\day</code>, <code class="code">\month</code>, and
+<code class="code">\year</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-datetime"></span>
-<span id="index-datetime-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-datetime-package"></a>
-<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package
+<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code class="code">datetime</code> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
</p>
<p>The date is not updated as the LaTeX process runs, so in principle the
@@ -21067,15 +21206,15 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Splitting-the-input">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Splitting-the-input-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</h2>
-<span id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></span>
-<span id="index-input-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-file"></a>
<p>LaTeX lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
@@ -21082,13 +21221,13 @@
document. It can also speed processing.
</p>
<p>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<span id="index-root-file"></span>
-<span id="index-file_002c-root"></span>
-<em>root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-root-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-root"></a>
+<em class="dfn">root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
pref,
chap1,
@@ -21109,53 +21248,53 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>,
-<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
+<p>This will bring in material from <samp class="file">pref.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp>,
+<samp class="file">chap2.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">append.tex</samp>, and <samp class="file">bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
-<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1</code>, and compile again,
+<code class="code">\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code class="code">chap1</code>, and compile again,
then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter.
Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
-However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
+However, the advantage of the <code class="code">\includeonly</code> command is that
LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for another example of <code class="code">\includeonly</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1"><code>\endinput</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3"><code>\input</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\endinput</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\input</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cendinput">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cendinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput-1">24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cendinput"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cendinput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\endinput
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\endinput
</pre></div>
-<p>When you <code>\include{filename}</code>, inside <samp>filename.tex</samp> the
-material after <code>\endinput</code> will not be included. This command is
-optional; if <samp>filename.tex</samp> has no <code>\endinput</code> then LaTeX
+<p>When you <code class="code">\include{filename}</code>, inside <samp class="file">filename.tex</samp> the
+material after <code class="code">\endinput</code> will not be included. This command is
+optional; if <samp class="file">filename.tex</samp> has no <code class="code">\endinput</code> then LaTeX
will read all of the file.
</p>
<p>For example, suppose that a document’s root file has
-<code>\input{chap1}</code> and this is <samp>chap1.tex</samp>.
+<code class="code">\input{chap1}</code> and this is <samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{One}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{One}
This material will appear in the document.
\endinput
This will not appear.
@@ -21164,62 +21303,62 @@
<p>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a
file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is
transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for debugging:
-one strategy to localize errors is to put <code>\endinput</code> halfway
+one strategy to localize errors is to put <code class="code">\endinput</code> halfway
through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
-which half contains the error, moving <code>\endinput</code> to halfway
+which half contains the error, moving <code class="code">\endinput</code> to halfway
through that area further narrows down the location. This process
rapidly finds the offending line.
</p>
-<p>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of
+<p>After reading <code class="code">\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of
the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
-This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
-<code>\fi</code>.
+This allows you, for instance, to close an <code class="code">\if...</code> with a
+<code class="code">\fi</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1">24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cinclude"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cincludeonly"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinclude"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinclude"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includeonly{ % in document preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\includeonly{ % in document preamble
...
- <var>filename</var>,
+ <var class="var">filename</var>,
...
}
...
-\include{<var>filename</var>} % in document body
+\include{<var class="var">filename</var>} % in document body
</pre></div>
-<p>Bring material from the external file <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into a
+<p>Bring material from the external file <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.tex</samp> into a
LaTeX document.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\include</code> command does three things: it executes
-<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>), then it
-inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
-and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
+<p>The <code class="code">\include</code> command does three things: it executes
+<code class="code">\clearpage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>), then it
+inputs the material from <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
+and then it does another <code class="code">\clearpage</code>. This command can only
appear in the document body.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
-LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. Its list of
+<p>The <code class="code">\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
+LaTeX under subsequent <code class="code">\include</code> commands. Its list of
filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even
earlier, e.g., the command line; it can’t appear in the document body.
</p>
-<p>This example root document, <samp>constitution.tex</samp>, brings in
-three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and
-<samp>amendments.tex</samp>.
+<p>This example root document, <samp class="file">constitution.tex</samp>, brings in
+three files, <samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">articles.tex</samp>, and
+<samp class="file">amendments.tex</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
preamble,
articles,
@@ -21232,44 +21371,44 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>The file <samp>preamble.tex</samp> contains no special code; you have just
-excerpted the chapter from <samp>consitution.tex</samp> and put it in a
+<p>The file <samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp> contains no special code; you have just
+excerpted the chapter from <samp class="file">consitution.tex</samp> and put it in a
separate file just for editing convenience.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter{Preamble}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{Preamble}
We the People of the United States,
in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
</pre></div>
-<p>Running LaTeX on <samp>constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the
+<p>Running LaTeX on <samp class="file">constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the
three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary
-files <samp>preamble.aux</samp>, <samp>articles.aux</samp>, and
-<samp>amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
-and cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out
-<code>\includeonly</code>’s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code>
+files <samp class="file">preamble.aux</samp>, <samp class="file">articles.aux</samp>, and
+<samp class="file">amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
+and cross-references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out
+<code class="code">\includeonly</code>’s lines with <code class="code">preamble</code> and <code class="code">amendments</code>
and run LaTeX again then the resulting document shows only the
-material from <samp>articles.tex</samp>, not the material from
-<samp>preamble.tex</samp> or <samp>amendments.tex</samp>. Nonetheless, all of the
+material from <samp class="file">articles.tex</samp>, not the material from
+<samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp> or <samp class="file">amendments.tex</samp>. Nonetheless, all of the
auxiliary information from the omitted files is still there, including
the starting page number of the chapter.
</p>
-<p>If the document preamble does not have <code>\includeonly</code> then
-LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code>\include</code>
+<p>If the document preamble does not have <code class="code">\includeonly</code> then
+LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code class="code">\include</code>
commands.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see
-<a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
+<p>The <code class="code">\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
information).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example using <code>\include</code>
-and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for another example using <code class="code">\include</code>
+and <code class="code">\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code class="code">\input</code> for some
material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
</p>
<p>File names can involve paths.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
chapters/chap1,
}
@@ -21280,12 +21419,12 @@
<p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
-dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp>amo amas amat</samp>’,
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp class="samp">amo amas amat</samp>’,
this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cspace"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
"amo\space amas\space amat"
}
@@ -21297,7 +21436,7 @@
<p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
{"amo amas amat"}
}
@@ -21306,76 +21445,76 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></span>
-<p>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
-you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>’ The
-<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
-get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}</samp>’.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
+<p>You cannot use <code class="code">\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
+you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>’ The
+<code class="code">\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
+get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>If a file that you <code>\include</code> does not exist, for instance if you
-<code>\include{athiesm}</code> but you meant <code>\include{atheism}</code>,
-then LaTeX does not give you an error but will warn you ‘<samp>No file
-athiesm.tex.</samp>’ (It will also create <samp>athiesm.aux</samp>.)
+<p>If a file that you <code class="code">\include</code> does not exist, for instance if you
+<code class="code">\include{athiesm}</code> but you meant <code class="code">\include{atheism}</code>,
+then LaTeX does not give you an error but will warn you ‘<samp class="samp">No file
+athiesm.tex.</samp>’ (It will also create <samp class="file">athiesm.aux</samp>.)
</p>
-<p>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
-‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>’ Later runs get
-‘<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>’. To fix
-this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{<var>root</var>}</code> but
-also delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
+<p>If you <code class="code">\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
+‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>’ Later runs get
+‘<samp class="samp">TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>’. To fix
+this, you must remove the inclusion <code class="code">\include{<var class="var">root</var>}</code> but
+also delete the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinput">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinput-1">24.3 <code class="code">\input</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cinput"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\input{<var>filename</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{<var class="var">filename</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>LaTeX processes the file as if its contents were inserted in the
current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see
-<a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>.
+<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>If <var>filename</var> does not end in ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX first tries
+<p>If <var class="var">filename</var> does not end in ‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX first tries
the filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If
-<var>filename</var> ends with ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX looks for the
+<var class="var">filename</var> ends with ‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX looks for the
filename as it is.
</p>
<p>For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\input{macros}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{macros}
</pre></div>
-<p>will cause LaTeX to first look for <samp>macros.tex</samp>. If it finds
+<p>will cause LaTeX to first look for <samp class="file">macros.tex</samp>. If it finds
that file then it processes its contents as thought they had been
-copy-pasted in. If there is no file of the name <samp>macros.tex</samp> then
-LaTeX tries the name <samp>macros</samp>, without an extension. (This may
+copy-pasted in. If there is no file of the name <samp class="file">macros.tex</samp> then
+LaTeX tries the name <samp class="file">macros</samp>, without an extension. (This may
vary by distribution.)
</p>
<p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
-dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp>amo amas amat</samp>’,
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp class="samp">amo amas amat</samp>’,
this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cspace-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace-1"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"}
</pre></div>
<p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\input{{"amo amas amat"}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{{"amo amas amat"}}
</pre></div>
@@ -21382,40 +21521,40 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Front_002fback-matter">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Front_002fback-matter-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</h2>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a></li>
<li><a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
-<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></span>
-<span id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clistoffigures"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clistoftables"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elof-file-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elot-file-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\tableofcontents
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents
\listoffigures
\listoftables
</pre></div>
@@ -21424,13 +21563,13 @@
the command in the input file where you want the table or list to
go. You do not type the entries; for example, typically the table of
contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning
-commands <code>\chapter</code>, etc.
+commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>, etc.
</p>
-<p>This example illustrates the first command, <code>\tableofcontents</code>.
+<p>This example illustrates the first command, <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>.
LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
@@ -21446,21 +21585,21 @@
<p>Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter
and section listings but not subsection listings, because the
-<code>\section</code> command has level 1. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for level
-numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code>
-see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
+<code class="code">\section</code> command has level 1. See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for level
+numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code class="code">tocdepth</code>
+see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
</p>
-<p>Another example of the use of <code>\tableofcontents</code> is in <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>.
+<p>Another example of the use of <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> is in <a class="ref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>.
</p>
<p>If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a
-<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as
+<code class="code">\newpage</code> command after the <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> command, as
above.
</p>
<p>To make the table of contents, LaTeX stores the information in an
-auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp>test.tex</samp>
+auxiliary file named <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp class="file">test.tex</samp>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
\section{First section}
@@ -21468,30 +21607,30 @@
...
</pre></div>
-<p>writes these lines to <samp>test.toc</samp>.
+<p>writes these lines to <samp class="file">test.toc</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005ccontentsline"></span>
-<p>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
-<code>subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
-components. The hook <code>\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning
-number, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>). The remainder of the second argument of
-<code>\contentsline</code>, ‘<samp>First section</samp>’ or ‘<samp>First subsection</samp>’,
-is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, ‘<samp>2</samp>’, is
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
+<p>Each line contains a single command, <code class="code">\contentsline</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). The first argument, the <code class="code">section</code> or
+<code class="code">subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
+components. The hook <code class="code">\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning
+number, <code class="code">1</code> or <code class="code">1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnumberline"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a>). The remainder of the second argument of
+<code class="code">\contentsline</code>, ‘<samp class="samp">First section</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">First subsection</samp>’,
+is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, ‘<samp class="samp">2</samp>’, is
the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
</p>
<p>To typeset these lines, the document class provides
-<code>\l@<var>section-unit</var></code> commands such as
-<code>\l at section{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code> and
-<code>\l at subsection{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands
-often use the <code>\@dottedtocline</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\l@<var class="var">section-unit</var></code> commands such as
+<code class="code">\l at section{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}</code> and
+<code class="code">\l at subsection{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands
+often use the <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
@@ -21499,151 +21638,151 @@
the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number
of times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new
document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its
-‘<samp>Contents</samp>’ header. Just run LaTeX again.
+‘<samp class="samp">Contents</samp>’ header. Just run LaTeX again.
</p>
-<p>The commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a
+<p>The commands <code class="code">\listoffigures</code> and <code class="code">\listoftables</code> produce a
list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in
-files with extension <samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp>. They work the same way
-as <code>\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it
+files with extension <samp class="file">.lof</samp> and <samp class="file">.lot</samp>. They work the same way
+as <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it
for most examples.
</p>
<p>You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of
figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a
section to the table of contents with
-<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var>text</var>}</code>.
-(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
-material, with <code>\addtocontents</code>, as with the command
-<code>\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds
-vertical space to the list of figures (see <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
+material, with <code class="code">\addtocontents</code>, as with the command
+<code class="code">\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds
+vertical space to the list of figures (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of
tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which
sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title
-text, such as ‘<samp>First section</samp>’. Finally there is a box up against
+text, such as ‘<samp class="samp">First section</samp>’. Finally there is a box up against
the right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box.
For the indent and the width of the number box,
-see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>. The right margin box has width
-<code>\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space,
-inside a box of width <code>\@pnumwidth</code>. By default
-<code>\@tocrmarg</code> is <code>2.55em</code> and <code>\@pnumwidth</code> is
-<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with
-<code>\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>.
+see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>. The right margin box has width
+<code class="code">\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space,
+inside a box of width <code class="code">\@pnumwidth</code>. By default
+<code class="code">\@tocrmarg</code> is <code class="code">2.55em</code> and <code class="code">\@pnumwidth</code> is
+<code class="code">1.55em</code>. Change these as with
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></span>
-<span id="index-tocloft-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocloft-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></span>
-<span id="index-tocbibbind-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocbibbind-package"></a>
<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for
+and tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). The package <code class="code">tocloft</code> is convenient for
adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
-<code>tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
+<code class="code">tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
etc. to the table of contents.
</p>
<p>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like
-these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
+these commands before you call <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}
</pre></div>
-<p><span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span>
-</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
-<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-4"></a>
-<p>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>Internationalization packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code>
will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3"><code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4"><code>\contentsline</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5"><code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6"><code>\numberline</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1">25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></span>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\@dottedtocline{<var>section-level-num</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>numwidth</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\@dottedtocline{<var class="var">section-level-num</var>}{<var class="var">indent</var>}{<var class="var">numwidth</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Used internally by LaTeX to format an entry line in the table of
contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly
-enter <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands.
+enter <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> commands.
</p>
-<p>This command is typically used by <code>\l at section</code>, <code>\l at subsection</code>,
-etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <samp>article.cls</samp>
+<p>This command is typically used by <code class="code">\l at section</code>, <code class="code">\l at subsection</code>,
+etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <samp class="file">article.cls</samp>
file contains these definitions:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*\l at section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*\l at section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\newcommand*\l at subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\newcommand*\l at subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
</pre></div>
-<p>In this example, <code>\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
+<p>In this example, <code class="code">\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
-the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
-from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>).
+the final <var class="var">text</var> and <var class="var">pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
+from a call to <code class="code">\contentsline</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></a>
<p>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
-box, these <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em>leaders</em>, that
+box, these <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em class="dfn">leaders</em>, that
is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
-<code>\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka.
-<code>mu</code>, which are <code>1/18</code> em. Change it using
-<code>\renewcommand</code>, as in <code>\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>.
+<code class="code">\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka.
+<code class="code">mu</code>, which are <code class="code">1/18</code> em. Change it using
+<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, as in <code class="code">\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>.
</p>
-<p>In the standard <samp>book</samp> class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders
+<p>In the standard <samp class="file">book</samp> class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders
for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
-<samp>article</samp> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
+<samp class="file">article</samp> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1">25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></span>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-1"></span>
-<p>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline-1"></a>
+<p>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var class="var">ext</var>.
</p>
-<p>The following will result in an ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ line in the table of
+<p>The following will result in an ‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ line in the table of
contents.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
</pre></div>
<p>It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in
@@ -21650,80 +21789,80 @@
boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point
where the command appears in the input file.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file
-<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>, where <var>root-name</var> is the file name
-of the root file (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). It writes that
+<p>The <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.<var class="var">ext</var></samp>, where <var class="var">root-name</var> is the file name
+of the root file (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). It writes that
information as the text of the command
-<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
-<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The most common case is the table of contents
-and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
+<code class="code">\contentsline{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">num</var>}</code>, where
+<code class="code"><var class="var">num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code class="code"><var class="var">unit</var></code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). The most common case is the table of contents
+and there <var class="var">num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var class="var">unit</var>.
</p>
-<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
-etc. (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>), and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float
-environment (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). But it is also directly used by authors.
+<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>,
+etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>), and also by <code class="code">\caption</code> inside a float
+environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). But it is also directly used by authors.
For example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an
-unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that
+unnumbered preface may use the starred <code class="code">\chapter*</code>. But that
command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered
manually, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preface}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}
</pre></div>
-<p>In the <samp><var>root-name</var>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line
-<code>\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note
-that the page number ‘<samp>3</samp>’ is automatically generated by the system,
+<p>In the <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line
+<code class="code">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note
+that the page number ‘<samp class="samp">3</samp>’ is automatically generated by the system,
not entered manually.
</p>
-<p>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
+<p>All of the arguments for <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code>toc</code> for the table of contents,
-<code>lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">ext</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code class="code">toc</code> for the table of contents,
+<code class="code">lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code class="code">lot</code> for the list of
tables. The filename extension of the information file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>unit</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument, typically
+<dt><var class="var">unit</var></dt>
+<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var class="var">ext</var> argument, typically
one of:
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><code>toc</code></span></dt>
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><code class="code">toc</code></dt>
<dd><p>For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional unit:
-<code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, etc.
+<code class="code">part</code>, <code class="code">chapter</code>, <code class="code">section</code>, <code class="code">subsection</code>, etc.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>lof</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
+<dt><code class="code">lof</code></dt>
+<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code class="code">figure</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>lot</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
+<dt><code class="code">lot</code></dt>
+<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code class="code">table</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any fragile commands
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>) used in it.
+<dt><var class="var">text</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code class="code">\protect</code> any fragile commands
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>) used in it.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with
-<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
+<p>The <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with
+<code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
the same level, as with
-<code>\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines
+<code class="code">\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines
in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution
-is to move <code>\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included.
+is to move <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included.
</p>
-<p>If you use a <var>unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the
+<p>If you use a <var class="var">unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the
typo here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
</pre></div>
<p>then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
@@ -21732,39 +21871,39 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtocontents">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1">25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add <var>text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to
-the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. This is most commonly used
+<p>Add <var class="var">text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to
+the auxiliary file with extension <var class="var">ext</var>. This is most commonly used
for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but it also
applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
</p>
<p>This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the
-‘<samp>Contents</samp>’ header.
+‘<samp class="samp">Contents</samp>’ header.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\tableofcontents\newpage
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents\newpage
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}
</pre></div>
-<p>This puts the word ‘<samp>Page</samp>’, in boldface, above the column of page
+<p>This puts the word ‘<samp class="samp">Page</samp>’, in boldface, above the column of page
numbers and after the header.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\tableofcontents
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents
\addtocontents{toc}{~\hfill\textbf{Page}\par}
\chapter{...}
</pre></div>
@@ -21772,144 +21911,144 @@
<p>This adds a line announcing work by a new author.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtocontents{toc}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocontents{toc}{%
\protect\vspace{2ex}
\textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par}
</pre></div>
-<p>The difference between <code>\addtocontents</code> and <code>\addcontentsline</code>
+<p>The difference between <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> and <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code>
is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the
page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above
-examples show, <code>\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing.
+examples show, <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are
+<p>The <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are
required.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp>lof</samp> for
-the list of figures, or <samp>lot</samp> for the list of tables. The
+<dl class="table">
+<dt><var class="var">ext</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp class="file">toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp class="file">lof</samp> for
+the list of figures, or <samp class="file">lot</samp> for the list of tables. The
extension of the file holding the information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt>
+<dt><var class="var">text</var></dt>
<dd><p>The text, and possibly commands, to be written.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>The sectioning commands such as <code>\chapter</code> use the
-<code>\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command
-creates lines in the <samp>.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the
-<code>\contentsline</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). In contrast,
-the command <code>\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file.
+<p>The sectioning commands such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> use the
+<code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command
+creates lines in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the
+<code class="code">\contentsline</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). In contrast,
+the command <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with
-<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
+<p>The <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with
+<code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
the same level, as with
-<code>\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the
+<code class="code">\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the
table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to
-move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
+move <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccontentsline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1">25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-table-of-contents"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_002etoc-file-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clistoffigures-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005clistoftables-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elof-file-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_002elot-file-2"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cl_0040chapter"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cl_0040section"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cl_0040subsection"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctableofcontents-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoffigures-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoftables-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file-2"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040chapter"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040section"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040subsection"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of
-contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands.
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code class="code">\contentsline</code> commands.
</p>
<p>Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the
-commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of
-contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code>
-or <code>\table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). Thus,
-where the root file is <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration
-<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter{Chapter One}</code>
-produces something like this in the file <samp>thesis.toc</samp>.
+commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>, <code class="code">\section</code>, etc. for the table of
+contents, or by the <code class="code">\caption</code> command inside of a <code class="code">\figure</code>
+or <code class="code">\table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>). Thus,
+where the root file is <samp class="file">thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration
+<code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code class="code">\chapter{Chapter One}</code>
+produces something like this in the file <samp class="file">thesis.toc</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3}
</pre></div>
-<p>If the file contains the declaration <code>\listoffigures</code> then a figure
-environment involving <code>\caption{Test}</code> will produce
-something like this in <samp>thesis.lof</samp>.
+<p>If the file contains the declaration <code class="code">\listoffigures</code> then a figure
+environment involving <code class="code">\caption{Test}</code> will produce
+something like this in <samp class="file">thesis.lof</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6}
</pre></div>
<p>To manually add material, use
-<code>\addcontentsline{<var>filetype</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>,
-where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\addcontentsline{<var class="var">filetype</var>}{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>,
+where <var class="var">filetype</var> is <code class="code">toc</code>, <code class="code">lof</code>, or <code class="code">lot</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft-1"></span>
-<span id="index-tocloft-package-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocloft-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocloft-package-1"></a>
-<p>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
-the <code>tocloft</code> package.
+<p>For manipulating how the <code class="code">\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
+the <code class="code">tocloft</code> package.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-3"></a>
-<p>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
-<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
+<p>Note that the <code class="code">hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
+<code class="code">\contentsline</code> (and <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
-<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code> when one adds/remove
-the use of package <code>hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run.
-Fix this error by deleting the <samp>.toc</samp> or <samp>.lof</samp> or <samp>.lot</samp>
+<code class="code">Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code> when one adds/remove
+the use of package <code class="code">hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run.
+Fix this error by deleting the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> or <samp class="file">.lof</samp> or <samp class="file">.lot</samp>
file, and running LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnofiles">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles-1">25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cnofiles"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\nofiles
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\nofiles
</pre></div>
<p>Prevent LaTeX from writing any auxiliary files. The only output will
-be the <samp>.log</samp> and <samp>.pdf</samp> (or <samp>.dvi</samp>) files. This command
+be the <samp class="file">.log</samp> and <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> (or <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>) files. This command
must go in the preamble.
</p>
-<p>Because of the <code>\nofiles</code> command this example will not produce a
-<samp>.toc</samp> file.
+<p>Because of the <code class="code">\nofiles</code> command this example will not produce a
+<samp class="file">.toc</samp> file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\nofiles
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
@@ -21918,75 +22057,75 @@
</pre></div>
<p>LaTeX will not erase any existing auxiliary files, so if you insert
-the <code>\nofiles</code> command after you have run the file and gotten
-a <samp>.toc</samp> then the table of contents page will continue to show
+the <code class="code">\nofiles</code> command after you have run the file and gotten
+a <samp class="file">.toc</samp> then the table of contents page will continue to show
the old information.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnumberline">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnumberline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline-1">25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cnumberline"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnumberline"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\numberline{<var>number</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\numberline{<var class="var">number</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a
-<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>For example, this line in a <samp>.toc</samp> file causes the <code>1.1</code> to be
+<p>For example, this line in a <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file causes the <code class="code">1.1</code> to be
typeset flush left.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2}
</pre></div>
<p>By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length
-<code>\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
-<code>\l at section</code>, <code>\l at subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
+<code class="code">\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
+<code class="code">\l at section</code>, <code class="code">\l at subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
inside a natural-width box with
-<code>\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code> before
-<code>\tableofcontents</code>.
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code> before
+<code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>.
</p>
<p>This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with
-<code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). An example is the use of
-<code>\protect</code> in this command,
+<code class="code">\protect</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). An example is the use of
+<code class="code">\protect</code> in this command,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code>
</pre></div>
-<p>to get the <code>\numberline</code> into the <code>\contentsline</code>
-command in the <samp>.toc</samp> file: <code>\contentsline
-{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the page number ‘<samp>6</samp>’
-is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>).
+<p>to get the <code class="code">\numberline</code> into the <code class="code">\contentsline</code>
+command in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file: <code class="code">\contentsline
+{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the page number ‘<samp class="samp">6</samp>’
+is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Indexes">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Indexes">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Indexes-1">25.2 Indexes</h3>
-<span id="index-indexes"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indexes"></a>
-<span id="index-_005cmakeindex"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cindex"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindex"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
<p>If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it
can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
@@ -21993,7 +22132,7 @@
automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands
\makeindex
% \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries
@@ -22009,76 +22148,76 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its
-information, such as ‘<samp>Wilson's Theorem</samp>’ and the page number, to an
-auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp>.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and
+<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code class="code">\index</code> command
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cindex"><code class="code">\index</code></a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code class="code">\index</code> writes its
+information, such as ‘<samp class="samp">Wilson's Theorem</samp>’ and the page number, to an
+auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp class="file">.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and
do other manipulations, run an external command, typically
-<code>makeindex</code> (see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>), which writes a file whose name
-ends in <samp>.ind</samp>. Finally, <code>\printindex</code> brings this
-manipulated information into the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>).
+<code class="command">makeindex</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#makeindex"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>), which writes a file whose name
+ends in <samp class="file">.ind</samp>. Finally, <code class="code">\printindex</code> brings this
+manipulated information into the output (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp>numth.tex</samp> then running
-‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will save index entry and page number information
-to <samp>numth.idx</samp>. Then running ‘<samp>makeindex numth</samp>’ will
-alphabetize and save the results to <samp>numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again
-running ‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will show the desired index, at the place
-where the <code>\printindex</code> command is in the source file.
+<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp class="file">numth.tex</samp> then running
+‘<samp class="samp">pdflatex numth</samp>’ will save index entry and page number information
+to <samp class="file">numth.idx</samp>. Then running ‘<samp class="samp">makeindex numth</samp>’ will
+alphabetize and save the results to <samp class="file">numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again
+running ‘<samp class="samp">pdflatex numth</samp>’ will show the desired index, at the place
+where the <code class="code">\printindex</code> command is in the source file.
</p>
<p>There are many options for the output. An example is that the
-exclamation point in <code>\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code>
-produces a main entry of ‘<samp>congruence</samp>’ with a subentry of ‘<samp>and
-Wilson's Theorem</samp>’. For more, see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>.
+exclamation point in <code class="code">\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code>
+produces a main entry of ‘<samp class="samp">congruence</samp>’ with a subentry of ‘<samp class="samp">and
+Wilson's Theorem</samp>’. For more, see <a class="pxref" href="#makeindex"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\makeindex</code> and <code>\printindex</code> commands are independent.
-Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the
-index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code>
+<p>The <code class="code">\makeindex</code> and <code class="code">\printindex</code> commands are independent.
+Leaving out the <code class="code">\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the
+index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code class="code">\printindex</code>
will cause LaTeX to not show the index in the document output.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span>
-<span id="index-showidx-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-showidx-package"></a>
-<span id="index-package_002c-multind"></span>
-<span id="index-multind-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multind-package"></a>
-<span id="index-index_002c-multiple"></span>
-<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span>
-<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-multiple"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiple-indexes"></a>
+<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code class="code">showidx</code>
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
-page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index.
-The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
+page where the <code class="code">\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index.
+The <code class="code">multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
-<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic,
-<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic,
+<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="1">Produce the index manually</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="2"><code>\index</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#makeindex" accesskey="3"><code>makeindex</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="4"><code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\index</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#makeindex" accesskey="3"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="4"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Produce-the-index-manually">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Produce-the-index-manually-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually-1">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4>
-<span id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></span>
-<span id="index-theindex"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theindex"></a>
<p>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index.
-This will make a separate page labeled ‘<samp>Index</samp>’, in twocolumn
+This will make a separate page labeled ‘<samp class="samp">Index</samp>’, in twocolumn
format.
</p>
-<span id="index-environment_002c-theindex"></span>
-<span id="index-theindex-environment"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theindex"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theindex-environment"></a>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{theindex}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{theindex}
\item acorn squash, 1
\subitem maple baked, 2
\indexspace
@@ -22089,19 +22228,19 @@
<p>Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious and
which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why
-in most cases automated methods such as <code>makeindex</code> are best.
-See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>.
+in most cases automated methods such as <code class="command">makeindex</code> are best.
+See <a class="xref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005citem-4"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubitem"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csubsubitem"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubitem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubitem"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
<p>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the
automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels
-of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>,
-subentries use <code>\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses
-<code>\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The
-example above includes <code>\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in
+of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code class="code">\item</code>,
+subentries use <code class="code">\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses
+<code class="code">\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The
+example above includes <code class="code">\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in
the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting
with a new letter.
</p>
@@ -22108,32 +22247,32 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cindex">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex-1">25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code></h4>
-<span id="index-index-entry"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cindex-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entry"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindex-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\index{<var>index-entry-string</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\index{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declare an entry in the index. This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>For example, as described in <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from
-what’s below is to compile the document with <code>pdflatex test</code>, then
-process the index entries with <code>makeindex test</code>, and then compile
-again with <code>pdflatex test</code>.
+<p>For example, as described in <a class="ref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from
+what’s below is to compile the document with <code class="code">pdflatex test</code>, then
+process the index entries with <code class="code">makeindex test</code>, and then compile
+again with <code class="code">pdflatex test</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">% file test.tex
+<pre class="example-preformatted">% file test.tex
...
W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
@@ -22142,30 +22281,30 @@
rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></span>
-<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘<samp>Ackermann,
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></a>
+<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘<samp class="samp">Ackermann,
22</samp>’. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second.
Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add
-<code>\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then
-<code>makeindex</code> says ‘<samp>Scanning input file test.idx....done (4
+<code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then
+<code class="command">makeindex</code> says ‘<samp class="samp">Scanning input file test.idx....done (4
entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp>’ and the fourth level is silently missing
from the index.)
</p>
-<p>If you enter a second <code>\index</code> with the same
-<var>index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two
+<p>If you enter a second <code class="code">\index</code> with the same
+<var class="var">index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two
page numbers (unless they happen to fall on the same page). Thus,
-adding <code>as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}</code> later in the same
-document as above will give an index entry like ‘<samp>Ackermann, 22,
+adding <code class="code">as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}</code> later in the same
+document as above will give an index entry like ‘<samp class="samp">Ackermann, 22,
151</samp>’. Also, you can enter the index entries in any order, so for
-instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
-<code>\index{Ackermann}</code>.
+instance <code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
+<code class="code">\index{Ackermann}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-index_002c-page-range"></span>
-<p>Get a page range in the output, like ‘<samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>’, as here.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-page-range"></a>
+<p>Get a page range in the output, like ‘<samp class="samp">Hilbert, 23--27</samp>’, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|(}
...
@@ -22176,41 +22315,41 @@
just gives a single page number, not a range.
</p>
<p>If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with
-<code>\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code>\index{Jones!results}</code>, then
-the output is the item ‘<samp>Jones</samp>’ with no comma or page number,
-followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp>program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp>results,
+<code class="code">\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code class="code">\index{Jones!results}</code>, then
+the output is the item ‘<samp class="samp">Jones</samp>’ with no comma or page number,
+followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp class="samp">program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">results,
51</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span>
-<span id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cseename"></span>
-<span id="index-_005calsoname"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-5"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></span>
-<span id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cseename"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005calsoname"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-5"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></a>
-<p>Generate a index entry that says ‘<samp>see</samp>’ by using a vertical bar
-character: <code>\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's
-function}}</code>. You can instead get ‘<samp>see also</samp>’ with <code>seealso</code>.
-(The text ‘<samp>see</samp>’ is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and ‘<samp>see also</samp>’
-by <code>\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an
-internationalization package such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>,
-or directly as with <code>\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}</code>.)
+<p>Generate a index entry that says ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ by using a vertical bar
+character: <code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's
+function}}</code>. You can instead get ‘<samp class="samp">see also</samp>’ with <code class="code">seealso</code>.
+(The text ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ is defined by <code class="code">\seename</code>, and ‘<samp class="samp">see also</samp>’
+by <code class="code">\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an
+internationalization package such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code>,
+or directly as with <code class="code">\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}</code>.)
</p>
-<p>The ‘<samp>see</samp>’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After
+<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After
the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in
-<code>\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the
-<code>\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the
-page number, here giving something like <code>\textit{7}</code>. You can
+<code class="code">\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the
+<code class="code">\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the
+page number, here giving something like <code class="code">\textit{7}</code>. You can
define your own one-input commands, such as
-<code>\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}</code> and then
-<code>\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}</code> will give a blue page
-number (see <a href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is this,
+<code class="code">\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}</code> and then
+<code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}</code> will give a blue page
+number (see <a class="pxref" href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is this,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage}
... Epimenides.\index{self-reference|indexownpage}
</pre></div>
@@ -22219,53 +22358,53 @@
<p>The two functions just described combine, as here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage}
...
\index{Ackermann!function|)}
</pre></div>
-<p>which outputs an index entry like ‘<samp>function, 23--27</samp>’ where the page
+<p>which outputs an index entry like ‘<samp class="samp">function, 23--27</samp>’ where the page
number range is in blue.
</p>
-<p>Consider an index entry such as ‘<samp>α-ring</samp>’. Entering
-it as <code>$\alpha$-ring</code> will cause it to be alphabetized according to
+<p>Consider an index entry such as ‘<samp class="samp">α-ring</samp>’. Entering
+it as <code class="code">$\alpha$-ring</code> will cause it to be alphabetized according to
the dollar sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as
-<code>\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}</code>. If you specify an entry
-with an at-sign separating two strings, <code><var>pos</var>@<var>text</var></code>,
-then <var>pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
-<var>text</var> produces the text of the entry. Another example is that
-<code>\index{Saint Michael's College at SMC}</code> produces an index entry
-‘<samp>SMC</samp>’ alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
+<code class="code">\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}</code>. If you specify an entry
+with an at-sign separating two strings, <code class="code"><var class="var">pos</var>@<var class="var">text</var></code>,
+then <var class="var">pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
+<var class="var">text</var> produces the text of the entry. Another example is that
+<code class="code">\index{Saint Michael's College at SMC}</code> produces an index entry
+‘<samp class="samp">SMC</samp>’ alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
would naturally give it.
</p>
-<p>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>@</code>, or <code>|</code>, or <code>"</code> character in
-an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>"</code>.
+<p>To put a <code class="code">!</code>, or <code class="code">@</code>, or <code class="code">|</code>, or <code class="code">"</code> character in
+an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code class="code">"</code>.
(The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-index"></span>
-<span id="index-index-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-index"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-package"></a>
<p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
-provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for
+provided by <code class="code">makeidx</code>. One is <code class="code">index</code>, which allows for
multiple indices and contains a command
-<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
-<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
+<code class="code">\index*{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
+<var class="var">index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cindexentry"></span>
-<span id="index-idx-file"></span>
-<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
-<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-idx-file"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
-<code>\indexentry{<var>index-entry-string</var>}{<var>page-num</var>}</code>,
-where <var>page-num</var> is the value of the <code>\thepage</code> counter. On
-occasion, when the <code>\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to
+<code class="code">\indexentry{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>}{<var class="var">page-num</var>}</code>,
+where <var class="var">page-num</var> is the value of the <code class="code">\thepage</code> counter. On
+occasion, when the <code class="code">\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to
delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
</p>
-<p>If you omit the closing brace of an <code>\index</code> command then you get a
+<p>If you omit the closing brace of an <code class="code">\index</code> command then you get a
message like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function
! Paragraph ended before \@wrindex was complete.
</pre></div>
@@ -22272,45 +22411,45 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="makeindex">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="makeindex">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="makeindex-1">25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code></h4>
-<span id="index-index_002c-processing"></span>
-<span id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></span>
-<span id="index-makeindex-program"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eind-file"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-processing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex-program"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eind-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">makeindex <var>filename</var>
-makeindex -s <var>style-file</var> <var>filename</var>
-makeindex <var>options</var> <var>filename0</var> ...
+<pre class="example-preformatted">makeindex <var class="var">filename</var>
+makeindex -s <var class="var">style-file</var> <var class="var">filename</var>
+makeindex <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">filename0</var> ...
</pre></div>
<p>Sort, and otherwise process, the index information in the auxiliary file
-<var>filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more
-raw index files, <samp><var>filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the
-actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
-<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>).
+<var class="var">filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more
+raw index files, <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the
+actual index file, the <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
+<code class="code">\printindex</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_002eisty-file"></span>
-<span id="index-index_002c-style-file"></span>
-<span id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eisty-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-style-file"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></a>
<p>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
-you to format the index by using an <em>index style file</em>, a
-<samp>.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
+you to format the index by using an <em class="dfn">index style file</em>, a
+<samp class="file">.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
documentation on CTAN.
</p>
-<p>This is a simple <samp>.isty</samp> file.
+<p>This is a simple <samp class="file">.isty</samp> file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">% book.isty
+<pre class="example-preformatted">% book.isty
% $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx
% creates the index as book.ind, starting on an odd page.
preamble
@@ -22325,228 +22464,228 @@
</pre></div>
<p>The description here covers only some of the index formatting
-possibilities in <var>style-file</var>. For a full list see the documentation
+possibilities in <var class="var">style-file</var>. For a full list see the documentation
on CTAN.
</p>
-<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var>specifier</var> and
-<var>attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the
-<var>attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are
-surrounded with double quotes, <code>"</code>, and the maximum length of a
-string is 144 characters. The <code>\n</code> is for a newline and <code>\t</code>
+<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var class="var">specifier</var> and
+<var class="var">attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the
+<var class="var">attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are
+surrounded with double quotes, <code class="code">"</code>, and the maximum length of a
+string is 144 characters. The <code class="code">\n</code> is for a newline and <code class="code">\t</code>
is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
-<code>\\</code>. If a line begins with a percent sign, <code>%</code>, then it is a
+<code class="code">\\</code>. If a line begins with a percent sign, <code class="code">%</code>, then it is a
comment.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="makeindex-preamble"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code>preamble</code><a href='#index-preamble' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dd><a class="anchor" id="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code class="code">preamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-preamble'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is
-formatted. Default: <code>"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>.
+formatted. Default: <code class="code">"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-postamble"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code>postamble</code><a href='#index-postamble' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>.
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code class="code">postamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-postamble'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code class="code">"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-group-skip"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code>group_skip</code><a href='#index-group_005fskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code class="code">group_skip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-group_005fskip'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></a>
<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
-entries starting with letter ‘<samp>a</samp>’, etc. This specifier gives what
-is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>"\n\n
-\\indexspace\n"</code> (<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber
-length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+entries starting with letter ‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’, etc. This specifier gives what
+is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code class="code">"\n\n
+\\indexspace\n"</code> (<code class="code">\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber
+length, by default <code class="code">10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-letheadflag"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code>lethead_flag</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fflag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code class="code">lethead_flag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fflag'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
-it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
+it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code class="code">group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
-letter the <code>lethead_prefix</code> and <code>lethead_suffix</code> will be
+letter the <code class="code">lethead_prefix</code> and <code class="code">lethead_suffix</code> will be
inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative
then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is 0.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code>lethead_prefix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fprefix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code class="code">lethead_prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fprefix'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
-inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>
+inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">""</code>
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code>lethead_suffix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code class="code">lethead_suffix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
-inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>.
+inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">""</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-0"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code>item_0</code><a href='#index-item_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code>"\n \\item
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code class="code">item_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f0'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\item
"</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-1"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code>item_1</code><a href='#index-item_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code class="code">item_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-2"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code>item_2</code><a href='#index-item_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code class="code">item_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-01"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code>item_01</code><a href='#index-item_005f01' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code class="code">item_01</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f01'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item.
-Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
+Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-x1"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code>item_x1</code><a href='#index-item_005fx1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code class="code">item_x1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the
case that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in
-<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
+<code class="code">\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-12"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code>item_12</code><a href='#index-item_005f12' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code class="code">item_12</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f12'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item.
-Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
+Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-item-x2"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code>item_x2</code><a href='#index-item_005fx2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code class="code">item_x2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the
-level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: <code>"\n
+level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: <code class="code">"\n
\\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-delim-0"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code>delim_0</code><a href='#index-delim_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code class="code">delim_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f0'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page
-number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
+number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-delim-1"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code>delim_1</code><a href='#index-delim_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code class="code">delim_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page
-number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
+number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-delim-2"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code>delim_2</code><a href='#index-delim_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code class="code">delim_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f2'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number. Default:
-a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
+a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-delim-n"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code>delim_n</code><a href='#index-delim_005fn' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code class="code">delim_n</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fn'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
-level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
+level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-delim-r"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code>delim_r</code><a href='#index-delim_005fr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code class="code">delim_r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fr'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
-Default: <code>"--"</code>.
+Default: <code class="code">"--"</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-line-max"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code>line_max</code><a href='#index-line_005fmax' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code class="code">line_max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-line_005fmax'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output,
-beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
+beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code class="code">72</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-indent-space"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code>indent_space</code><a href='#index-indent_005fspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code class="code">indent_space</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005fspace'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
-<code>"\t\t"</code>.
+<code class="code">"\t\t"</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-indent-length"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code>indent_length</code><a href='#index-indent_005flength' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code class="code">indent_length</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005flength'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
-<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
-default here is <code>16</code>.
+<code class="code">indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
+default here is <code class="code">16</code>.
</p>
-<span id="makeindex-page-precedence"></span></dd>
-<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code>page_precedence</code><a href='#index-page_005fprecedence' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd>
+<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code class="code">page_precedence</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-page_005fprecedence'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
-they will appear in the index. The <code>makeindex</code> command supports
-five different types of numerals: lowercase roman <code>r</code>, and numeric
-or arabic <code>n</code>, and lowercase alphabetic <code>a</code>, and uppercase
-roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
-<code>"rnaRA"</code>.
+they will appear in the index. The <code class="command">makeindex</code> command supports
+five different types of numerals: lowercase roman <code class="code">r</code>, and numeric
+or arabic <code class="code">n</code>, and lowercase alphabetic <code class="code">a</code>, and uppercase
+roman <code class="code">R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code class="code">A</code>. Default:
+<code class="code">"rnaRA"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<span id="index-xindy-program"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xindy-program"></a>
<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job
-<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>
-(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</a>), which does internationalization and can
+<code class="command">makeindex</code> does. One is <code class="command">xindy</code>
+(<a class="uref" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</a>), which does internationalization and can
process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of
other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
described in its documentation.
</p>
-<span id="index-xindex-program"></span>
-<p>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>,
-written in Lua (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</a>).
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xindex-program"></a>
+<p>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code class="code">xindex</code>,
+written in Lua (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprintindex">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex-1">25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code></h4>
-<span id="index-index_002c-printing"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cprintindex"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-printing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\printindex
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\printindex
</pre></div>
<p>Place the index into the output.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-makeidx"></span>
-<span id="index-makeidx-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeidx-package"></a>
<p>To get an index you must first include
-<code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
-compile the document, then run the system command <code>makeindex</code>,
-and then compile the document again. See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, for further
-discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
+<code class="code">\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
+compile the document, then run the system command <code class="command">makeindex</code>,
+and then compile the document again. See <a class="xref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, for further
+discussion and an example of the use of <code class="code">\printindex</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Glossaries">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Glossaries">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Glossaries-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Glossaries-1">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
-<span id="index-glossary"></span>
-<span id="index-glossaries"></span>
-<span id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossaries"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
...
-\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}{<var>settings</var>}
+\newglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>}{<var class="var">settings</var>}
...
-\gls{<var>label</var>}.
+\gls{<var class="var">label</var>}.
...
\printglossaries
</pre></div>
-<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package allows you to make glossaries, including
+<p>The <samp class="file">glossaries</samp> package allows you to make glossaries, including
multiple glossaries, as well as lists of acronyms.
</p>
<p>To get the output from this example, compile the document (for instance
-with <code>pdflatex filename</code>), then run the command line command
-<code>makeglossaries filename</code>, and then compile the document again.
+with <code class="code">pdflatex filename</code>), then run the command line command
+<code class="code">makeglossaries filename</code>, and then compile the document again.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{...}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
\newglossaryentry{tm}{%
name={Turing machine},
@@ -22561,50 +22700,50 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘<samp>... definition
+<p>That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘<samp class="samp">... definition
of a Turing machine</samp>’. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
-‘<samp>Glossary</samp>’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says
-‘<samp>Turing machine</samp>’ and the rest of the item says in normal type
-‘<samp>A model of a machine … Computer Science</samp>’.
+‘<samp class="samp">Glossary</samp>’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says
+‘<samp class="samp">Turing machine</samp>’ and the rest of the item says in normal type
+‘<samp class="samp">A model of a machine … Computer Science</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eglo-file"></span>
-<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
-entry information, <samp><var>root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the
-<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
+<p>The command <code class="code">\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
+entry information, <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the
+<code class="code">\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
in your document.
</p>
-<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package is very powerful. For instance, besides
-the commands <code>\newglossaryentry</code> and <code>\gls</code>, there are similar
+<p>The <samp class="file">glossaries</samp> package is very powerful. For instance, besides
+the commands <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code> and <code class="code">\gls</code>, there are similar
commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
CTAN.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2"><code>\gls</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\gls</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1">25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
-<span id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>}
{
- name={<var>name</var>},
- description={<var>description</var>},
- <var>other options</var>, ...
+ name={<var class="var">name</var>},
+ description={<var class="var">description</var>},
+ <var class="var">other options</var>, ...
}
</pre></div>
@@ -22611,23 +22750,23 @@
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\longnewglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\longnewglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>}
{
- name={<var>name</var>},
- <var>other options</var> ...,
+ name={<var class="var">name</var>},
+ <var class="var">other options</var> ...,
}
-{<var>description</var>}
+{<var class="var">description</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Declare a new entry for a glossary. The <var>label</var> must be unique for
+<p>Declare a new entry for a glossary. The <var class="var">label</var> must be unique for
the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
-<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>.
+<code class="code"><var class="var">key</var>=<var class="var">value</var></code>.
</p>
<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ, in the
glossary.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{R}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{R}
{
name={\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}},
description={the real numbers},
@@ -22634,33 +22773,33 @@
}
</pre></div>
-<p>Use the second command form if the <var>description</var> spans more than one
+<p>Use the second command form if the <var class="var">description</var> spans more than one
paragraph.
</p>
-<p>For a full list of <var>key</var>s see the package documentation on CTAN but
+<p>For a full list of <var class="var">key</var>s see the package documentation on CTAN but
here are a few.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt id='index-name'><span><code>name</code><a href='#index-name' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dl class="ftable">
+<dt id='index-name'><span><code class="code">name</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-name'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-description'><span><code>description</code><a href='#index-description' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-description'><span><code class="code">description</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-description'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-plural'><span><code>plural</code><a href='#index-plural' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
-<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>).
+<dt id='index-plural'><span><code class="code">plural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-plural'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The plural form of <var class="var">name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
+<code class="code">\glspl</code> or <code class="code">\Glspl</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgls"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-sort'><span><code>sort</code><a href='#index-sort' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-sort'><span><code class="code">sort</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sort'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code>symbol</code><a href='#index-symbol' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code class="code">symbol</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-symbol'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -22669,32 +22808,32 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgls">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cgls-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls-1">25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code></h4>
-<span id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cgls"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgls"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\gls{<var>label</var>}
-\glspl{<var>label</var>}
-\Gls{<var>label</var>}
-\Glspl{<var>label</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\gls{<var class="var">label</var>}
+\glspl{<var class="var">label</var>}
+\Gls{<var class="var">label</var>}
+\Glspl{<var class="var">label</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with
-<code>\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{N}{%
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{N}{%
name={the natural numbers},
description={The numbers $0$, $1$, $2$, $\ldots$\@},
symbol={\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}},
@@ -22703,11 +22842,11 @@
Consider \gls{N}.
</pre></div>
-<p>gives the output ‘<samp>Consider the natural numbers</samp>’.
+<p>gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">Consider the natural numbers</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>The second command form <code>\glspl{<var>label</var>}</code> produces the plural
-of <var>name</var> (by default it tries adding an ‘<samp>s</samp>’). The third form
-capitalizes the first letter of <var>name</var>, as does the fourth form,
+<p>The second command form <code class="code">\glspl{<var class="var">label</var>}</code> produces the plural
+of <var class="var">name</var> (by default it tries adding an ‘<samp class="samp">s</samp>’). The third form
+capitalizes the first letter of <var class="var">name</var>, as does the fourth form,
which also takes the plural.
</p>
@@ -22715,27 +22854,27 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Letters">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Letters">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Letters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Letters-1">26 Letters</h2>
-<span id="index-letters_002c-writing"></span>
-<span id="index-writing-letters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-letters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
-\address{<var>senders address</var>} % return address
-\signature{<var>sender name</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter}
+\address{<var class="var">senders address</var>} % return address
+\signature{<var class="var">sender name</var>}
\begin{document}
-\begin{letter}{<var>recipient address</var>}
-\opening{<var>salutation</var>}
- <var>letter body</var>
-\closing{<var>closing text</var>}
+\begin{letter}{<var class="var">recipient address</var>}
+\opening{<var class="var">salutation</var>}
+ <var class="var">letter body</var>
+\closing{<var class="var">closing text</var>}
\end{letter}
...
\end{document}
@@ -22743,56 +22882,56 @@
<p>Produce one or more letters.
</p>
-<p>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument
-<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a
-double backslash, (<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have:
+<p>Each letter is in a separate <code class="code">letter</code> environment, whose argument
+<var class="var">recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a
+double backslash, (<code class="code">\\</code>). For example, you might have:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted"> \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\
l'h\^otel Sagonne}
...
\end{letter}
</pre></div>
-<p>The start of the <code>letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1,
+<p>The start of the <code class="code">letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1,
and the footnote number to 1 also.
</p>
-<p>The <var>sender address</var> and <var>sender name</var> are common to all of the
+<p>The <var class="var">sender address</var> and <var class="var">sender name</var> are common to all of the
letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the
-preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var>
+preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var class="var">sender address</var>
contains multiple lines separated by a double
-backslash (<code>\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var>sender name</var>
+backslash (<code class="code">\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var class="var">sender name</var>
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature.
</p>
-<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required
-<code>\opening</code> command such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>.
-The <var>letter body</var> text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain
+<p>Each <code class="code">letter</code> environment body begins with a required
+<code class="code">\opening</code> command such as <code class="code">\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>.
+The <var class="var">letter body</var> text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain
everything from enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands
-such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
-Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
-<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
+such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
+Each <code class="code">letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
+<code class="code">\closing</code> command such as <code class="code">\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></span>
-<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
-is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the
-Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There’s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
-a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"></a>
+<p>Additional material may come after the <code class="code">\closing</code>. You can say who
+is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code class="code">\cc{the
+Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There’s a similar <code class="code">\encl</code> command for
+a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code class="code">\ps</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
-by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is
-<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put
-<code>\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble.
+by a length of <code class="code">\longindentation</code>. By default this is
+<code class="code">0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put
+<code class="code">\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble.
</p>
<p>To set a fixed date use something like
-<code>\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble
+<code class="code">\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble
then it will apply to all the letters.
</p>
-<p>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment. The three lines
+<p>This example shows only one <code class="code">letter</code> environment. The three lines
marked as optional are typically omitted.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter}
\address{Sender's street \\ Sender's town}
\signature{Sender's name \\ Sender's title}
% optional: \location{Mailbox 13}
@@ -22807,56 +22946,56 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
+<p>These commands are used with the <code class="code">letter</code> class.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1"><code>\address</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2"><code>\cc</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3"><code>\closing</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4"><code>\encl</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5"><code>\location</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6"><code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7"><code>\name</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8"><code>\opening</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9"><code>\ps</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\address</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\cc</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\closing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\encl</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\location</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\name</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\opening</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\ps</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature"><code class="code">\signature</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone"><code class="code">\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddress">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddress">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005caddress-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddress-1">26.1 <code class="code">\address</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005caddress"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddress"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\address{<var>senders address</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\address{<var class="var">senders address</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Specify the return address, as it appears on the letter and on the
-envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a
-double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
+envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var class="var">senders address</var> with a
+double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>.
</p>
<p>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put
in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an
-individual <code>letter</code> environment.
+individual <code class="code">letter</code> environment.
</p>
<p>This command is optional: if you do not use it then the letter is
formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto pre-printed
-letterhead paper. If you do use the <code>\address</code> declaration then it
+letterhead paper. If you do use the <code class="code">\address</code> declaration then it
is formatted as a personal letter.
</p>
<p>Here is an example.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\address{Stephen Maturin \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\address{Stephen Maturin \\
The Grapes of the Savoy}
</pre></div>
@@ -22863,30 +23002,30 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ccc">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccc">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ccc-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ccc-1">26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ccc"></span>
-<span id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cc{<var>name0</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cc{<var class="var">name0</var> \\
... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
-<code>\closing</code>. Put the names on different lines by separating them
-with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
+<code class="code">\closing</code>. Put the names on different lines by separating them
+with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>, as in:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\cc{President \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\cc{President \\
Vice President}
</pre></div>
@@ -22893,21 +23032,21 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cclosing">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cclosing-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing-1">26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cclosing"></span>
-<span id="index-letters_002c-ending"></span>
-<span id="index-closing-letters"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclosing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-closing-letters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\closing{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\closing{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It appears
@@ -22914,35 +23053,35 @@
at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\closing{Regards,}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\closing{Regards,}
</pre></div>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cencl">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cencl">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cencl-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cencl-1">26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cencl"></span>
-<span id="index-enclosure-list"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cencl"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enclosure-list"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\encl{<var>first enclosed object</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\encl{<var class="var">first enclosed object</var> \\
... }
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
-optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>.
-Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
+optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code class="code">\closing</code>.
+Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\encl{License \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\encl{License \\
Passport}
</pre></div>
@@ -22949,59 +23088,59 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005clocation">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clocation">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005clocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clocation-1">26.5 <code class="code">\location</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005clocation"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clocation"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\location{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\location{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only
-appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
+<p>The <var class="var">text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only
+appears if the page style is <code class="code">firstpage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakelabels">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1">26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cmakelabels"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makelabels % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\makelabels % in preamble
</pre></div>
-<p>Optional, for a document that contains <code>letter</code> environments. If
-you just put <code>\makelabels</code> in the preamble then at the end of the
+<p>Optional, for a document that contains <code class="code">letter</code> environments. If
+you just put <code class="code">\makelabels</code> in the preamble then at the end of the
document you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one
for each letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off
address labels.
</p>
-<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>,
-<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> (and perhaps <code>\name</code>) in
-the preamble. The command <code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height,
+<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code class="code">\startlabels</code>,
+<code class="code">\mlabel</code>, and <code class="code">\returnaddress</code> (and perhaps <code class="code">\name</code>) in
+the preamble. The command <code class="code">\startlabels</code> sets the width, height,
number of columns, etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed.
-The command <code>\mlabel{<var>return address</var>}{<var>recipient
+The command <code class="code">\mlabel{<var class="var">return address</var>}{<var class="var">recipient
address</var>}</code> produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the
-<var>return address</var>) for each letter environment. The first argument,
-<var>return address</var>, is the value returned by the macro
-<code>\returnaddress</code>. The second argument, <var>recipient address</var>, is
-the value passed in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By
-default <code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>return
+<var class="var">return address</var>) for each letter environment. The first argument,
+<var class="var">return address</var>, is the value returned by the macro
+<code class="code">\returnaddress</code>. The second argument, <var class="var">recipient address</var>, is
+the value passed in the argument to the <code class="code">letter</code> environment. By
+default <code class="code">\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var class="var">return
address</var>, causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph.
</p>
<p>This illustrates customization. Its output includes a page with two
@@ -23008,7 +23147,7 @@
columns having two labels each.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter}
\renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{Fred McGuilicuddy \\
Oshkosh, Mineola 12305}
\newcommand*\originalMlabel{}
@@ -23033,30 +23172,30 @@
<p>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-envlab"></span>
-<span id="index-envlab-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-envlab"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-envlab-package"></a>
-<p>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
+<p>The package <code class="code">envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
-<code>\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}</code> and <code>\makelabels</code>
+<code class="code">\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}</code> and <code class="code">\makelabels</code>
are all that you need to print envelopes.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cname">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cname">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cname-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cname-1">26.7 <code class="code">\name</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cname"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cname"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\name{<var>name</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\name{<var class="var">name</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together
@@ -23065,72 +23204,72 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005copening">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005copening">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005copening-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copening-1">26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005copening"></span>
-<span id="index-letters_002c-starting"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copening"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\opening{<var>salutation</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\opening{<var class="var">salutation</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Required. Follows the <code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The argument
-<var>salutation</var> is mandatory. For instance:
+<p>Required. Follows the <code class="code">\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The argument
+<var class="var">salutation</var> is mandatory. For instance:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\opening{Dear John:}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\opening{Dear John:}
</pre></div>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cps">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cps">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cps-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cps"></span>
-<span id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></span>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cps-1">26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code></h3>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cps"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ps{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ps{<var class="var">text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after
-<code>\closing</code>.
+<code class="code">\closing</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
</pre></div>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005csignature">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csignature">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csignature-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csignature-1">26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\signature{<var>first line</var> \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{<var class="var">first line</var> \\
... }
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005csignature"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csignature"></a>
<p>The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -23138,53 +23277,53 @@
<p>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing.
LaTeX leaves some vertical space for a handwritten
signature. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash, <code>\\</code>. For example:
+backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
White House}
</pre></div>
-<p>LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text
-down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is
-six times <code>\medskipamount</code> (where <code>\medskipamount</code> is equal to
-a <code>\parskip</code>, which in turn is defined by default here to
-0.7em).
+<p>LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the <code class="code">\closing</code> text
+down to the <code class="code">\signature</code> text is <code class="code">6\medskipamount</code>, which is
+six times <code class="code">\medskipamount</code> (where <code class="code">\medskipamount</code> is equal to
+a <code class="code">\parskip</code>, which in turn is defined by default here to
+0.7<span class="dmn">em</span>).
</p>
<p>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in
the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
-<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>.
+<code class="code">letter</code> environment and before the <code class="code">\closing</code>.
</p>
<p>You can include a graphic in the signature as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
My name}
</pre></div>
-<p>For this you must put <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the preamble
-(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
+<p>For this you must put <code class="code">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the preamble
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctelephone">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone-1">26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ctelephone"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\telephone{<var>number</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\telephone{<var class="var">number</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, where
-it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code>
+it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code class="code">firstpage</code>
pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
</p>
@@ -23192,16 +23331,16 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Input_002foutput">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Input_002foutput-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</h2>
-<span id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></span>
-<span id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></span>
-<span id="index-input_002foutput"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002foutput"></a>
<p>LaTeX uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
@@ -23211,49 +23350,49 @@
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1"><code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2"><code>\read</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3"><code>\typein</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4"><code>\typeout</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5"><code>\write</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\read</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\typein</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\write</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1">27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005copenin"></span>
-<span id="index-_005copenout"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cclosein"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccloseout"></span>
-<span id="index-file_002c-opening"></span>
-<span id="index-file_002c-closing"></span>
-<span id="index-open-a-file"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenin"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenout"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclosein"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005ccloseout"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenin"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclosein"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccloseout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-opening"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-closing"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-open-a-file"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\openin <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\openout <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most engines,
-the <var>number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code>; in
-LuaLaTeX, <var>number</var> can be between 0 and 127.
+the <var class="var">number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code class="code">\openin3</code>; in
+LuaLaTeX, <var class="var">number</var> can be between 0 and 127.
</p>
-<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp>presidents.tex</samp> for reading.
+<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp class="file">presidents.tex</samp> for reading.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newread\presidentsfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newread\presidentsfile
\openin\presidentsfile=presidents
\typeout{presidentsfile is \the\presidentsfile}
\read\presidentsfile to\presidentline
@@ -23260,30 +23399,30 @@
\typeout{\presidentline}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0
-to 15 (there is also a <code>\newwrite</code>). The
-<code>\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still
-a number; the first <code>\typeout</code> gives something like
-‘<samp>presidentsfile is 1</samp>’. In addition, <code>\newread</code> keeps track of
+<p>The <code class="code">\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0
+to 15 (there is also a <code class="code">\newwrite</code>). The
+<code class="code">\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still
+a number; the first <code class="code">\typeout</code> gives something like
+‘<samp class="samp">presidentsfile is 1</samp>’. In addition, <code class="code">\newread</code> keeps track of
the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an error like
-‘<samp>! No room for a new \read</samp>’. The second <code>\typeout</code> gives the
-first line of the file, something like ‘<samp>1 Washington, George</samp>’.
+‘<samp class="samp">! No room for a new \read</samp>’. The second <code class="code">\typeout</code> gives the
+first line of the file, something like ‘<samp class="samp">1 Washington, George</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page
shipout. To change this, use
-<code>\immediate\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or
-<code>\immediate\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>.
+<code class="code">\immediate\openin <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var></code> or
+<code class="code">\immediate\openout <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var></code>.
</p>
-<p>Close files with <code>\closein <var>number</var></code> and
-<code>\closeout <var>number</var></code>.
+<p>Close files with <code class="code">\closein <var class="var">number</var></code> and
+<code class="code">\closeout <var class="var">number</var></code>.
</p>
<p>How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
-extension then TeX will add a <samp>.tex</samp>. This creates
-<samp>presidents.tex</samp>, writes one line to it, and closes it.
+extension then TeX will add a <samp class="file">.tex</samp>. This creates
+<samp class="file">presidents.tex</samp>, writes one line to it, and closes it.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newwrite\presidentsfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\presidentsfile
\openout\presidentsfile=presidents
\write\presidentsfile{1 Washington, George}
\closeout\presidentsfile
@@ -23290,8 +23429,8 @@
</pre></div>
<p>But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a
-<var>filename</var> of <samp>presidents.dat</samp> it could look first for
-<samp>presidents.dat.tex</samp> and later for <samp>presidents.dat</samp>, or it
+<var class="var">filename</var> of <samp class="file">presidents.dat</samp> it could look first for
+<samp class="file">presidents.dat.tex</samp> and later for <samp class="file">presidents.dat</samp>, or it
could do the opposite. Your distribution’s documentation should say
more, and if you find something that works for you then you are good,
but to ensure complete portability the best thing is to use file names
@@ -23299,42 +23438,42 @@
the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with
no dot or space.
</p>
-<p>For <code>\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give
+<p>For <code class="code">\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give
an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
-with <code>\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command
-<code>\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you
+with <code class="code">\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command
+<code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a class="pxref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you
try to use the same number twice, LaTeX won’t give you an error. If
-you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like ‘<samp>!
+you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like ‘<samp class="samp">!
Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cread">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cread">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cread-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cread-1">27.2 <code class="code">\read</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cread"></span>
-<span id="index-file_002c-reading"></span>
-<span id="index-read-a-file"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cread"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-reading"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-read-a-file"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\read <var>number</var> to<var>macro</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\read <var class="var">number</var> to<var class="var">macro</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Make the command <var>macro</var> contain the next line of input from text
-stream <var>number</var>, as in <code>\read5 to\data</code>.
+<p>Make the command <var class="var">macro</var> contain the next line of input from text
+stream <var class="var">number</var>, as in <code class="code">\read5 to\data</code>.
</p>
-<p>This opens the file <samp>email.tex</samp> for reading, puts the contents of
-the first line into the command <code>\email</code>, and then closes the file.
+<p>This opens the file <samp class="file">email.tex</samp> for reading, puts the contents of
+the first line into the command <code class="code">\email</code>, and then closes the file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newread\recipientfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newread\recipientfile
\openin\recipientfile=email
\read\recipientfile to\email
\typeout{Email address: \email}
@@ -23341,43 +23480,43 @@
\closein\recipientfile
</pre></div>
-<p>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file
-of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code>
+<p>If <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file
+of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code class="code">\read</code>
will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
-allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; see <a href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>).
+allowed, e.g., <code class="code">\nonstopmode</code>; see <a class="pxref" href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>).
(However, the natural way in LaTeX to take input from the terminal
-is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>.)
+is <code class="code">\typein</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypein"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>.)
</p>
<p>To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use
-<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>).
+<code class="code">\input</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>) or <code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span>
-<span id="index-datatool-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-datatool"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-datatool-package"></a>
-<span id="index-mail-merges"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mail-merges"></a>
<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
-CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>.
+CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code class="code">datatool</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctypein">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ctypein-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein-1">27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ctypein"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypein"></a>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>}
-\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>prompt-msg</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\typein{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>}
+\typein[<var class="var">cmd</var>]{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Print <var>prompt-msg</var> on the terminal and cause LaTeX to stop and
+<p>Print <var class="var">prompt-msg</var> on the terminal and cause LaTeX to stop and
wait for you to type a line of input. This line of input ends when you
hit the return key.
</p>
@@ -23384,30 +23523,30 @@
<p>For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:}
</pre></div>
<p>coupled with this command line interaction
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Enter student name:
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Enter student name:
\@typein=Aphra Behn
</pre></div>
-<p>gives the output ‘<samp>... never forget Aphra Behn</samp>’.
+<p>gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">... never forget Aphra Behn</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>The first command version, <code>\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>}</code>, causes
+<p>The first command version, <code class="code">\typein{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>}</code>, causes
the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the
-input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command.
+input file in place of the <code class="code">\typein</code> command.
</p>
-<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code><var>cmd</var></code>
+<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code class="code"><var class="var">cmd</var></code>
argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a
backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be
the input that you typed. For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:}
\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
</pre></div>
@@ -23414,91 +23553,91 @@
<p>gives this output on the command line,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Enter student name:
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Enter student name:
\student=John Dee
Recommendation for John Dee.
</pre></div>
-<p>where the user has entered ‘<samp>John Dee.</samp>’
+<p>where the user has entered ‘<samp class="samp">John Dee.</samp>’
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctypeout">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout-1">27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005ctypeout"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\typeout{<var class="var">msg</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Print <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file.
+<p>Print <code class="code">msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code class="code">log</code> file.
</p>
<p>This
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{John Dee}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\student}{John Dee}
\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
</pre></div>
-<p>outputs ‘<samp>Recommendation for John Dee</samp>’. Like what happens here with
-<code>\student</code>, commands that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
-<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
+<p>outputs ‘<samp class="samp">Recommendation for John Dee</samp>’. Like what happens here with
+<code class="code">\student</code>, commands that are defined with <code class="code">\newcommand</code> or
+<code class="code">\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cspace-2"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace-2"></a>
<p>LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the
-command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding
-spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with
-<code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code class="code">msg</code>. Use the
+command <code class="code">\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding
+spaces. Use <code class="code">^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with
+<code class="code">\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</p>
<p>This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{\jhlength}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\jhlength}
\setlength{\jhlength}{5pt}
\typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces on the command line ‘<samp>The length is 5.0pt</samp>’.
+<p>produces on the command line ‘<samp class="samp">The length is 5.0pt</samp>’.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite-1">27.5 <code class="code">\write</code></h3>
-<span id="index-_005cwrite"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\write <var>number</var>{<var>string</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\write <var class="var">number</var>{<var class="var">string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
-opened by <code>\openout</code>. For instance, <code>\write6</code> writes to text
+<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
+opened by <code class="code">\openout</code>. For instance, <code class="code">\write6</code> writes to text
stream number 6.
</p>
-<p>If the following appears in <samp><var>basefile</var>.tex</samp> then it opens
-<samp><var>basefile</var>.jh</samp>, writes ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ and a newline to
+<p>If the following appears in <samp class="file"><var class="var">basefile</var>.tex</samp> then it opens
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">basefile</var>.jh</samp>, writes ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’ and a newline to
it, and closes that file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newwrite\myfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\myfile
\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
...
\immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!}
@@ -23506,141 +23645,141 @@
\immediate\closeout\myfile
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cnewwrite"></span>
-<p>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
-name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
-\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp>stream 3</samp>’.
-Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
-name. TeX ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewwrite"></a>
+<p>The <code class="code">\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
+name to make life easier, so that <code class="code">stream
+\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp class="samp">stream 3</samp>’.
+Then <code class="code">\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
+name. TeX ultimately executed <code class="code">\write3</code> which puts the string
in the file.
</p>
-<span id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></span>
-<span id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></span>
-<p>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></a>
+<p>Typically <var class="var">number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically
LaTeX authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
-by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
+by the system. If <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
if it is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes
-<var>string</var> to the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in
-addition LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the terminal.
+<var class="var">string</var> to the log file. If <var class="var">number</var> is positive then in
+addition LaTeX writes <var class="var">string</var> to the terminal.
</p>
-<p>Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’
-followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code>
-command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code>
-puts the same in the log file but also puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’
+<p>Thus, <code class="code">test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’
+followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code class="code">\wlog</code>
+command does; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwlog"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>). And <code class="code">\write100{Hello World!}</code>
+puts the same in the log file but also puts ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’
followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
-special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
+special as <var class="var">number</var>; see below.)
</p>
-<span id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></a>
<p>In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
-(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></span>
-<p>Use <code>\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the current
-<samp>.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></a>
+<p>Use <code class="code">\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>}</code> to write to the current
+<samp class="file">.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or
with the current include file; and use
-<code>\write\@mainaux{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the main
-<samp>.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
+<code class="code">\write\@mainaux{<var class="var">string</var>}</code> to write to the main
+<samp class="file">.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
</p>
-<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var>string</var> to the file right
-away. This is because, for example, you may need <code>\write</code> to
+<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var class="var">string</var> to the file right
+away. This is because, for example, you may need <code class="code">\write</code> to
save the current page number, but when TeX comes across a
-<code>\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is,
-since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code>\write</code>
+<code class="code">\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is,
+since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code class="code">\write</code>
in one of three contexts:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %1
-\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %2
-\protected at write\@auxout{}{<var>string</var>} %3
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>} %1
+\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>} %2
+\protected at write\@auxout{}{<var class="var">string</var>} %3
</pre></div>
-<ol>
-<li> <span id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></span>
-With the first, LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
-Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
-<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
-<code>toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of
-<code>##</code>).
+<ol class="enumerate">
+<li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></a>
+With the first, LaTeX writes <var class="var">string</var> to the file immediately.
+Any macros in <var class="var">string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
+<code class="code">\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code class="code">\noexpand</code>,
+<code class="code">toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code class="code">#</code> instead of
+<code class="code">##</code>).
-</li><li> <span id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></span>
-<span id="index-whatsit-item"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></span>
-With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
+</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-whatsit-item"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></a>
+With the second, <var class="var">string</var> is stored on the current list of things
(as a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out
-and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
-<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
+and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code class="code">\shipout</code>. At
+<code class="code">\shipout</code>, <var class="var">string</var> is fully expanded.
-</li><li> <span id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></span>
-The third, <code>\protected at write</code>, is like the second except that
-you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
+</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></a>
+The third, <code class="code">\protected at write</code>, is like the second except that
+you can use <code class="code">\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
macros protected or to have some other special definition for the
write.
</li></ol>
-<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code>\write</code>, <var>string</var> here
-contains a control sequence <code>\triplex</code> which we’ve defined to be
-the text ‘<samp>XYZ</samp>’:
+<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code class="code">\write</code>, <var class="var">string</var> here
+contains a control sequence <code class="code">\triplex</code> which we’ve defined to be
+the text ‘<samp class="samp">XYZ</samp>’:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
\newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
</pre></div>
-<p>This results in the file <samp>test.jh</samp> containing the text
-‘<samp>test XYZtest</samp>’ followed by a newline.
+<p>This results in the file <samp class="file">test.jh</samp> containing the text
+‘<samp class="samp">test XYZtest</samp>’ followed by a newline.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></span>
-<p>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
-<code>\write</code>’s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
-to 15 described above, in Plain TeX <code>\write16</code> and
-<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></a>
+<p>The cases where <var class="var">number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
+<code class="code">\write</code>’s behavior when <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0
+to 15 described above, in Plain TeX <code class="code">\write16</code> and
+<code class="code">\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
terminal; however, in LaTeX, the natural way to do that is with
-<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
+<code class="code">\typeout</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>). The <code class="code">\write18</code> command is
even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to
-the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>).
+the operating system (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
-<span id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
-<p>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
-newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></a>
+<p>Ordinarily <code class="code">\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
+newline with <code class="code">^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
file:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-answers"></span>
-<span id="index-answers-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-answers"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-answers-package"></a>
<p>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
-packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>.
+packages for this; one is <code class="code">answers</code>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1"><code>\write</code> and security</a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2"><code>\message</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3"><code>\wlog</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4"><code>\write18</code></a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\message</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\write18</code></a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1">27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security</h4>
-<span id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></a>
<p>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you
@@ -23648,56 +23787,56 @@
</p>
<p>Thus, by default TeX systems only allow you to open files for
writing that are in the current directory or output directory, if
-specified (see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of
+specified (see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of
those. So, this code
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
</pre></div>
<p>gives an error like:
</p><div class="example">
-<pre class="example">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
+<pre class="example-preformatted">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></a>
<p>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
-<code>\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open
-<samp>../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included
+<code class="code">\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open
+<samp class="file">../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included
files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmessage">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage-1">27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cmessage"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmessage"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\message{<var>string</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\message{<var class="var">string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
+<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
</p>
-<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). It
-allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
-<var>string</var> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a
-newline at the end of <var>string</var> while <code>\message</code> does not, so
+<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code class="code">\typeout</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>). It
+allows you to use <code class="code">\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
+<var class="var">string</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). But <code class="code">\typeout</code> always inserts a
+newline at the end of <var class="var">string</var> while <code class="code">\message</code> does not, so
the latter can be useful.
</p>
<p>With this example document body.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
</pre></div>
@@ -23705,28 +23844,28 @@
both the terminal and the log file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">One Two Three Four
+<pre class="example-preformatted">One Two Three Four
I declare a thumb war.
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
-between ‘<samp>before</samp>’ and ‘<samp>After</samp>’ will be a single space (from
-the end of line following ‘<samp>I}</samp>’).
+<p>The <code class="code">^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
+between ‘<samp class="samp">before</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">After</samp>’ will be a single space (from
+the end of line following ‘<samp class="samp">I}</samp>’).
</p>
-<p>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a
+<p>While <code class="code">\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a
gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts
line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this
-document body, where the ‘<samp>Two</samp>’ has moved, to the one given above.
+document body, where the ‘<samp class="samp">Two</samp>’ has moved, to the one given above.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
</pre></div>
<p>This can happen: when LaTeX is outputting the messages to the
-terminal, now the message with ‘<samp>One</samp>’ is shorter and it fits at the
+terminal, now the message with ‘<samp class="samp">One</samp>’ is shorter and it fits at the
end of the output terminal line, and so LaTeX breaks the line between
-it and the ‘<samp>Two Three</samp>’. That line break appears also in the log
+it and the ‘<samp class="samp">Two Three</samp>’. That line break appears also in the log
file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length
of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted
lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring
@@ -23735,33 +23874,33 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwlog">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog-1">27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cwlog"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwlog"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\wlog{<var>string</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{<var class="var">string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file.
+<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
\wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.}
</pre></div>
-<p>Ordinarily <var>string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use
-<code>^^J</code> to insert a newline.
+<p>Ordinarily <var class="var">string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use
+<code class="code">^^J</code> to insert a newline.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.}
\wlog{The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.}
</pre></div>
@@ -23768,23 +23907,23 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite18">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18-1">27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_005cwrite18"></span>
-<span id="index-external-commands"></span>
-<span id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
-<span id="index-shell-access"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-external-commands"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-access"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
@@ -23791,45 +23930,45 @@
runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that
finishes.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></span>
-<span id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></a>
<p>This sequence (on Unix)
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\newcommand{\fignum}{1}
\immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum}
-\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
+\includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf}
</pre></div>
-<p>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>,
+<p>will run Asymptote (the <code class="code">asy</code> program) on <samp class="file">pix/figure1.asy</samp>,
so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX
-expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is
-replaced by ‘<samp>1</samp>’.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>). Like any <code class="code">\write</code>, here LaTeX
+expands macros in <var class="var">shell_command</var> so that <code class="code">\fignum</code> is
+replaced by ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start
-of each LaTeX run (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including
-<code>\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the
-file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root
-file unless the <code>--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line,
+of each LaTeX run (see <a class="pxref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including
+<code class="code">\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the
+file. Note that <code class="code">\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root
+file unless the <code class="code">--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line,
in which case this is the option argument.
</p>
<p>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory (but see <code>texosquery</code> below):
+in the current directory (but see <code class="code">texosquery</code> below):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
\input{tmp.dat}
</pre></div>
-<p>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
+<p>The standard behavior of any <code class="code">\write</code> is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
-<code>\immediate\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>.
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite"><code class="code">\write</code></a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
+<code class="code">\immediate\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>}</code>.
</p>
<p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside
a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
@@ -23836,52 +23975,52 @@
commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell
access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are
-safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
-(see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
+safe, by compiling with <code class="code">latex --enable-write18 <var class="var">filename</var></code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code class="code">--shell-escape</code> option is
a synonym, in TeX Live.)
</p>
-<span id="index-restricted-shell-access"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-restricted-shell-access"></a>
<p>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
-the <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed
+the <code class="code">enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed
commands is short and features only commands that are under the
-control of the distribution maintainers (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
+control of the distribution maintainers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
-<span id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
-<span id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
-<span id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></span>
-<p>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp>/bin/sh</samp> on
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></a>
+<p>The <var class="var">shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp class="file">/bin/sh</samp> on
Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
-<samp>cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
-the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
+<samp class="file">cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
+the <code class="code">SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></span>
-<span id="index-texosquery-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texosquery-package"></a>
-<span id="index-system-information"></span>
-<span id="index-operating-system-information"></span>
-<span id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></span>
-<span id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-information"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-operating-system-information"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></a>
<p>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
-<code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+<code class="code">texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure
interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
-<code>\write18</code>: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>.
+<code class="code">\write18</code>: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-shellesc"></span>
-<span id="index-shellesc-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-shellesc"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shellesc-package"></a>
-<span id="index-_005cShellEscape"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"></span>
-<p>LaTeX provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
-<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
-<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all TeX engines;
-LuaTeX intentionally did not retain <code>\write18</code> as a way to
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cShellEscape"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"></a>
+<p>LaTeX provides a package <code class="code">shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
+<code class="code">\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
+<code class="code">\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all TeX engines;
+LuaTeX intentionally did not retain <code class="code">\write18</code> as a way to
invoke a shell command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The
-<code>shellesc</code> package also provides a command
-<code>\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code>\output</code> time, for the
+<code class="code">shellesc</code> package also provides a command
+<code class="code">\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code class="code">\output</code> time, for the
same reason.
</p>
@@ -23889,40 +24028,40 @@
</div>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Command-line-interface">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Command-line-interface-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">28 Command line interface</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</h2>
-<span id="Command-line"></span><span id="index-command-line-interface"></span>
-<span id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></span>
-<span id="index-CLI"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="Command-line"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-line-interface"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CLI"></a>
<p>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Run LaTeX on <var>argument</var>. In place of <code>pdflatex</code> you
-can also use (for PDF output) <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code>, or
-(for DVI output) <code>latex</code> or <code>dvilualatex</code>, among others
-(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+<p>Run LaTeX on <var class="var">argument</var>. In place of <code class="command">pdflatex</code> you
+can also use (for PDF output) <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="code">lualatex</code>, or
+(for DVI output) <code class="code">latex</code> or <code class="code">dvilualatex</code>, among others
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
-<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp>thesis.tex</samp>,
-creating the output <samp>thesis.pdf</samp>.
+<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp class="file">thesis.tex</samp>,
+creating the output <samp class="file">thesis.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex thesis
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex thesis
</pre></div>
-<p><span id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></span>
-Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file name extension.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
+<p>Note that <samp class="file">.tex</samp> is the default file name extension.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX is an extension of the original TeX program, as are
-XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). The first two are
+XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). The first two are
completely backward compatible and the latter, almost so. Perhaps the
most fundamental new feature for all three is that the original TeX
output its own DVI format, while the newer ones can output directly to
@@ -23929,29 +24068,29 @@
PDF. This allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF
such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and
PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run
-<code>pdflatex</code> or <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> then you
+<code class="command">pdflatex</code> or <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="command">lualatex</code> then you
will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features.
-If you run <code>latex</code>, or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get
-DVI. The description here assumes pdfLaTeX.
+If you run <code class="command">latex</code>, or <code class="command">dvilualatex</code>, then you will get
+DVI. The description here assumes <code class="command">pdflatex</code>.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful
-command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it
+<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful
+command line options. As to <var class="var">argument</var>, the usual case is that it
does not begin with a backslash, so the system takes it to be the name
-of a file and it compiles that file. If <var>argument</var> begins with a
+of a file and it compiles that file. If <var class="var">argument</var> begins with a
backslash then the system will interpret it as a line of LaTeX
-input, which can be used for special effects (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>).
+input, which can be used for special effects (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>).
</p>
-<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code>pdflatex</code> prompts for
+<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code class="command">pdflatex</code> prompts for
input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
-<kbd>CTRL-D</kbd>.
+<kbd class="kbd">CTRL-D</kbd>.
</p>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
-asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what
+asks you about it. See <a class="xref" href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what
to do.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
+<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></li>
<li><a href="#Jobname" accesskey="3">Jobname</a></li>
@@ -23958,128 +24097,128 @@
<li><a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="4">Recovering from errors</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="Command-line-options">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Command-line-options">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Command-line-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-options-1">28.1 Command line options</h3>
-<span id="index-options_002c-command-line"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-command-line"></a>
<p>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
-authoring. For a full list, try running ‘<samp>latex --help</samp>’ from the
+authoring. For a full list, try running ‘<samp class="samp">latex --help</samp>’ from the
command line.
</p>
<p>With many implementations you can specify command line options by
-prefixing them with ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--</samp>’. This is the case for both
+prefixing them with ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">--</samp>’. This is the case for both
TeX Live (including MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both
conventions interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be
-specified either as a separate argument (‘<samp>--foo val</samp>’), or as one
-argument with an ‘<samp>=</samp>’ sign (‘<samp>--foo=val</samp>’), but there can be no
-spaces around the ‘<samp>=</samp>’. We will generally use the ‘<samp>=</samp>’ syntax.
+specified either as a separate argument (‘<samp class="samp">--foo val</samp>’), or as one
+argument with an ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’ sign (‘<samp class="samp">--foo=val</samp>’), but there can be no
+spaces around the ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’. We will generally use the ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’ syntax.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<dl class="table">
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-version</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Show the current version, like ‘<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
+<dt><code class="code">-version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Show the current version, like ‘<samp class="samp">pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp>’ along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-help</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">-help</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
-<span id="interaction-modes"></span><span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="interaction-modes"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code><a href='#index-batchmode' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-scrollmode"></span>
-<span id="index-errorstopmode"></span>
-<span id="index-nonstopmode"></span>
+<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code class="code">-interaction=<var class="var">mode</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-batchmode'> ¶</a></span></dt>
+<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scrollmode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-errorstopmode"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-nonstopmode"></a>
<p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
-<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
-<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX
-stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batchmode</em>
+<code class="code">batchmode</code>, <code class="code">nonstopmode</code>, <code class="code">scrollmode</code>,
+<code class="code">errorstopmode</code>. In <em class="dfn">errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX
+stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em class="dfn">batchmode</em>
it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user
-hit <kbd>RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to
-abort. In <em>nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal
+hit <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to
+abort. In <em class="dfn">nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal
but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
-<em>scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard
+<em class="dfn">scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard
input, but nothing else.
</p>
<p>For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex -interaction=batchmode <var>filename</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex -interaction=batchmode <var class="var">filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>eliminates most terminal output.
</p>
-<span id="index-jobname"></span>
-<span id="index-filename-for-current-job"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filename-for-current-job"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <em>jobname</em> to the string. The log file
-and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
-<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.
+<dt><code class="code">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <em class="dfn">jobname</em> to the string. The log file
+and output file will then be named <samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.log</samp> and
+<samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.
</p>
-<span id="output-directory"></span><span id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="anchor" id="output-directory"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
+<dt><code class="code">-output-directory=<var class="var">directory</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var class="var">directory</var>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such
-as the <samp>.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp>.aux</samp>, <samp>.toc</samp>,
-etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp>.pdf</samp> or
-<samp>.dvi</samp> output file itself.
+as the <samp class="file">.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp class="file">.aux</samp>, <samp class="file">.toc</samp>,
+etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> or
+<samp class="file">.dvi</samp> output file itself.
</p>
-<p>When specified, the output directory <var>directory</var> is also
+<p>When specified, the output directory <var class="var">directory</var> is also
automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that the
external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also
checked for input files.
</p>
-<span id="index-shell-escape"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-escape"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>--enable-write18</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>--disable-write18</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>--shell-escape</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>--no-shell-escape</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>). The first two options are supported by both
+<dt><code class="code">--enable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">--disable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">--shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable <code class="code">\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>}</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>). The first two options are supported by both
TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported
by TeX Live.
</p>
<p>Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it
allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
-default, unrestricted <code>\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default
+default, unrestricted <code class="code">\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default
for TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of
a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
</p>
<p>For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option
-<code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call
-<code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
-file says ‘<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’.
+<code class="code">no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call
+<code class="code">\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
+file says ‘<samp class="samp">runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-halt-on-error</code></span></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">-halt-on-error</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><span><code>-file-line-error</code></span></dt>
-<dt><span><code>-no-file-line-error</code></span></dt>
-<dd><p>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
+<dt><code class="code">-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dt><code class="code">-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable <code class="code"><var class="var">filename</var>:<var class="var">lineno</var>:<var class="var">error</var></code>-style
error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -24087,33 +24226,33 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Command-line-input">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Command-line-input">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Command-line-input-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-input-1">28.2 Command line input</h3>
-<span id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a>
<p>As part of the command line invocation
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example"><var>latex-engine</var> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
+<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">latex-engine</var> <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var>
</pre></div>
<p>you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting
-<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
+<var class="var">argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
allows you to do some special effects.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-4"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package-4"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-4"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-4"></a>
<p>For example, this file (which uses the
-<code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
+<code class="code">hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
\newcommand{\urlcolor}{black}
\else
\newcommand{\urlcolor}{blue}
@@ -24124,12 +24263,12 @@
...
</pre></div>
-<p>Compiling this document <samp>book.tex</samp> with the command line
-<code>pdflatex book</code> will give the ‘<samp>CTAN</samp>’ link in blue. But
+<p>Compiling this document <samp class="file">book.tex</samp> with the command line
+<code class="code">pdflatex book</code> will give the ‘<samp class="samp">CTAN</samp>’ link in blue. But
compiling it with
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex"
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex"
</pre></div>
<p>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent
@@ -24138,24 +24277,24 @@
peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if
need be.)
</p>
-<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp>main.tex</samp> you can compile
+<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp class="file">main.tex</samp> you can compile
two different versions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}"
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}"
pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}"
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the
-first. (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.)
+<p>The <code class="code">jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
+called <samp class="file">main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the
+first. (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.)
</p>
<p>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
-document to include. For a book named <samp>mybook.tex</samp> and structured
+document to include. For a book named <samp class="file">mybook.tex</samp> and structured
like this.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book}
\begin{document}
...
\include{chap1}
@@ -24167,127 +24306,127 @@
<p>the command line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}"
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}"
</pre></div>
<p>will give output that has the first chapter but no other
-chapter. See <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>.
+chapter. See <a class="xref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Jobname">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Jobname">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Jobname-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.3 Jobname</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Jobname-1">28.3 Jobname</h3>
-<span id="index-_005cjobname"></span>
-<span id="index-jobname-1"></span>
-<span id="index-document-root-name"></span>
-<span id="index-name-of-document-root"></span>
-<span id="index-root-file-1"></span>
-<span id="index-file_002c-root-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cjobname"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-root-name"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-name-of-document-root"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-root-file-1"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-root-1"></a>
<p>Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
-so-called <em>jobname</em>. The most common case is also the simplest,
-where for instance the command <code>pdflatex thesis</code> creates
-<code>thesis.pdf</code> and also <code>thesis.log</code> and <code>thesis.aux</code>.
-Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
+so-called <em class="dfn">jobname</em>. The most common case is also the simplest,
+where for instance the command <code class="code">pdflatex thesis</code> creates
+<code class="code">thesis.pdf</code> and also <code class="code">thesis.log</code> and <code class="code">thesis.aux</code>.
+Here the job name is <code class="code">thesis</code>.
</p>
-<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
-<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
-<code>pdflatex</code>, <code>lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
-If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
-with <code>thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file
-to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em>root
-file</em> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>). The name of
-that root file, without the <samp>.tex</samp> extension if any, is the
-jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is
-in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command,
-and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>.
+<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code class="code"><var class="var">latex-engine</var>
+<var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var></code>, where <var class="var">latex-engine</var> is
+<code class="command">pdflatex</code>, <code class="command">lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+If <var class="var">argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
+with <code class="code">thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file
+to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em class="dfn">root
+file</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>). The name of
+that root file, without the <samp class="file">.tex</samp> extension if any, is the
+jobname. If <var class="var">argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is
+in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code class="code">\input</code> command,
+and the jobname is the argument to <code class="code">\input</code>.
</p>
<p>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
-specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
--jobname=myname</code> (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example).
+specified with the <code class="code">-jobname</code> option, as in <code class="code">pdflatex
+-jobname=myname</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example).
</p>
-<span id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></span>
-<span id="index-fallback-jobname"></span>
-<p>The final possibility is <samp>texput</samp>, which is the final fallback
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fallback-jobname"></a>
+<p>The final possibility is <samp class="file">texput</samp>, which is the final fallback
default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no
-<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
+<code class="code">-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
any input file is met, then the log file will be named
-<samp>texput.log</samp>.
+<samp class="file">texput.log</samp>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></a>
<p>A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately)
-2020 or later, the jobname is also <samp>texput</samp> if the first
-<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
-<code>\documentclass</code> or <code>\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce
-a file named <samp>texput.pdf</samp>:
+2020 or later, the jobname is also <samp class="file">texput</samp> if the first
+<code class="code">\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
+<code class="code">\documentclass</code> or <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce
+a file named <samp class="file">texput.pdf</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}"
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}"
</pre></div>
<p>However, this special case only applies to those two commands. Thus, with
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}"
+<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}"
</pre></div>
-<p>the output file is <samp>lipsum.pdf</samp>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls
-<code>\input</code>.
+<p>the output file is <samp class="file">lipsum.pdf</samp>, as <code class="code">\usepackage</code> calls
+<code class="code">\input</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cjobname-1"></span>
-<p>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cjobname-1"></a>
+<p>Within the document, the macro <code class="code">\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
(When you run LaTeX on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
-returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
+returned by <code class="code">\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
catcode 12 (other) except that spaces are category 10,
including letters that are normally catcode 11.
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-xstring"></span>
-<span id="index-xstring-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xstring"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xstring-package"></a>
<p>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro
-<code>\IfBeginWith</code> from the <samp>xstring</samp> package in its star
+<code class="code">\IfBeginWith</code> from the <samp class="file">xstring</samp> package in its star
variant, which is insensitive to catcode. For example, in the
following text the footnote “Including Respublica Bananensis
Francorum.” is only present if the task name starts with
-<samp>my-doc</samp>.
+<samp class="file">my-doc</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
+<pre class="example-preformatted">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}%
{\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are
democracies.
</pre></div>
-<p>Manipulating the value of <code>\jobname</code> inside of a document does not
+<p>Manipulating the value of <code class="code">\jobname</code> inside of a document does not
change the name of the output file or the log file.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Recovering-from-errors">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Jobname</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Recovering-from-errors-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors-1">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
-message and prompts you with a question mark, <code>?</code>. For instance,
+message and prompts you with a question mark, <code class="code">?</code>. For instance,
running LaTeX on this file
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}
+<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}
The \PN{} problem is a million dollar one.
</pre></div>
@@ -24294,30 +24433,30 @@
<p>causes it show this, and wait for input.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">! Undefined control sequence.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">! Undefined control sequence.
l.5 The \PN
{} problem is a million dollar one.
?
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>x</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> and fix the
-typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd class="kbd">x</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> and fix the
+typo. You could instead enter <kbd class="kbd">?</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002a-prompt"></span>
-<span id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cstop"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstop"></a>
<p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
-include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
-LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command
-line by typing <kbd>\stop</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd>; this command does its
+include the <code class="code">\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
+LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command
+line by typing <kbd class="kbd">\stop</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd>; this command does its
best to exit LaTeX immediately, whatever state it may be in.
</p>
<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
-instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
+instead of <code class="code">pdflatex test</code> you might type <code class="code">pdflatex tste</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">! I can't find file `tste'.
+<pre class="example-preformatted">! I can't find file `tste'.
<*> tste
(Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
@@ -24324,7 +24463,7 @@
Please type another input file name:
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd class="kbd">CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d
keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</p>
@@ -24331,43 +24470,43 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="appendix" id="Document-templates">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Document-templates">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Document-templates-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
+<h2 class="appendix" id="Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
-<span id="index-document-templates"></span>
-<span id="index-templates_002c-document"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-templates"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-templates_002c-document"></a>
<p>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
-<a href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
+<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
-<ul class="section-toc">
-<li><a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1"><code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
-<li><a href="#article-template" accesskey="2"><code>article</code> template</a></li>
-<li><a href="#book-template" accesskey="3"><code>book</code> template</a></li>
-<li><a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+<ul class="mini-toc">
+<li><a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#article-template" accesskey="2"><code class="code">article</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#book-template" accesskey="3"><code class="code">book</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<div class="section" id="beamer-template">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="beamer-template">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="beamer-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="beamer-template-1">A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template</h3>
-<span id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></span>
-<span id="index-template_002c-beamer"></span>
-<span id="index-package_002c-beamer"></span>
-<span id="index-beamer-package"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-beamer"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-beamer"></a>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer-package"></a>
-<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
+<p>The <code class="code">beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer}
@@ -24392,19 +24531,19 @@
\end{document}
</pre>
-<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>.
+<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="article-template">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="article-template">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="article-template-1">A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template</h3>
-<span id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></a>
<p>A simple template for an article.
</p>
@@ -24429,16 +24568,16 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="book-template">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="book-template">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="book-template-1">A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template</h3>
-<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book"></a>
-<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for a more elaborate one.
+<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for a more elaborate one.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -24461,31 +24600,31 @@
<hr>
</div>
-<div class="section" id="Larger-book-template">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="section-level-extent" id="Larger-book-template">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<h3 class="section" id="Larger-book-template-1">A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</h3>
-<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span>
+<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book-1"></a>
-<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a href="#book-template"><code>book</code> template</a>,
+<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a class="xref" href="#book-template"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>,
for a simpler one.
</p>
-<p>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and
-<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
-of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>). The
+<p>This template uses <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, and
+<code class="code">\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
+of a book (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>). The
book has a bibliography and an index.
</p>
-<p>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
-(see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you
+<p>Also notable is that it uses <code class="code">\include</code> and <code class="code">\includeonly</code>
+(see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you
can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing
+<code class="code">\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing
any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
-need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
-<code>\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with
-<code>\input</code>.)
+need to come on a new page is brought in with <code class="code">\input</code> instead of
+<code class="code">\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with
+<code class="code">\input</code>.)
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -24529,2694 +24668,2727 @@
<hr>
</div>
</div>
-<div class="unnumbered" id="Index">
-<div class="header">
+<div class="unnumbered-level-extent" id="Index">
+<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
+<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1">Index</h2>
-<span id="Command-Index"></span>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<a class="anchor" id="Command-Index"></a>
+<div class="printindex cp-printindex">
+<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
-<table class="index-cp" border="0">
-<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th class="sections-header-printindex"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="roman">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="r">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">&</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026-for-table-cells"><code>& <span class="roman">for table cells</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"><code>& <span class="r">(for table cells)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">‘<samp>*</samp>’, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’, to <code class="code">\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class='math'>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class="math">-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp>.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="r">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp class="file">.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp class="file">.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp class="file">.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="r">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-for-math"><code>: <span class="roman">for math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"><code>: <span class="r">(for math)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"><code>[...] <span class="r">(for optional arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\ <!-- /@w --> <span class="roman">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\<</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="roman">(å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="roman">(Å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="roman">(æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="roman">(Æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="roman">(ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="roman">(Ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="roman"> macro from <samp>xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="roman">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="roman">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code>\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="roman">(ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="roman">(Ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l at chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l at section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l at subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code>\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="roman">(ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="roman">(Ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="roman">(œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="roman">(Œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected at write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="roman">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<tt class="key">SPACE</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<span class="key">SPACE</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="roman">(ß)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="roman">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<tt class="key">TAB</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="roman">(þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="roman">(Þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code>\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="roman">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-letters"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for letters</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>tabular</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-verse"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>verse</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\ <!-- /@w --> <span class="r">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="r">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="r">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="r">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="r">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\<</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="r">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="r">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="r">(å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="r">(Å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="r">(æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="r">(Æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\and <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="r">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="r">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigl"><code>\bigl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigr"><code>\bigr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip-1"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="r">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="r">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="r">(ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="r">(Ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-1"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-2"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsb"><code>\dotsb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsc"><code>\dotsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsi"><code>\dotsi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="r">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="r">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="r">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="r">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="r">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chphantom"><code>\hphantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="r">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="r"> macro from <samp class="file">xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="r">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="r">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="r">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code class="code">\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="r">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="r">(ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="r">(Ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l at chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l at section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l at subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother-1"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="r">(for <code class="code">picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedbreak"><code>\medbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip-1"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="r">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="r">(ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="r">(Ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="r">(œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="r">(Œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphantom"><code>\phantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected at write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="r">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="r">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewcommand"><code>\renewcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="r">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallbreak"><code>\smallbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip-1"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="r">(ß)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="r">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbf"><code>\symbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbfit"><code>\symbfit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="r">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="r">(þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="r">(Þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="r">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvphantom"><code>\vphantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="r">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code class="code">\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code class="code">\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="r">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushleft</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for letters)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">tabular</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">verse</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\title</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(force line break)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="r">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="r">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="roman">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="r">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code class="code">^^J</code>, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="roman">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="r">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"><code>{...} <span class="r">(for required arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code>adjustbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code>amscd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code>answers</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code>appendix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using">arguments, optional, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-package"><code>array</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code class="code">adjustbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code class="code">algorithm2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="r">environment, from <code class="code">amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code class="code">amscd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="r">package, replacing <code class="code">eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code class="code">answers</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code class="code">appendix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using">arguments, optional, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-package"><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code>beamer</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code>bigfoot</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences">blanks, after control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code>bm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-badness">badness</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code class="code">beamer</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code class="code">beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code class="code">bigfoot</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences">blanks, after control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code class="code">bm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code>caption</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code>center</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code>cm-super</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code>comprehensive</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-sequences">control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-symbol_002c-defined">control symbol, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-word_002c-defined">control word, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code class="code">caption</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code class="code">center</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="r">option to <code class="code">slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code class="code">cm-super</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code class="code">comprehensive</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-sequences">control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-symbol_002c-defined">control symbol, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-word_002c-defined">control word, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code>datatool</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today’s</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code>dcolumn</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code class="code">datatool</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today’s</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code class="code">datetime</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code class="code">dcolumn</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code class="code">description</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code class="code">document</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>description</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>document</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>figure</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>letter</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>list</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verse</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code class="code">enumerate</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">array</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">center</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">description</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">document</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">figure</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">letter</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">list</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">picture</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">table</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verse</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code class="code">envlab</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code class="code">eqnarray</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code class="code">etoolbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code>fontspec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code class="code">figure</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents*</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code class="code">flafter</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-package"><code class="code">float</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code class="code">flushleft</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code class="code">flushright</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package-1"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">force</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code>graphpap</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code>grfext</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code class="code">graphpap</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code class="code">grfext</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-package"><code class="code">index</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code class="code">itemize</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman at tug.org">latexrefman at tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code>latexsym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code>letter</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code>list</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code>lmodern</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman at tug.org">latexrefman at tug.org</a> <span class="r">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code class="code">latexsym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code class="code">letter</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code class="code">list</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code class="code">lmodern</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code>MetaPost</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code class="code">macros2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code class="code">makeidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code class="command">makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathematics_002c-boldface">mathematics, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code class="code">MetaPost</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code class="code">mfirstuc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code class="code">mhchem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code class="code">minipage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code class="code">multind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code class="code">\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-checking">new command, checking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">noheader</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">nosearch</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using">optional arguments, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using">optional arguments, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">overwrite</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>abstract</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amscd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>answers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cm-super</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datatool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>graphpap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>grfext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>latexsym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>lmodern</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>pict2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>shellesc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>texosquery</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xstring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting">parameters, substituting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp>*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code>PSTricks</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amscd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">answers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">array</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cm-super</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datatool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datetime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">float</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">graphpap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">grfext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">latexsym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">lmodern</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mhchem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">pict2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">shellesc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">texosquery</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xstring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting">parameters, substituting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code class="code">pict2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code class="code">picture</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code class="code">PSTricks</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code class="code">quotation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code class="code">quote</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-a-command">redefining a command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-a-command">redefining a command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="roman">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code>shellesc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code>sloppypar</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code>suffix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code class="code">setspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="r">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code class="code">shellesc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code class="code">showidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code class="code">sloppypar</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code class="code">suffix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code>tablefootnote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code>article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code>texosquery</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="roman">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code>theindex</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code>tikz-cd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code>tocbibbind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today’s date</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code class="code">tabbing</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code class="code">table</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code class="code">tablefootnote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code class="code">tabular</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code class="code">article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code class="code">texosquery</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="r">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code class="code">textcase</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code class="code">textcomp</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code class="code">thebibliography</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code class="code">theindex</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code class="code">theorem</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code class="code">tikz-cd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code class="code">titlepage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code class="code">tocbibbind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today’s date</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code>unicode-math</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-package"><code>url</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code class="code">ulem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-url-package"><code class="code">url</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code>verbatimbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code>verse</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code class="code">verbatim</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code class="code">verbatimbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code class="code">verse</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code>xr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code>xr-hyper</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code>xstring</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code class="code">xr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code class="code">xr-hyper</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code class="code">xspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code class="code">xstring</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
+</div>
</div>
</div>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2022-12-26 23:41:57 UTC (rev 1140)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2023-01-10 23:19:31 UTC (rev 1141)
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from
+This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.0.1 from
latex2e.texi.
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of May 2022.
+preparation system, version of January 2023.
- This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
+ This manual was originally translated from ‘LATEX.HLP’ v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The LaTeX 2.09 version was
written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this
by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions,
-and gratefully acknowledges using 'Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by
-Sheldon Green, and 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway
-and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as 'TeXniques'
+and gratefully acknowledges using ‘Hypertext Help with LaTeX’, by
+Sheldon Green, and ‘LaTeX Command Summary’ (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway
+and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as ‘TeXniques’
number 10), as reference material. We also gratefully acknowledge
additional material appearing in latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert
Dietze. (From these references no text was directly copied.)
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2022)
-for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January
+2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
* Menu:
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
-* Letters:: The 'letter' class.
+* Letters:: The ‘letter’ class.
* Input/output:: User interaction.
* Command line interface:: Common command-line options.
* Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes.
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::).
- This document's home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
+ This document’s home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate
web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
<https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html> has the entire document on a
single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
information, see <https://latexref.xyz/dev/>.
- In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
-'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
+ In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
+‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
ago.
LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@
(as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text should be
formatted.
- LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called "macros" which use
-Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives,
-collectively known as "engines". Thus, the user produces output,
+ LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called “macros” which use
+Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives,
+collectively known as “engines”. Thus, the user produces output,
typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. (The following
sections describe all this in more detail.)
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@
the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
- The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck
+ The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced LAH-teck
or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the
-logo with '\LaTeX'. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
-plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'.
+logo with ‘\LaTeX’. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in
+plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’.
* Menu:
@@ -180,19 +180,19 @@
Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
-Every LaTeX document has a '\begin{document}' line and an
-'\end{document}' line.
+Every LaTeX document has a ‘\begin{document}’ line and an
+‘\end{document}’ line.
-Here, the 'article' is the "document class". It is implemented in a
-file 'article.cls'. You can use any document class on your system. A
+Here, the ‘article’ is the “document class”. It is implemented in a
+file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class on your system. A
few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of
others are widely available. *Note Document classes::.
- You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
-the '\begin{document}' commands. This area is called the "preamble".
+ You can include other LaTeX commands between the ‘\documentclass’ and
+the ‘\begin{document}’ commands. This area is called the “preamble”.
- The '\begin{document}', '\end{document}' pair defines an
-"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in
+ The ‘\begin{document}’, ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an
+“environment”; the ‘document’ environment (and no others) is required in
all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX make available to you
many environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many
more are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
@@ -208,20 +208,20 @@
================
LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files. The
-main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'.
+main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’.
-'.dvi'
- If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it
- produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'. You can
- view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a
- PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format
- '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'. The contents of the file can be
- dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'. A vast array of
+‘.dvi’
+ If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘latex’ then it
+ produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension ‘.dvi’. You can
+ view this file with a command such as ‘xdvi’, or convert it to a
+ PostScript ‘.ps’ file with ‘dvips’ or to a Portable Document Format
+ ‘.pdf’ file with ‘dvipdfmx’. The contents of the file can be
+ dumped in human-readable form with ‘dvitype’. A vast array of
other DVI utility programs are available
(<https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware>).
-'.pdf'
- If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other
+‘.pdf’
+ If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘pdflatex’, among other
commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable
Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a self-contained
file, with all fonts and images included.
@@ -228,25 +228,25 @@
LaTeX always produces at least two additional files.
-'.log'
+‘.log’
This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
-'.aux'
+‘.aux’
Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross
references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward
- reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
- in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question
- mark '??'. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
- source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux'
+ reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared
+ in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled question
+ mark ‘??’. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the
+ source then LaTeX writes its location information to this ‘.aux’
file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information
from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the
double question mark with the remembered location.
LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
-ending. These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of
-figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file
+ending. These include a ‘.lof’ file that is used to make a list of
+figures, a ‘.lot’ file used to make a list of tables, and a ‘.toc’ file
used to make a table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). A
particular class may create others; the list is open-ended.
@@ -257,77 +257,77 @@
===============
LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX program
-(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a "format", and is
-embodied in a binary '.fmt' file, which can be read much more quickly
+(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a “format”, and is
+embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read much more quickly
than the corresponding TeX source.
This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are
commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::).
-'latex'
-'pdflatex'
+‘latex’
+‘pdflatex’
In TeX Live (<https://tug.org/texlive>), if LaTeX is invoked via
- either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX
+ either the system command ‘latex’ or ‘pdflatex’, then the pdfTeX
engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>). When invoked as
- 'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main
- output is a '.pdf' file.
+ ‘latex’, the main output is a ‘.dvi’ file; as ‘pdflatex’, the main
+ output is a ‘.pdf’ file.
- pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original
+ pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original
program (<https://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty
of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the
- system command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi').
+ system command ‘etex’, but this is plain TeX (and produces ‘.dvi’).
- In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than
+ In other TeX distributions, ‘latex’ may invoke e-TeX rather than
pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be
available in LaTeX.
-'lualatex'
- If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX
+‘lualatex’
+ If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘lualatex’, the LuaTeX
engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows
code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to
- interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
+ interact with TeX’s typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode
input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and
- produces a '.pdf' file by default. There is also 'dvilualatex' to
- produce a '.dvi' file.
+ produces a ‘.pdf’ file by default. There is also ‘dvilualatex’ to
+ produce a ‘.dvi’ file.
-'xelatex'
- If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX
+‘xelatex’
+ If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘xelatex’, the XeTeX
engine is run (<https://tug.org/xetex>). Like LuaTeX, XeTeX
natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts,
though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a
- '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output.
+ ‘.pdf’ file as output; it does not support DVI output.
- Internally, XeTeX creates an '.xdv' file, a variant of DVI, and
- translates that to PDF using the ('x')'dvipdfmx' program, but this
- process is automatic. The '.xdv' file is only useful for
+ Internally, XeTeX creates an ‘.xdv’ file, a variant of DVI, and
+ translates that to PDF using the (‘x’)‘dvipdfmx’ program, but this
+ process is automatic. The ‘.xdv’ file is only useful for
debugging.
-'platex'
-'uplatex'
+‘platex’
+‘uplatex’
These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese
- and other languages; the 'u' variant supports Unicode. See
+ and other languages; the ‘u’ variant supports Unicode. See
<https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex> and <https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>.
- As of 2019, there is a companion '-dev' command and format for all of
+ As of 2019, there is a companion ‘-dev’ command and format for all of
the above:
-'dvilualatex-dev'
-'latex-dev'
-'lualatex-dev'
-'pdflatex-dev'
-'platex-dev'
-'uplatex-dev'
-'xelatex-dev'
+‘dvilualatex-dev’
+‘latex-dev’
+‘lualatex-dev’
+‘pdflatex-dev’
+‘platex-dev’
+‘uplatex-dev’
+‘xelatex-dev’
These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main
purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an
official release.
- These '-dev' formats make it easy for anyone to help test documents
- and code: you can run, say, 'pdflatex-dev' instead of 'pdflatex',
+ These ‘-dev’ formats make it easy for anyone to help test documents
+ and code: you can run, say, ‘pdflatex-dev’ instead of ‘pdflatex’,
without changing anything else in your environment. Indeed, it is
- easiest and most helpful to always run the '-dev' versions instead
+ easiest and most helpful to always run the ‘-dev’ versions instead
of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet times after a
release, the commands will be equivalent.
@@ -335,8 +335,8 @@
undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team
before being released.
- For more information, see "The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
- 'dev' formats" by Frank Mittelbach, 'TUGboat' 40:2,
+ For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX
+ ‘dev’ formats” by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf>.
@@ -346,37 +346,37 @@
========================
In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
-character, '\'. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of
+character, ‘\’. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter.
- LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that '\pagebreak' differs
-from '\Pagebreak' (the latter is not a standard command). Most command
+ LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that ‘\pagebreak’ differs
+from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most command
names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all commands in the
same case as they are defined.
A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
-contained in curly braces, '{...}'. Optional arguments are contained in
-square brackets, '[...]'. Generally, but not universally, if the
+contained in curly braces, ‘{...}’. Optional arguments are contained in
+square brackets, ‘[...]’. Generally, but not universally, if the
command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any
required arguments.
Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
-bracket (']') hide it inside curly braces, as in '\item[closing bracket
-{]}]'. Similarly, if an optional argument comes last, with no required
+bracket (‘]’) hide it inside curly braces, as in ‘\item[closing bracket
+{]}]’. Similarly, if an optional argument comes last, with no required
argument after it, then to make the first character of the following
text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces.
- LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a '*' form that is
-related to the form without a '*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'.
+ LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a ‘*’ form that is
+related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and ‘\chapter*’.
The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command.
- This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the
+ This manual describes all accepted options and ‘*’-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
- As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the 'expl3' and 'xparse'
+ As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the ‘expl3’ and ‘xparse’
packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They provide a completely
-different underlying programming language syntax. We won't try to cover
+different underlying programming language syntax. We won’t try to cover
them in this document; see the related package documentation and other
LaTeX manuals.
@@ -392,9 +392,9 @@
...
\end{ENVIRONMENT-NAME}
- An "environment" is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is
+ An “environment” is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is
a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines
-between '\begin{verse}' and '\end{verse}'.
+between ‘\begin{verse}’ and ‘\end{verse}’.
\begin{verse}
There once was a man from Nantucket \\
@@ -402,12 +402,12 @@
\end{verse}
*Note Environments::, for a list of environments. Particularly
-notable is that every LaTeX document must have a 'document' environment,
-a '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' pair.
+notable is that every LaTeX document must have a ‘document’ environment,
+a ‘\begin{document} ... \end{document}’ pair.
The ENVIRONMENT-NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the
end. This includes the case where ENVIRONMENT-NAME ends in a
-star ('*'); both the '\begin' and '\end' texts must include the star.
+star (‘*’); both the ‘\begin’ and ‘\end’ texts must include the star.
Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This
example produces a table. The first argument is optional (and causes
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
===============================================
The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
-community's repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
+community’s repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
around the world that offer material related to LaTeX for download.
Visit CTAN on the web at <https://ctan.org>.
@@ -432,14 +432,14 @@
This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
-a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
specifications.
- In addition to the massive holdings, the 'ctan.org' web site offers
+ In addition to the massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers
features such as search by name or by functionality.
CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of
-which is the so-called "master". The master host actively manages the
+which is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the
material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages.
For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V.
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@
3 Document classes
******************
-The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is
+The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
\documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}
@@ -463,27 +463,27 @@
The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other
document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
-'article'
+‘article’
For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general
use.
-'book'
+‘book’
Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(*note Front/back matter::).
-'letter'
+‘letter’
Mail, optionally including mailing labels (*note Letters::).
-'report'
- For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as
+‘report’
+ For documents of length between an ‘article’ and a ‘book’, such as
technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
-'slides'
- For slide presentations--rarely used nowadays. The 'beamer'
- package is perhaps the most prevalent
- (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). *Note beamer template::, for a
- small template for a beamer document.
+‘slides’
+ For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’ package
+ is perhaps the most prevalent (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>).
+ *Note beamer template::, for a small template for a beamer
+ document.
Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.
@@ -499,8 +499,8 @@
3.1 Document class options
==========================
-You can specify "global options" or "class options" to the
-'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
+You can specify “global options” or “class options” to the
+‘\documentclass’ command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma.
\documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}
@@ -507,8 +507,8 @@
Here is the list of the standard class options.
- All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following
-options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):
+ All of the standard classes except ‘slides’ accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is ‘10pt’):
10pt 11pt 12pt
@@ -515,84 +515,84 @@
All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
paper size (these show height by width):
-'a4paper'
+‘a4paper’
210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
-'a5paper'
+‘a5paper’
148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches)
-'b5paper'
+‘b5paper’
176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches)
-'executivepaper'
+‘executivepaper’
7.25 by 10.5 inches
-'legalpaper'
+‘legalpaper’
8.5 by 14 inches
-'letterpaper'
+‘letterpaper’
8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (*note
-TeX engines::), options other than 'letterpaper' set the print area but
+TeX engines::), options other than ‘letterpaper’ set the print area but
you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put
-'\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth' and '\pdfpageheight=\paperheight' in your
-document's preamble.
+‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in your
+document’s preamble.
- The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of setting the print
+ The ‘geometry’ package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
Miscellaneous other options:
-'draft'
-'final'
- Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black
- box in the margin; default is 'final'.
+‘draft’
+‘final’
+ Mark (‘draft’) or do not mark (‘final’) overfull boxes with a black
+ box in the margin; default is ‘final’.
-'fleqn'
+‘fleqn’
Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
-'landscape'
+‘landscape’
Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
-'leqno'
+‘leqno’
Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
right side.
-'openbib'
- Use "open" bibliography format.
+‘openbib’
+ Use “open” bibliography format.
-'titlepage'
-'notitlepage'
+‘titlepage’
+‘notitlepage’
Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title
information and for the abstract also, if there is one. The
- default for the 'report' class is 'titlepage', for the other
- classes it is 'notitlepage'.
+ default for the ‘report’ class is ‘titlepage’, for the other
+ classes it is ‘notitlepage’.
- The following options are not available with the 'slides' class.
+ The following options are not available with the ‘slides’ class.
-'onecolumn'
-'twocolumn'
- Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'.
+‘onecolumn’
+‘twocolumn’
+ Typeset in one or two columns; default is ‘onecolumn’.
-'oneside'
-'twoside'
- Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that
- in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'.
+‘oneside’
+‘twoside’
+ Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is ‘oneside’, except that
+ in the ‘book’ class the default is ‘twoside’.
For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For
- two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin')
+ two-sided printing, the ‘\evensidemargin’ (‘\oddsidemargin’)
parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages
- between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with
- '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth'
- and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder.
+ between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, with
+ ‘\oddsidemargin’ being 40% of the difference between ‘\paperwidth’
+ and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is the remainder.
-'openright'
-'openany'
+‘openright’
+‘openany’
Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
- is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'.
+ is ‘openright’ for ‘book’, and ‘openany’ for ‘report’.
- The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
+ The ‘slides’ class offers the option ‘clock’ for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.
@@ -607,12 +607,12 @@
\usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}.
To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
-as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage'
+as in ‘\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}’, or use multiple ‘\usepackage’
commands.
- Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown to
+ Any options given in the ‘\documentclass’ command that are unknown to
the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-'\usepackage'.
+‘\usepackage’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package construction, Prev: Additional packages, Up: Document classes
@@ -622,23 +622,23 @@
You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard
-header for each page, then you could create a new class 'smcmemo.cls'
-and begin your documents with '\documentclass{smcmemo}'.
+header for each page, then you could create a new class ‘smcmemo.cls’
+and begin your documents with ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’.
What separates a package from a document class is that the commands
in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for
-a package while a command to make the page headers say 'Memo from the
-SMC Math Department' is for a class.
+a package while a command to make the page headers say ‘Memo from the
+SMC Math Department’ is for a class.
- Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign '@' as a
+ Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign ‘@’ as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
-containing that command with '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'. *Note
+containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’. *Note
\makeatletter & \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands that
users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface
class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent your
class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the class
-'smcmemo' might have commands '\smc at tolist', '\smc at fromlist', etc.
+‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc at tolist’, ‘\smc at fromlist’, etc.
* Menu:
@@ -652,31 +652,31 @@
---------------------------------
A class file or package file typically has four parts.
- 1. In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX
- package or class and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat'
- and '\ProvidesClass' or '\ProvidesPackage' commands.
+ 1. In the “identification part”, the file says that it is a LaTeX
+ package or class and describes itself, using the ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’
+ and ‘\ProvidesClass’ or ‘\ProvidesPackage’ commands.
- 2. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can
+ 2. The “preliminary declarations part” declares some commands and can
also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
- for the code used in the next part. For example, an 'smcmemo'
+ for the code used in the next part. For example, an ‘smcmemo’
class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list
- of people for the to-head, as '\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}',
+ of people for the to-head, as ‘\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}’,
and therefore needs to define a command
- '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file.
+ ‘\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}’ used in that file.
- 3. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and
+ 3. In the “handle options part” the class or package declares and
processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
- document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify
+ document as ‘\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}’, to modify
the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare
- '\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font
+ ‘\documentclass[11pt]{article}’ to set the default document font
size.
- 4. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package
+ 4. Finally, in the “more declarations part” the class or package
usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands
and fonts, and loading other files.
- Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as 'stub.cls'
-where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the '.tex'
+ Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as ‘stub.cls’
+where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the ‘.tex’
file.
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
@@ -686,8 +686,8 @@
\LoadClass{article}
It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
-passing them all to the 'article' class, and then loads the 'article'
-class to provide the basis for this class's code.
+passing them all to the ‘article’ class, and then loads the ‘article’
+class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
Class Guide, at
@@ -703,76 +703,76 @@
These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
-'\AtBeginDvi{specials}'
- Save in a box register things that are written to the '.dvi' file
+‘\AtBeginDvi{specials}’
+ Save in a box register things that are written to the ‘.dvi’ file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
-'\AtEndOfClass{CODE}'
-'\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}'
+‘\AtEndOfClass{CODE}’
+‘\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}’
Hook to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple
- times; the 'code' will be executed in the order that you called it.
+ times; the ‘code’ will be executed in the order that you called it.
See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
-'\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
-'\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
- Like '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does
+‘\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
+‘\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
+ Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does
not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of
- CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not "long" as
- expected. A long command is a command that accepts '\par' within
+ CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “long” as
+ expected. A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within
an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the
- unstarred version of '\CheckCommand'. Raises an error when the
+ unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’. Raises an error when the
check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining
- 'cmd' yourself that no other package has already redefined this
+ ‘cmd’ yourself that no other package has already redefined this
command.
-'\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}'
-'\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}'
-'\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
-'\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
-'\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
-'\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
-'\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
-'\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
-'\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
-'\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
+‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
+‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
+‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
+‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
+‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
+‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’
Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
- For '\ClassError' and '\PackageError' the message is ERROR TEXT,
- followed by TeX's '?' error prompt. If the user then asks for help
- by typing 'h', they see the HELP TEXT.
+ For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR TEXT,
+ followed by TeX’s ‘?’ error prompt. If the user then asks for help
+ by typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT.
The four warning commands are similar except that they write
WARNING TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
- commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The 'NoLine'
+ commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’
versions do not show the number of the line generating the message,
while the other versions do show that number.
- To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use '\protect' to
+ To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to
stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
- '\MessageBreak', and get a space with '\space' when a space
+ ‘\MessageBreak’, and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space
character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
appends a period to the messages.
-'\CurrentOption'
+‘\CurrentOption’
Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can
- only be used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or
- '\DeclareOption*'.
+ only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+ ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-'\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}'
-'\DeclareOption*{CODE}'
+‘\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}’
+‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’
Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
- '\documentclass' command. For example, the 'smcmemo' class could
- have an option '\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}' allowing users to
+ ‘\documentclass’ command. For example, the ‘smcmemo’ class could
+ have an option ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’ allowing users to
put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file must
- contain '\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}' (and later,
- '\ProcessOptions').
+ contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and later,
+ ‘\ProcessOptions’).
If you request an option that has not been declared, by default
- this will produce a warning like 'Unused global option(s):
- [badoption].' Change this behavior with the starred version
- '\DeclareOption*{CODE}'. For example, many classes extend an
- existing class, using a command such as '\LoadClass{article}', and
+ this will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s):
+ [badoption].’ Change this behavior with the starred version
+ ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’. For example, many classes extend an
+ existing class, using a command such as ‘\LoadClass{article}’, and
for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such as
this.
@@ -780,50 +780,50 @@
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
}
- Another example is that the class 'smcmemo' may allow users to keep
+ Another example is that the class ‘smcmemo’ may allow users to keep
lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could
- invoke '\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}' and it will read the file
- 'math.memo'. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
- passes the option to the 'article' class.
+ invoke ‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file
+ ‘math.memo’. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+ passes the option to the ‘article’ class.
\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
-'\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
-'\DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
- Like '\newcommand' and '\newcommand*' (*note \newcommand &
+‘\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
+‘* \DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’
+ Like ‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand &
\renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some
code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define
new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
- robust. Unlike '\newcommand' these do not give an error if macro
+ robust. Unlike ‘\newcommand’ these do not give an error if macro
CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
transcript file if a command is redefined.
Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those
- defined using '\newcommand' so unless the command's data is fragile
+ defined using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command’s data is fragile
and the command is used within a moving argument, use
- '\newcommand'.
+ ‘\newcommand’.
- The 'etoolbox' package offers the commands '\newrobustcmd',
- '\newrobustcmd*', as well as the commands '\renewrobustcmd',
- '\renewrobustcmd*', and the commands '\providerobustcmd', and
- '\providerobustcmd*'. These are similar to '\newcommand',
- '\newcommand*', '\renewcommand', '\renewcommand*',
- '\providecommand', and '\providecommand*', but define a robust CMD
- with two advantages as compared to '\DeclareRobustCommand':
+ The ‘etoolbox’ package offers the commands ‘\newrobustcmd’,
+ ‘\newrobustcmd*’, as well as the commands ‘\renewrobustcmd’,
+ ‘\renewrobustcmd*’, and the commands ‘\providerobustcmd’, and
+ ‘\providerobustcmd*’. These are similar to ‘\newcommand’,
+ ‘\newcommand*’, ‘\renewcommand’, ‘\renewcommand*’,
+ ‘\providecommand’, and ‘\providecommand*’, but define a robust CMD
+ with two advantages as compared to ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’:
1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than
- the higher level LaTeX '\protect' mechanism, so they do not
+ the higher level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not
incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
- 2. They make the same distinction between '\new...', '\renew...',
- and '\provide...', as the standard commands, so they do not
+ 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’,
+ and ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands, so they do not
just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already
- exists, in that case you need to use either '\renew...' or
- '\provide...' or you get an error.
+ exists, in that case you need to use either ‘\renew...’ or
+ ‘\provide...’ or you get an error.
-'\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
-'\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
- Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file 'FILE NAME' or FALSE CODE
+‘\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
+‘\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’
+ Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILE NAME’ or FALSE CODE
otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE CODE and then
inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -830,22 +830,22 @@
\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%
\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found}
- will include the graphic 'img.pdf' if it is found and otherwise
+ will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise
give a warning.
This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX
uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the
- current directory do something like '\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE
- CODE}{FALSE CODE}'. If you ask for a filename without a '.tex'
+ current directory do something like ‘\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE
+ CODE}{FALSE CODE}’. If you ask for a filename without a ‘.tex’
extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the
- '.tex'; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note
+ ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note
\input::.
-'\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
-'\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
- Load a class, as with '\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS
- NAME}[RELEASE INFO]'. An example is
- '\LoadClass[twoside]{article}'.
+‘\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
+‘\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
+ Load a class, as with ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS
+ NAME}[RELEASE INFO]’. An example is
+ ‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’.
The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form
@@ -859,35 +859,35 @@
document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h
Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
- The command version '\LoadClassWithOptions' uses the list of
+ The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of
options for the current class. This means it ignores any options
- passed to it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience
+ passed to it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience
command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the
- standard 'article' class, without having to track which options
+ standard ‘article’ class, without having to track which options
were passed.
-'\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}'
+‘\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}’
For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command
- executes the command '\ds at OPTION'. If this command is not defined
+ executes the command ‘\ds at OPTION’. If this command is not defined
then that option is silently ignored.
It can be used to provide a default option list before
- '\ProcessOptions'. For example, if in a class file you want the
+ ‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the
default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
- '\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax'.
+ ‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’.
-'\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]'
+‘\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]’
Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often
issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
- '\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}'. When a document using that class is
+ ‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is
processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case
sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an
- error like 'This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.'
+ error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’
To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features
- were implemented. If present it must be in the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'.
+ were implemented. If present it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’.
If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like this.
@@ -894,154 +894,154 @@
You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only
release `2016/02/01' is available.
-'\OptionNotUsed'
+‘\OptionNotUsed’
Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be
- used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or
- '\DeclareOption*'.
+ used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or
+ ‘\DeclareOption*’.
-'\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}'
-'\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}'
+‘\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}’
+‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}’
Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the
- options used by any future '\RequirePackage' or '\usepackage'
+ options used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’
command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME.
The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number
of times with no options but if you want options then you may only
supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package
- with options more than once will get you an error like 'Option
- clash for package foo.' (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no
+ with options more than once will get you an error like ‘Option
+ clash for package foo.’ (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no
conflict between the options.)
If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can
collapse that to once, for example replacing the two
- '\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}' and
- '\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}' with the single command
- '\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}'.
+ ‘\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}’ and
+ ‘\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}’ with the single command
+ ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}’.
- However, imagine that you are loading 'firstpkg' and inside that
- package it loads 'secondpkg', and you need the second package to be
- loaded with option 'draft'. Then before doing the first package
+ However, imagine that you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that
+ package it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need the second package to be
+ loaded with option ‘draft’. Then before doing the first package
you must queue up the options for the second package, like this.
\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}
\RequirePackage{firstpkg}
- (If 'firstpkg.sty' loads an option in conflict with what you want
+ (If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want
then you may have to alter its source.)
These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
- 'graphicx' package with the option 'draft' and also wants to use a
- class 'foo' that loads the 'graphicx' package, but without that
+ ‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a
+ class ‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that
option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
- '\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}'.
+ ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}’.
-'\ProcessOptions'
-'\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS'
+‘\ProcessOptions’
+‘\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS’
Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked.
- Include it in the class file as '\ProcessOptions\relax' (because of
+ Include it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of
the existence of the starred command).
- Options come in two types. "Local options" have been specified for
+ Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for
this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of
- '\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}', '\usepackage[OPTIONS]', or
- '\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]'. "Global options" are those given by
- the class user in '\documentclass[OPTIONS]' (If an option is
+ ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’, ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’, or
+ ‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’. “Global options” are those given by
+ the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’ (If an option is
specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
- When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a package 'pkg.sty', the
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the
following happens:
- 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with '\DeclareOption',
+ 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’,
it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local
- option for 'pkg'. If so then it executes the declared code.
+ option for ‘pkg’. If so then it executes the declared code.
This is done in the order in which these options were given in
- 'pkg.sty'.
+ ‘pkg.sty’.
2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
- '\ds@'OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
- '\DeclareOption'); otherwise, it executes the default option
- code given in '\DeclareOption*'. If no default option code
+ ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
+ ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option
+ code given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code
has been declared then it gives an error message. This is
done in the order in which these options were specified.
- When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a class it works in the same
+ When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same
way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
- '\DeclareOption*' is '\OptionNotUsed' rather than an error.
+ ‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error.
- The starred version '\ProcessOptions*' executes the options in the
+ The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the
order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order
of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means
that the global options are processed first.
-'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
-'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
-'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
-'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
+‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
+‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
+‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen
and the log file.
When you load a class or package, for example with
- '\documentclass{smcmemo}' or '\usepackage{test}', LaTeX inputs a
+ ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a
file. If the name of the file does not match the class or package
name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
- '\documentclass{smcmemo}', and the file 'smcmemo.cls' has the
- statement '\ProvidesClass{xxx}' then you get a warning like 'You
+ ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file ‘smcmemo.cls’ has the
+ statement ‘\ProvidesClass{xxx}’ then you get a warning like ‘You
have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class
- provides 'xxx'.' This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
+ provides 'xxx'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
processing the rest of the class file normally.
If you include the optional argument then you must include a date,
- before any spaces, of the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'. The rest of the
+ before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the
optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally
identifies the class, and is written to the screen during
- compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file 'smcmemo.cls'
- contains the line '\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class]' and your document's first line is '\documentclass{smcmemo}'
- then you will see 'Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
- class'.
+ compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’
+ contains the line ‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+ class]’ and your document’s first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’
+ then you will see ‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo
+ class’.
The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier
than RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter
- '\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]' or
- '\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]' to require a class or package with
+ ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or
+ ‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with
certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only
rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-'\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
+‘\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’
Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in
- that file and you get in the log a string like 'File: test.config
- 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILENAME equal to
- 'test.config' and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to '2017/10/12
- config file for test.cls'.
+ that file and you get in the log a string like ‘File: test.config
+ 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’ for FILENAME equal to
+ ‘test.config’ and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to ‘2017/10/12
+ config file for test.cls’.
-'\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
-'\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
- Load a package, like the command '\usepackage' (*note Additional
+‘\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
+‘\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’
+ Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional
packages::). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
- these commands over Plain TeX's '\input'; see the Class Guide. An
- example is '\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}'.
+ these commands over Plain TeX’s ‘\input’; see the Class Guide. An
+ example is ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’.
The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the
release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
- than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested,
+ than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like ‘You have requested,
on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only
- version `2000/01/01' is available'.
+ version `2000/01/01' is available’.
- The '\RequirePackageWithOptions' version uses the list of options
+ The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ version uses the list of options
for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to
- it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience command to
+ it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to
allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to
track which options were passed.
- The difference between '\usepackage' and '\RequirePackage' is
- small. The '\usepackage' command is intended for the document file
- while '\RequirePackage' is intended for package and class files.
- Thus, using '\usepackage' before the '\documentclass' command
- causes LaTeX to give error like '\usepackage before
- \documentclass', but you can use '\RequirePackage' there.
+ The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is
+ small. The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended for the document file
+ while ‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files.
+ Thus, using ‘\usepackage’ before the ‘\documentclass’ command
+ causes LaTeX to give error like ‘\usepackage before
+ \documentclass’, but you can use ‘\RequirePackage’ there.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Fonts, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@
\usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX
\usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal
-In addition, the 'xelatex' or 'lualatex' engines allow you to use any
+In addition, the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engines allow you to use any
fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType format (*note TeX
engines::).
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: fontenc package, Next: Font styles, Up: Fonts
-4.1 'fontenc' package
+4.1 ‘fontenc’ package
=====================
Synopsis:
@@ -1107,15 +1107,15 @@
Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
- This package only applies if you use the 'pdflatex' engine (*note TeX
-engines::). If you use the 'xelatex' or 'lualatex' engine then instead
-use the 'fontspec' package.
+ This package only applies if you use the ‘pdflatex’ engine (*note TeX
+engines::). If you use the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engine then instead
+use the ‘fontspec’ package.
- TeX's original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
+ TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
-'\accent' (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users
+‘\accent’ (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users
have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
-characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using 'pdflatex' then
+characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using ‘pdflatex’ then
put this in the preamble
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
@@ -1126,53 +1126,53 @@
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
- If you are using an encoding such as 'T1' and the characters appear
+ If you are using an encoding such as ‘T1’ and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a
-package such as 'lmodern' or 'cm-super' to get a font that extends
-LaTeX's default using vector fonts.
+package such as ‘lmodern’ or ‘cm-super’ to get a font that extends
+LaTeX’s default using vector fonts.
For each FONT_ENCODING given as an option but not already declared,
this package loads the encoding definition files, named
-'FONT_ENCODINGenc.def'. It also sets '\encodingdefault' to be the last
+‘FONT_ENCODINGenc.def’. It also sets ‘\encodingdefault’ to be the last
encoding in the option list.
These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING.
-'OT1'
+‘OT1’
The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English
characters.
-'OMS, OML'
+‘OMS, OML’
Math symbols and math letters encoding.
-'T1'
+‘T1’
TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the
Users Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most
European accented characters. The most common option for this
package.
-'TS1'
+‘TS1’
Text Companion encoding.
-LaTeX's default is to load 'OML', 'T1', 'OT1', and then 'OMS', and set
-the default to 'OT1'.
+LaTeX’s default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set
+the default to ‘OT1’.
Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a
font encoding if your font requires it.
- If you use 'T1' encoded fonts other than the default Computer Modern
+ If you use ‘T1’ encoded fonts other than the default Computer Modern
family then you may need to load the package that selects your fonts
-before loading 'fontenc', to prevent the system from loading any
-'T1' encoded fonts from the default.
+before loading ‘fontenc’, to prevent the system from loading any
+‘T1’ encoded fonts from the default.
- The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: 'T' for the
-standard text encodings with 256 characters, 'TS' for symbols that
-extend the corresponding T encodings, 'X' for test encodings, 'M' for
-standard math encodings with 256 characters, 'A' for special
-applications, 'OT' for standard text encodings with 128 characters, and
-'OM' for standard math encodings with 128 characters ('O' stands for
-'obsolete').
+ The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the
+standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘TS’ for symbols that
+extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘X’ for test encodings, ‘M’ for
+standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘A’ for special
+applications, ‘OT’ for standard text encodings with 128 characters, and
+‘OM’ for standard math encodings with 128 characters (‘O’ stands for
+‘obsolete’).
This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareFontEncoding, Next: \DeclareTextAccent, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.1 '\DeclareFontEncoding'
+4.1.1 ‘\DeclareFontEncoding’
----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1204,15 +1204,15 @@
\DeclareFontEncoding{ENCODING}{TEXT-SETTINGS}{MATH-SETTINGS}
Declare the font encoding ENCODING. It also saves the value of
-ENCODING in '\LastDeclaredEncoding' (*note \LastDeclaredEncoding::).
+ENCODING in ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ (*note \LastDeclaredEncoding::).
- The file 't1enc.def' contains this line (followed by many others).
+ The file ‘t1enc.def’ contains this line (followed by many others).
\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
The TEXT-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX will run every time it
-switches from one encoding to another with the '\selectfont' and
-'\fontencoding' commands. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX
+switches from one encoding to another with the ‘\selectfont’ and
+‘\fontencoding’ commands. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX
will use whenever the font is accessed as a math alphabet.
LaTeX ignores any space characters inside TEXT-SETTINGS and
@@ -1219,14 +1219,14 @@
MATH-SETTINGS, to prevent unintended spaces in the output.
If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name
-starting with 'L' for 'local', or 'E' for 'experimental'.
+starting with ‘L’ for ‘local’, or ‘E’ for ‘experimental’.
Note that output encoding files may be read several times by LaTeX so
-using, e.g., '\newcommand' may cause an error. In addition, such files
-should contain '\ProvidesFile' line (*note Class and package
+using, e.g., ‘\newcommand’ may cause an error. In addition, such files
+should contain ‘\ProvidesFile’ line (*note Class and package
commands::).
- Note also that you should use the '\...Default' commands only in a
+ Note also that you should use the ‘\...Default’ commands only in a
package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files should
only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextAccent, Next: \DeclareTextAccentDefault, Prev: \DeclareFontEncoding, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.2 '\DeclareTextAccent'
+4.1.2 ‘\DeclareTextAccent’
--------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1243,24 +1243,24 @@
Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
ENCODING at the location SLOT.
- A "slot" is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
+ A “slot” is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
- This line from 't1enc.def' declares that to make a circumflex accent
-as in '\^A', the system will put the accent in slot 2 over the 'A'
+ This line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares that to make a circumflex accent
+as in ‘\^A’, the system will put the accent in slot 2 over the ‘A’
character, which is represented in ASCII as 65. (This holds unless
-there is a relevant 'DeclareTextComposite' or
-'\DeclareTextCompositeCommand' declaration; *note
+there is a relevant ‘DeclareTextComposite’ or
+‘\DeclareTextCompositeCommand’ declaration; *note
\DeclareTextComposite::.)
\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
- If CMD has already been defined then '\DeclareTextAccent' does not
+ If CMD has already been defined then ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ does not
give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault, Next: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand, Prev: \DeclareTextAccent, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.3 '\DeclareTextAccentDefault'
+4.1.3 ‘\DeclareTextAccentDefault’
---------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1268,16 +1268,16 @@
\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING}
If there is an encoding-specific accent command \CMD but there is no
-associated '\DeclareTextAccent' for that encoding then this command will
+associated ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ for that encoding then this command will
pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for ENCODING.
- For example, to make the encoding 'OT1' be the default encoding for
-the accent '\"', declare this.
+ For example, to make the encoding ‘OT1’ be the default encoding for
+the accent ‘\"’, declare this.
\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}
-If you issue a '\"' when the current encoding does not have a definition
-for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from 'OT1'
+If you issue a ‘\"’ when the current encoding does not have a definition
+for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from ‘OT1’
That is, this command is equivalent to this call (*note
\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent::).
@@ -1285,13 +1285,13 @@
\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\CMD}
{\UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{\CMD}{#1}}
- Note that '\DeclareTextAccentDefault' works for any one-argument
-'fontenc' command, not just the accent command.
+ Note that ‘\DeclareTextAccentDefault’ works for any one-argument
+‘fontenc’ command, not just the accent command.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand, Next: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault, Prev: \DeclareTextAccentDefault, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.4 '\DeclareTextCommand' & '\ProvideTextCommand'
+4.1.4 ‘\DeclareTextCommand’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommand’
---------------------------------------------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -1306,13 +1306,13 @@
\ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- Define the command '\CMD', which will be specific to one encoding.
-The command name CMD must be preceded by a backslash, '\'. These
+ Define the command ‘\CMD’, which will be specific to one encoding.
+The command name CMD must be preceded by a backslash, ‘\’. These
commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining \CMD does not
cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code in
DEFN is fragile (*note \protect::).
- For example, the file 't1enc.def' contains this line.
+ For example, the file ‘t1enc.def’ contains this line.
\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 }
@@ -1322,28 +1322,28 @@
...
Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
-If you change the font encoding to 'OT1' then you get an error like
-'LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1'.
+If you change the font encoding to ‘OT1’ then you get an error like
+‘LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1’.
- The '\ProvideTextCommand' variant does the same, except that it does
-nothing if '\CMD' is already defined. The '\DeclareTextSymbol' command
+ The ‘\ProvideTextCommand’ variant does the same, except that it does
+nothing if ‘\CMD’ is already defined. The ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ command
is faster than this one for simple slot-to-glyph association (*note
\DeclareTextSymbol::)
The optional NARGS and OPTARGDEFAULT arguments play the same role
-here as in '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
+here as in ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
Briefly, NARGS is an integer from 0 to 9 specifying the number of
-arguments that the defined command '\CMD' takes. This number includes
+arguments that the defined command ‘\CMD’ takes. This number includes
any optional argument. Omitting this argument is the same as specifying
-0, meaning that '\CMD' will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGDEFAULT is
-present then the first argument of '\CMD' is optional, with default
+0, meaning that ‘\CMD’ will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGDEFAULT is
+present then the first argument of ‘\CMD’ is optional, with default
value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT
-is not present then '\CMD' does not take an optional argument.
+is not present then ‘\CMD’ does not take an optional argument.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault, Next: \DeclareTextComposite, Prev: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.5 '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' & '\ProvideTextCommandDefault '
+4.1.5 ‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommandDefault ’
------------------------------------------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1354,23 +1354,23 @@
\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\CMD}{DEFN}
- Give a default definition for '\CMD', for when that command is not
+ Give a default definition for ‘\CMD’, for when that command is not
defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only
use encodings known to be available.
- This makes '\copyright' available.
+ This makes ‘\copyright’ available.
\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available.
- The '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' should not occur in the encoding
+ The ‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ should not occur in the encoding
definition files since those files should declare only commands for use
when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
As with the related non-default commands, the
-'\ProvideTextCommandDefault' has exactly the same behavior as
-'\DeclareTextCommandDefault' except that it does nothing if '\CMD' is
+‘\ProvideTextCommandDefault’ has exactly the same behavior as
+‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ except that it does nothing if ‘\CMD’ is
already defined (*note \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand::).
So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks that other packages can
improve upon.
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextComposite, Next: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand, Prev: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.6 '\DeclareTextComposite'
+4.1.6 ‘\DeclareTextComposite’
-----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1388,8 +1388,8 @@
Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
accent over a separate character.
- This line from 't1enc.def' means that '\^o' will cause LaTeX to
-typeset lowercase 'o' by taking the character directly from slot 224 in
+ This line from ‘t1enc.def’ means that ‘\^o’ will cause LaTeX to
+typeset lowercase ‘o’ by taking the character directly from slot 224 in
the font.
\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
@@ -1398,14 +1398,14 @@
SIMPLE_OBJECT should be a single character or a single command. The
SLOT argument is usually a positive integer represented in decimal
(although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally \CMD has already
-been declared for this encoding, either with '\DeclareTextAccent' or
-with a one-argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. In 't1enc.def', the above
-line follows the '\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}' command.
+been declared for this encoding, either with ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ or
+with a one-argument ‘\DeclareTextCommand’. In ‘t1enc.def’, the above
+line follows the ‘\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}’ command.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand, Next: \DeclareTextSymbol, Prev: \DeclareTextComposite, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.7 '\DeclareTextCompositeCommand'
+4.1.7 ‘\DeclareTextCompositeCommand’
------------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1412,21 +1412,21 @@
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}{ARG}{CODE}
- A more general version of '\DeclareTextComposite' that runs arbitrary
-code with '\CMD'.
+ A more general version of ‘\DeclareTextComposite’ that runs arbitrary
+code with ‘\CMD’.
- This allows accents on 'i' to act like accents on dotless i, '\i'.
+ This allows accents on ‘i’ to act like accents on dotless i, ‘\i’.
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
*Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. Normally
-'\CMD' will have already been declared with '\DeclareTextAccent' or as a
-one argument '\DeclareTextCommand'.
+‘\CMD’ will have already been declared with ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ or as a
+one argument ‘\DeclareTextCommand’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextSymbol, Next: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault, Prev: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.8 '\DeclareTextSymbol'
+4.1.8 ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’
--------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1436,27 +1436,27 @@
Define a symbol in the encoding ENCODING at the location SLOT.
Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics.
- For example, this line from 't1enc.def' declares the number of the
+ For example, this line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares the number of the
glyph to use for «, the left guillemet.
\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
-The command '\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}' has the
+The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the
same effect but is slower (*note \DeclareTextCommand &
\ProvideTextCommand::).
*Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. The SLOT
-can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in ''023'), or hexadecimal (as
-in '"13'), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or
+can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in ‘'023’), or hexadecimal (as
+in ‘"13’), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or
double quote could be redefined by another package.
- If '\CMD' has already been defined then '\DeclareTextSymbol' does not
+ If ‘\CMD’ has already been defined then ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ does not
give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault, Next: \LastDeclaredEncoding, Prev: \DeclareTextSymbol, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.9 '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault'
+4.1.9 ‘\DeclareTextSymbolDefault’
---------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1463,13 +1463,13 @@
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING}
- If there is an encoding-specific symbol command '\CMD' but there is
-no associated '\DeclareTextSymbol' for that encoding, then this command
+ If there is an encoding-specific symbol command ‘\CMD’ but there is
+no associated ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ for that encoding, then this command
will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
ENCODING.
For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning
-for '\textdollar' then use the one from 'OT1', declare this.
+for ‘\textdollar’ then use the one from ‘OT1’, declare this.
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
@@ -1479,13 +1479,13 @@
\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\CMD}
{\UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{\CMD}}
- Note that '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault' can be used to define a default
-for any zero-argument 'fontenc' command.
+ Note that ‘\DeclareTextSymbolDefault’ can be used to define a default
+for any zero-argument ‘fontenc’ command.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \LastDeclaredEncoding, Next: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent, Prev: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.10 '\LastDeclaredEncoding'
+4.1.10 ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’
------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1493,10 +1493,10 @@
\LastDeclaredEncoding
Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The
-'\DeclareFontEncoding' command stores the name so that it can be
+‘\DeclareFontEncoding’ command stores the name so that it can be
retrieved with this command (*note \DeclareFontEncoding::).
- This relies on '\LastDeclaredEncoding' rather than give the name of
+ This relies on ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ rather than give the name of
the encoding explicitly.
\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}
@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent, Prev: \LastDeclaredEncoding, Up: fontenc package
-4.1.11 '\UseTextSymbol' & '\UseTextAccent'
+4.1.11 ‘\UseTextSymbol’ & ‘\UseTextAccent’
------------------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@
Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
- In general, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not
+ In general, to use a ‘fontenc’ command in an encoding where it is not
defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it like
this:
@@ -1525,11 +1525,11 @@
\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so
-LaTeX reverts back to the prior encoding after the '\ss'):
+LaTeX reverts back to the prior encoding after the ‘\ss’):
{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
- Similarly, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not
+ Similarly, to use a ‘fontenc’ command in an encoding where it is not
defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
@@ -1540,8 +1540,8 @@
{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{ENC_IN_USE}\selectfont a}}
Here, ENC_IN_USE is the encoding in force before this sequence of
-commands, so that 'a' is typeset using the current encoding and only the
-accent is taken from 'OT1'.
+commands, so that ‘a’ is typeset using the current encoding and only the
+accent is taken from ‘OT1’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Prev: fontenc package, Up: Fonts
@@ -1551,67 +1551,67 @@
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
- In the table below the listed commands, the '\text...' commands, are
-used with an argument as in '\textit{TEXT}'. This is the preferred
+ In the table below the listed commands, the ‘\text...’ commands, are
+used with an argument as in ‘\textit{TEXT}’. This is the preferred
form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the corresponding
-"declaration form", which is often useful. This form takes no
-arguments, as in '{\itshape TEXT}'. The scope of the declaration form
+“declaration form”, which is often useful. This form takes no
+arguments, as in ‘{\itshape TEXT}’. The scope of the declaration form
lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
In addition, each has an environment form such as
-'\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}', which we'll describe further at the
+‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we’ll describe further at the
end of the section.
These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for
instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
-'\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily'.
+‘\sffamily\bfseries’ or ‘\bfseries\sffamily’.
One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert
italic corrections if needed (*note \/::). Specifically, they insert
the italic correction unless the following character is in the list
-'\nocorrlist', which by default consists of period and comma. To
-suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use '\nocorr' at
-the start or end of the command argument, such as '\textit{\nocorr
-text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'.
+‘\nocorrlist’, which by default consists of period and comma. To
+suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use ‘\nocorr’ at
+the start or end of the command argument, such as ‘\textit{\nocorr
+text}’ or ‘\textsc{text \nocorr}’.
-'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
+‘\textrm (\rmfamily)’
Roman.
-'\textit (\itshape)'
+‘\textit (\itshape)’
Italics.
-'\textmd (\mdseries)'
+‘\textmd (\mdseries)’
Medium weight (default).
-'\textbf (\bfseries)'
+‘\textbf (\bfseries)’
Boldface.
-'\textup (\upshape)'
+‘\textup (\upshape)’
Upright (default).
-'\textsl (\slshape)'
+‘\textsl (\slshape)’
Slanted.
-'\textsf (\sffamily)'
+‘\textsf (\sffamily)’
Sans serif.
-'\textsc (\scshape)'
+‘\textsc (\scshape)’
Small caps.
-'\texttt (\ttfamily)'
+‘\texttt (\ttfamily)’
Typewriter.
-'\textnormal (\normalfont)'
+‘\textnormal (\normalfont)’
Main document font.
- Although it also changes fonts, the '\emph{TEXT}' command is
-semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
-substitute for '\textit'. For example, '\emph{START TEXT \emph{MIDDLE
-TEXT} END TEXT}' will result in the START TEXT and END TEXT in italics,
+ Although it also changes fonts, the ‘\emph{TEXT}’ command is
+semantic, for TEXT to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
+substitute for ‘\textit’. For example, ‘\emph{START TEXT \emph{MIDDLE
+TEXT} END TEXT}’ will result in the START TEXT and END TEXT in italics,
but MIDDLE TEXT will be in roman.
LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used
-as declarations: '{\CMD...}' instead of '\CMD{...}'.
+as declarations: ‘{\CMD...}’ instead of ‘\CMD{...}’.
(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most
@@ -1618,69 +1618,69 @@
circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
needed.)
-'\bf'
+‘\bf’
Switch to bold face.
-'\cal'
+‘\cal’
Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
-'\it'
+‘\it’
Italics.
-'\rm'
+‘\rm’
Roman.
-'\sc'
+‘\sc’
Small caps.
-'\sf'
+‘\sf’
Sans serif.
-'\sl'
+‘\sl’
Slanted (oblique).
-'\tt'
+‘\tt’
Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
- The '\em' command is the unconditional version of '\emph'.
+ The ‘\em’ command is the unconditional version of ‘\emph’.
The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
-cumulative, so '\mathbf{\mathit{SYMBOL}}' does not create a boldface and
+cumulative, so ‘\mathbf{\mathit{SYMBOL}}’ does not create a boldface and
italic SYMBOL; instead, it will just be in italics. This is because
typically math symbols need consistent typographic treatment, regardless
of the surrounding environment.
-'\mathrm'
+‘\mathrm’
Roman, for use in math mode.
-'\mathbf'
+‘\mathbf’
Boldface, for use in math mode.
-'\mathsf'
+‘\mathsf’
Sans serif, for use in math mode.
-'\mathtt'
+‘\mathtt’
Typewriter, for use in math mode.
-'\mathit'
-'(\mit)'
+‘\mathit’
+‘(\mit)’
Italics, for use in math mode.
-'\mathnormal'
+‘\mathnormal’
For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
-'\mathcal'
+‘\mathcal’
Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
- In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
+ In addition, the command ‘\mathversion{bold}’ can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
-'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.
+‘\mathversion{normal}’ restores the default.
- Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called
-"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
-sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have
-the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support
-this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; there are no
+ Finally, the command ‘\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}’ will typeset so-called
+“old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
+sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, which all have
+the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support
+this, and will respect ‘\textbf’ (but not other styles; there are no
italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have
old-style numerals also; sometimes package options are provided to make
them the default. FAQ entry: <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf>.
@@ -1693,21 +1693,21 @@
The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The
table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used
-(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
+(in points) with the ‘10pt’, ‘11pt’, and ‘12pt’ document size options,
respectively (*note Document class options::).
-Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt'
+Command ‘10pt’ ‘11pt’ ‘12pt’
--------------------------------------------------------
-'\tiny' 5 6 6
-'\scriptsize' 7 8 8
-'\footnotesize' 8 9 10
-'\small' 9 10 10.95
-'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12
-'\large' 12 12 14.4
-'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28
-'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74
-'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
-'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
+‘\tiny’ 5 6 6
+‘\scriptsize’ 7 8 8
+‘\footnotesize’ 8 9 10
+‘\small’ 9 10 10.95
+‘\normalsize’ (default) 10 10.95 12
+‘\large’ 12 12 14.4
+‘\Large’ 14.4 14.4 17.28
+‘\LARGE’ 17.28 17.28 20.74
+‘\huge’ 20.74 20.74 24.88
+‘\Huge’ 24.88 24.88 24.88
The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
since that is how they are typically used. For example.
@@ -1716,30 +1716,30 @@
The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
\end{quotation}
-Here, the scope of the '\small' lasts until the end of the 'quotation'
+Here, the scope of the ‘\small’ lasts until the end of the ‘quotation’
environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the
end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces
-'{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}'.
+‘{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}’.
- Trying to use these commands in math, as with '$\small mv^2/2$',
-results in 'LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode',
-and the font size doesn't change. To work with a too-large formula,
-often the best option is to use the 'displaymath' environment (*note
-Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the 'amsmath' package.
+ Trying to use these commands in math, as with ‘$\small mv^2/2$’,
+results in ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode’,
+and the font size doesn’t change. To work with a too-large formula,
+often the best option is to use the ‘displaymath’ environment (*note
+Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the ‘amsmath’ package.
For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative
-is something like '{\small $mv^2/2$}'. (Sometimes '\scriptsize' and
-'\scriptstyle' are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter
+is something like ‘{\small $mv^2/2$}’. (Sometimes ‘\scriptsize’ and
+‘\scriptstyle’ are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter
also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is typeset.
*Note Math styles::.)
- An "environment form" of each of these commands is also defined; for
-instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. However, in practice this form
+ An “environment form” of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, ‘\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}’. However, in practice this form
can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the
-environment without careful consideration, so it's generally less
+environment without careful consideration, so it’s generally less
error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
- (Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines '\begin' and
-'\end', nearly every command that does not take an argument technically
+ (Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines ‘\begin’ and
+‘\end’, nearly every command that does not take an argument technically
has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would only cause
confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the environment form of
the font size declarations specifically is that this particular use is
@@ -1755,125 +1755,125 @@
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
-'\fontencoding{ENCODING}'
+‘\fontencoding{ENCODING}’
Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There
- are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are 'OT1',
- Knuth's original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
- 'T1', also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
+ are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are ‘OT1’,
+ Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
+ ‘T1’, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to
hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide>.
-'\fontfamily{FAMILY}'
+‘\fontfamily{FAMILY}’
Select the font family. The web page
<https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/> provides one way to browse through
many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of
some common families.
- 'pag' Avant Garde
- 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans
- 'pbk' Bookman
- 'bch' Charter
- 'ccr' Computer Concrete
- 'cmr' Computer Modern
- 'cmss' Computer Modern Sans Serif
- 'cmtt' Computer Modern Typewriter
- 'pcr' Courier
- 'phv' Helvetica
- 'fi4' Inconsolata
- 'lmr' Latin Modern
- 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans
- 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter
- 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook
- 'ppl' Palatino
- 'ptm' Times
- 'uncl' Uncial
- 'put' Utopia
- 'pzc' Zapf Chancery
+ ‘pag’ Avant Garde
+ ‘fvs’ Bitstream Vera Sans
+ ‘pbk’ Bookman
+ ‘bch’ Charter
+ ‘ccr’ Computer Concrete
+ ‘cmr’ Computer Modern
+ ‘cmss’ Computer Modern Sans Serif
+ ‘cmtt’ Computer Modern Typewriter
+ ‘pcr’ Courier
+ ‘phv’ Helvetica
+ ‘fi4’ Inconsolata
+ ‘lmr’ Latin Modern
+ ‘lmss’ Latin Modern Sans
+ ‘lmtt’ Latin Modern Typewriter
+ ‘pnc’ New Century Schoolbook
+ ‘ppl’ Palatino
+ ‘ptm’ Times
+ ‘uncl’ Uncial
+ ‘put’ Utopia
+ ‘pzc’ Zapf Chancery
-'\fontseries{SERIES}'
- Select the font series. A "series" combines a "weight" and a
- "width". Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
+‘\fontseries{SERIES}’
+ Select the font series. A “series” combines a “weight” and a
+ “width”. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
- 'm' Medium (normal)
- 'b' Bold
- 'c' Condensed
- 'bc' Bold condensed
- 'bx' Bold extended
+ ‘m’ Medium (normal)
+ ‘b’ Bold
+ ‘c’ Condensed
+ ‘bc’ Bold condensed
+ ‘bx’ Bold extended
The possible values for weight, individually, are:
- 'ul' Ultra light
- 'el' Extra light
- 'l' Light
- 'sl' Semi light
- 'm' Medium (normal)
- 'sb' Semi bold
- 'b' Bold
- 'eb' Extra bold
- 'ub' Ultra bold
+ ‘ul’ Ultra light
+ ‘el’ Extra light
+ ‘l’ Light
+ ‘sl’ Semi light
+ ‘m’ Medium (normal)
+ ‘sb’ Semi bold
+ ‘b’ Bold
+ ‘eb’ Extra bold
+ ‘ub’ Ultra bold
The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
- 'uc' Ultra condensed
- 'ec' Extra condensed
- 'c' Condensed
- 'sc' Semi condensed
- 'm' Medium
- 'sx' Semi expanded
- 'x' Expanded
- 'ex' Extra expanded
- 'ux' Ultra expanded
+ ‘uc’ Ultra condensed
+ ‘ec’ Extra condensed
+ ‘c’ Condensed
+ ‘sc’ Semi condensed
+ ‘m’ Medium
+ ‘sx’ Semi expanded
+ ‘x’ Expanded
+ ‘ex’ Extra expanded
+ ‘ux’ Ultra expanded
When forming the SERIES string from the weight and width, drop the
- 'm' that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
- weight and width are 'm', in which case use just one (''m'').
+ ‘m’ that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
+ weight and width are ‘m’, in which case use just one (‘‘m’’).
-'\fontshape{SHAPE}'
+‘\fontshape{SHAPE}’
Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
- 'n' Upright (normal)
- 'it' Italic
- 'sl' Slanted (oblique)
- 'sc' Small caps
- 'ui' Upright italics
- 'ol' Outline
+ ‘n’ Upright (normal)
+ ‘it’ Italic
+ ‘sl’ Slanted (oblique)
+ ‘sc’ Small caps
+ ‘ui’ Upright italics
+ ‘ol’ Outline
The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
-'\fontsize{SIZE}{SKIP}'
+‘\fontsize{SIZE}{SKIP}’
Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both
- parameters defaults to points ('pt'). The line spacing is the
+ parameters defaults to points (‘pt’). The line spacing is the
nominal vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is
- stored in the parameter '\baselineskip'. The default
- '\baselineskip' for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the
- '\fontsize'. Changing '\baselineskip' directly is inadvisable
+ stored in the parameter ‘\baselineskip’. The default
+ ‘\baselineskip’ for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the
+ ‘\fontsize’. Changing ‘\baselineskip’ directly is inadvisable
since its value is reset every time a size change happens; instead
- use '\baselinestretch'. (*note \baselineskip &
+ use ‘\baselinestretch’. (*note \baselineskip &
\baselinestretch::).
-'\linespread{FACTOR}'
- Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and
- therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect.
+‘\linespread{FACTOR}’
+ Equivalent to ‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’, and
+ therefore must be followed by ‘\selectfont’ to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble. *Note \baselineskip &
- \baselinestretch::, for using 'setspace' package instead.
+ \baselinestretch::, for using ‘setspace’ package instead.
-'\selectfont'
+‘\selectfont’
The effects of the font commands described above do not happen
- until '\selectfont' is called, as in
- '\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont'. It is often useful to put
+ until ‘\selectfont’ is called, as in
+ ‘\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont’. It is often useful to put
this in a macro:
- '\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont}'
+ ‘\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont}’
(*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
-'\usefont{ENC}{FAMILY}{SERIES}{SHAPE}'
- The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries'
- and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
- '\selectfont'. For example:
+‘\usefont{ENC}{FAMILY}{SERIES}{SHAPE}’
+ The same as invoking ‘\fontencoding’, ‘\fontfamily’, ‘\fontseries’
+ and ‘\fontshape’ with the given parameters, followed by
+ ‘\selectfont’. For example:
\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n}
@@ -1891,7 +1891,7 @@
* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout.
* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height.
* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height.
-* Page layout parameters:: '\headheight' '\footskip'.
+* Page layout parameters:: ‘\headheight’ ‘\footskip’.
* \baselineskip & \baselinestretch:: Space between lines.
* Floats:: Figures, tables, etc.
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout
-5.1 '\onecolumn'
+5.1 ‘\onecolumn’
================
Synopsis:
@@ -1906,7 +1906,7 @@
\onecolumn
Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document
-is given the class option 'onecolumn' then this is the default behavior
+is given the class option ‘onecolumn’ then this is the default behavior
(*note Document class options::). This command is fragile (*note
\protect::).
@@ -1913,7 +1913,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout
-5.2 '\twocolumn'
+5.2 ‘\twocolumn’
================
Synopses:
@@ -1922,7 +1922,7 @@
\twocolumn[PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT]
Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is
-given the class option 'twocolumn' then this is the default (*note
+given the class option ‘twocolumn’ then this is the default (*note
Document class options::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
If the optional PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT argument is present, it is
@@ -1930,76 +1930,76 @@
These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
-'\columnsep'
+‘\columnsep’
The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with
- a command such as '\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}'. You must change
+ a command such as ‘\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}’. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
-'\columnseprule'
+‘\columnseprule’
The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning
that there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between
the two columns. Change it with a command such as
- '\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}', before the two-column mode
+ ‘\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}’, before the two-column mode
starts.
-'\columnwidth'
+‘\columnwidth’
The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
- '\textwidth'. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the width
- of each of the two columns, '\columnwidth', to be half of
- '\textwidth' minus '\columnsep'.
+ ‘\textwidth’. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the width
+ of each of the two columns, ‘\columnwidth’, to be half of
+ ‘\textwidth’ minus ‘\columnsep’.
- In a two-column document, the starred environments 'table*' and
-'figure*' are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
-'table' and 'figure' take up only one column (*note figure:: and *note
+ In a two-column document, the starred environments ‘table*’ and
+‘figure*’ are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
+‘table’ and ‘figure’ take up only one column (*note figure:: and *note
table::). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page. The
following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
-'\dbltopfraction'
+‘\dbltopfraction’
The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning
- that the height of a 'table*' or 'figure*' environment must not
- exceed '0.7\textheight'. If the height of your starred float
+ that the height of a ‘table*’ or ‘figure*’ environment must not
+ exceed ‘0.7\textheight’. If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following
actions to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the
document:
- * Use the '[tp]' location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
+ • Use the ‘[tp]’ location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of
a page.
- * Use the '[t!]' location specifier to override the effect of
- '\dbltopfraction' for this particular float.
+ • Use the ‘[t!]’ location specifier to override the effect of
+ ‘\dbltopfraction’ for this particular float.
- * Increase the value of '\dbltopfraction' to a suitably large
+ • Increase the value of ‘\dbltopfraction’ to a suitably large
number, to avoid going to float pages so soon.
- You can redefine it, as with '\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}'.
+ You can redefine it, as with ‘\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}’.
-'\dblfloatpagefraction'
+‘\dblfloatpagefraction’
For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum
fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of
- blank space. LaTeX's default is '0.5'. Change it with
- '\renewcommand'.
+ blank space. LaTeX’s default is ‘0.5’. Change it with
+ ‘\renewcommand’.
-'\dblfloatsep'
+‘\dblfloatsep’
On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the
distance between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page.
- The default is '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for a document set at '10pt'
- or '11pt', and '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for a document set at
- '12pt'.
+ The default is ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’ for a document set at ‘10pt’
+ or ‘11pt’, and ‘14pt plus2pt minus4pt’ for a document set at
+ ‘12pt’.
-'\dbltextfloatsep'
+‘\dbltextfloatsep’
This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top
- or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is '20pt
- plus2pt minus4pt'.
+ or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is ‘20pt
+ plus2pt minus4pt’.
-'\dbltopnumber'
+‘\dbltopnumber’
On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
- default is '2'.
+ default is ‘2’.
- This example uses '\twocolumn''s optional argument of to create a
+ This example uses ‘\twocolumn’’s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
@@ -2023,32 +2023,32 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn, Up: Layout
-5.3 '\flushbottom'
+5.3 ‘\flushbottom’
==================
-Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
differences in facing pages can be glaring.
If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
-then you get a message like 'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active'. If you get that, one option is to
-change to '\raggedbottom' (*note \raggedbottom::). Alternatively, you
-can adjust the 'textheight' to make compatible pages, or you can add
+then you get a message like ‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
+occurred while \output is active’. If you get that, one option is to
+change to ‘\raggedbottom’ (*note \raggedbottom::). Alternatively, you
+can adjust the ‘textheight’ to make compatible pages, or you can add
some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
-'\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}'. Your last option is to, in a
+‘\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}’. Your last option is to, in a
final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (*note
\enlargethispage::).
- The '\flushbottom' state is the default only if you select the
-'twocolumn' document class option (*note Document class options::), and
-for indexes made using 'makeidx'.
+ The ‘\flushbottom’ state is the default only if you select the
+‘twocolumn’ document class option (*note Document class options::), and
+for indexes made using ‘makeidx’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout
-5.4 '\raggedbottom'
+5.4 ‘\raggedbottom’
===================
Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
@@ -2056,7 +2056,7 @@
document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
at any point in the document body. *Note \flushbottom::.
- This is the default unless you select the 'twoside' document class
+ This is the default unless you select the ‘twocolumn’ document class
option (*note Document class options::).
@@ -2065,171 +2065,171 @@
5.5 Page layout parameters
==========================
-'\columnsep'
-'\columnseprule'
-'\columnwidth'
+‘\columnsep’
+‘\columnseprule’
+‘\columnwidth’
The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between
the columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class
- option 'twocolumn' is in effect (*note Document class options::).
+ option ‘twocolumn’ is in effect (*note Document class options::).
*Note \twocolumn::.
-'\headheight'
+‘\headheight’
Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in
- the 'article', 'report', and 'book' classes is '12pt', at all type
+ the ‘article’, ‘report’, and ‘book’ classes is ‘12pt’, at all type
sizes.
-'\headsep'
+‘\headsep’
Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top
- of the main text. The default in the 'article' and 'report'
- classes is '25pt'. In the 'book' class the default is: if the
- document is set at 10pt then it is '0.25in', and at 11pt or 12pt it
- is '0.275in'.
+ of the main text. The default in the ‘article’ and ‘report’
+ classes is ‘25pt’. In the ‘book’ class the default is: if the
+ document is set at 10pt then it is ‘0.25in’, and at 11pt or 12pt it
+ is ‘0.275in’.
-'\footskip'
+‘\footskip’
Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline
- of the page footer. The default in the 'article' and 'report'
- classes is '30pt'. In the 'book' class the default is: when the
- type size is 10pt the default is '0.35in', while at 11pt it is
- '0.38in', and at 12pt it is '30pt'.
+ of the page footer. The default in the ‘article’ and ‘report’
+ classes is ‘30pt’. In the ‘book’ class the default is: when the
+ type size is 10pt the default is ‘0.35in’, while at 11pt it is
+ ‘0.38in’, and at 12pt it is ‘30pt’.
-'\linewidth'
- Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note
- list::). That is, the nominal value for '\linewidth' is to equal
- '\textwidth' but for each nested list the '\linewidth' is decreased
- by the sum of that list's '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note
+‘\linewidth’
+ Width of the current line, decreased for each nested ‘list’ (*note
+ list::). That is, the nominal value for ‘\linewidth’ is to equal
+ ‘\textwidth’ but for each nested list the ‘\linewidth’ is decreased
+ by the sum of that list’s ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note
itemize::).
-'\marginparpush'
-'\marginsep'
-'\marginparwidth'
+‘\marginparpush’
+‘\marginsep’
+‘\marginparwidth’
The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the
horizontal space between the text body and the marginal notes, and
the horizontal width of the notes.
Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the
- declaration '\reversemarginpar' changes that (and
- '\normalmarginpar' changes it back).
+ declaration ‘\reversemarginpar’ changes that (and
+ ‘\normalmarginpar’ changes it back).
- The defaults for '\marginparpush' in both 'book' and 'article'
- classes are: '7pt' if the document is set at 12pt, and '5pt' if the
+ The defaults for ‘\marginparpush’ in both ‘book’ and ‘article’
+ classes are: ‘7pt’ if the document is set at 12pt, and ‘5pt’ if the
document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
- For '\marginsep', in 'article' class the default is '10pt' except
+ For ‘\marginsep’, in ‘article’ class the default is ‘10pt’ except
if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode where the
- default is '11pt'.
+ default is ‘11pt’.
- For '\marginsep' in 'book' class the default is '10pt' in
- two-column mode and '7pt' in one-column mode.
+ For ‘\marginsep’ in ‘book’ class the default is ‘10pt’ in
+ two-column mode and ‘7pt’ in one-column mode.
- For '\marginparwidth' in both 'book' and 'article' classes, in
- two-column mode the default is 60% of '\paperwidth - \textwidth',
+ For ‘\marginparwidth’ in both ‘book’ and ‘article’ classes, in
+ two-column mode the default is 60% of ‘\paperwidth − \textwidth’,
while in one-column mode it is 50% of that distance.
-'\oddsidemargin'
-'\evensidemargin'
- The '\oddsidemargin' length is the extra distance between the left
- side of the page and the text's left margin, on odd-numbered pages
- when the document class option 'twoside' is chosen and on all pages
- when 'oneside' is in effect. When 'twoside' is in effect, on
+‘\oddsidemargin’
+‘\evensidemargin’
+ The ‘\oddsidemargin’ length is the extra distance between the left
+ side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages
+ when the document class option ‘twoside’ is chosen and on all pages
+ when ‘oneside’ is in effect. When ‘twoside’ is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
- '\evensidemargin'.
+ ‘\evensidemargin’.
- LaTeX's default is that '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference
- between '\paperwidth' and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is
+ LaTeX’s default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference
+ between ‘\paperwidth’ and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is
the remainder.
-'\paperheight'
+‘\paperheight’
The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print
area. Normally set with a document class option, as in
- '\documentclass[a4paper]{article}' (*note Document class
+ ‘\documentclass[a4paper]{article}’ (*note Document class
options::).
-'\paperwidth'
+‘\paperwidth’
The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print
area. Normally set with a document class option, as in
- '\documentclass[a4paper]{article}' (*note Document class
+ ‘\documentclass[a4paper]{article}’ (*note Document class
options::).
-'\textheight'
+‘\textheight’
The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is
- set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an 'article' or
- 'report' the default is '43\baselineskip', while for a 'book' it is
- '41\baselineskip'. At a type size of 11pt the default is
- '38\baselineskip' for all document classes. At 12pt it is
- '36\baselineskip' for all classes.
+ set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an ‘article’ or
+ ‘report’ the default is ‘43\baselineskip’, while for a ‘book’ it is
+ ‘41\baselineskip’. At a type size of 11pt the default is
+ ‘38\baselineskip’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is
+ ‘36\baselineskip’ for all classes.
-'\textwidth'
+‘\textwidth’
The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
- 'article' or 'report' document, the default is '345pt' when the
- chosen type size is 10pt, the default is '360pt' at 11pt, and it is
- '390pt' at 12pt. For a 'book' document, the default is '4.5in' at
- a type size of 10pt, and '5in' at 11pt or 12pt.
+ ‘article’ or ‘report’ document, the default is ‘345pt’ when the
+ chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘360pt’ at 11pt, and it is
+ ‘390pt’ at 12pt. For a ‘book’ document, the default is ‘4.5in’ at
+ a type size of 10pt, and ‘5in’ at 11pt or 12pt.
- In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the
- entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column
+ In multi-column output, ‘\textwidth’ remains the width of the
+ entire page body, while ‘\columnwidth’ is the width of one column
(*note \twocolumn::).
- In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the
- entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire
- column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists.
+ In lists (*note list::), ‘\textwidth’ remains the width of the
+ entire page body (and ‘\columnwidth’ the width of the entire
+ column), while ‘\linewidth’ may decrease for nested lists.
- Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note
+ Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or ‘\parbox’ (*note
\parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
- the 'minipage' or '\parbox'.
+ the ‘minipage’ or ‘\parbox’.
-'\hsize'
- This entry is included for completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX
+‘\hsize’
+ This entry is included for completeness: ‘\hsize’ is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should
not be used in normal LaTeX documents.
-'\topmargin'
+‘\topmargin’
Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is
- computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in -
- \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided
+ computed based on many other parameters: ‘\paperheight − 2in −
+ \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip’, and then divided
by two.
-'\topskip'
+‘\topskip’
Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default
- is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at a type size of 10pt.
+ is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘10pt’ at a type size of 10pt.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch, Next: Floats, Prev: Page layout parameters, Up: Layout
-5.6 '\baselineskip' & '\baselinestretch'
+5.6 ‘\baselineskip’ & ‘\baselinestretch’
========================================
-The '\baselineskip' is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It gives the
-"leading", the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+The ‘\baselineskip’ is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It gives the
+“leading”, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
baseline to baseline.
- Ordinarily document authors do not directly change '\baselineskip'
+ Ordinarily document authors do not directly change ‘\baselineskip’
while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
-command '\fontsize' (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The
-'\baselineskip''s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
-any direct change to '\baselineskip' would vanish the next time there
+command ‘\fontsize’ (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The
+‘\baselineskip’’s value is reset every time a font change happens and so
+any direct change to ‘\baselineskip’ would vanish the next time there
was a font switch. For how to influence line spacing, see the
-discussion of '\baselinestretch' below.
+discussion of ‘\baselinestretch’ below.
- Usually, a font's size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
+ Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
-a font's style file has the command '\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}' then that
+a font’s style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that
does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall; for
instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does it
mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
-'\baselineskip' is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
+‘\baselineskip’ is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
- The '\baselineskip' is not a property of each line but of the entire
+ The ‘\baselineskip’ is not a property of each line but of the entire
paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph, such
-as a single '{\Huge Q}', will be squashed into its line. TeX will make
-sure it doesn't scrape up against the line above but won't change the
-'\baselineskip' for that one line to make extra room above. For the
-fix, use a '\strut' (*note \strut::).
+as a single ‘{\Huge Q}’, will be squashed into its line. TeX will make
+sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but won’t change the
+‘\baselineskip’ for that one line to make extra room above. For the
+fix, use a ‘\strut’ (*note \strut::).
- The value of '\baselineskip' that TeX uses for the paragraph is the
+ The value of ‘\baselineskip’ that TeX uses for the paragraph is the
value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be
scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs.
@@ -2242,17 +2242,17 @@
The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added,
if the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is
-less than '\baselineskip' then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the
+less than ‘\baselineskip’ then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the
difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the lines
-would be too close together, closer than '\lineskiplimit', then TeX
-instead uses '\lineskip' as the interline glue. The second is that TeX
-doesn't actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
-'\prevdepth', which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning
+would be too close together, closer than ‘\lineskiplimit’, then TeX
+instead uses ‘\lineskip’ as the interline glue. The second is that TeX
+doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses
+‘\prevdepth’, which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning
of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or just after a rule,
-'\prevdepth' has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not
+‘\prevdepth’ has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not
to insert any interline glue at the paragraph start.
- In the standard classes '\lineskiplimit' is 0pt and '\lineskip' is
+ In the standard classes ‘\lineskiplimit’ is 0pt and ‘\lineskip’ is
1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance between lines can
approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than zero) then the lines
jump to 1pt apart.
@@ -2259,22 +2259,23 @@
Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in
double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the
-interline distance is via '\baselinestretch'. It scales
-'\baselineskip', and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, not a
-length, so change the scale factor as in
-'\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont'.
+interline distance is via ‘\baselinestretch’. It scales
+‘\baselineskip’, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, not a
+length, and does not take effect until a font change happens, so set the
+scale factor like this:
+‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont’.
The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire
-document is to put '\linespread{FACTOR}' in the preamble. For double
+document is to put ‘\linespread{FACTOR}’ in the preamble. For double
spacing, take FACTOR to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half spacing use 1.3.
-These number are rough: for instance, since the '\baselineskip' is about
-1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to
-font size ratio of about 2. (The '\linespread' command is defined as
-'\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}' so it won't take effect until
-a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start of a
-document, so there you don't need to follow it with '\selectfont'.)
+These numbers are rough: for instance, since the ‘\baselineskip’ is
+about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip
+to font size ratio of about 2. (The ‘\linespread’ command is defined as
+‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won’t take effect
+until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start
+of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.)
- A simpler approach is the 'setspace' package. The basic example:
+ A simpler approach is the ‘setspace’ package. The basic example:
\usepackage{setspace}
\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
@@ -2282,11 +2283,11 @@
In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing. But
you can also use these declarations in the document body to change the
spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is
-'\singlespacing' to return the spacing to normal. In the document body,
+‘\singlespacing’ to return the spacing to normal. In the document body,
a better practice than using the declarations is to use environments,
-such as '\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}'. The package also
-has commands to do arbitrary spacing: '\setstretch{FACTOR}' and
-'\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}'. This package also keeps
+such as ‘\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}’. The package also
+has commands to do arbitrary spacing: ‘\setstretch{FACTOR}’ and
+‘\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}’. This package also keeps
the line spacing single-spaced in places where that is typically
desirable, such as footnotes and figure captions. See the package
documentation.
@@ -2302,9 +2303,9 @@
for instance floating to the top of a later page.
LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material.
-The default is the two classes, 'figure' (*note figure::) and 'table'
+The default is the two classes, ‘figure’ (*note figure::) and ‘table’
(*note table::), but you can create a new class with the package
-'float'.
+‘float’.
Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
@@ -2325,123 +2326,123 @@
In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
PLACEMENT argument. The possible values are a sequence of the letters
-below. The default for both 'figure' and 'table', in both 'article' and
-'book' classes, is 'tbp'.
+below. The default for both ‘figure’ and ‘table’, in both ‘article’ and
+‘book’ classes, is ‘tbp’.
-'t'
- (Top)--at the top of a text page.
+‘t’
+ (Top)—at the top of a text page.
-'b'
- (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. (However, 'b' is not
- allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column
- output. To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix'
+‘b’
+ (Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not
+ allowed for full-width floats (‘figure*’) with double-column
+ output. To ameliorate this, use the ‘stfloats’ or ‘dblfloatfix’
package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat>.
-'h'
- (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment
- appears. However, 'h' is not allowed by itself; 't' is
+‘h’
+ (Here)—at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment
+ appears. However, ‘h’ is not allowed by itself; ‘t’ is
automatically added.
- To absolutely force a float to appear "here", you can
- '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines.
+ To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
+ ‘\usepackage{float}’ and use the ‘H’ specifier which it defines.
For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere>.
-'p'
- (Page of floats)--on a separate "float page", which is a page
+‘p’
+ (Page of floats)—on a separate “float page”, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
-'!'
+‘!’
Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
- page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
+ page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean “put the float here”; see
above.
Note: the order in which letters appear in the PLACEMENT argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; for
-instance, 'btp' has the same effect as 'tbp'. All that PLACEMENT does
+instance, ‘btp’ has the same effect as ‘tbp’. All that PLACEMENT does
is that if a letter is not present then the algorithm does not try that
-location. Thus, LaTeX's default of 'tbp' is to try every location
+location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location
except placing the float where it occurs in the source.
To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
-chapter you can use a '\clearpage' command to start a new page and
+chapter you can use a ‘\clearpage’ command to start a new page and
insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
-use the 'afterpage' package and issue '\afterpage{\clearpage}'. This
+use the ‘afterpage’ package and issue ‘\afterpage{\clearpage}’. This
will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all
outstanding floats.
LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
-(although on the same output page) if there is a 't' specifier in the
-PLACEMENT parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the 't' is
+(although on the same output page) if there is a ‘t’ specifier in the
+PLACEMENT parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the ‘t’ is
not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the
-next page, then you can prevent it by either using the 'flafter' package
-or using the command '\suppressfloats[t]', which causes floats for the
+next page, then you can prevent it by either using the ‘flafter’ package
+or using the command ‘\suppressfloats[t]’, which causes floats for the
top position on this page to moved to the next page.
Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
-non-float text (change them with '\renewcommand{PARAMETER}{DECIMAL
-BETWEEN 0 AND 1}'):
+non-float text (change them with ‘\renewcommand{PARAMETER}{DECIMAL
+BETWEEN 0 AND 1}’):
-'\bottomfraction'
+‘\bottomfraction’
The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats
- at the bottom; default '.3'.
+ at the bottom; default ‘.3’.
-'\floatpagefraction'
+‘\floatpagefraction’
The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
- floats; default '.5'.
+ floats; default ‘.5’.
-'\textfraction'
+‘\textfraction’
Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
- different page. The default is '.2'.
+ different page. The default is ‘.2’.
-'\topfraction'
+‘\topfraction’
Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
- floats; default '.7'.
+ floats; default ‘.7’.
Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with
-a command of the form '\setlength{PARAMETER}{LENGTH EXPRESSION}'):
+a command of the form ‘\setlength{PARAMETER}{LENGTH EXPRESSION}’):
-'\floatsep'
- Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt
- plus2pt minus2pt'.
+‘\floatsep’
+ Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default ‘12pt
+ plus2pt minus2pt’.
-'\intextsep'
+‘\intextsep’
Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
- default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for 10 point and 11 point
- documents, and '14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for 12 point documents.
+ default ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’ for 10 point and 11 point
+ documents, and ‘14pt plus4pt minus4pt’ for 12 point documents.
-'\textfloatsep'
+‘\textfloatsep’
Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
- default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.
+ default ‘20pt plus2pt minus4pt’.
Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with
-a command of the form '\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}'):
+a command of the form ‘\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}’):
-'bottomnumber'
+‘bottomnumber’
Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text
page; default 1.
-'dbltopnumber'
+‘dbltopnumber’
Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
-'topnumber'
+‘topnumber’
Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
-'totalnumber'
+‘totalnumber’
Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats
<https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats> contains suggestions for relaxing
-LaTeX's default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
+LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed
to the end. A full explanation of the float placement algorithm is in
-Frank Mittelbach's article "How to influence the position of float
-environments like figure and table in LaTeX?"
+Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to influence the position of float
+environments like figure and table in LaTeX?”
(<https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf>).
* Menu:
@@ -2451,7 +2452,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \caption, Up: Floats
-5.7.1 '\caption'
+5.7.1 ‘\caption’
----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -2462,8 +2463,8 @@
\caption[SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT]{CAPTION-TEXT}
- Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a 'figure' or
-'table' environment (*note figure:: or *note table::).
+ Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a ‘figure’ or
+‘table’ environment (*note figure:: or *note table::).
In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank
space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture.
@@ -2474,16 +2475,16 @@
\label{fig:CushingPic}
\end{figure}
-The '\caption' command will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like
-'Figure 1:' for an article or 'Figure 1.1:' for a book. The text is
+The ‘\caption’ command will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like
+‘Figure 1:’ for an article or ‘Figure 1.1:’ for a book. The text is
centered if it is shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented
paragraph if it takes more than one line.
- In addition to placing the CAPTION-TEXT in the output, the '\caption'
+ In addition to placing the CAPTION-TEXT in the output, the ‘\caption’
command also saves that information for use in a list of figures or list
of tables (*note Table of contents etc.::).
- Here the '\caption' command uses the optional SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT, so
+ Here the ‘\caption’ command uses the optional SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT, so
that the shorter text appears in the list of tables, rather than the
longer CAPTION-TEXT.
@@ -2502,25 +2503,25 @@
\label{tab:LoShu}
\end{table}
-LaTeX will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like 'Table 1:' for an
-article or 'Table 1.1:' for a book.
+LaTeX will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like ‘Table 1:’ for an
+article or ‘Table 1.1:’ for a book.
- The caption can appear at the top of the 'figure' or 'table'. For
+ The caption can appear at the top of the ‘figure’ or ‘table’. For
instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the
-'\caption' between the '\centering' and the '\begin{tabular}'.
+‘\caption’ between the ‘\centering’ and the ‘\begin{tabular}’.
Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default.
-It is '\caption' that updates the counter, and so any '\label' must come
-after the '\caption'. The counter for the 'figure' environment is named
-'figure', and similarly the counter for the 'table' environment is
-'table'.
+It is ‘\caption’ that updates the counter, and so any ‘\label’ must come
+after the ‘\caption’. The counter for the ‘figure’ environment is named
+‘figure’, and similarly the counter for the ‘table’ environment is
+‘table’.
The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is
-moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error '! Argument of \@caption
-has an extra }' then you must put '\protect' in front of any fragile
+moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘! Argument of \@caption
+has an extra }’ then you must put ‘\protect’ in front of any fragile
commands. *Note \protect::.
- The 'caption' package has many options to adjust how the caption
+ The ‘caption’ package has many options to adjust how the caption
appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption
always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
@@ -2539,30 +2540,30 @@
SECTIONING-COMMAND[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with
-'\subsection{Motivation}'.
+‘\subsection{Motivation}’.
The table has each SECTIONING-COMMAND in LaTeX. All are available in
-all of LaTeX's standard document classes 'book', 'report',
-and 'article', except that '\chapter' is not available in 'article'.
+all of LaTeX’s standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
+and ‘article’, except that ‘\chapter’ is not available in ‘article’.
Sectioning unit Command Level
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-Part '\part' -1 ('book', 'report'), 0
- ('article')
-Chapter '\chapter' 0
-Section '\section' 1
-Subsection '\subsection' 2
-Subsubsection '\subsubsection' 3
-Paragraph '\paragraph' 4
-Subparagraph '\subparagraph' 5
+Part ‘\part’ -1 (‘book’, ‘report’), 0
+ (‘article’)
+Chapter ‘\chapter’ 0
+Section ‘\section’ 1
+Subsection ‘\subsection’ 2
+Subsubsection ‘\subsubsection’ 3
+Paragraph ‘\paragraph’ 4
+Subparagraph ‘\subparagraph’ 5
- All these commands have a '*'-form that prints TITLE as usual but
+ All these commands have a ‘*’-form that prints TITLE as usual but
does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
-An example of using this is for an appendix in an 'article'. The input
-'\appendix\section{Appendix}' gives the output 'A Appendix' (*note
-\appendix::). You can lose the numbering 'A' by instead entering
-'\section*{Appendix}' (articles often omit a table of contents and have
-simple page headers so the other differences from the '\section' command
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an ‘article’. The input
+‘\appendix\section{Appendix}’ gives the output ‘A Appendix’ (*note
+\appendix::). You can lose the numbering ‘A’ by instead entering
+‘\section*{Appendix}’ (articles often omit a table of contents and have
+simple page headers so the other differences from the ‘\section’ command
may not matter).
The section title TITLE provides the heading in the main text, but it
@@ -2573,46 +2574,47 @@
The level number in the table above determines which sectional units
are numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the
-sectioning command's LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
-counter 'secnumdepth' then the titles for this sectioning command will
+sectioning command’s LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the
+counter ‘secnumdepth’ then the titles for this sectioning command will
be numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). And, if LEVEL is less
-than or equal to the value of the counter 'tocdepth' then the table of
+than or equal to the value of the counter ‘tocdepth’ then the table of
contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit (*note
Sectioning/tocdepth::).
- LaTeX expects that before you have a '\subsection' you will have a
-'\section' and, in a 'book' class document, that before a '\section' you
-will have a '\chapter'. Otherwise you can get something like a
-subsection numbered '3.0.1'.
+ LaTeX expects that before you have a ‘\subsection’ you will have a
+‘\section’ and, in a ‘book’ class document, that before a ‘\section’ you
+will have a ‘\chapter’. Otherwise you can get something like a
+subsection numbered ‘3.0.1’.
LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
-simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
-letters with '\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}' in the preamble
-(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). CTAN has many
-packages that make this adjustment easier, notably 'titlesec'.
+simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase
+letters with this (in the preamble):
+‘\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}’ . (*Note \alph \Alph \arabic
+\roman \Roman \fnsymbol::.) CTAN has many packages that make this
+adjustment easier, notably ‘titlesec’.
Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning
commands.
-'secnumdepth'
+‘secnumdepth’
Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter
- with '\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}' will suppress numbering of
+ with ‘\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}’ will suppress numbering of
sectioning at any depth greater than LEVEL (*note \setcounter::).
See the above table for the level numbers. For instance, if the
- 'secnumdepth' is 1 in an 'article' then a '\section{Introduction}'
- command will produce output like '1 Introduction' while
- '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output like 'Discussion',
- without the number. LaTeX's default 'secnumdepth' is 3 in
- 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes.
+ ‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then a ‘\section{Introduction}’
+ command will produce output like ‘1 Introduction’ while
+ ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like ‘Discussion’,
+ without the number. LaTeX’s default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in
+ ‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
-'tocdepth'
+‘tocdepth’
Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of
- contents. The setting '\setcounter{tocdepth}{LEVEL}' makes the
+ contents. The setting ‘\setcounter{tocdepth}{LEVEL}’ makes the
sectioning units at LEVEL be the smallest ones listed (*note
\setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For
- instance, if 'tocdepth' is 1 then the table of contents will list
- sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default 'tocdepth' is 3 in
- 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes.
+ instance, if ‘tocdepth’ is 1 then the table of contents will list
+ sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in
+ ‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes.
* Menu:
@@ -2628,7 +2630,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \part, Next: \chapter, Up: Sectioning
-6.1 '\part'
+6.1 ‘\part’
===========
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -2637,8 +2639,8 @@
\part*{TITLE}
\part[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
- Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes 'book', 'report',
-and 'article', all have this command.
+ Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes ‘book’, ‘report’,
+and ‘article’, all have this command.
This produces a document part, in a book.
@@ -2648,19 +2650,19 @@
My family is American, and has been for generations,
in all its branches, direct and collateral.
- In each standard class the '\part' command outputs a part number such
-as 'Part I', alone on its line, in boldface, and in large type. Then
+ In each standard class the ‘\part’ command outputs a part number such
+as ‘Part I’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large type. Then
LaTeX outputs TITLE, also alone on its line, in bold and in even larger
-type. In class 'book', the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its
+type. In class ‘book’, the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its
own page. If the book is two-sided then LaTeX will skip a page if
-needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In 'report' it is
-again alone on a page, but LaTeX won't force it onto an odd-numbered
-page. In an 'article' LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but
+needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In ‘report’ it is
+again alone on a page, but LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered
+page. In an ‘article’ LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but
instead outputs the part number and part title onto the main document
page.
- The '*' form shows TITLE but it does not show the part number, does
-not increment the 'part' counter, and produces no table of contents
+ The ‘*’ form shows TITLE but it does not show the part number, does
+not increment the ‘part’ counter, and produces no table of contents
entry.
The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the part title in the
@@ -2675,17 +2677,17 @@
in the table of contents, the level number of a part is -1 (*note
Sectioning/secnumdepth::, and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::).
- In the class 'article', if a paragraph immediately follows the part
+ In the class ‘article’, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
-'indentfirst'.
+‘indentfirst’.
- One package to change the behavior of '\part' is 'titlesec'. See its
+ One package to change the behavior of ‘\part’ is ‘titlesec’. See its
documentation on CTAN.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \chapter, Next: \section, Prev: \part, Up: Sectioning
-6.2 '\chapter'
+6.2 ‘\chapter’
==============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -2694,8 +2696,8 @@
\chapter*{TITLE}
\chapter[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
- Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' have
-this command but 'article' does not.
+ Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ have
+this command but ‘article’ does not.
This produces a chapter.
@@ -2708,16 +2710,16 @@
The LaTeX default starts each chapter on a fresh page, an
odd-numbered page if the document is two-sided. It produces a chapter
-number such as 'Chapter 1' in large boldface type (the size is '\huge').
+number such as ‘Chapter 1’ in large boldface type (the size is ‘\huge’).
It then puts TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface type that is still
-larger (size '\Huge'). It also increments the 'chapter' counter, adds
+larger (size ‘\Huge’). It also increments the ‘chapter’ counter, adds
an entry to the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::), and
sets the running header information (*note Page styles::).
- The '*' form shows TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface. But it does
-not show the chapter number, does not increment the 'chapter' counter,
+ The ‘*’ form shows TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface. But it does
+not show the chapter number, does not increment the ‘chapter’ counter,
produces no table of contents entry, and does not affect the running
-header. (If you use the page style 'headings' in a two-sided document
+header. (If you use the page style ‘headings’ in a two-sided document
then the header will be from the prior chapter.) This example
illustrates.
@@ -2730,8 +2732,8 @@
\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
-but only 'Weyl' on the contents page. This puts a line break in the
-title but that doesn't work well with running headers so it omits the
+but only ‘Weyl’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in the
+title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits the
break in the contents
\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
@@ -2742,11 +2744,11 @@
The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
-'indentfirst'.
+‘indentfirst’.
You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to
-something like 'Lecture 1', put in the preamble either
-'\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}' or this (*note \makeatletter &
+something like ‘Lecture 1’, put in the preamble either
+‘\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}’ or this (*note \makeatletter &
\makeatother::).
\makeatletter
@@ -2754,7 +2756,7 @@
\makeatother
To make this change because of the primary language for the document,
-see the package 'babel'.
+see the package ‘babel’.
In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
@@ -2761,9 +2763,9 @@
running headers. To make that page completely blank, see *note
\clearpage & \cleardoublepage::.
- To change the behavior of the '\chapter' command, you can copy its
+ To change the behavior of the ‘\chapter’ command, you can copy its
definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But there
-are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is 'titlesec'.
+are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is ‘titlesec’.
See its documentation, but the example below gives a sense of what it
can do.
@@ -2774,14 +2776,14 @@
{0pt} % length of separation between label and title
{} % before-code hook
-This omits the chapter number 'Chapter 1' from the page but unlike
-'\chapter*' it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
+This omits the chapter number ‘Chapter 1’ from the page but unlike
+‘\chapter*’ it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
running headers.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \section, Next: \subsection, Prev: \chapter, Up: Sectioning
-6.3 '\section'
+6.3 ‘\section’
==============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -2790,8 +2792,8 @@
\section*{TITLE}
\section[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
- Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and
-'report' all have this command.
+ Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and
+‘report’ all have this command.
This produces a section.
@@ -2805,16 +2807,16 @@
first step toward defining the set of computable functions
is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do.
- For the standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' the default output
-is like '1.2 TITLE' (for chapter 1, section 2), alone on its line and
-flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is '\Large').
-The same holds in 'article' except that there are no chapters in that
-class so it looks like '2 TITLE'.
+ For the standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ the default output
+is like ‘1.2 TITLE’ (for chapter 1, section 2), alone on its line and
+flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is ‘\Large’).
+The same holds in ‘article’ except that there are no chapters in that
+class so it looks like ‘2 TITLE’.
- The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the section number,
-does not increment the 'section' counter, produces no table of contents
+ The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not show the section number,
+does not increment the ‘section’ counter, produces no table of contents
entry, and does not affect the running header. (If you use the page
-style 'headings' in a two-sided document then the header will be from
+style ‘headings’ in a two-sided document then the header will be from
the prior section.)
The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the section title in
@@ -2827,7 +2829,7 @@
Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen,
Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.}
-but only 'Elizabeth II' on the contents page and in the headers. This
+but only ‘Elizabeth II’ on the contents page and in the headers. This
has a line break in TITLE but that does not work with headers so it is
omitted from the contents and headers.
@@ -2840,12 +2842,12 @@
The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package 'indentfirst'.
+package ‘indentfirst’.
- In general, to change the behavior of the '\section' command, there
-are a number of options. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note
+ In general, to change the behavior of the ‘\section’ command, there
+are a number of options. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note
\@startsection::). There are also many packages on CTAN that address
-this, including 'titlesec'. See the documentation but the example below
+this, including ‘titlesec’. See the documentation but the example below
gives a sense of what they can do.
\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
@@ -2862,7 +2864,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \subsection, Next: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph, Prev: \section, Up: Sectioning
-6.4 '\subsection'
+6.4 ‘\subsection’
=================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -2871,8 +2873,8 @@
\subsection*{TITLE}
\subsection[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
- Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book',
-and 'report' all have this command.
+ Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’,
+and ‘report’ all have this command.
This produces a subsection.
@@ -2883,14 +2885,14 @@
dramatize the challenge to our intuition posed by comparing the sizes of
infinite sets.
- For the standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' the default output
-is like '1.2.3 TITLE' (for chapter 1, section 2, subsection 3), alone on
+ For the standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ the default output
+is like ‘1.2.3 TITLE’ (for chapter 1, section 2, subsection 3), alone on
its line and flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is
-'\large'). The same holds in 'article' except that there are no
-chapters in that class so it looks like '2.3 TITLE'.
+‘\large’). The same holds in ‘article’ except that there are no
+chapters in that class so it looks like ‘2.3 TITLE’.
- The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the subsection
-number, does not increment the 'subsection' counter, and produces no
+ The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not show the subsection
+number, does not increment the ‘subsection’ counter, and produces no
table of contents entry.
The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the subsection title
@@ -2901,7 +2903,7 @@
\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
-but only 'α,β,γ paper' on the contents page.
+but only ‘α,β,γ paper’ on the contents page.
For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear
in the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2 (*note
@@ -2909,12 +2911,12 @@
The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as
is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to
-use the package 'indentfirst'.
+use the package ‘indentfirst’.
There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
-'\subsection' command. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note
+‘\subsection’ command. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note
\@startsection::). There are also many packages on CTAN that address
-this, including 'titlesec'. See the documentation but the example below
+this, including ‘titlesec’. See the documentation but the example below
gives a sense of what they can do.
\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
@@ -2929,7 +2931,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph, Next: \appendix, Prev: \subsection, Up: Sectioning
-6.5 '\subsubsection', '\paragraph', '\subparagraph'
+6.5 ‘\subsubsection’, ‘\paragraph’, ‘\subparagraph’
===================================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -2951,7 +2953,7 @@
\subparagraph[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE}
Start a subsubsection, paragraph, or subparagraph. The standard
-LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and 'report' all have these commands,
+LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ all have these commands,
although they are not commonly used.
This produces a subsubsection.
@@ -2962,19 +2964,19 @@
consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings.
The default output of each of the three does not change over the
-standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and 'report'. For
-'\subsubsection' the TITLE is alone on its line, in boldface and normal
-size type. For '\paragraph' the TITLE is inline with the text, not
-indented, in boldface and normal size type. For '\subparagraph' the
+standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’. For
+‘\subsubsection’ the TITLE is alone on its line, in boldface and normal
+size type. For ‘\paragraph’ the TITLE is inline with the text, not
+indented, in boldface and normal size type. For ‘\subparagraph’ the
TITLE is inline with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and
-normal size type (Because an 'article' has no chapters its
-subsubsections are numbered and so it looks like '1.2.3 TITLE', for
+normal size type (Because an ‘article’ has no chapters its
+subsubsections are numbered and so it looks like ‘1.2.3 TITLE’, for
section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other two divisions
are not numbered.)
- The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the associated
+ The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the associated
counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not show the
-number for '\subsubsection').
+number for ‘\subsubsection’).
The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the division title in
the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). If it is not
@@ -2987,17 +2989,17 @@
The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented,
as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to
-use the package 'indentfirst'.
+use the package ‘indentfirst’.
There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these
-commands. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note \@startsection::).
+commands. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note \@startsection::).
There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
-'titlesec'. See the documentation on CTAN.
+‘titlesec’. See the documentation on CTAN.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \appendix, Next: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter, Prev: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph, Up: Sectioning
-6.6 '\appendix'
+6.6 ‘\appendix’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -3004,11 +3006,12 @@
\appendix
- This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report
-it declares that subsequent '\chapter' commands start an appendix. In
-an article it does the same, for '\section' commands. It also resets
-the 'chapter' and 'section' counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an
-article resets the 'section' and 'subsection' counters.
+ This does not directly produce any output. But in a ‘book’ or
+‘report’ document it declares that subsequent ‘\chapter’ commands start
+an appendix. In an article it does the same, for ‘\section’ commands.
+It also resets the ‘chapter’ and ‘section’ counters to 0 in a book or
+report, and in an article resets the ‘section’ and ‘subsection’
+counters.
In this book
@@ -3019,21 +3022,21 @@
\chapter{Three} ...
\chapter{Four} ...
-the first two will generate output numbered 'Chapter 1' and 'Chapter 2'.
-After the '\appendix' the numbering will be 'Appendix A' and 'Appendix
-B'. *Note Larger book template::, for another example.
+the first two will generate output numbered ‘Chapter 1’ and ‘Chapter 2’.
+After the ‘\appendix’ the numbering will be ‘Appendix A’ and ‘Appendix
+B’. *Note Larger book template::, for another example.
- The 'appendix' package adds the command '\appendixpage' to put a
-separate 'Appendices' in the document body before the first appendix,
-and the command '\addappheadtotoc' to do the same in the table of
-contents. You can reset the name 'Appendices' with a command like
-'\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}', as well as a number of
+ The ‘appendix’ package adds the command ‘\appendixpage’ to put a
+separate ‘Appendices’ in the document body before the first appendix,
+and the command ‘\addappheadtotoc’ to do the same in the table of
+contents. You can reset the name ‘Appendices’ with a command like
+‘\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}’, as well as a number of
other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter, Next: \@startsection, Prev: \appendix, Up: Sectioning
-6.7 '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', '\backmatter'
+6.7 ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, ‘\backmatter’
================================================
Synopsis, one or more of:
@@ -3045,10 +3048,10 @@
\backmatter
...
- Format a 'book' class document differently according to which part of
+ Format a ‘book’ class document differently according to which part of
the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
- Traditionally, a book's front matter contains such things as the
+ Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the
title page, an abstract, a table of contents, a preface, a list of
notations, a list of figures, and a list of tables. (Some of these
front matter pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not
@@ -3055,15 +3058,15 @@
numbered.) The back matter may contain such things as a glossary,
notes, a bibliography, and an index.
- The '\frontmatter' command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
-roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter's title
+ The ‘\frontmatter’ command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
+roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title
appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
-here, use the '*'-version (*note Sectioning::).
+here, use the ‘*’-version (*note Sectioning::).
- The '\mainmatter' command changes the behavior back to the expected
+ The ‘\mainmatter’ command changes the behavior back to the expected
version, and resets the page number.
- The '\backmatter' command leaves the page numbering alone but
+ The ‘\backmatter’ command leaves the page numbering alone but
switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
*Note Larger book template::, for an example using these three
@@ -3072,7 +3075,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \@startsection, Prev: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter, Up: Sectioning
-6.8 '\@startsection', typesetting sectional unit headings
+6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings
=========================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -3080,16 +3083,16 @@
\@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}
Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
-divisions such as '\section' or '\subsection'.
+divisions such as ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’.
- Note that the 'titlesec' package makes manipulation of sectioning
+ Note that the ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
-satisfied with '\@startsection', some cannot. For instance, in the
-standard LaTeX 'book' and 'report' classes the commands '\chapter' and
-'\report' are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you
-may want to use the '\secdef' command.
+satisfied with ‘\@startsection’, some cannot. For instance, in the
+standard LaTeX ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes the commands ‘\chapter’ and
+‘\report’ are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you
+may want to use the ‘\secdef’ command.
- Technically, '\@startsection' has the form
+ Technically, ‘\@startsection’ has the form
\@startsection{NAME}
{LEVEL}
@@ -3107,20 +3110,20 @@
{AFTERSKIP}
{STYLE}}
-redefines '\section' while keeping its standard calling form
-'\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}' (in which, for reminder, the star '*' is
+redefines ‘\section’ while keeping its standard calling form
+‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, for reminder, the star ‘*’ is
optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that when you write a
-command like '\renewcommand{\section}{...}', the '\@startsection{...}'
+command like ‘\renewcommand{\section}{...}’, the ‘\@startsection{...}’
must come last in the definition. See the examples below.
NAME
Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This
counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
- 'section', 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those cases
+ ‘section’, ‘subsection’, or ‘paragraph’. Although in those cases
the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, you
- don't have to use the same name.
+ don’t have to use the same name.
- Then '\the'NAME displays the title number and '\'NAME'mark' is for
+ Then ‘\the’NAME displays the title number and ‘\’NAME‘mark’ is for
the page headers. See the third example below.
LEVEL
@@ -3128,16 +3131,16 @@
Sectioning::, for the list of standard level numbers.
If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter
- 'secnumdepth' then titles for this sectioning command will be
+ ‘secnumdepth’ then titles for this sectioning command will be
numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). For instance, if
- 'secnumdepth' is 1 in an 'article' then the command
- '\section{Introduction}' will produce output like "1 Introduction"
- while '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output like
- "Discussion", without the number prefix.
+ ‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then the command
+ ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like “1 Introduction”
+ while ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like
+ “Discussion”, without the number prefix.
If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter TOCDEPTH
then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning
- unit (*note Sectioning/tocdepth::). For instance, in an 'article',
+ unit (*note Sectioning/tocdepth::). For instance, in an ‘article’,
if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but
not subsections.
@@ -3144,30 +3147,30 @@
INDENT
A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with
respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the
- margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-\parindent'
+ margin use ‘0pt’. A negative indentation such as ‘-\parindent’
will move the title into the left margin.
BEFORESKIP
The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space
- that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space
+ that is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space
will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the
beginning of a page. If this number is negative then the first
paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
- negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus -2pt minus
- -3pt'.)
+ negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus -2pt minus
+ -3pt’.)
- For example, if BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex' then
+ For example, if BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’ then
to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph
in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
- 'plus' and 'minus', is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more
+ ‘plus’ and ‘minus’, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more
flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::).
The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of
- the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of
- the header is that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the text
- font, the '\baselineskip' of the title font, and the absolute value
+ the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of
+ the header is that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the text
+ font, the ‘\baselineskip’ of the title font, and the absolute value
of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may
stretch or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page
so that the vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the
@@ -3176,65 +3179,65 @@
AFTERSKIP
This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the
- vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header.
+ vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header.
If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so
that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the
absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the
end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph.
- (Note that the negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus
- -2pt minus -3pt'.)
+ (Note that the negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus
+ -2pt minus -3pt’.)
- As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with 'plus' and 'minus'
+ As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’
components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more
flexibility in putting together the page.
- If 'afterskip' is non-negative then the full accounting of the
- vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header
+ If ‘afterskip’ is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+ vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header
and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is
- that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the title font, the
- '\baselineskip' of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That
+ that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the title font, the
+ ‘\baselineskip’ of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That
space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
- because the sign of 'afterskip' changes the sectioning unit
- header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
- 'afterskip' to cancel part of the '\parskip'.)
+ because the sign of ‘afterskip’ changes the sectioning unit
+ header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+ ‘afterskip’ to cancel part of the ‘\parskip’.)
STYLE
Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below.
- Typical commands to use here are '\centering', '\raggedright',
- '\normalfont', '\hrule', or '\newpage'. The last command in STYLE
- may be one that takes one argument, such as '\MakeUppercase' or
- '\fbox' that takes one argument. The section title will be
+ Typical commands to use here are ‘\centering’, ‘\raggedright’,
+ ‘\normalfont’, ‘\hrule’, or ‘\newpage’. The last command in STYLE
+ may be one that takes one argument, such as ‘\MakeUppercase’ or
+ ‘\fbox’ that takes one argument. The section title will be
supplied as the argument to this command. For instance, setting
- STYLE to '\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are
+ STYLE to ‘\bfseries\MakeUppercase’ would produce titles that are
bold and uppercase.
- These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that
-are defined with '\@startsection', for the 'article', 'book', and
-'report' classes.
+ These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
+are defined with ‘\@startsection’, for the ‘article’, ‘book’, and
+‘report’ classes.
- * For 'section': LEVEL is 1, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex
- plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '2.3ex plus 0.2ex', and STYLE
- is '\normalfont\Large\bfseries'.
+ • For ‘section’: LEVEL is 1, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.5ex
+ plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘2.3ex plus 0.2ex’, and STYLE
+ is ‘\normalfont\Large\bfseries’.
- * For 'subsection': LEVEL is 2, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is '-3.25ex
- plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '1.5ex plus 0.2ex', and STYLE
- is '\normalfont\large\bfseries'.
+ • For ‘subsection’: LEVEL is 2, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.25ex
+ plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘1.5ex plus 0.2ex’, and STYLE
+ is ‘\normalfont\large\bfseries’.
- * For 'subsubsection': LEVEL is 3, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is
- '-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '1.5ex plus 0.2ex',
- and STYLE is '\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries'.
+ • For ‘subsubsection’: LEVEL is 3, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is
+ ‘-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘1.5ex plus 0.2ex’,
+ and STYLE is ‘\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries’.
Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or
in the preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble
-they must go between a '\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'.
-(Probably the error message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
-mode.' means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter &
+they must go between a ‘\makeatletter’ command and a ‘\makeatother’.
+(Probably the error message ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
+mode.’ means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter &
\makeatother::.
This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It
-says '\renewcommand' because LaTeX's standard classes have already
-defined a '\section'. For the same reason it does not define a
-'section' counter, or the commands '\thesection' and '\l at section'.
+says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX’s standard classes have already
+defined a ‘\section’. For the same reason it does not define a
+‘section’ counter, or the commands ‘\thesection’ and ‘\l at section’.
\renewcommand\section{%
\@startsection{section}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name.
@@ -3245,7 +3248,7 @@
{\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style.
}
- This will put 'subsection' titles in small caps type, inline with the
+ This will put ‘subsection’ titles in small caps type, inline with the
paragraph.
\renewcommand\subsection{%
@@ -3281,10 +3284,10 @@
7 Cross references
******************
-We often want something like 'See Theorem~31'. But by-hand typing the
-31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a "label" such as
-'\label{eq:GreensThm}' and then "reference" it, as with 'See
-equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}'. LaTeX will automatically work out the
+We often want something like ‘See Theorem~31’. But by-hand typing the
+31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a “label” such as
+‘\label{eq:GreensThm}’ and then “reference” it, as with ‘See
+equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}’. LaTeX will automatically work out the
number, put it into the output, and will change that number later if
needed.
@@ -3297,26 +3300,26 @@
See Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm} on page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}.
LaTeX tracks cross reference information in a file having the
-extension '.aux' and with the same base name as the file containing the
-'\label'. So if '\label' is in 'calculus.tex' then the information is
-in 'calculus.aux'. LaTeX puts the information in that file every time
-it runs across a '\label'.
+extension ‘.aux’ and with the same base name as the file containing the
+‘\label’. So if ‘\label’ is in ‘calculus.tex’ then the information is
+in ‘calculus.aux’. LaTeX puts the information in that file every time
+it runs across a ‘\label’.
The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
-happens when your document has a "forward reference", a '\ref' that
-appears before the associated '\label'. If this is the first time that
-you are compiling the document then you will get 'LaTeX Warning:
-Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right' and in
-the output the forward reference will appear as two question marks '??',
+happens when your document has a “forward reference”, a ‘\ref’ that
+appears before the associated ‘\label’. If this is the first time that
+you are compiling the document then you will get ‘LaTeX Warning:
+Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right’ and in
+the output the forward reference will appear as two question marks ‘??’,
in boldface. A similar thing happens if you change some things so the
references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the
old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the
document a second time.
- The 'cleveref' package enhances LaTeX's cross referencing features.
+ The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing features.
You can arrange that if you enter
-'\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}' then '\cref{th:Nerode}' will
-output 'Theorem 3.21', without you having to enter the "Theorem."
+‘\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}’ then ‘\cref{th:Nerode}’ will
+output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the “Theorem.”
* Menu:
@@ -3328,7 +3331,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross references
-7.1 '\label'
+7.1 ‘\label’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -3335,11 +3338,11 @@
\label{KEY}
- Assign a reference number to KEY. In ordinary text '\label{KEY}'
+ Assign a reference number to KEY. In ordinary text ‘\label{KEY}’
assigns to KEY the number of the current sectional unit. Inside an
-environment with numbering, such as a 'table' or 'theorem' environment,
-'\label{KEY}' assigns to KEY the number of that environment. Retrieve
-the assigned number with the '\ref{KEY}' command (*note \ref::).
+environment with numbering, such as a ‘table’ or ‘theorem’ environment,
+‘\label{KEY}’ assigns to KEY the number of that environment. Retrieve
+the assigned number with the ‘\ref{KEY}’ command (*note \ref::).
A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished,
@@ -3346,34 +3349,34 @@
as usual.
A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a
-suffix separated by a colon or period. Thus, '\label{fig:Post}' is a
+suffix separated by a colon or period. Thus, ‘\label{fig:Post}’ is a
label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid
accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your
source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
-'ch'
+‘ch’
for chapters
-'sec'
-'subsec'
+‘sec’
+‘subsec’
for lower-level sectioning commands
-'fig'
+‘fig’
for figures
-'tab'
+‘tab’
for tables
-'eq'
+‘eq’
for equations
In the auxiliary file the reference information is kept as the text
-of a command of the form '\newlabel{LABEL}{{CURRENTLABEL}{PAGENUMBER}}'.
-Here CURRENTLABEL is the current value of the macro '\@currentlabel'
-that is usually updated whenever you call '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'.
+of a command of the form ‘\newlabel{LABEL}{{CURRENTLABEL}{PAGENUMBER}}’.
+Here CURRENTLABEL is the current value of the macro ‘\@currentlabel’
+that is usually updated whenever you call ‘\refstepcounter{COUNTER}’.
- Below, the key 'sec:test' will get the number of the current section
-and the key 'fig:test' will get the number of the figure.
+ Below, the key ‘sec:test’ will get the number of the current section
+and the key ‘fig:test’ will get the number of the figure.
(Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.)
\section{section name}
@@ -3389,7 +3392,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references
-7.2 '\pageref'
+7.2 ‘\pageref’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -3397,12 +3400,12 @@
\pageref{KEY}
Produce the page number of the place in the text where the
-corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.
+corresponding ‘\label’{KEY} command appears.
- If there is no '\label{KEY}' then you get something like 'LaTeX
-Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.'
+ If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX
+Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.’
- Below, the '\label{eq:main}' is used both for the formula number and
+ Below, the ‘\label{eq:main}’ is used both for the formula number and
for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward
references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve
those.)
@@ -3416,7 +3419,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Next: xr package, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references
-7.3 '\ref'
+7.3 ‘\ref’
==========
Synopsis:
@@ -3424,15 +3427,15 @@
\ref{KEY}
Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote,
-figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command (*note \label::). It
-does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just
+figure, ..., of the corresponding ‘\label’ command (*note \label::). It
+does not produce any text, such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just
the bare number itself.
- If there is no '\label{KEY}' then you get something like 'LaTeX
-Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.'
+ If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX
+Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.’
- In this example the '\ref{popular}' produces '2'. Note that it is a
-forward reference since it comes before '\label{popular}' so this
+ In this example the ‘\ref{popular}’ produces ‘2’. Note that it is a
+forward reference since it comes before ‘\label{popular}’ so this
document would have to be compiled twice.
The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
@@ -3442,13 +3445,13 @@
\item Con\TeX t
\end{enumerate}
- The 'cleveref' package includes text such as 'Theorem' in the
+ The ‘cleveref’ package includes text such as ‘Theorem’ in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
File: latex2e.info, Node: xr package, Prev: \ref, Up: Cross references
-7.4 'xr' package
+7.4 ‘xr’ package
================
Synopsis:
@@ -3462,9 +3465,9 @@
\externaldocument[REFERENCE-PREFIX]{DOCUMENT-BASENAME}
Make cross references to the external document
-'DOCUMENT-BASENAME.tex'.
+‘DOCUMENT-BASENAME.tex’.
- Here is an example. If 'lectures.tex' has this in the preamble
+ Here is an example. If ‘lectures.tex’ has this in the preamble
\usepackage{xr}
\externaldocument{exercises}
@@ -3472,34 +3475,34 @@
\externaldocument{answers}
then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
-Suppose that 'exercises.tex' has an enumerated list containing this,
+Suppose that ‘exercises.tex’ has an enumerated list containing this,
\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
-and 'hints.tex' has an enumerated list with this,
+and ‘hints.tex’ has an enumerated list with this,
\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
-and 'answers.tex' has an enumerated list with this,
+and ‘answers.tex’ has an enumerated list with this,
\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
are exactly two vertices.
After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
-this in the body of 'lectures.tex' will result in the lectures getting
+this in the body of ‘lectures.tex’ will result in the lectures getting
the reference numbers used in the other documents.
See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}.
The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}.
- The prefix 'H-' for the reference from the hints file is needed
+ The prefix ‘H-’ for the reference from the hints file is needed
because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the
exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the
number from the later file.
- Note: if the document uses the 'hyperref' package then in place of
-'xr', put '\usepackage{xr-hyper}' before the '\usepackage{hyperref}'.
-Also, if any of the multiple documents uses 'hyperref' then they all
+ Note: if the document uses the ‘hyperref’ package then in place of
+‘xr’, put ‘\usepackage{xr-hyper}’ before the ‘\usepackage{hyperref}’.
+Also, if any of the multiple documents uses ‘hyperref’ then they all
must use it.
@@ -3509,7 +3512,7 @@
**************
LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. An
-environment begins with '\begin' and ends with '\end', like this:
+environment begins with ‘\begin’ and ends with ‘\end’, like this:
\begin{ENVIRONMENT-NAME}
...
@@ -3516,9 +3519,9 @@
\end{ENVIRONMENT-NAME}
The ENVIRONMENT-NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the
-end. For instance, the input '\begin{table*}...\end{table}' will cause
-an error like: '! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
-\end{table}.'
+end. For instance, the input ‘\begin{table*}...\end{table}’ will cause
+an error like: ‘! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
+\end{table}.’
Environments are executed within a group.
@@ -3556,7 +3559,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: abstract, Next: array, Up: Environments
-8.1 'abstract'
+8.1 ‘abstract’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -3566,13 +3569,13 @@
\end{abstract}
Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This
-environment is only defined in the 'article' and 'report' document
+environment is only defined in the ‘article’ and ‘report’ document
classes (*note Document classes::).
- Using the example below in the 'article' class produces a displayed
-paragraph. Document class option 'titlepage' causes the abstract to be
+ Using the example below in the ‘article’ class produces a displayed
+paragraph. Document class option ‘titlepage’ causes the abstract to be
on a separate page (*note Document class options::); this is the default
-only in the 'report' class.
+only in the ‘report’ class.
\begin{abstract}
We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
@@ -3581,7 +3584,7 @@
\end{abstract}
The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column
-document (for a more flexible solution, use the package 'abstract').
+document (for a more flexible solution, use the package ‘abstract’).
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
...
@@ -3605,7 +3608,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments
-8.2 'array'
+8.2 ‘array’
===========
Synopsis:
@@ -3624,8 +3627,8 @@
Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in
math mode (*note Modes::), and normally appears within a displayed
-mathematics environment such as 'equation' (*note equation::). Inside
-of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, ('&').
+mathematics environment such as ‘equation’ (*note equation::). Inside
+of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, (‘&’).
Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (*note \\::).
This example shows a three by three array.
@@ -3643,29 +3646,29 @@
The required argument COLS describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
-'\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}' gives three columns: the first flush
+‘\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}’ gives three columns: the first flush
right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See *note
tabular:: for the complete description of COLS and of the other common
features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument.
- There are two ways that 'array' diverges from 'tabular'. The first
-is that 'array' entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note
+ There are two ways that ‘array’ diverges from ‘tabular’. The first
+is that ‘array’ entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note
Math styles::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with
-'p{...}', which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second
-is that, instead of 'tabular''s parameter '\tabcolsep', LaTeX's
-intercolumn space in an 'array' is governed by '\arraycolsep', which
-gives half the width between columns. The default for this is '5pt' so
+‘p{...}’, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second
+is that, instead of ‘tabular’’s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX’s
+intercolumn space in an ‘array’ is governed by ‘\arraycolsep’, which
+gives half the width between columns. The default for this is ‘5pt’ so
that between two columns comes 10pt of space.
- To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the 'amsmath'
-package. It comes with environments 'pmatrix' for an array surrounded
-by parentheses '(...)', 'bmatrix' for an array surrounded by square
-brackets '[...]', 'Bmatrix' for an array surrounded by curly
-braces '{...}', 'vmatrix' for an array surrounded by vertical
-bars '|...|', and 'Vmatrix' for an array surrounded by double vertical
-bars '||...||', along with a number of other array constructs.
+ To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the ‘amsmath’
+package. It comes with environments ‘pmatrix’ for an array surrounded
+by parentheses ‘(...)’, ‘bmatrix’ for an array surrounded by square
+brackets ‘[...]’, ‘Bmatrix’ for an array surrounded by curly
+braces ‘{...}’, ‘vmatrix’ for an array surrounded by vertical
+bars ‘|...|’, and ‘Vmatrix’ for an array surrounded by double vertical
+bars ‘||...||’, along with a number of other array constructs.
- The next example uses the 'amsmath' package.
+ The next example uses the ‘amsmath’ package.
\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
@@ -3676,8 +3679,8 @@
\end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
\end{equation}
- There are many packages concerning arrays. The 'array' package has
-many useful extensions, including more column types. The 'dcolumn'
+ There are many packages concerning arrays. The ‘array’ package has
+many useful extensions, including more column types. The ‘dcolumn’
package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
the documentation on CTAN.
@@ -3684,7 +3687,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments
-8.3 'center'
+8.3 ‘center’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -3696,13 +3699,13 @@
\end{center}
Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
-centered within the left and right margins. Use double-backslash, '\\',
+centered within the left and right margins. Use double-backslash, ‘\\’,
to get a line break (*note \\::). If some text is too long to fit on a
line then LaTeX will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid
stretching or shrinking any interword space.
This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
-*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a 'figure'
+*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a ‘figure’
environment.
This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
@@ -3714,7 +3717,7 @@
the School of Environmental Engineering
\end{center}
- In this example, depending on the page's line width, LaTeX may choose
+ In this example, depending on the page’s line width, LaTeX may choose
a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
@@ -3727,7 +3730,7 @@
\end{center}
A double backslash after the final line is optional. If present it
-doesn't add any vertical space.
+doesn’t add any vertical space.
In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the
entire page.
@@ -3734,12 +3737,12 @@
* Menu:
-* \centering:: Declaration form of the 'center' environment.
+* \centering:: Declaration form of the ‘center’ environment.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center
-8.3.1 '\centering'
+8.3.1 ‘\centering’
------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -3753,9 +3756,9 @@
\end{group}
Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
-environment such as 'figure', or in a 'parbox'.
+environment such as ‘figure’, or in a ‘parbox’.
- This example's '\centering' declaration causes the graphic to be
+ This example’s ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be
horizontally centered.
\begin{figure}
@@ -3764,27 +3767,27 @@
\caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
\end{figure}
-The scope of this '\centering' ends with the '\end{figure}'.
+The scope of this ‘\centering’ ends with the ‘\end{figure}’.
- Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
-add vertical space above and below the text. That's its advantage in
+ Unlike the ‘center’ environment, the ‘\centering’ command does not
+add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage in
the above example; there is not an excess of space.
It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX
-formats paragraph units. If 'ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz' is surrounded
-by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose first line 'ww
-xx' is centered and whose second line, not centered, contains 'yy zz'.
+formats paragraph units. If ‘ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz’ is surrounded
+by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose first line ‘ww
+xx’ is centered and whose second line, not centered, contains ‘yy zz’.
Usually what is desired is for the scope of the declaration to contain a
-blank line or the '\end' command of an environment such as 'figure' or
-'table' that ends the paragraph unit. Thus, if '{\centering xx \\
-yy\par} zz' is surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph
-with two centered lines 'xx' and 'yy', followed by a new paragraph with
-'zz' that is formatted as usual.
+blank line or the ‘\end’ command of an environment such as ‘figure’ or
+‘table’ that ends the paragraph unit. Thus, if ‘{\centering xx \\
+yy\par} zz’ is surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph
+with two centered lines ‘xx’ and ‘yy’, followed by a new paragraph with
+‘zz’ that is formatted as usual.
File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments
-8.4 'description'
+8.4 ‘description’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -3795,11 +3798,11 @@
...
\end{description}
- Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's LABEL is
+ Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s LABEL is
typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
-none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
-\item'.
+none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
+\item’.
This example shows the environment used for a sequence of
definitions.
@@ -3809,31 +3812,31 @@
\item[llama] A beast.
\end{description}
-The labels 'lama' and 'llama' are output in boldface, with the left edge
+The labels ‘lama’ and ‘llama’ are output in boldface, with the left edge
on the left margin.
- Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). Use the
-optional labels, as in '\item[Main point]', because there is no sensible
-default. Following the '\item' is optional text, which may contain
+ Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). Use the
+optional labels, as in ‘\item[Main point]’, because there is no sensible
+default. Following the ‘\item’ is optional text, which may contain
multiple paragraphs.
Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a
font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it
will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for
-typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold
+typewriter with ‘\item[\texttt{label text}]’ then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this
example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style:
-'\item[{\tt label text}]'. Similarly, get the standard roman font with
-'\item[{\rm label text}]'.
+‘\item[{\tt label text}]’. Similarly, get the standard roman font with
+‘\item[{\rm label text}]’.
For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize::
-and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting 'description'
+and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting ‘description’
environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush
left at all levels.
For information about list layout parameters, including the default
values, and for information about customizing list layout, see *note
-list::. The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists.
+list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists.
This example changes the description labels to small caps.
@@ -3843,7 +3846,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments
-8.5 'displaymath'
+8.5 ‘displaymath’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -3854,29 +3857,29 @@
Environment to typeset the MATHEMATICAL TEXT on its own line, in
display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
-global option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::.
+global option ‘fleqn’; see *note Document class options::.
- In the 'displaymath' environment no equation number is added to the
-math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the 'equation'
+ In the ‘displaymath’ environment no equation number is added to the
+math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the ‘equation’
environment (*note equation::).
LaTeX will not break the MATH TEXT across lines.
- Note that the 'amsmath' package has significantly more extensive
+ Note that the ‘amsmath’ package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways
in that package for having math text broken across lines.
- The construct '\[MATH\]' is a synonym for the environment
-'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier to
+ The construct ‘\[MATH\]’ is a synonym for the environment
+‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’ but the latter is easier to
work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket
-may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely be
+may get false positives but the word ‘displaymath’ will likely be
unique.
- (Aside: The construct '$$MATH$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a synonym,
-and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; '$$' doesn't support
-the 'fleqn' option (*note Document class options::), has different
-vertical spacing, and doesn't perform consistency checks.)
+ (Aside: The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes
+mistakenly used as a synonym for ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym,
+and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn’t support
+the ‘fleqn’ option (*note Document class options::), has different
+vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform consistency checks.)
The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
@@ -3884,16 +3887,16 @@
\int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
\end{displaymath}
-Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version '\( \int_1^2
-x^2\,dx=7/3 \)' produces.
+Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version ‘\( \int_1^2
+x^2\,dx=7/3 \)’ produces.
File: latex2e.info, Node: document, Next: enumerate, Prev: displaymath, Up: Environments
-8.6 'document'
+8.6 ‘document’
==============
-The 'document' environment encloses the entire body of a document. It
+The ‘document’ environment encloses the entire body of a document. It
is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::.
* Menu:
@@ -3904,7 +3907,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtBeginDocument, Next: \AtEndDocument, Up: document
-8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument'
+8.6.1 ‘\AtBeginDocument’
------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -3911,7 +3914,7 @@
\AtBeginDocument{CODE}
- Save CODE and execute it when '\begin{document}' is executed, at the
+ Save CODE and execute it when ‘\begin{document}’ is executed, at the
very end of the preamble. The code is executed after the font selection
tables have been set up, so the normal font for the document is the
current font. However, the code is executed as part of the preamble so
@@ -3923,7 +3926,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtEndDocument, Prev: \AtBeginDocument, Up: document
-8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument'
+8.6.2 ‘\AtEndDocument’
----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -3931,10 +3934,10 @@
\AtEndDocument{CODE}
Save CODE and execute it near the end of the document. Specifically,
-it is executed when '\end{document}' is executed, before the final page
+it is executed when ‘\end{document}’ is executed, before the final page
is finished and before any leftover floating environments are processed.
If you want some of the code to be executed after these two processes
-then include a '\clearpage' at the appropriate point in CODE.
+then include a ‘\clearpage’ at the appropriate point in CODE.
You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
will be executed in the order that you gave them.
@@ -3942,7 +3945,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Environments
-8.7 'enumerate'
+8.7 ‘enumerate’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -3955,13 +3958,13 @@
Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the
label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see
-below. The default top-level numbering is '1.', '2.', etc. Each
-'enumerate' list environment must have at least one item; having none
-causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'.
+below. The default top-level numbering is ‘1.’, ‘2.’, etc. Each
+‘enumerate’ list environment must have at least one item; having none
+causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’.
This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic
-marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as '1.' and
-'2.'.
+marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘1.’ and
+‘2.’.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Johnny Hayes (USA)
@@ -3968,36 +3971,36 @@
\item Charles Hefferon (RSA)
\end{enumerate}
- Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you
-give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets,
-as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the
+ Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). If you
+give ‘\item’ an optional argument by following it with square brackets,
+as in ‘\item[Interstitial label]’, then the next item will continue the
interrupted sequence (*note \item::). That is, you will get labels like
-'1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'. Following the '\item' is
+‘1.’, then ‘Interstitial label’, then ‘2.’. Following the ‘\item’ is
optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs.
- Enumerations may be nested within other 'enumerate' environments, or
-within any paragraph-making environment such as 'itemize' (*note
-itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the
+ Enumerations may be nested within other ‘enumerate’ environments, or
+within any paragraph-making environment such as ‘itemize’ (*note
+itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s default for the
format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost
level.
- 1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ...
- 2. lowercase letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ...
- 3. lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ...
- 4. uppercase letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ...
+ 1. arabic number followed by a period: ‘1.’, ‘2.’, ...
+ 2. lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘(a)’, ‘(b)’ ...
+ 3. lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘i.’, ‘ii.’, ...
+ 4. uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘A.’, ‘B.’, ...
- The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
-'\enumiv' (*note Counters::).
+ The ‘enumerate’ environment uses the counters ‘\enumi’ through
+‘\enumiv’ (*note Counters::).
For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note
description:: and *note itemize::. For information about list layout
parameters, including the default values, and for information about
-customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is
+customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is
useful for customizing lists.
- To change the format of the label use '\renewcommand' (*note
-\newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands '\labelenumi' through
-'\labelenumiv'. For instance, this first level list will be labelled
+ To change the format of the label use ‘\renewcommand’ (*note
+\newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands ‘\labelenumi’ through
+‘\labelenumiv’. For instance, this first level list will be labelled
with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period.
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
@@ -4012,15 +4015,15 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments
-8.8 'eqnarray'
+8.8 ‘eqnarray’
==============
-The 'eqnarray' environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including
+The ‘eqnarray’ environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including
spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See
-"Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
+“Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>). New documents should
-include the 'amsmath' package and use the displayed mathematics
-environments provided there, such as the 'align' environment. We
+include the ‘amsmath’ package and use the displayed mathematics
+environments provided there, such as the ‘align’ environment. We
include a description only for completeness and for working with old
documents.
@@ -4042,18 +4045,18 @@
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
- It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment, with items
-within a row separated by an ampersand ('&'), and with rows separated by
-double backslash '\\'). The starred form of line break ('\\*') can
+ It is similar to a three-column ‘array’ environment, with items
+within a row separated by an ampersand (‘&’), and with rows separated by
+double backslash ‘\\’). The starred form of line break (‘\\*’) can
also be used to separate equations, and will disallow a page break there
(*note \\::).
- The unstarred form 'eqnarray' places an equation number on every line
-(using the 'equation' counter), unless that line contains a '\nonumber'
-command. The starred form 'eqnarray*' omits equation numbering, while
+ The unstarred form ‘eqnarray’ places an equation number on every line
+(using the ‘equation’ counter), unless that line contains a ‘\nonumber’
+command. The starred form ‘eqnarray*’ omits equation numbering, while
otherwise being the same.
- The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
+ The command ‘\lefteqn’ is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -4069,7 +4072,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments
-8.9 'equation'
+8.9 ‘equation’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -4078,21 +4081,21 @@
MATHEMATICAL TEXT
\end{equation}
- The same as a 'displaymath' environment (*note displaymath::) except
+ The same as a ‘displaymath’ environment (*note displaymath::) except
that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin. The
-equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter.
+equation number is generated using the ‘equation’ counter.
- You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and
-'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
+ You should have no blank lines between ‘\begin{equation}’ and
+‘\begin{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
dollar sign.
- The package 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation
+ The package ‘amsmath’ package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: filecontents, Prev: equation, Up: Environments
-8.10 'figure'
+8.10 ‘figure’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -4114,26 +4117,26 @@
Figures are for material that is not part of the normal text. An
example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such
as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in
-sequence with normal text but instead "floats" them to a convenient
+sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient
place, such as the top of a following page (*note Floats::).
The FIGURE BODY can consist of imported graphics (*note Graphics::),
-or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a 'parbox' of width
-'\textwidth'.
+or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a ‘parbox’ of width
+‘\textwidth’.
- The possible values of PLACEMENT are 'h' for 'here', 't' for 'top',
-'b' for 'bottom', and 'p' for 'on a separate page of floats'. For the
+ The possible values of PLACEMENT are ‘h’ for ‘here’, ‘t’ for ‘top’,
+‘b’ for ‘bottom’, and ‘p’ for ‘on a separate page of floats’. For the
effect of these options on the float placement algorithm, see *note
Floats::.
- The starred form 'figure*' is used when a document is in
+ The starred form ‘figure*’ is used when a document is in
double-column mode (*note \twocolumn::). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
-placing at a page bottom see the discussion of PLACEMENT 'b' in *note
+placing at a page bottom see the discussion of PLACEMENT ‘b’ in *note
Floats::.
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
-references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text
+references::). The optional ‘\caption’ command specifies caption text
for the figure (*note \caption::). By default it is numbered. If
LOFTITLE is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of TITLE
(*note Table of contents etc.::).
@@ -4153,7 +4156,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: filecontents, Next: flushleft, Prev: figure, Up: Environments
-8.11 'filecontents'
+8.11 ‘filecontents’
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -4172,21 +4175,21 @@
directory, if specified; *note output directory::) and write TEXT to it.
By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
- The unstarred version of the environment 'filecontents' prefixes the
+ The unstarred version of the environment ‘filecontents’ prefixes the
content of the created file with a header of TeX comments; see the
-example below. The starred version 'filecontents*' does not include the
+example below. The starred version ‘filecontents*’ does not include the
header.
The possible options are:
-'force'
-'overwrite'
+‘force’
+‘overwrite’
Overwrite an existing file.
-'noheader'
- Omit the header. Equivalent to using 'filecontents*'.
+‘noheader’
+ Omit the header. Equivalent to using ‘filecontents*’.
-'nosearch'
+‘nosearch’
Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
@@ -4193,8 +4196,8 @@
These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX.
This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
-often appears before the '\documentclass' command. It is commonly used
-to create a '.bib' or other such data file from the main document
+often appears before the ‘\documentclass’ command. It is commonly used
+to create a ‘.bib’ or other such data file from the main document
source, to make the source file self-contained. Similarly, it can be
used to create a custom style or class file, again making the source
self-contained.
@@ -4210,7 +4213,7 @@
Article by \myname.
\end{document}
-produces this file 'JH.sty':
+produces this file ‘JH.sty’:
%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
%% generated by the `filecontents' environment
@@ -4221,7 +4224,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: filecontents, Up: Environments
-8.12 'flushleft'
+8.12 ‘flushleft’
================
Synopsis:
@@ -4236,7 +4239,7 @@
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a
-double backslash, '\\'. For the declaration form see *note
+double backslash, ‘\\’. For the declaration form see *note
\raggedright::.
This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the
@@ -4252,12 +4255,12 @@
* Menu:
-* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the 'flushleft' environment.
+* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the ‘flushleft’ environment.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft
-8.12.1 '\raggedright'
+8.12.1 ‘\raggedright’
---------------------
Synopses:
@@ -4271,18 +4274,18 @@
\end{ENVIRONMENT}
A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
-ragged right. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as 'quote' or
-in a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushleft::.
+ragged right. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as ‘quote’ or
+in a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushleft::.
- Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
+ Unlike the ‘flushleft’ environment, the ‘\raggedright’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
- Here '\raggedright' in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing very
+ Here ‘\raggedright’ in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing
awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note that
-'\raggedright' is inside the curly braces '{...}' to delimit its effect.
+‘\raggedright’ is inside the curly braces ‘{...}’ to delimit its effect.
\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
@@ -4293,7 +4296,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments
-8.13 'flushright'
+8.13 ‘flushright’
=================
\begin{flushright}
@@ -4306,21 +4309,21 @@
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids
hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a
-new line use a double backslash, '\\'. For the declaration form
+new line use a double backslash, ‘\\’. For the declaration form
see *note \raggedleft::.
For an example related to this environment, see *note flushleft::,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace 'flushleft' by
-'flushright'.
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘flushleft’ by
+‘flushright’.
* Menu:
-* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the 'flushright' environment.
+* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the ‘flushright’ environment.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright
-8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
+8.13.1 ‘\raggedleft’
--------------------
Synopses:
@@ -4334,23 +4337,23 @@
\end{ENVIRONMENT}
A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
-ragged left. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as 'quote' or in
-a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushright::.
+ragged left. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as ‘quote’ or in
+a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushright::.
- Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
+ Unlike the ‘flushright’ environment, the ‘\raggedleft’ command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
+units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the
paragraph unit.
For an example related to this environment, see *note \raggedright::,
-where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace '\raggedright' by
-'\raggedleft'.
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘\raggedright’ by
+‘\raggedleft’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
-8.14 'itemize'
+8.14 ‘itemize’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -4361,9 +4364,9 @@
...
\end{itemize}
- Produce an "unordered list", sometimes called a bullet list. There
-must be at least one '\item' within the environment; having none causes
-the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'.
+ Produce an “unordered list”, sometimes called a bullet list. There
+must be at least one ‘\item’ within the environment; having none causes
+the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’.
This gives a two-item list.
@@ -4372,52 +4375,52 @@
\item Rice portrait
\end{itemize}
-With the default locale--without loading e.g. 'babel' package with
-another language than USenglish--as a top-level list each label would
-come out as a bullet, *. The format of the labeling depends on the
+With the default locale—without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with
+another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label would
+come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the
nesting level; see below.
- Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you
-give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets,
-as in '\item[OPTIONAL LABEL]', then by default OPTIONAL LABEL will
+ Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). If you
+give ‘\item’ an optional argument by following it with square brackets,
+as in ‘\item[OPTIONAL LABEL]’, then by default OPTIONAL LABEL will
appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left
margin. For labels that are flush left see the *note description::
-environment. Following the '\item' is the text of the item, which may
+environment. Following the ‘\item’ is the text of the item, which may
be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels
deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
-environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).
+environments, such as ‘enumerate’ (*note enumerate::).
- The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through
-'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label (note the convention of
+ The ‘itemize’ environment uses the commands ‘\labelitemi’ through
+‘\labelitemiv’ to produce the default label (note the convention of
lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify
the nesting level). These are the default marks at each level.
- 1. * (bullet, from '\textbullet')
- 2. -- (bold en-dash, from '\normalfont\bfseries\textendash')
- 3. * (asterisk, from '\textasteriskcentered')
+ 1. • (bullet, from ‘\textbullet’)
+ 2. -- (bold en-dash, from ‘\normalfont\bfseries\textendash’)
+ 3. * (asterisk, from ‘\textasteriskcentered’)
4. . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from
- '\textperiodcentered')
+ ‘\textperiodcentered’)
- Change the labels with '\renewcommand'. For instance, this makes the
+ Change the labels with ‘\renewcommand’. For instance, this makes the
first level use diamonds.
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
-the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters
-'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (This also uses the convention
+the left margin of the ‘itemize’ list is determined by the parameters
+‘\leftmargini’ through ‘\leftmarginvi’. (This also uses the convention
of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command name to
-denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em'
-in two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and
-'1.7em' in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
+denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: ‘2.5em’ in level 1 (‘2em’
+in two-column mode), ‘2.2em’ in level 2, ‘1.87em’ in level 3, and
+‘1.7em’ in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note
-description:: and *note enumerate::. The 'itemize', 'enumerate' and
-'description' environment use the same list layout parameters. For a
+description:: and *note enumerate::. The ‘itemize’, ‘enumerate’ and
+‘description’ environment use the same list layout parameters. For a
description, including the default values, and for information about
-customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is
+customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is
useful for customizing lists.
This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
@@ -4426,9 +4429,9 @@
\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
-space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
+space between items. Here is an example defining an ‘itemize*’
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
-within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \parindent
+within a single item (‘\parskip’ is not list-specific, *note \parindent
& \parskip::):
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
@@ -4441,7 +4444,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments
-8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters
+8.15 ‘letter’ environment: writing letters
==========================================
This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::.
@@ -4449,7 +4452,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments
-8.16 'list'
+8.16 ‘list’
===========
Synopsis:
@@ -4464,15 +4467,15 @@
Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document
body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come
-standard: the 'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments
+standard: the ‘description’, ‘enumerate’, and ‘itemize’ environments
(*note description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::).
- Instead, the 'list' environment is most often used in macros. For
+ Instead, the ‘list’ environment is most often used in macros. For
example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately appear
-to be lists are in fact constructed using 'list', including 'quotation',
-'quote', and 'center' (*note quotation & quote::, *note center::).
+to be lists are in fact constructed using ‘list’, including ‘quotation’,
+‘quote’, and ‘center’ (*note quotation & quote::, *note center::).
- This uses the 'list' environment to define a new custom environment.
+ This uses the ‘list’ environment to define a new custom environment.
\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
\newenvironment{named}
@@ -4491,148 +4494,148 @@
The mandatory first argument LABELING specifies the default labeling
of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where
-it contains both 'Item' and '\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by
-putting the LABELING argument in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the
+it contains both ‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. LaTeX forms the label by
+putting the LABELING argument in a box of width ‘\labelwidth’. If the
label is wider than that, the additional material extends to the right.
-When making an instance of a 'list' you can override the default
-labeling by giving '\item' an optional argument by including square
-braces and the text, as in the above '\item[Special label.]'; *note
+When making an instance of a ‘list’ you can override the default
+labeling by giving ‘\item’ an optional argument by including square
+braces and the text, as in the above ‘\item[Special label.]’; *note
\item::.
The mandatory second argument SPACING has a list of commands. This
list can be empty. A command that can go in here is
-'\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' (*note \usecounter::). Use this to tell
+‘\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}’ (*note \usecounter::). Use this to tell
LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The counter will be
reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment, and the counter is
-incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an '\item' that does not
+incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an ‘\item’ that does not
have an optional argument.
- Another command that can go in SPACING is '\makelabel', which
+ Another command that can go in SPACING is ‘\makelabel’, which
constructs the label box. By default it puts the contents flush right.
Its only argument is the label, which it typesets in LR mode (*note
Modes::). One example of changing its definition is that to the above
-'named' example, before the definition of the environment add
-'\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', and between the
-'\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the SPACING
-argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the labels will
+‘named’ example, before the definition of the environment add
+‘\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}’, and between the
+‘\setlength’ command and the parenthesis that closes the SPACING
+argument also add ‘\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel’. Then the labels will
be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to
-'\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. Another
-example of the '\makelabel' command is below, in the definition of the
-'redlabel' environment.
+‘\let\makelabel\fbox’ puts the labels inside a framed box. Another
+example of the ‘\makelabel’ command is below, in the definition of the
+‘redlabel’ environment.
Also often in SPACING are commands to redefine the spacing for the
list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
-(Default values for derived environments such as 'itemize' can be
+(Default values for derived environments such as ‘itemize’ can be
different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces are
-normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give TeX
+normally rubber lengths, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, to give TeX
flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as
-'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these
+‘\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these
lengths should be zero or negative.
-'\itemindent'
- Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the
- first line each item. Its default value is '0pt'.
+‘\itemindent’
+ Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond ‘leftmargin’, of the
+ first line each item. Its default value is ‘0pt’.
-'\itemsep'
- Vertical space between items, beyond the '\parsep'. The defaults
- for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and
- 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt',
- '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that
- is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 11 point are: '4.5pt
- plus2pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and
- '\topsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12
- point are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2.5pt
- plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that is, '2.5pt plus1pt
- minus1pt').
+‘\itemsep’
+ Vertical space between items, beyond the ‘\parsep’. The defaults
+ for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and
+ ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
+ ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that
+ is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 11 point are: ‘4.5pt
+ plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and
+ ‘\topsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 12
+ point are: ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2.5pt
+ plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that is, ‘2.5pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt’).
-'\labelsep'
+‘\labelsep’
Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The
- default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes is
- '0.5em'.
+ default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is
+ ‘0.5em’.
-'\labelwidth'
+‘\labelwidth’
Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this
- wide. If '\makelabel' returns text that is wider than this then
+ wide. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text that is wider than this then
the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this
- extra material. If '\makelabel' returns text of width less than or
- equal to '\labelwidth' then LaTeX's default is that the label is
+ extra material. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text of width less than or
+ equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX’s default is that the label is
typeset flush right in a box of this width.
The left edge of the label box is
- '\leftmargin'+'\itemindent'-'\labelsep'-'\labelwidth' from the left
+ ‘\leftmargin’+‘\itemindent’-‘\labelsep’-‘\labelwidth’ from the left
margin of the enclosing environment.
- The default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at
- the top level is '\leftmargini'-'\labelsep', (which is '2em' in one
- column mode and '1.5em' in two column mode). At the second level
- it is '\leftmarginii'-'\labelsep', and at the third level it is
- '\leftmarginiii'-'\labelsep'. These definitions make the label's
+ The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at
+ the top level is ‘\leftmargini’-‘\labelsep’, (which is ‘2em’ in one
+ column mode and ‘1.5em’ in two column mode). At the second level
+ it is ‘\leftmarginii’-‘\labelsep’, and at the third level it is
+ ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label’s
left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
-'\leftmargin'
+‘\leftmargin’
Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing
environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level
list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this
- set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested
- inside a top-level list has this margin set to '\leftmarginii'.
- More deeply nested lists get the values of '\leftmarginiii' through
- '\leftmarginvi'. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
- error message 'Too deeply nested'.)
+ set to the value of ‘\leftmargini’, while a list that is nested
+ inside a top-level list has this margin set to ‘\leftmarginii’.
+ More deeply nested lists get the values of ‘\leftmarginiii’ through
+ ‘\leftmarginvi’. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
+ error message ‘Too deeply nested’.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article',
- 'book', and 'report' classes are: '\leftmargini' is '2.5em' (in two
- column mode, '2em'), '\leftmarginii' is '2.2em', and
- '\leftmarginiii' is '1.87em'.
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: ‘\leftmargini’ is ‘2.5em’ (in two
+ column mode, ‘2em’), ‘\leftmarginii’ is ‘2.2em’, and
+ ‘\leftmarginiii’ is ‘1.87em’.
-'\listparindent'
+‘\listparindent’
Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
- '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
- item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value
- is '0pt'.
+ ‘\leftmargin’, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
+ item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value
+ is ‘0pt’.
-'\parsep'
+‘\parsep’
Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for
- the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report'
- classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt
- minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults at 11 point size are: '4.5pt
- plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults
- at 12 point size are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '2.5pt plus1pt
- minus1pt', and '0pt'.
+ the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’
+ classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults at 11 point size are: ‘4.5pt
+ plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults
+ at 12 point size are: ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, ‘2.5pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’.
-'\partopsep'
- Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and
+‘\partopsep’
+ Vertical space added, beyond ‘\topsep’+‘\parskip’, to the top and
bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded
by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the
line following the list is blank does not matter.)
- The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article',
- 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1
- minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'. The
- defaults at 11 point are: '3pt plus1pt minus1pt', '3pt plus1pt
- minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 point
- are: '3pt plus2pt minus3pt', '3pt plus2pt minus2pt', and '1pt
- plus0pt minus1pt'.
+ The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’,
+ ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘2pt plus1
+ minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’. The
+ defaults at 11 point are: ‘3pt plus1pt minus1pt’, ‘3pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 12 point
+ are: ‘3pt plus2pt minus3pt’, ‘3pt plus2pt minus2pt’, and ‘1pt
+ plus0pt minus1pt’.
-'\rightmargin'
+‘\rightmargin’
Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
- margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is '0pt'.
+ margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is ‘0pt’.
It must be non-negative.
-'\topsep'
+‘\topsep’
Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in
- addition to '\parskip' (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The
- defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book',
- and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt',
- '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults
- at 11 point are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt',
- and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt
- plus4pt minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt
- minus1pt'.
+ addition to ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The
+ defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’,
+ and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘8pt plus2pt minus4pt’,
+ ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults
+ at 11 point are: ‘9pt plus3pt minus5pt’, ‘4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt’,
+ and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults at 12 point are: ‘10pt
+ plus4pt minus6pt’, ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, and ‘2.5pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt’.
This shows the horizontal and vertical distances.
@@ -4661,14 +4664,14 @@
for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1).
V0
- '\topsep' + '\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new
- paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does
+ ‘\topsep’ + ‘\parskip’ if the list environment does not start a new
+ paragraph, and ‘\topsep’+‘\parskip’+‘\partopsep’ if it does
V1
- '\parsep'
+ ‘\parsep’
V2
- '\itemsep'+'\parsep'
+ ‘\itemsep’+‘\parsep’
V3
Same as V0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
@@ -4676,50 +4679,50 @@
appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
H0
- '\labelwidth'
+ ‘\labelwidth’
H1
- '\labelsep'
+ ‘\labelsep’
H2
- '\listparindent'
+ ‘\listparindent’
H3
- '\leftmargin'
+ ‘\leftmargin’
H4
- '\itemindent'
+ ‘\itemindent’
H5
- '\rightmargin'
+ ‘\rightmargin’
- The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
+ The list’s left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with
respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with
respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used
-for typesetting the list items is '\linewidth' (*note Page layout
-parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one
+for typesetting the list items is ‘\linewidth’ (*note Page layout
+parameters::). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one
quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the
-enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'.
+enclosing environment with ‘\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}’.
Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three
-parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that
-is, '-51'. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break
-at each spot. Change it with, e.g., '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value
+parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is ‘-\@lowpenalty’, that
+is, ‘-51’. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break
+at each spot. Change it with, e.g., ‘\@beginparpenalty=9999’; a value
of 10000 prohibits a page break.
-'\@beginparpenalty'
+‘\@beginparpenalty’
The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default
- '-51').
+ ‘-51’).
-'\@itempenalty'
+‘\@itempenalty’
The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default
- '-51').
+ ‘-51’).
-'\@endparpenalty'
+‘\@endparpenalty’
The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default
- '-51').
+ ‘-51’).
- The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists.
+ The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists.
This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. *Note
@@ -4744,12 +4747,12 @@
* Menu:
* \item:: An entry in a list.
-* trivlist:: A restricted form of 'list'.
+* trivlist:: A restricted form of ‘list’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \item, Next: trivlist, Up: list
-8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list
+8.16.1 ‘\item’: An entry in a list
----------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -4763,15 +4766,15 @@
An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose
default depends on the list type.
- Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]',
+ Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets ‘[...]’,
if you have an item whose text starts with [, you have to hide the
-bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square
-bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional
+bracket inside curly braces, as in: ‘\item {[} is an open square
+bracket’; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional
label.
Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a
close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same
-way: '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note LaTeX command syntax::.
+way: ‘\item[Close square bracket, {]}]’. *Note LaTeX command syntax::.
In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default
label and one that uses the optional label.
@@ -4782,14 +4785,14 @@
\item Larry
\end{enumerate}
- The first item is labelled '1.', the second item is labelled
-'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.'. Because of the
-optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled '3.'.
+ The first item is labelled ‘1.’, the second item is labelled
+‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’. Because of the
+optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled ‘3.’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: trivlist, Prev: \item, Up: list
-8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list'
+8.16.2 ‘trivlist’: A restricted form of ‘list’
----------------------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -4799,24 +4802,24 @@
\end{trivlist}
A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are
-not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no
+not indented and an ‘\item’ without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the '\item' command is part of the environment's definition. For
-instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this:
+the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment’s definition. For
+instance, the ‘center’ environment is defined essentially like this:
\newenvironment{center}
{\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}
{\end{trivlist}}
- Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit some common
+ Using ‘trivlist’ in this way allows the macro to inherit some common
code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting
whether the text following the environment should be considered a new
paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and
right margins for possible nested list environments.
- Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list
-parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of
-'\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set
+ Specifically, ‘trivlist’ uses the current values of the list
+parameters (*note list::), except that ‘\parsep’ is set to the value of
+‘\parskip’, and ‘\leftmargin’, ‘\labelwidth’, and ‘\itemindent’ are set
to zero.
This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by
@@ -4830,7 +4833,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments
-8.17 'math'
+8.17 ‘math’
===========
Synopsis:
@@ -4839,13 +4842,13 @@
MATH
\end{math}
- The 'math' environment inserts given MATH material within the running
-text. '\(...\)' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::.
+ The ‘math’ environment inserts given MATH material within the running
+text. ‘\(...\)’ and ‘$...$’ are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::.
File: latex2e.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: math, Up: Environments
-8.18 'minipage'
+8.18 ‘minipage’
===============
Synopses:
@@ -4863,8 +4866,8 @@
Put CONTENTS into a box that is WIDTH wide. This is like a small
version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized lists,
etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
-floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So 'minipage' is
-similar to '\parbox' (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs.
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So ‘minipage’ is
+similar to ‘\parbox’ (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs.
This example will be 3 inches wide, and has two paragraphs.
@@ -4876,7 +4879,7 @@
and won the National Medal of Science.
\end{minipage}
-See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a 'minipage'.
+See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a ‘minipage’.
The required argument WIDTH is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
gives the width of the box into which CONTENTS are typeset.
@@ -4883,24 +4886,24 @@
There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS.
You need not include all three. For example, get the default POSITION
-and set the HEIGHT with '\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth}
-CONTENTS \end{minipage}'. (Get the natural height with an empty
-argument, '[]'.)
+and set the HEIGHT with ‘\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth}
+CONTENTS \end{minipage}’. (Get the natural height with an empty
+argument, ‘[]’.)
- The optional argument POSITION governs how the 'minipage' vertically
+ The optional argument POSITION governs how the ‘minipage’ vertically
aligns with the surrounding material.
-'c'
- (synonym 'm') Default. Positions the 'minipage' so its vertical
+‘c’
+ (synonym ‘m’) Default. Positions the ‘minipage’ so its vertical
center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
-'t'
- Align the baseline of the top line in the 'minipage' with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vtop').
+‘t’
+ Align the baseline of the top line in the ‘minipage’ with the
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vtop’).
-'b'
- Align the baseline of the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the
- baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vbox').
+‘b’
+ Align the baseline of the bottom line in the ‘minipage’ with the
+ baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vbox’).
To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -4908,11 +4911,11 @@
first\\ second\\ third
\end{minipage}
-with the results of changing 'c' to 'b' or 't'.
+with the results of changing ‘c’ to ‘b’ or ‘t’.
The optional argument HEIGHT is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
-sets the height of the 'minipage'. You can enter any value larger than,
-or equal to, or smaller than the 'minipage''s natural height and LaTeX
+sets the height of the ‘minipage’. You can enter any value larger than,
+or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’’s natural height and LaTeX
will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of
zero or a negative value.
@@ -4920,22 +4923,22 @@
CONTENTS inside the box. These are the possible values are (the default
is the value of POSITION).
-'t'
+‘t’
Place CONTENTS at the top of the box.
-'c'
+‘c’
Place it in the vertical center.
-'b'
+‘b’
Place it at the box bottom.
-'s'
+‘s’
Stretch CONTENTS out vertically; it must contain vertically
stretchable space.
The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT option is set to a
-value larger than the 'minipage''s natural height. To see the effect of
-the options, run this example with the various choices in place of 'b'.
+value larger than the ‘minipage’’s natural height. To see the effect of
+the options, run this example with the various choices in place of ‘b’.
Text before
\begin{center}
@@ -4945,15 +4948,15 @@
\end{center}
Text after
- By default paragraphs are not indented in a 'minipage'. Change that
-with a command such as '\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' at the start of
+ By default paragraphs are not indented in a ‘minipage’. Change that
+with a command such as ‘\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}’ at the start of
CONTENTS.
- Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
+ Footnotes in a ‘minipage’ environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
-'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
+‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotetext’ command puts the footnote at the bottom
of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
-'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
+‘\mpfootnote’ counter instead of the ordinary ‘footnote’ counter (*note
Counters::).
This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of
@@ -4974,7 +4977,7 @@
If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
-'\end{minipage}' which may not be their logical place.
+‘\end{minipage}’ which may not be their logical place.
This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic.
They are vertically centered.
@@ -5006,7 +5009,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation & quote, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
-8.19 'picture'
+8.19 ‘picture’
==============
Synopses:
@@ -5020,7 +5023,7 @@
PICTURE COMMAND
\end{picture}
-Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND's.
+Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND’s.
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
@@ -5028,7 +5031,7 @@
such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are
covered in this document; see CTAN.
- To start, here's an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
+ To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding
vectors.
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -5041,26 +5044,26 @@
\put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\ }}
\end{picture}
- The 'picture' environment has one required argument, a pair of
+ The ‘picture’ environment has one required argument, a pair of
positive real numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value
-'\unitlength' to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that
+‘\unitlength’ to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that
LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
-outside the picture's box.
+outside the picture’s box.
This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It
is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one
is not contained in square brackets. As with the required argument, it
consists of a pair of two real numbers, but these may also be negative
-or null. Multiply these by '\unitlength' to get the coordinates of the
+or null. Multiply these by ‘\unitlength’ to get the coordinates of the
point at the lower-left corner of the picture.
- For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command
+ For example, if ‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1mm’, the command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
-picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
+picture’s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you
first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving
the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
@@ -5068,38 +5071,38 @@
optional argument.
Each PICTURE COMMAND tells LaTeX where to put something by providing
-its position. A "position" is a pair such as '(2.4,-5)' giving the x-
-and y-coordinates. A "coordinate" is a not a length, it is a real
+its position. A “position” is a pair such as ‘(2.4,-5)’ giving the x-
+and y-coordinates. A “coordinate” is a not a length, it is a real
number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It specifies a
-length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if
-'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate '2.54'
+length in multiples of the unit length ‘\unitlength’, so if
+‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1cm’, then the coordinate ‘2.54’
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
- LaTeX's default for '\unitlength' is '1pt'. It is a rigid length
-(*note Lengths::). Change it with the '\setlength' command (*note
-\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a 'picture'
+ LaTeX’s default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length
+(*note Lengths::). Change it with the ‘\setlength’ command (*note
+\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a ‘picture’
environment.
- The 'picture' environment supports using standard arithmetic
+ The ‘picture’ environment supports using standard arithmetic
expressions as well as numbers.
Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default
at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position
-appears as an argument, as with '\put(1,2){...}', it is not enclosed in
+appears as an argument, as with ‘\put(1,2){...}’, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
further up the page, for example, y = 1 is _above_ y = 0.
- There are four ways to put things in a picture: '\put', '\multiput',
-'\qbezier', and '\graphpaper'. The most often used is '\put'. This
+ There are four ways to put things in a picture: ‘\put’, ‘\multiput’,
+‘\qbezier’, and ‘\graphpaper’. The most often used is ‘\put’. This
\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
places the object with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-0.3).
The reference points for various objects will be described below. The
-'\put' command creates an "LR box" (*note Modes::). Anything that can
-go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument
-of the '\put' command. The reference point will be the lower left
+‘\put’ command creates an “LR box” (*note Modes::). Anything that can
+go in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument
+of the ‘\put’ command. The reference point will be the lower left
corner of the box. In this picture
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -5109,10 +5112,10 @@
\end{picture}
the three dots are just slightly left of the point of the angle formed
-by the two lines. (Also, '\line(1,1){1}' does not call for a line of
+by the two lines. (Also, ‘\line(1,1){1}’ does not call for a line of
length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of 1.)
- The '\multiput', 'qbezier', and 'graphpaper' commands are described
+ The ‘\multiput’, ‘qbezier’, and ‘graphpaper’ commands are described
below.
You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
@@ -5128,10 +5131,10 @@
\end{picture}
\end{center}
-The red X will be precisely a quarter of the '\textwidth' from the left
-margin, and '0.35\textwidth' up from the bottom of the picture. Another
+The red X will be precisely a quarter of the ‘\textwidth’ from the left
+margin, and ‘0.35\textwidth’ up from the bottom of the picture. Another
example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
-repeat material on each of a document's pages.
+repeat material on each of a document’s pages.
* Menu:
@@ -5155,7 +5158,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \put, Next: \multiput, Up: picture
-8.19.1 '\put'
+8.19.1 ‘\put’
-------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5163,20 +5166,20 @@
\put(XCOORD,YCOORD){CONTENT}
Place CONTENT at the coordinate (XCOORD,YCOORD). See the discussion
-of coordinates and '\unitlength' in *note picture::. The CONTENT is
+of coordinates and ‘\unitlength’ in *note picture::. The CONTENT is
processed in LR mode (*note Modes::) so it cannot contain line breaks.
- This includes the text into the 'picture'.
+ This includes the text into the ‘picture’.
\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move}
The reference point, the location (4.5,2.5), is the lower left of the
-text, at the bottom left of the 'A'.
+text, at the bottom left of the ‘A’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \qbezier, Prev: \put, Up: picture
-8.19.2 '\multiput'
+8.19.2 ‘\multiput’
------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5202,7 +5205,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \qbezier, Next: \graphpaper, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture
-8.19.3 '\qbezier'
+8.19.3 ‘\qbezier’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5211,7 +5214,7 @@
\qbezier[NUM](X1,Y1)(X2,Y2)(X3,Y3)
Draw a quadratic Bezier curve whose control points are given by the
-three required arguments '(X1,Y1)', '(X2,Y2)', and '(X3,Y3)'. That is,
+three required arguments ‘(X1,Y1)’, ‘(X2,Y2)’, and ‘(X3,Y3)’. That is,
the curve runs from (X1,Y1) to (X3,Y3), is quadratic, and is such that
the tangent line at (X1,Y1) passes through (X2,Y2), as does the tangent
line at (X3,Y3).
@@ -5220,14 +5223,14 @@
\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
-The curve's tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
-curve's tangent line at (1,0).
+The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the
+curve’s tangent line at (1,0).
The optional argument NUM gives the number of calculated intermediate
points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose maximum number of
-points is '\qbeziermax' (change this value with '\renewcommand').
+points is ‘\qbeziermax’ (change this value with ‘\renewcommand’).
- This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using '\qbezier' for that
+ This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using ‘\qbezier’ for that
curve.
\begin{picture}(8,4)
@@ -5245,7 +5248,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphpaper, Next: \line, Prev: \qbezier, Up: picture
-8.19.4 '\graphpaper'
+8.19.4 ‘\graphpaper’
--------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5253,8 +5256,8 @@
\graphpaper(X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
\graphpaper[SPACING](X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN)
- Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the 'graphpap' package. The grid's
-origin is '(X_INIT,Y_INIT)'. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the
+ Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid’s
+origin is ‘(X_INIT,Y_INIT)’. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the
default is 10). The grid extends X_DIMEN units to the right and Y_DIMEN
units up. All arguments must be positive integers.
@@ -5272,7 +5275,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \graphpaper, Up: picture
-8.19.5 '\line'
+8.19.5 ‘\line’
--------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5280,8 +5283,8 @@
\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}
Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises Y_RISE for
-every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change--it
-is not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
+every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change—it is
+not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special
case of vertical lines, where (X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), the TRAVEL gives the
change in y.
@@ -5296,22 +5299,22 @@
The arguments X_RUN and Y_RISE are integers that can be positive,
negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the second as 1.)
-With '\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}', if X_RUN is
-negative then the line's ending point has a first coordinate that is
-less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line's ending point
+With ‘\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}’, if X_RUN is
+negative then the line’s ending point has a first coordinate that is
+less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line’s ending point
has a second coordinate that is less than Y_INIT.
- If TRAVEL is negative then you get 'LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector
-argument.'
+ If TRAVEL is negative then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector
+argument.’
Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
pre-made fonts. The two numbers X_RUN and Y_RISE must have integer
-values from -6 through 6. Also, they must be relatively prime, so that
+values from −6 through 6. Also, they must be relatively prime, so that
(X_RUN,Y_RISE) can be (2,1) but not (4,2) (if you choose the latter then
instead of lines you get sequences of arrowheads; the solution is to
switch to the former). To get lines of arbitrary slope and plenty of
-other shapes in a system like 'picture', see the package 'pict2e'
+other shapes in a system like ‘picture’, see the package ‘pict2e’
(<https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e>). Another solution is to use a
full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or
Asymptote.
@@ -5319,7 +5322,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \line, Up: picture
-8.19.6 '\linethickness'
+8.19.6 ‘\linethickness’
-----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5328,7 +5331,7 @@
Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in
a picture to be DIM, which must be a positive length (*note Lengths::).
-It differs from '\thinlines' and '\thicklines' in that it does not
+It differs from ‘\thinlines’ and ‘\thicklines’ in that it does not
affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or ovals (*note
\oval::).
@@ -5335,7 +5338,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture
-8.19.7 '\thinlines'
+8.19.7 ‘\thinlines’
-------------------
Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
@@ -5346,7 +5349,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \circle, Prev: \thinlines, Up: picture
-8.19.8 '\thicklines'
+8.19.8 ‘\thicklines’
--------------------
Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
@@ -5357,7 +5360,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \oval, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture
-8.19.9 '\circle'
+8.19.9 ‘\circle’
----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5366,20 +5369,20 @@
\circle*{DIAMETER}
Produces a circle with a diameter as close as possible to the
-specified one. The '*' form produces a filled-in circle.
+specified one. The ‘*’ form produces a filled-in circle.
- This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at '(5,7)'.
+ This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at ‘(5,7)’.
\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
- The available radii for '\circle' are, in points, the even numbers
-from 2 to 20, inclusive. For '\circle*' they are all the integers from
+ The available radii for ‘\circle’ are, in points, the even numbers
+from 2 to 20, inclusive. For ‘\circle*’ they are all the integers from
1 to 15.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \oval, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \circle, Up: picture
-8.19.10 '\oval'
+8.19.10 ‘\oval’
---------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5388,21 +5391,21 @@
\oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]
Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as
-an "oval". The optional argument PORTION allows you to produce only
+an “oval”. The optional argument PORTION allows you to produce only
half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take PORTION to be one
of these.
-'t'
+‘t’
top half
-'b'
+‘b’
bottom half
-'r'
+‘r’
right half
-'l'
+‘l’
left half
- Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting PORTION to 'tr',
-'br', 'bl', or 'tl'.
+ Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting PORTION to ‘tr’,
+‘br’, ‘bl’, or ‘tl’.
This draws the top half of an oval that is 3 wide and 7 tall.
@@ -5419,7 +5422,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \oval, Up: picture
-8.19.11 '\shortstack'
+8.19.11 ‘\shortstack’
---------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5428,7 +5431,7 @@
Produce a vertical stack of objects.
- This labels the y axis by writing the word 'y' above the word 'axis'.
+ This labels the y axis by writing the word ‘y’ above the word ‘axis’.
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0)
@@ -5438,37 +5441,37 @@
\end{picture}
For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In the above example the '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) puts the
+In the above example the ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) puts the
stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits
slightly to the left of the y axis.
The valid positions are:
-'r'
+‘r’
Make objects flush right
-'l'
+‘l’
Make objects flush left
-'c'
+‘c’
Center objects (default)
- Separate objects into lines with '\\'. These stacks are short in
-that, unlike in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment, here the rows are
+ Separate objects into lines with ‘\\’. These stacks are short in
+that, unlike in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment, here the rows are
not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
-'\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}' the first and last rows are taller than the
+‘\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}’ the first and last rows are taller than the
middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle rows
is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row
heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline spacing with
-'\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}' (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via
-an zero-width box '\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}' or by
-using '\\''s optional argument '\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}'.
+‘\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}’ (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via
+an zero-width box ‘\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}’ or by
+using ‘\\’’s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’.
- The '\shortstack' command is also available outside the 'picture'
+ The ‘\shortstack’ command is also available outside the ‘picture’
environment.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vector, Next: \makebox (picture), Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture
-8.19.12 '\vector'
+8.19.12 ‘\vector’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5477,7 +5480,7 @@
Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises Y_RISE for every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the
-total horizontal change--it is not the length of the vector, it is the
+total horizontal change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the
change in x. In the special case of vertical vectors, if
(X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), then TRAVEL gives the change in y.
@@ -5484,16 +5487,16 @@
For an example see *note picture::.
For elaboration on X_RUN and Y_RISE see *note \line::. As there, the
-values of X_RUN and Y_RISE are limited. For '\vector' you must chooses
-integers between -4 and 4, inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be
-relatively prime. Thus, '\vector(2,1){4}' is acceptable but
-'\vector(4,2){4}' is not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence
+values of X_RUN and Y_RISE are limited. For ‘\vector’ you must chooses
+integers between −4 and 4, inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be
+relatively prime. Thus, ‘\vector(2,1){4}’ is acceptable but
+‘\vector(4,2){4}’ is not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence
of arrowheads).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \vector, Up: picture
-8.19.13 '\makebox' (picture)
+8.19.13 ‘\makebox’ (picture)
----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5501,40 +5504,40 @@
\makebox(REC-WIDTH,REC-HEIGHT){TEXT}
\makebox(REC-WIDTH,REC-HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT}
- Make a box to hold TEXT. This command fits with the 'picture'
+ Make a box to hold TEXT. This command fits with the ‘picture’
environment, although you can use it outside of there, because REC-WIDTH
and REC-HEIGHT are numbers specifying distances in terms of the
-'\unitlength' (*note picture::). This command is similar to the normal
-'\makebox' command (*note \mbox & \makebox::) except here that you must
+‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::). This command is similar to the normal
+‘\makebox’ command (*note \mbox & \makebox::) except here that you must
specify the width and height. This command is fragile (*note
\protect::).
- This makes a box of length 3.5 times '\unitlength' and height 4 times
-'\unitlength'.
+ This makes a box of length 3.5 times ‘\unitlength’ and height 4 times
+‘\unitlength’.
\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}
- The optional argument 'POSITION' specifies where in the box the TEXT
+ The optional argument ‘POSITION’ specifies where in the box the TEXT
appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally and vertically.
To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or two of these
letters.
-'t'
+‘t’
Puts TEXT the top of the box.
-'b'
+‘b’
Put TEXT at the bottom.
-'l'
+‘l’
Put TEXT on the left.
-'r'
+‘r’
Put TEXT on the right.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \frame, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture
-8.19.14 '\framebox' (picture)
+8.19.14 ‘\framebox’ (picture)
-----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5545,9 +5548,9 @@
This is the same as *note \makebox (picture):: except that it puts a
frame around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference
point is the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with
-the 'picture' environment, although you can use it outside of there,
+the ‘picture’ environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-'\unitlength' (*note picture::). This command is fragile (*note
+‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::). This command is fragile (*note
\protect::).
This example creates a frame 2.5 inches by 3 inches and puts the text
@@ -5562,18 +5565,18 @@
The optional argument POSITION specifies the position of TEXT; see
*note \makebox (picture):: for the values that it can take.
- The rule has thickness '\fboxrule' and there is a blank space
-'\fboxsep' between the frame and the contents of the box.
+ The rule has thickness ‘\fboxrule’ and there is a blank space
+‘\fboxsep’ between the frame and the contents of the box.
For this command, you must specify the WIDTH and HEIGHT. If you want
to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is determined
-in some other way then either use '\fbox' (*note \fbox & \framebox::) or
-'\frame' (*note \frame::).
+in some other way then either use ‘\fbox’ (*note \fbox & \framebox::) or
+‘\frame’ (*note \frame::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \dashbox, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture
-8.19.15 '\frame'
+8.19.15 ‘\frame’
----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5581,14 +5584,14 @@
\frame{CONTENTS}
Puts a rectangular frame around CONTENTS. The reference point is the
-bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to '\framebox' (*note
-\framebox (picture)::), this command puts no extra space is put between
-the frame and the object. It is fragile (*note \protect::).
+bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to ‘\framebox’ (*note
+\framebox (picture)::), this command puts no extra space between the
+frame and the object. It is fragile (*note \protect::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Prev: \frame, Up: picture
-8.19.16 '\dashbox'
+8.19.16 ‘\dashbox’
------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -5597,9 +5600,9 @@
\dashbox{DASH-LEN}(RECT-WIDTH,RECT-HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT}
Create a dashed rectangle around TEXT. This command fits with the
-'picture' environment, although you can use it outside of there, because
+‘picture’ environment, although you can use it outside of there, because
lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-'\unitlength' (*note picture::).
+‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::).
The required arguments are: dashes are DASH-LEN units long, with the
same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width RECT-WIDTH units
@@ -5612,8 +5615,8 @@
\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
-Each dash will be '0.1\unitlength' long, the box's width is
-'5\unitlength' and its height is '0.5\unitlength'.
+Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box’s width is
+‘5\unitlength’ and its height is ‘0.5\unitlength’.
As in that example, a dashed box looks best when RECT-WIDTH and
RECT-HEIGHT are multiples of the DASH-LEN.
@@ -5621,7 +5624,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation & quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
-8.20 'quotation' & 'quote'
+8.20 ‘quotation’ & ‘quote’
==========================
Synopsis:
@@ -5637,13 +5640,13 @@
\end{quote}
Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides
-by '\leftmargin' and the text is right-justified.
+by ‘\leftmargin’ and the text is right-justified.
- They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the 'quotation'
+ They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the ‘quotation’
environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space between
-paragraphs is small, '0pt plus 1pt'. In the 'quote' environment,
+paragraphs is small, ‘0pt plus 1pt’. In the ‘quote’ environment,
paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space between
-paragraphs (it is the rubber length '\parsep').
+paragraphs (it is the rubber length ‘\parsep’).
\begin{quotation} \small\it
Four score and seven years ago
@@ -5654,7 +5657,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quotation & quote, Up: Environments
-8.21 'tabbing'
+8.21 ‘tabbing’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -5667,12 +5670,12 @@
Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much
as was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the
-environments 'tabular' (*note tabular::) or 'array' (*note array::)
+environments ‘tabular’ (*note tabular::) or ‘array’ (*note array::)
because in those the width of each column need not be constant and need
not be known in advance.
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
-widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below):
+widths, ended by a ‘\kill’ command (which is described below):
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill
@@ -5683,27 +5686,27 @@
\textit{Surprise} \>28 \>1805 \\
\end{tabbing}
- Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular'
+ Both the ‘tabbing’ environment and the more widely-used ‘tabular’
environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that
-in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX,
-while in 'tabbing' the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is
-that 'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across
-pages. Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can
+in ‘tabular’ the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX,
+while in ‘tabbing’ the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is
+that ‘tabular’ generates a box, but ‘tabbing’ can be broken across
+pages. Finally, while ‘tabular’ can be used in any mode, ‘tabbing’ can
be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph,
without indentation.
Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need to use the
-starred form of the '\hspace' command at the beginning of a tabbed row.
-The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of line, so
-that the width of the environment is '\linewidth'.
+starred form of the ‘\hspace’ command at the beginning of a tabbed row.
+The right margin of the ‘tabbing’ environment is the end of line, so
+that the width of the environment is ‘\linewidth’.
- The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The
-first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row
-ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may omit the '\\' and end with
-just '\end{tabbing}'.
+ The ‘tabbing’ environment contains a sequence of “tabbed rows”. The
+first tabbed row begins immediately after ‘\begin{tabbing}’ and each row
+ends with ‘\\’ or ‘\kill’. The last row may omit the ‘\\’ and end with
+just ‘\end{tabbing}’.
- At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a "current tab stop
-pattern", a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These
+ At any point the ‘tabbing’ environment has a “current tab stop
+pattern”, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These
create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin,
defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is
assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only
@@ -5710,70 +5713,70 @@
be set if all the stops 0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally
later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
- By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset
+ By default any text typeset in a ‘tabbing’ environment is typeset
ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
done in LR mode (*note Modes::).
- The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment.
+ The following commands can be used inside a ‘tabbing’ environment.
They are all fragile (*note \protect::).
-'\\ (tabbing)'
+‘\\ (tabbing)’
End a tabbed line and typeset it.
-'\= (tabbing)'
+‘\= (tabbing)’
Sets a tab stop at the current position.
-'\> (tabbing)'
+‘\> (tabbing)’
Advances to the next tab stop.
-'\<'
+‘\<’
Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
-'\+'
+‘\+’
Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
-'\-'
+‘\-’
Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
-'\' (tabbing)'
+‘\' (tabbing)’
Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
- i.e., everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or
- '\kill' command, to the previous column and aligned to the right,
- flush against the current column's tab stop.
+ i.e., everything from the most recent ‘\>’, ‘\<’, ‘\'’, ‘\\’, or
+ ‘\kill’ command, to the previous column and aligned to the right,
+ flush against the current column’s tab stop.
-'\` (tabbing)'
+‘\` (tabbing)’
Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
- tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
- column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves
- all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}'
- command that ends the line, to the right margin of the 'tabbing'
- environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the
- '\`' and the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line.
+ tab stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last
+ column because there’s no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves
+ all the text that follows it, up to the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’
+ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the ‘tabbing’
+ environment. There must be no ‘\>’ or ‘\'’ command between the
+ ‘\`’ and the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’ command that ends the line.
-'\a (tabbing)'
- In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not
+‘\a (tabbing)’
+ In a ‘tabbing’ environment, the commands ‘\=’, ‘\'’ and ‘\`’ do not
produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, use the
- commands '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`'.
+ commands ‘\a=’, ‘\a'’ and ‘\a`’.
-'\kill'
- Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except
+‘\kill’
+ Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like ‘\\’ except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output
- for it. Any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line remain in
+ for it. Any ‘\=’, ‘\+’ or ‘\-’ commands in that line remain in
effect.
-'\poptabs'
- Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'.
+‘\poptabs’
+ Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last ‘\pushtabs’.
-'\pushtabs'
+‘\pushtabs’
Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily
- changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing'
+ changing tab stop positions in the middle of a ‘tabbing’
environment.
-'\tabbingsep'
- Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop.
+‘\tabbingsep’
+ Distance of the text moved by ‘\'’ to left of current tab stop.
This example typesets a Pascal function:
@@ -5800,13 +5803,13 @@
This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
(*note verbatim::) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
-there are quite a few packages, including 'algorithm2e', 'fancyvrb',
-'listings', and 'minted'.
+there are quite a few packages, including ‘algorithm2e’, ‘fancyvrb’,
+‘listings’, and ‘minted’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments
-8.22 'table'
+8.22 ‘table’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -5822,7 +5825,7 @@
instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a
following page.
- This example 'table' environment contains a 'tabular'
+ This example ‘table’ environment contains a ‘tabular’
\begin{table}
\centering\small
@@ -5837,15 +5840,15 @@
\label{tab:cello}
\end{table}
-but you can put many different kinds of content in a 'table': the TABLE
+but you can put many different kinds of content in a ‘table’: the TABLE
BODY may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is typeset in
-a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth'.
+a ‘parbox’ of width ‘\textwidth’.
For the possible values of PLACEMENT and their effect on the float
placement algorithm, see *note Floats::.
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
-references::). The '\caption' command is also optional. It specifies
+references::). The ‘\caption’ command is also optional. It specifies
caption text TITLE for the table (*note \caption::). By default it is
numbered. If its optional LOTTITLE is present then that text is used in
the list of tables instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents etc.::).
@@ -5867,7 +5870,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments
-8.23 'tabular'
+8.23 ‘tabular’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -5896,24 +5899,24 @@
\end{tabular}
The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
-between them. This is specified in 'tabular''s argument '{l|l}'. Put
+between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’’s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put
the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand,
-'&'. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, '\\'. Put
-a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with '\hline'.
-After the last row the '\\' is optional, unless an '\hline' command
+‘&’. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, ‘\\’. Put
+a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with ‘\hline’.
+After the last row the ‘\\’ is optional, unless an ‘\hline’ command
follows to put a rule below the table.
- The required and optional arguments to 'tabular' consist of:
+ The required and optional arguments to ‘tabular’ consist of:
POS
- Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is
+ Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is
to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of
- the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: 't'
+ the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: ‘t’
aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the
- surrounding text, and 'b' aligns on the bottom row.
+ surrounding text, and ‘b’ aligns on the bottom row.
This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case
- of a 'tabular' alone in a 'center' environment this option makes no
+ of a ‘tabular’ alone in a ‘center’ environment this option makes no
difference.
COLS
@@ -5921,38 +5924,38 @@
sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of
column and intercolumn material.
- 'l'
+ ‘l’
A column of left-aligned items.
- 'r'
+ ‘r’
A column of right-aligned items.
- 'c'
+ ‘c’
A column of centered items.
- '|'
+ ‘|’
A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
- '@{TEXT OR SPACE}'
+ ‘@{TEXT OR SPACE}’
Insert TEXT OR SPACE at this location in every row. The TEXT
OR SPACE material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
(*note \protect::).
- If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX's
- 'book', 'article', and 'report' classes will put on either
- side of each column a space of length '\tabcolsep', which by
- default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
- separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is misleadingly named since
- it is only half of the separation between tabular columns).
- In addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column
- and after the final column, unless you put a '@{...}' or '|'
- there.
+ If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then
+ LaTeX’s ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on
+ either side of each column a space of width ‘\tabcolsep’,
+ which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns
+ are separated by 12pt (so ‘\tabcolsep’ is misleadingly named
+ since it is only half of the separation between tabular
+ columns). In addition, a space of ‘\tabcolsep’ also comes
+ before the first column and after the final column, unless you
+ put a ‘@{...}’ there.
If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX
- does not insert '\tabcolsep' so you must insert any desired
- space yourself, as in '@{\hspace{1em}}'.
+ does not insert ‘\tabcolsep’ so you must insert any desired
+ space yourself, as in ‘@{\hspace{1em}}’.
- An empty expression '@{}' will eliminate the space. In
+ An empty expression ‘@{}’ will eliminate the space. In
particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before
the first column or after the last one, as in the example
below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
@@ -5972,12 +5975,12 @@
$9$ &$80665$
\end{tabular}
- An '\extracolsep{WD}' command in an @-expression causes an
+ An ‘\extracolsep{WD}’ command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width WD to appear to the left of all
subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
- '\extracolsep'. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra
- space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An '\extracolsep'
- command can be used only in an @-expression in the 'cols'
+ ‘\extracolsep’. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra
+ space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An ‘\extracolsep’
+ command can be used only in an @-expression in the ‘cols’
argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the right amount of
intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches wide.
@@ -5987,60 +5990,60 @@
\end{tabular*}
To insert commands that are automatically executed before a
- given column, load the 'array' package and use the '>{...}'
+ given column, load the ‘array’ package and use the ‘>{...}’
specifier.
- 'p{WD}'
+ ‘p{WD}’
Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width WD, as
- if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{wd}{...}' command.
+ if it were the argument of a ‘\parbox[t]{wd}{...}’ command.
- A line break double backslash '\\' may not appear in the item,
- except inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
- 'tabular', or inside an explicit '\parbox', or in the scope of
- a '\centering', '\raggedright', or '\raggedleft' declaration
- (when used in a 'p'-column element these declarations must
- appear inside braces, as with '{\centering .. \\ ..}').
+ A line break double backslash ‘\\’ may not appear in the item,
+ except inside an environment like ‘minipage’, ‘array’, or
+ ‘tabular’, or inside an explicit ‘\parbox’, or in the scope of
+ a ‘\centering’, ‘\raggedright’, or ‘\raggedleft’ declaration
+ (when used in a ‘p’-column element these declarations must
+ appear inside braces, as with ‘{\centering .. \\ ..}’).
Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there
- use '\newline' (*note \newline::).
+ use ‘\newline’ (*note \newline::).
- '*{NUM}{COLS}'
+ ‘*{NUM}{COLS}’
Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
integer and COLS is a list of specifiers. Thus the specifier
- '\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}' is equivalent to the specifier
- '\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}'. Note that COLS may contain
- another '*'-expression.
+ ‘\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}’ is equivalent to the specifier
+ ‘\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}’. Note that COLS may contain
+ another ‘*’-expression.
WIDTH
- Required for 'tabular*', not allowed for 'tabular'. Specifies the
- width of the 'tabular*' environment. The space between columns
- should be rubber, as with '@{\extracolsep{\fill}}', to allow the
+ Required for ‘tabular*’, not allowed for ‘tabular’. Specifies the
+ width of the ‘tabular*’ environment. The space between columns
+ should be rubber, as with ‘@{\extracolsep{\fill}}’, to allow the
table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
- are likely to get the 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
- ...' warning.
+ are likely to get the ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+ ...’ warning.
Parameters that control formatting:
-'\arrayrulewidth'
- A length that is the thickness of the rule created by '|',
- '\hline', and '\vline' in the 'tabular' and 'array' environments.
- The default is '.4pt'. Change it as in
- '\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}'.
+‘\arrayrulewidth’
+ A length that is the thickness of the rule created by ‘|’,
+ ‘\hline’, and ‘\vline’ in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’ environments.
+ The default is ‘.4pt’. Change it as in
+ ‘\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}’.
-'\arraystretch'
- A factor by which the spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and
- 'array' environments is multiplied. The default is '1', for no
- scaling. Change it as '\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}'.
+‘\arraystretch’
+ A factor by which the spacing between rows in the ‘tabular’ and
+ ‘array’ environments is multiplied. The default is ‘1’, for no
+ scaling. Change it as ‘\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}’.
-'\doublerulesep'
+‘\doublerulesep’
A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced
- by the '||' specifier. The default is '2pt'.
+ by the ‘||’ specifier. The default is ‘2pt’.
-'\tabcolsep'
+‘\tabcolsep’
A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
- '6pt'. Change it with '\setlength'.
+ ‘6pt’. Change it with ‘\setlength’.
- The following commands can be used inside the body of a 'tabular'
+ The following commands can be used inside the body of a ‘tabular’
environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
@@ -6054,7 +6057,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \vline, Up: tabular
-8.23.1 '\multicolumn'
+8.23.1 ‘\multicolumn’
---------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6061,14 +6064,14 @@
\multicolumn{NUMCOLS}{COLS}{TEXT}
- Make an 'array' or 'tabular' entry that spans several columns. The
+ Make an ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ entry that spans several columns. The
first argument NUMCOLS gives the number of columns to span. The second
-argument COLS specifies the formatting of the entry, with 'c' for
-centered, 'l' for flush left, or 'r' for flush right. The third
+argument COLS specifies the formatting of the entry, with ‘c’ for
+centered, ‘l’ for flush left, or ‘r’ for flush right. The third
argument TEXT gives the contents of that entry.
In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are
-spanned by the single heading 'Name'.
+spanned by the single heading ‘Name’.
\begin{tabular}{lccl}
\textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\
@@ -6078,16 +6081,16 @@
\end{tabular}
What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the
-'array' or 'tabular' environment is broken into parts, where each part
-(except the first) begins with 'l', 'c', 'r', or 'p'. So from
-'\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}' the parts are '|r|', 'c', 'c',
-and 'p{1.5in}|'.
+‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment is broken into parts, where each part
+(except the first) begins with ‘l’, ‘c’, ‘r’, or ‘p’. So from
+‘\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}’ the parts are ‘|r|’, ‘c’, ‘c’,
+and ‘p{1.5in}|’.
- The COLS argument overrides the 'array' or 'tabular' environment's
+ The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment’s
intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect
-that area, this argument can contain vertical bars '|' indicating the
-placement of vertical rules, and '@{...}' expressions. Thus if COLS is
-'|c|' then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule
+that area, this argument can contain vertical bars ‘|’ indicating the
+placement of vertical rules, and ‘@{...}’ expressions. Thus if COLS is
+‘|c|’ then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule
will come in the intercolumn area before it and after it. This table
details the exact behavior.
@@ -6099,27 +6102,27 @@
\end{tabular}
Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
-the '\multicolumn' has the COLS specifier 'r' with no initial vertical
+the ‘\multicolumn’ has the COLS specifier ‘r’ with no initial vertical
bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a vertical rule;
although the first COLS does not have an ending vertical bar, the second
COLS does have a starting one. Between entry two and entry three there
is a single vertical rule; despite that the COLS in both of the
-surrounding 'multicolumn''s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
+surrounding ‘multicolumn’’s call for a vertical rule, you only get one
rule. Between entry three and entry four there is no vertical rule; the
-default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three '\multicolumn'
+default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three ‘\multicolumn’
leaves it out, and that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four
there is a vertical rule because of the default.
The number of spanned columns NUMCOLS can be 1. Besides giving the
ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
-override for one row the 'tabular' definition's default intercolumn area
+override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition’s default intercolumn area
specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
- In the example below, in the 'tabular' definition the first column is
+ In the example below, in the ‘tabular’ definition the first column is
specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry is
-centered with '\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}'. Also in the first
+centered with ‘\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}’. Also in the first
row, the second and third columns are spanned by a single entry with
-'\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}', overriding the specification to
+‘\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}’, overriding the specification to
center those two columns on the page range en-dash.
\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l}
@@ -6131,34 +6134,34 @@
Impressionistic &1875 &1925
\end{tabular}
-Although the 'tabular' specification by default puts a vertical rule
+Although the ‘tabular’ specification by default puts a vertical rule
between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in
-the first row here. That's because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
-part of the first row's first '\multicolumn' command.
+the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
+part of the first row’s first ‘\multicolumn’ command.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Next: \cline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular
-8.23.2 '\vline'
+8.23.2 ‘\vline’
---------------
-Draw a vertical line in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment extending the
-full height and depth of an entry's row. Can also be used in an
- at -expression, although its synonym vertical bar '|' is more common.
-This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table's
-vertical lines are specified in 'tabular''s COLS argument and overridden
-as needed with '\multicolumn' (*note tabular::).
+Draw a vertical line in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment extending the
+full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be used in an
+ at -expression, although its synonym vertical bar ‘|’ is more common.
+This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table’s
+vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’’s COLS argument and overridden
+as needed with ‘\multicolumn’ (*note tabular::).
- The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row's
-second entry the '\hfill' moves the '\vline' to the left edge of the
+ The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s
+second entry the ‘\hfill’ moves the ‘\vline’ to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
-rules, with the one from the '{c|cc}' specifier coming before the one
-produced by the '\vline\hfill'. In contrast, the first row's third
+rules, with the one from the ‘{c|cc}’ specifier coming before the one
+produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row’s third
entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two columns. In
-the second row, the 'ghi' is the widest entry in its column so in the
-'\vline\hfill' the '\hfill' has no effect and the vertical line in that
-entry appears immediately next to the 'g', with no whitespace.
+the second row, the ‘ghi’ is the widest entry in its column so in the
+‘\vline\hfill’ the ‘\hfill’ has no effect and the vertical line in that
+entry appears immediately next to the ‘g’, with no whitespace.
\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1
@@ -6168,7 +6171,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: \vline, Up: tabular
-8.23.3 '\cline'
+8.23.3 ‘\cline’
---------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6175,10 +6178,10 @@
\cline{I-J}
- In an 'array' or 'tabular' environment, draw a horizontal rule
-beginning in column I and ending in column J. The dash, '-', must
+ In an ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment, draw a horizontal rule
+beginning in column I and ending in column J. The dash, ‘-’, must
appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single column use the
-number twice, as with '\cline{2-2}'.
+number twice, as with ‘\cline{2-2}’.
This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second
rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the
@@ -6193,17 +6196,17 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular
-8.23.4 '\hline'
+8.23.4 ‘\hline’
---------------
-Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing 'tabular' or 'array'
-environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
+Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing ‘tabular’ or ‘array’
+environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
and between the rows of a table.
In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one
above the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a
-single rule spanning both columns. Because of the '\hline', the
-'tabular' second row's line ending double backslash '\\' is required.
+single rule spanning both columns. Because of the ‘\hline’, the
+‘tabular’ second row’s line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required.
\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
Baseball &Red Sox \\
@@ -6213,7 +6216,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments
-8.24 'thebibliography'
+8.24 ‘thebibliography’
======================
Synopsis:
@@ -6244,27 +6247,27 @@
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
-This styles the first reference as '[1] Leslie ...', and so that '...
-based on \cite{latexdps}' produces the matching '... based on [1]'. The
-second '\cite' produces '[1, 2]'. You must compile the document twice
+This styles the first reference as ‘[1] Leslie ...’, and so that ‘...
+based on \cite{latexdps}’ produces the matching ‘... based on [1]’. The
+second ‘\cite’ produces ‘[1, 2]’. You must compile the document twice
to resolve these references.
The mandatory argument WIDEST-LABEL is text that, when typeset, is as
-wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. The
-tradition is to use '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references,
-'99' for ones with less than 100, etc.
+wide as the widest item label produced by the ‘\bibitem’ commands. The
+tradition is to use ‘9’ for bibliographies with less than 10 references,
+‘99’ for ones with less than 100, etc.
- The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as 'Bibliography'.
-To change it there are two cases. In the 'book' and 'report' classes,
-where the top level sectioning is '\chapter' and the default title is
-'Bibliography', that title is in the macro '\bibname'. For 'article',
-where the class's top level sectioning is '\section' and the default is
-'References', the title is in macro '\refname'. Change it by redefining
-the command, as with '\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}', after
-'\begin{document}'.
+ The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘Bibliography’.
+To change it there are two cases. In the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes,
+where the top level sectioning is ‘\chapter’ and the default title is
+‘Bibliography’, that title is in the macro ‘\bibname’. For ‘article’,
+where the class’s top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is
+‘References’, the title is in macro ‘\refname’. Change it by redefining
+the command, as with ‘\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}’, after
+‘\begin{document}’.
- Language support packages such as 'babel' will automatically redefine
-'\refname' or '\bibname' to fit the selected language.
+ Language support packages such as ‘babel’ will automatically redefine
+‘\refname’ or ‘\bibname’ to fit the selected language.
*Note list::, for the list layout control parameters.
@@ -6278,7 +6281,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography
-8.24.1 '\bibitem'
+8.24.1 ‘\bibitem’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6290,13 +6293,13 @@
\bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
-'enumi' counter. The "citation key" CITE_KEY can be any string of
+‘enumi’ counter. The “citation key” CITE_KEY can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
*Note thebibliography::, for an example.
When provided, the optional LABEL becomes the entry label and the
-'enumi' counter is not incremented. With this
+‘enumi’ counter is not incremented. With this
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps}
@@ -6309,37 +6312,37 @@
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
-the first entry will be styled as '[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...' (The
+the first entry will be styled as ‘[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...’ (The
amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on
-the WIDEST-LABEL argument of the 'thebibliography' environment; see
-*note thebibliography::.) Similarly, '... based on \cite{latexdps}'
-will produce '... based on [Lamport 1994]'.
+the WIDEST-LABEL argument of the ‘thebibliography’ environment; see
+*note thebibliography::.) Similarly, ‘... based on \cite{latexdps}’
+will produce ‘... based on [Lamport 1994]’.
- If you mix '\bibitem' entries having a LABEL with those that do not
+ If you mix ‘\bibitem’ entries having a LABEL with those that do not
then LaTeX will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In the example
-above the 'texbook' entry will appear as '[1] Donald ...', despite that
+above the ‘texbook’ entry will appear as ‘[1] Donald ...’, despite that
it is the second entry.
- If you use the same CITE_KEY twice then you get 'LaTeX Warning: There
-were multiply-defined labels'.
+ If you use the same CITE_KEY twice then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: There
+were multiply-defined labels’.
Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the CITE_KEY and LABEL information
-because '\bibitem' writes it to the auxiliary file 'JOBNAME.aux' (*note
+because ‘\bibitem’ writes it to the auxiliary file ‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note
Jobname::). For instance, the above example causes the two
-'\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}' and '\bibcite{texbook}{1}' to appear
-in that file. The '.aux' file is read by the '\begin{document}' command
-and then the information is available for '\cite' commands. This
+‘\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}’ and ‘\bibcite{texbook}{1}’ to appear
+in that file. The ‘.aux’ file is read by the ‘\begin{document}’ command
+and then the information is available for ‘\cite’ commands. This
explains why you need to run LaTeX twice to resolve references: once to
write it out and once to read it in.
- Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a '\bibitem' or
-change its CITE_KEY you may get 'LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have
-changed. Rerun to get cross-references right'. Fix it by recompiling.
+ Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a ‘\bibitem’ or
+change its CITE_KEY you may get ‘LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have
+changed. Rerun to get cross-references right’. Fix it by recompiling.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography
-8.24.2 '\cite'
+8.24.2 ‘\cite’
--------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6365,34 +6368,34 @@
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
-produces output like '... source is [1]'. You can change the appearance
+produces output like ‘... source is [1]’. You can change the appearance
of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography styles if you
-generate automatically the 'thebibliography' environment. More
+generate automatically the ‘thebibliography’ environment. More
information in *note Using BibTeX::.
The optional argument SUBCITE is appended to the citation. For
-example, 'See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}' might produce 'See 14.3 in
-[1, p. 314]'.
+example, ‘See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}’ might produce ‘See 14.3 in
+[1, p. 314]’.
- In addition to what appears in the output, '\cite' writes information
-to the auxiliary file 'JOBNAME.aux' (*note Jobname::). For instance,
-'\cite{latexdps}' writes '\citation{latexdps}' to that file. This
+ In addition to what appears in the output, ‘\cite’ writes information
+to the auxiliary file ‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note Jobname::). For instance,
+‘\cite{latexdps}’ writes ‘\citation{latexdps}’ to that file. This
information is used by BibTeX to include in your reference list only
those works that you have actually cited; see *note \nocite:: also.
- If KEYS is not in your bibliography information then you get 'LaTeX
-Warning: There were undefined references', and in the output the
+ If KEYS is not in your bibliography information then you get ‘LaTeX
+Warning: There were undefined references’, and in the output the
citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in
-'\cite{texbok}' then you need to correct the spelling. On the other
+‘\cite{texbok}’ then you need to correct the spelling. On the other
hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic information
-and so changed the '.aux' file (*note \bibitem::) then the fix may be to
+and so changed the ‘.aux’ file (*note \bibitem::) then the fix may be to
run LaTeX again.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography
-8.24.3 '\nocite'
+8.24.3 ‘\nocite’
----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6400,7 +6403,7 @@
\nocite{KEYS}
Produces no output but writes KEYS to the auxiliary file
-'JOBNAME.aux' (*note Jobname::).
+‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note Jobname::).
The mandatory argument KEYS is a comma-separated list of one or more
citation keys (*note \bibitem::). This information is used by BibTeX to
@@ -6413,38 +6416,38 @@
8.24.4 Using BibTeX
-------------------
-As described in 'thebibliography' (*note thebibliography::), a
+As described in ‘thebibliography’ (*note thebibliography::), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
documentation on CTAN (*note CTAN::).
- With BibTeX, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment directly
+ With BibTeX, you don’t use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly
(*note thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines:
\bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
\bibliography{BIBFILE1, BIBFILE2, ...}
-The BIBSTYLE refers to a file 'BIBSTYLE.bst', which defines how your
-citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE's distributed with BibTeX
+The BIBSTYLE refers to a file ‘BIBSTYLE.bst’, which defines how your
+citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE’s distributed with BibTeX
are:
-'alpha'
+‘alpha’
Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. The
bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically.
-'plain'
+‘plain’
Labels are integers. Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
-'unsrt'
- Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation.
-'abbrv'
- Like 'plain', but more compact labels.
+‘unsrt’
+ Like ‘plain’, but entries are in order of citation.
+‘abbrv’
+ Like ‘plain’, but more compact labels.
Many, many other BibTeX style files exist, tailored to the demands of
various publications. See the CTAN topic
<https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty>.
- The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
+ The ‘\bibliography’ command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
-files named 'BIBFILE1.bib', 'BIBFILE2.bib', ... These contain your
+files named ‘BIBFILE1.bib’, ‘BIBFILE2.bib’, ... These contain your
database in BibTeX format. This shows a typical couple of entries in
that format.
@@ -6463,13 +6466,13 @@
publisher = {Bantam Books}
}
- Only the bibliographic entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite'
-will be listed in the document's bibliography. Thus you can keep all
+ Only the bibliographic entries referred to via ‘\cite’ and ‘\nocite’
+will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you can keep all
your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely
on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used.
- With BibTeX, the KEYS argument to '\nocite' can also be the single
-character '*'. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given
+ With BibTeX, the KEYS argument to ‘\nocite’ can also be the single
+character ‘*’. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given
bibliographies.
* Menu:
@@ -6482,26 +6485,26 @@
8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages
..............................
-If you forget to use '\bibliography' or '\bibliographystyle' in your
-document (or, less likely, any '\cite' or '\nocite' command), BibTeX
+If you forget to use ‘\bibliography’ or ‘\bibliographystyle’ in your
+document (or, less likely, any ‘\cite’ or ‘\nocite’ command), BibTeX
will issue an error message. Because BibTeX can be used with any
program, not just LaTeX, the error messages refer to the internal
-commands read by BibTeX (from the '.aux' file), rather than the
+commands read by BibTeX (from the ‘.aux’ file), rather than the
user-level commands described above.
Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX
errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
-'\bibdata'
- '\bibliography'
+‘\bibdata’
+ ‘\bibliography’
-'\bibstyle'
- '\bibliographystyle'
+‘\bibstyle’
+ ‘\bibliographystyle’
-'\citation'
- '\cite', '\nocite'
+‘\citation’
+ ‘\cite’, ‘\nocite’
- For example, if your document has no '\bibliographystyle' command,
+ For example, if your document has no ‘\bibliographystyle’ command,
BibTeX complains as follows:
I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file DOCUMENT.aux
@@ -6509,7 +6512,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments
-8.25 'theorem'
+8.25 ‘theorem’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -6518,8 +6521,8 @@
THEOREM BODY
\end{theorem}
- Produces 'Theorem N' in boldface followed by THEOREM BODY in italics.
-The numbering possibilities for N are described under '\newtheorem'
+ Produces ‘Theorem N’ in boldface followed by THEOREM BODY in italics.
+The numbering possibilities for N are described under ‘\newtheorem’
(*note \newtheorem::).
\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
@@ -6534,7 +6537,7 @@
text of theorem
\end{thm}
- Most new documents use the packages 'amsthm' and 'amsmath' from the
+ Most new documents use the packages ‘amsthm’ and ‘amsmath’ from the
American Mathematical Society. Among other things these packages
include a large number of options for theorem environments, such as
styling options.
@@ -6542,7 +6545,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments
-8.26 'titlepage'
+8.26 ‘titlepage’
================
Synopsis:
@@ -6578,13 +6581,13 @@
\vspace{\stretch{2}}
\end{titlepage}
- To instead produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage'
-environment, use '\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::).
+ To instead produce a standard title page without a ‘titlepage’
+environment, use ‘\maketitle’ (*note \maketitle::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
-8.27 'verbatim'
+8.27 ‘verbatim’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -6595,46 +6598,46 @@
A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces as output
exactly what you type as input. For instance inside LITERAL-TEXT the
-backslash '\' character does not start commands, it produces a printed
-'\', and carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output
-appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').
+backslash ‘\’ character does not start commands, it produces a printed
+‘\’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output
+appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font (‘\tt’).
\begin{verbatim}
Symbol swearing: %&$#?!.
\end{verbatim}
- The only restriction on 'literal-text' is that it cannot include the
-string '\end{verbatim}'.
+ The only restriction on ‘literal-text’ is that it cannot include the
+string ‘\end{verbatim}’.
You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros,
-for instance in the argument to a '\section'. This is not the same as
+for instance in the argument to a ‘\section’. This is not the same as
commands being fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work,
-as the 'verbatim' environment changes the catcode regime before
+as the ‘verbatim’ environment changes the catcode regime before
processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
-when the macro was called. However, the 'cprotect' package can help
+when the macro was called. However, the ‘cprotect’ package can help
with this.
One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There
-are packages that are an improvement the 'verbatim' environment. For
+are packages that are an improvement the ‘verbatim’ environment. For
instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
-files, or parts of those files. Such packages include 'listings', and
-'minted'.
+files, or parts of those files. Such packages include ‘listings’, and
+‘minted’.
A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments
-is 'fancyvrb'. Another is 'verbatimbox'.
+is ‘fancyvrb’. Another is ‘verbatimbox’.
For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::).
* Menu:
-* \verb:: The macro form of the 'verbatim' environment.
+* \verb:: The macro form of the ‘verbatim’ environment.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim
-8.27.1 '\verb'
+8.27.1 ‘\verb’
--------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6643,52 +6646,52 @@
\verb* CHAR LITERAL-TEXT CHAR
Typeset LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including special characters and
-spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font.
+spaces, using the typewriter (‘\tt’) font.
- This example shows two different invocations of '\verb'.
+ This example shows two different invocations of ‘\verb’.
This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
-The first '\verb' has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation
-point, '!'. The second instead uses plus, '+', because the exclamation
-point is part of 'literal-text'.
+The first ‘\verb’ has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation
+point, ‘!’. The second instead uses plus, ‘+’, because the exclamation
+point is part of ‘literal-text’.
- The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT--it must
-be the same character before and after. No spaces come between '\verb'
-or '\verb*' and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
+ The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT—it must be
+the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’ or
+‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between
LITERAL-TEXT and the second occurrence of CHAR (the synopsis shows a
space only to distinguish one component from the other). The delimiter
must not appear in LITERAL-TEXT. The LITERAL-TEXT cannot include a line
break.
- The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
+ The ‘*’-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
The output from this will include a visible space on both side of
-word 'with':
+word ‘with’:
The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
- For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package 'url' is a
-better option than the '\verb' command, since it allows line breaks.
+ For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package ‘url’ is a
+better option than the ‘\verb’ command, since it allows line breaks.
For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-'\verb'. One is 'listings', another is 'minted'.
+‘\verb’. One is ‘listings’, another is ‘minted’.
- You cannot use '\verb' in the argument to a macro, for instance in
-the argument to a '\section'. It is not a question of '\verb' being
-fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the '\verb'
+ You cannot use ‘\verb’ in the argument to a macro, for instance in
+the argument to a ‘\section’. It is not a question of ‘\verb’ being
+fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the ‘\verb’
command changes the catcode regime before reading its argument, and
restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a macro argument the
content of the argument has already be converted to a token list along
the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called. However, the
-'cprotect' package can help with this.
+‘cprotect’ package can help with this.
File: latex2e.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments
-8.28 'verse'
+8.28 ‘verse’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -6701,12 +6704,12 @@
An environment for poetry.
- Here are two lines from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
+ Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
- Separate the lines of each stanza with '\\', and use one or more
+ Separate the lines of each stanza with ‘\\’, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
\begin{verse}
@@ -6758,7 +6761,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \\, Next: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking
-9.1 '\\'
+9.1 ‘\\’
========
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -6780,35 +6783,35 @@
\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe}
-The starred form, '\\*', tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the
-two lines, by issuing a '\nobreak'.
+The starred form, ‘\\*’, tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the
+two lines, by issuing a ‘\nobreak’.
Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
-particular, don't start new paragraphs with '\\'. Instead leave a blank
-line between the two paragraphs. And don't put in a sequence of '\\''s
-to make vertical space. Instead use '\vspace{LENGTH}', or
-'\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}', or '\vspace*{LENGTH}' if you want the
+particular, don’t start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank
+line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of ‘\\’’s
+to make vertical space. Instead use ‘\vspace{LENGTH}’, or
+‘\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}’, or ‘\vspace*{LENGTH}’ if you want the
space to not be thrown out at the top of a new page (*note \vspace::).
- The '\\' command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such
-as in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment or in an equation environment.
+ The ‘\\’ command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such
+as in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment or in an equation environment.
- The '\\' command is a synonym for '\newline' (*note \newline::) under
-ordinary circumstances (an example of an exception is the 'p{...}'
-column in a 'tabular' environment; *note tabular::).
+ The ‘\\’ command is a synonym for ‘\newline’ (*note \newline::) under
+ordinary circumstances (an example of an exception is the ‘p{...}’
+column in a ‘tabular’ environment; *note tabular::).
- The '\\' command is a macro, and its definition changes by context so
-that its definition in normal text, a 'center' environment, a
-'flushleft' environment, and a 'tabular' are all different. In normal
+ The ‘\\’ command is a macro, and its definition changes by context so
+that its definition in normal text, a ‘center’ environment, a
+‘flushleft’ environment, and a ‘tabular’ are all different. In normal
text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand for
-'\newline'. It does not end horizontal mode or end the paragraph, it
+‘\newline’. It does not end horizontal mode or end the paragraph, it
just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the paragraph does end
a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short line padded with
white space.
- You get 'LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end' if you use '\\' to
+ You get ‘LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end’ if you use ‘\\’ to
ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line. An example is
-if you have '\begin{document}\\' or, more likely, something like this.
+if you have ‘\begin{document}\\’ or, more likely, something like this.
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
@@ -6818,23 +6821,23 @@
\end{center}
Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like
-'\vspace{\baselineskip}'.
+‘\vspace{\baselineskip}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \obeycr & \restorecr, Next: \newline, Prev: \\, Up: Line breaking
-9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
+9.2 ‘\obeycr’ & ‘\restorecr’
============================
-The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M',
-internally) the same as '\\', followed by '\relax'. So each new line in
-the input will also be a new line in the output. The '\restorecr'
+The ‘\obeycr’ command makes a return in the input file (‘^^M’,
+internally) the same as ‘\\’, followed by ‘\relax’. So each new line in
+the input will also be a new line in the output. The ‘\restorecr’
command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
-'verbatim' (*note verbatim::) instead.
+‘verbatim’ (*note verbatim::) instead.
- With LaTeX's usual defaults, this
+ With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this
aaa
bbb
@@ -6866,22 +6869,22 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking
-9.3 '\newline'
+9.3 ‘\newline’
==============
In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in
-paragraph mode (*note Modes::), the '\newline' command is equivalent to
+paragraph mode (*note Modes::), the ‘\newline’ command is equivalent to
double-backslash (*note \\::). This command is fragile (*note
\protect::).
- However, the two commands are different inside a 'tabular' or 'array'
+ However, the two commands are different inside a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’
environment. In a column with a specifier producing a paragraph box
-such as typically 'p{...}', '\newline' will insert a line end inside of
+such as typically ‘p{...}’, ‘\newline’ will insert a line end inside of
the column; that is, it does not break the entire tabular row. To break
-the entire row use '\\' or its equivalent '\tabularnewline'.
+the entire row use ‘\\’ or its equivalent ‘\tabularnewline’.
- This will print 'Name:' and 'Address:' as two lines in a single cell
+ This will print ‘Name:’ and ‘Address:’ as two lines in a single cell
of the table.
\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
@@ -6888,21 +6891,21 @@
Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
-The 'Date:' will be baseline-aligned with 'Name:'.
+The ‘Date:’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘Name:’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \discretionary, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
-9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
+9.4 ‘\-’ (discretionary hyphen)
===============================
Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
-insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
+insert ‘\-’ commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that LaTeX
might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (*note \protect::).
LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct
-hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The '\-'
+hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The ‘\-’
command is for exceptional cases.
For example, LaTeX does not ordinarily hyphenate words containing a
@@ -6922,15 +6925,15 @@
Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much
better fit.
- The '\-' command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
+ The ‘\-’ command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
-'Hef-\linebreak feron'. Of course, if you later change the text then
-this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires care.
+‘Hef-\linebreak feron’. Of course, if you later change the text then
+this forced break may look out of place, so this approach requires care.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \discretionary, Next: \fussy & \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
-9.5 '\discretionary' (generalized hyphenation point)
+9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point)
====================================================
Synopsis:
@@ -6940,33 +6943,33 @@
Handle word changes around hyphens. This command is not often used
in LaTeX documents.
- If a line break occurs at the point where '\discretionary' appears
+ If a line break occurs at the point where ‘\discretionary’ appears
then TeX puts PRE-BREAK at the end of the current line and puts
POST-BREAK at the start of the next line. If there is no line break
here then TeX puts NO-BREAK.
- In 'difficult' the three letters 'ffi' form a ligature. But TeX can
-nonetheless break between the two 'f''s with this.
+ In ‘difficult’ the three letters ‘ffi’ form a ligature. But TeX can
+nonetheless break between the two ‘f’’s with this.
di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
-automatically by TeX's hyphenation algorithm.
+automatically by TeX’s hyphenation algorithm.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy & \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \discretionary, Up: Line breaking
-9.6 '\fussy' & '\sloppy'
+9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’
========================
Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line breaking.
-Declaring '\fussy' usually avoids too much space between words, at the
-cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, '\sloppy' avoids
+Declaring ‘\fussy’ usually avoids too much space between words, at the
+cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, ‘\sloppy’ avoids
overfull boxes while suffering loose interword spacing.
- The default is '\fussy'. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled
+ The default is ‘\fussy’. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled
by whichever declaration is current at the end of the paragraph, i.e.,
-at the blank line or '\par' or displayed equation ending that paragraph.
+at the blank line or ‘\par’ or displayed equation ending that paragraph.
So to affect the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in
the scope of the command.
@@ -6977,7 +6980,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: sloppypar, Up: \fussy & \sloppy
-9.6.1 'sloppypar'
+9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -6986,9 +6989,9 @@
... paragraphs ...
\end{sloppypar}
- Typeset the paragraphs with '\sloppy' in effect (*note \fussy &
+ Typeset the paragraphs with ‘\sloppy’ in effect (*note \fussy &
\sloppy::). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
-'Overfull box' or 'Underfull box' errors.
+‘Overfull box’ or ‘Underfull box’ errors.
The example is simple.
@@ -7008,7 +7011,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \fussy & \sloppy, Up: Line breaking
-9.7 '\hyphenation'
+9.7 ‘\hyphenation’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -7017,7 +7020,7 @@
Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list.
The words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points
-for hyphenation with a dash character, '-'.
+for hyphenation with a dash character, ‘-’.
Here is an example:
@@ -7024,13 +7027,13 @@
\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands
+exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands
accumulate.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking
-9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
+9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’
=================================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -7047,7 +7050,7 @@
an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the
instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument
these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance,
-'\nolinebreak[1]' is a suggestion that another place may be better. The
+‘\nolinebreak[1]’ is a suggestion that another place may be better. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands are
fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -7058,7 +7061,7 @@
We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally
underrepresented groups.
- When you issue '\linebreak', the spaces in the line are stretched out
+ When you issue ‘\linebreak’, the spaces in the line are stretched out
so that the break point reaches the right margin. *Note \\:: and *note
\newline::, to have the spaces not stretched out.
@@ -7073,24 +7076,24 @@
final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to
influence its actions.
- LaTeX's algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
+ LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than would
fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some way (it
-has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this approach
-is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or
-shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then LaTeX can
-use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last
-line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line onto the first
-page) and orphans (where the first line of paragraph is at the end of a
-page; LaTeX can stretch the material of the first page so the extra line
-falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX uses
-available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header for a
-new section but also the first two lines of that section.
+has the smallest “badness”). An example of the advantage of this
+approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
+stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs,
+then LaTeX can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts
+with the last line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line onto
+the first page) and orphans (where the first line of paragraph is at the
+end of a page; LaTeX can stretch the material of the first page so the
+extra line falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX
+uses available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header
+for a new section but also the first two lines of that section.
- But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document's set of page
+ But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document’s set of page
breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is great but the
-second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn't look as far
+second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn’t look as far
ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to influence
page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
@@ -7106,7 +7109,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage, Next: \newpage, Up: Page breaking
-10.1 '\clearpage' & '\cleardoublepage'
+10.1 ‘\clearpage’ & ‘\cleardoublepage’
======================================
Synopsis:
@@ -7120,16 +7123,16 @@
End the current page and output all of the pending floating figures
and tables (*note Floats::). If there are too many floats to fit on the
page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In
-two-sided printing, '\cleardoublepage' also makes the next page of
+two-sided printing, ‘\cleardoublepage’ also makes the next page of
content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
-a blank page. The '\clearpage' command is robust while
-'\cleardoublepage' is fragile (*note \protect::).
+a blank page. The ‘\clearpage’ command is robust while
+‘\cleardoublepage’ is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
- The '\cleardoublepage' command will put in a blank page, but it will
+ The ‘\cleardoublepage’ command will put in a blank page, but it will
have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank page, use
this command.
@@ -7139,18 +7142,19 @@
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
}
-If you want LaTeX's standard '\chapter' command to do this then add the
-line '\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage'.
+If you want LaTeX’s standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the
+line ‘\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage’. (Of course this
+affects all uses of ‘\cleardoublepage’, not just the one in ‘\chapter’.)
- The command '\newpage' (*note \newpage::) also ends the current page,
+ The command ‘\newpage’ (*note \newpage::) also ends the current page,
but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in two-column
-mode then '\newpage' ends the current column while '\clearpage' and
-'\cleardoublepage' end the current page.
+mode then ‘\newpage’ ends the current column while ‘\clearpage’ and
+‘\cleardoublepage’ end the current page.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage, Up: Page breaking
-10.2 '\newpage'
+10.2 ‘\newpage’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -7159,18 +7163,18 @@
End the current page. This command is robust (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
+ LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
- While the commands '\clearpage' and '\cleardoublepage' also end the
+ While the commands ‘\clearpage’ and ‘\cleardoublepage’ also end the
current page, in addition they clear pending floats (*note \clearpage &
\cleardoublepage::). And, if LaTeX is in two-column mode then
-'\clearpage' and '\cleardoublepage' end the current page, possibly
-leaving an empty column, while '\newpage' only ends the current column.
+‘\clearpage’ and ‘\cleardoublepage’ end the current page, possibly
+leaving an empty column, while ‘\newpage’ only ends the current column.
- In contrast with '\pagebreak' (*note \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::),
-the '\newpage' command will cause the new page to start right where
+ In contrast with ‘\pagebreak’ (*note \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::),
+the ‘\newpage’ command will cause the new page to start right where
requested. This
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
@@ -7179,22 +7183,22 @@
\noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
-makes a new page start after 'continent', and the cut-off line is not
-right justified. In addition, '\newpage' does not vertically stretch
-out the page, as '\pagebreak' does.
+makes a new page start after ‘continent’, and the cut-off line is not
+right justified. In addition, ‘\newpage’ does not vertically stretch
+out the page, as ‘\pagebreak’ does.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Page breaking
-10.3 '\enlargethispage'
+10.3 ‘\enlargethispage’
=======================
Synopsis, one of:
- \enlargethispage{size}
- \enlargethispage*{size}
+ \enlargethispage{SIZE}
+ \enlargethispage*{SIZE}
- Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page. The required
+ Enlarge the ‘\textheight’ for the current page. The required
argument SIZE must be a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It may be
positive or negative. This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -7206,15 +7210,15 @@
\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
- The starred form '\enlargesthispage*' tries to squeeze the material
+ The starred form ‘\enlargesthispage*’ tries to squeeze the material
together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of
getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an
-explicit '\pagebreak'.
+explicit ‘\pagebreak’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Page breaking
-10.4 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
+10.4 ‘\pagebreak’ & ‘\nopagebreak’
==================================
Synopses:
@@ -7230,12 +7234,12 @@
Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional ZERO-TO-FOUR is
an integer that allows you to soften the request. The default is 4, so
that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or
-prevent the break. But for instance '\nopagebreak[1]' suggests to LaTeX
+prevent the break. But for instance ‘\nopagebreak[1]’ suggests to LaTeX
that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number, the more
insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX's page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
-command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+ LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
+commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point
@@ -7247,17 +7251,17 @@
a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal.
-does not give a page break at 'continent', but instead at 'nation',
+does not give a page break at ‘continent’, but instead at ‘nation’,
since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In addition, with
-'\pagebreak' the vertical space on the page is stretched out where
+‘\pagebreak’ the vertical space on the page is stretched out where
possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. This can look
-strange, and if '\flushbottom' is in effect this can cause you to get
-'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active'.
+strange, and if ‘\flushbottom’ is in effect this can cause you to get
+‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active’.
*Note \newpage::, for a command that does not have these effects.
- (There is an obsolete declaration '\samepage', which tries to only
+ (There is an obsolete declaration ‘\samepage’, which tries to only
allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
-'samepage', also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on
+‘samepage’, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on
keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
<https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.)
@@ -7277,8 +7281,8 @@
You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text
becomes too long then it will flow to the next page.
- You can also produce footnotes by combining the '\footnotemark' and
-the '\footnotetext' commands, which is useful in special circumstances.
+ You can also produce footnotes by combining the ‘\footnotemark’ and
+the ‘\footnotetext’ commands, which is useful in special circumstances.
To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (*note Using BibTeX::).
@@ -7295,7 +7299,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
-11.1 '\footnote'
+11.1 ‘\footnote’
================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -7313,24 +7317,24 @@
at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
The optional argument NUMBER allows you to specify the number of the
-footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the 'footnote'
+footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the ‘footnote’
counter.
By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
-'\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}', which uses a
+‘\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}’, which uses a
sequence of symbols (*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol::). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
-'\setcounter{footnote}{0}'.
+‘\setcounter{footnote}{0}’.
LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
-'\footnoterule'
+‘\footnoterule’
Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
- page's footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
- classes (except 'slides', where it does not appear) is: vertical
- thickness of '0.4pt', and horizontal size of '0.4\columnwidth'
+ page’s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document
+ classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) is: vertical
+ thickness of ‘0.4pt’, and horizontal size of ‘0.4\columnwidth’
long. Change the rule with something like this.
\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
@@ -7338,24 +7342,24 @@
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
-'\footnotesep'
+‘\footnotesep’
The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(*note \strut::). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
- '\footnotesize' fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no
- extra space between footnotes. This is '6.65pt' for '10pt',
- '7.7pt' for '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'. Change it as with
- '\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}'.
+ ‘\footnotesize’ fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no
+ extra space between footnotes. This is ‘6.65pt’ for ‘10pt’,
+ ‘7.7pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘8.4pt’ for ‘12pt’. Change it as with
+ ‘\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}’.
- The '\footnote' command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ The ‘\footnote’ command is fragile (*note \protect::).
- LaTeX's default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
-'\footnote'; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
-sectioning command such as '\chapter' (it can only be used in outer
+ LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
+‘\footnote’; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
+sectioning command such as ‘\chapter’ (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; *note Modes::). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
- In a 'minipage' environment the '\footnote' command uses the
-'mpfootnote' counter instead of the 'footnote' counter, so they are
+ In a ‘minipage’ environment the ‘\footnote’ command uses the
+‘mpfootnote’ counter instead of the ‘footnote’ counter, so they are
numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are
shown alphabetically. *Note minipage:: and *note Footnotes in a
@@ -7364,7 +7368,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes
-11.2 '\footnotemark'
+11.2 ‘\footnotemark’
====================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -7377,8 +7381,8 @@
NUMBER causes the command to use that number to determine the footnote
mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode (*note Modes::).
- If you use '\footnotemark' without the optional argument then it
-increments the 'footnote' counter, but if you use the optional NUMBER
+ If you use ‘\footnotemark’ without the optional argument then it
+increments the ‘footnote’ counter, but if you use the optional NUMBER
then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive
footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
@@ -7388,8 +7392,8 @@
If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value
of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
-institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors ('\thanks'
-is a version of '\footnote'), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
+institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors (‘\thanks’
+is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
@@ -7409,7 +7413,7 @@
Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
- This example accomplishes the same by using the package 'cleveref'.
+ This example accomplishes the same by using the package ‘cleveref’.
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
@@ -7418,12 +7422,12 @@
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
- It will work with the package 'hyperref'.
+ It will work with the package ‘hyperref’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Footnotes in section headings, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
-11.3 '\footnotetext'
+11.3 ‘\footnotetext’
====================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -7432,7 +7436,7 @@
\footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}
Place TEXT at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with
-'\footnotemark' (*note \footnotemark::) and can come anywhere after that
+‘\footnotemark’ (*note \footnotemark::) and can come anywhere after that
command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (*note Modes::). The
optional argument NUMBER changes the number of the footnote mark.
@@ -7453,12 +7457,12 @@
section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way to
have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional
-argument to '\section'
+argument to ‘\section’
\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
-No '\protect' is needed in front of '\footnote' here because what gets
+No ‘\protect’ is needed in front of ‘\footnote’ here because what gets
moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
@@ -7467,9 +7471,9 @@
11.5 Footnotes in a table
=========================
-Inside a 'tabular' or 'array' environment the '\footnote' command does
+Inside a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment the ‘\footnote’ command does
not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but the footnote
-text does not appear. The solution is to use a 'minipage' environment
+text does not appear. The solution is to use a ‘minipage’ environment
as here (*note minipage::).
\begin{center}
@@ -7485,15 +7489,15 @@
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
- Inside a 'minipage', footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
+ Inside a ‘minipage’, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
that with something like
-'\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}' (*note \alph \Alph
+‘\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}’ (*note \alph \Alph
\arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).
The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the
-'minipage'. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as part
-of the regular footnote sequence, use the '\footnotemark' and
-'\footnotetext' pair and make a new counter.
+‘minipage’. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as part
+of the regular footnote sequence, use the ‘\footnotemark’ and
+‘\footnotetext’ pair and make a new counter.
\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
\begin{center}
@@ -7514,8 +7518,8 @@
Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
\end{center}
- For a floating 'table' environment (*note table::), use the
-'tablefootnote' package.
+ For a floating ‘table’ environment (*note table::), use the
+‘tablefootnote’ package.
\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
...
@@ -7542,7 +7546,7 @@
Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-'bigfoot' extends LaTeX's default footnote mechanism in many ways,
+‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many ways,
including allow these two, as in this example.
\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
@@ -7580,7 +7584,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \providecommand, Up: Definitions
-12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
+12.1 ‘\newcommand’ & ‘\renewcommand’
====================================
Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
@@ -7592,8 +7596,8 @@
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
-or all the same possibilities with '\renewcommand' instead of
-'\newcommand':
+or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of
+‘\newcommand’:
\renewcommand{\CMD}{DEFN}
\renewcommand{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
@@ -7602,20 +7606,20 @@
\renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- Define or redefine a command (see also '\DeclareRobustCommand' in
+ Define or redefine a command (see also ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ in
*note Class and package commands::).
The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands are not
-'\long'). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
+‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
These are the parameters (examples follow):
CMD
- Required; '\CMD' is the command name. It must begin with a
- backslash, '\', and must not begin with the four character string
- '\end'. For '\newcommand', it must not be already defined. For
- '\renewcommand', this name must already be defined.
+ Required; ‘\CMD’ is the command name. It must begin with a
+ backslash, ‘\’, and must not begin with the four character string
+ ‘\end’. For ‘\newcommand’, it must not be already defined. For
+ ‘\renewcommand’, this name must already be defined.
NARGS
Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of
@@ -7627,29 +7631,29 @@
OPTARGDEFAULT
Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
- '\CMD' is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be
- the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT is not present then '\CMD'
+ ‘\CMD’ is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be
+ the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT is not present then ‘\CMD’
does not take an optional argument.
- That is, if '\CMD' is called with a following argument in square
- brackets, as in '\CMD[OPTVAL]{...}...', then within DEFN the
- parameter '#1' is set to OPTVAL. On the other hand, if '\CMD' is
+ That is, if ‘\CMD’ is called with a following argument in square
+ brackets, as in ‘\CMD[OPTVAL]{...}...’, then within DEFN the
+ parameter ‘#1’ is set to OPTVAL. On the other hand, if ‘\CMD’ is
called without following square brackets then within DEFN the
- parameter '#1' is set to OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, the
- required arguments start with '#2'.
+ parameter ‘#1’ is set to OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, the
+ required arguments start with ‘#2’.
- Omitting '[OPTARGDEFAULT]' from the definition is entirely
+ Omitting ‘[OPTARGDEFAULT]’ from the definition is entirely
different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as
- in '[]'. The former says the command being defined takes no
- optional argument, so '#1' is the first required argument (if NARGS
- ≥ 1); the latter sets the optional argument '#1' to the empty
+ in ‘[]’. The former says the command being defined takes no
+ optional argument, so ‘#1’ is the first required argument (if NARGS
+ ≥ 1); the latter sets the optional argument ‘#1’ to the empty
string as the default, if no optional argument was given in the
call.
- Similarly, omitting '[OPTVAL]' from a call is also entirely
+ Similarly, omitting ‘[OPTVAL]’ from a call is also entirely
different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The
- former sets '#1' to the value of OPTVAL (assuming the command was
- defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets '#1' to the
+ former sets ‘#1’ to the value of OPTVAL (assuming the command was
+ defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets ‘#1’ to the
empty string, just as with any other value.
If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is
@@ -7659,26 +7663,26 @@
DEFN
Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
- '\CMD'. The parameters '#1', '#2', ..., '#NARGS' are replaced by
+ ‘\CMD’. The parameters ‘#1’, ‘#2’, ..., ‘#NARGS’ are replaced by
the values supplied when the command is called (or by OPTARGDEFAULT
in the case of an optional argument not specified in the call, as
just explained).
TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word (*note
-Control sequences::), as in '\cmd '. If you want a space there, one
-solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} '), and another
-solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ ').
+Control sequences::), as in ‘\cmd ’. If you want a space there, one
+solution is to type ‘{}’ after the command (‘\cmd{} ’), and another
+solution is to use an explicit control space (‘\cmd\ ’).
- A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\RS}{Robin
-Smith}' results in '\RS' being replaced by the longer text. Redefining
-an existing command is similar: '\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small
-QED}}'.
+ A simple example of defining a new command: ‘\newcommand{\RS}{Robin
+Smith}’ results in ‘\RS’ being replaced by the longer text. Redefining
+an existing command is similar: ‘\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small
+QED}}’.
- If you use '\newcommand' and the command name has already been used
-then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \fred already defined.
-Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. Similarly, If you
-use '\renewcommand' and the command name has not been defined then you
-get something like 'LaTeX Error: \hank undefined'.
+ If you use ‘\newcommand’ and the command name has already been used
+then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \fred already defined.
+Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. Similarly, If you
+use ‘\renewcommand’ and the command name has not been defined then you
+get something like ‘LaTeX Error: \hank undefined’.
Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and
the second, a command with one required argument:
@@ -7686,20 +7690,20 @@
\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
-Use the first as in 'I highly recommend \student{} to you'. The second
-has a variable argument, so that '\defref{def:basis}' expands to
-'Definition~\ref{def:basis}', which ultimately expands to something like
-'Definition~3.14'.
+Use the first as in ‘I highly recommend \student{} to you’. The second
+has a variable argument, so that ‘\defref{def:basis}’ expands to
+‘Definition~\ref{def:basis}’, which ultimately expands to something like
+‘Definition~3.14’.
Similarly, but with two required arguments:
-'\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}' is invoked as '\nbym{2}{k}'.
+‘\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}’ is invoked as ‘\nbym{2}{k}’.
This example has an optional argument.
\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
-Then '\salutation' gives 'Dear Sir or Madam:' while '\salutation[John]'
-gives 'Dear John:'. And '\salutation[]' gives 'Dear :'.
+Then ‘\salutation’ gives ‘Dear Sir or Madam:’ while ‘\salutation[John]’
+gives ‘Dear John:’. And ‘\salutation[]’ gives ‘Dear :’.
This example has an optional argument and two required arguments.
@@ -7706,21 +7710,21 @@
\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.
-The output is 'I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.'. The optional
-argument, 'Howe', is associated with '#1', while 'Dewey' and 'Cheatem'
-are associated with '#2' and '#3'. Because of the optional argument,
-'\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}' will give the output 'I employ Dewey,
-Cheatem, and company.'.
+The output is ‘I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.’. The optional
+argument, ‘Howe’, is associated with ‘#1’, while ‘Dewey’ and ‘Cheatem’
+are associated with ‘#2’ and ‘#3’. Because of the optional argument,
+‘\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}’ will give the output ‘I employ Dewey,
+Cheatem, and company.’.
The braces around DEFN do not define a group, that is, they do not
delimit the scope of the result of expanding DEFN. For example, with
-'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}', in this sentence,
+‘\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}’, in this sentence,
The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
-the words 'met the', and the period, would incorrectly be in italics.
+the words ‘met the’, and the period, would incorrectly be in italics.
The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
-'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'.
+‘\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}’.
* Menu:
@@ -7732,35 +7736,35 @@
12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol
--------------------------------------------------------
-When reading input TeX converts sequences of read characters into a
-sequence of "tokens". When TeX sees a backslash '\', it will handle the
-following characters in a special way in order to make a "control
-sequence" token.
+When reading input TeX converts the stream of read characters into a
+sequence of “tokens”. When TeX sees a backslash ‘\’, it will handle the
+following characters in a special way in order to make a “control
+sequence” token.
The control sequences fall into two categories:
- * "control word", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\'
- followed by at least one ASCII letter ('A-Z' and 'a-z'), followed
+ • “control word”, when the control sequence is gathered from a ‘\’
+ followed by at least one ASCII letter (‘A-Z’ and ‘a-z’), followed
by at least one non-letter.
- * "control symbol", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\'
+ • “control symbol”, when the control sequence is gathered from a ‘\’
followed by one non-letter character.
- The sequence of characters so found after the '\' is also called the
-"control sequence name".
+ The sequence of characters so found after the ‘\’ is also called the
+“control sequence name”.
Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
whitespace in the output (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note
\(SPACE)::).
- Just as the '\relax' command does nothing, the following input will
-simply print 'Hello!' (if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the
-whitespace-mode minor mode to see the trailing spaces):
+ Just as the ‘\relax’ command does nothing, the following input will
+simply print ‘Hello!’ (if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the
+‘whitespace-mode’ minor mode to see the trailing spaces):
Hel\relax
lo!
-This is because blanks after '\relax', including the newline, are
+This is because blanks after ‘\relax’, including the newline, are
ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (*note
Leading blanks::).
@@ -7767,7 +7771,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \providecommand, Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions
-12.2 '\providecommand'
+12.2 ‘\providecommand’
======================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -7781,7 +7785,7 @@
Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
-as '\newcommand'. If a command of this name already exists then this
+as ‘\newcommand’. If a command of this name already exists then this
definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file that may
be loaded more than once, such as a style file. *Note \newcommand &
\renewcommand::, for the description of the arguments.
@@ -7792,14 +7796,14 @@
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV}
From \myaffiliation.
-outputs 'From Saint Michael's College.'. Unlike '\newcommand', the
-repeated use of '\providecommand' to (try to) define '\myaffiliation'
+outputs ‘From Saint Michael's College.’. Unlike ‘\newcommand’, the
+repeated use of ‘\providecommand’ to (try to) define ‘\myaffiliation’
does not give an error.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Next: \@ifstar, Prev: \providecommand, Up: Definitions
-12.3 '\makeatletter' & '\makeatother'
+12.3 ‘\makeatletter’ & ‘\makeatother’
=====================================
Synopsis:
@@ -7809,37 +7813,37 @@
\makeatother
Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an
-at-sign character ''@''. The '\makeatletter' declaration makes the
+at-sign character ‘‘@’’. The ‘\makeatletter’ declaration makes the
at-sign character have the category code of a letter, code 11. The
-'\makeatother' declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to
+‘\makeatother’ declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to
code 12, its default value.
As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-"catcode". For instance, it assigns the backslash character ''\'' the
+“catcode”. For instance, it assigns the backslash character ‘‘\’’ the
catcode 0. Command names consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily
backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a
command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a
single non-letter symbol).
- LaTeX's source code has the convention that some commands use '@' in
+ LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in
their name. These commands are mainly intended for package or class
writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a package
or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their
own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
- Use the pair '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' inside a '.tex' file,
+ Use the pair ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ inside a ‘.tex’ file,
typically in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with '@', by having them surround your definition. Don't use
-these inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and
-'\documentclass' commands already arrange that the at-sign has the
+named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don’t use
+these inside ‘.sty’ or ‘.cls’ files since the ‘\usepackage’ and
+‘\documentclass’ commands already arrange that the at-sign has the
character code of a letter, catcode 11.
For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
<https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>.
- In this example the class file has a command '\thesis at universityname'
+ In this example the class file has a command ‘\thesis at universityname’
that the user wants to change. These three lines should go in the
-preamble, before the '\begin{document}'.
+preamble, before the ‘\begin{document}’.
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\thesis at universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
@@ -7848,7 +7852,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \@ifstar, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Up: Definitions
-12.4 '\@ifstar'
+12.4 ‘\@ifstar’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -7858,30 +7862,30 @@
\newcommand{\mycmd at star}[STAR-NUM-ARGS]{STAR-BODY}
Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
-same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk. Examples
-are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and
-'\section*' commands.
+same name but ending with a star character ‘*’, an asterisk. Examples
+are the ‘table’ and ‘table*’ environments and the ‘\section’ and
+‘\section*’ commands.
When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
-because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment
+because ‘\newenvironment’ and ‘\renewenvironment’ allow the environment
name to contain a star. So you just have to write
-'\newenvironment{MYENV}' or '\newenvironment{MYENV*}' and continue the
+‘\newenvironment{MYENV}’ or ‘\newenvironment{MYENV*}’ and continue the
definition as usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the
star not being a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the
synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above as
-'\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For
-instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the
-'\section' command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments
+‘\mycmd’, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For
+instance, LaTeX does not really have a ‘\section*’ command; instead, the
+‘\section’ command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments
but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments. In
-the synopsis these two are '\mycmd at nostar' and '\mycmd at star'. They
+the synopsis these two are ‘\mycmd at nostar’ and ‘\mycmd at star’. They
could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no
arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX document a command using an
-at-sign '@' in its name must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ...
-\makeatother' block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::).
+at-sign ‘@’ in its name must be enclosed inside a ‘\makeatletter ...
+\makeatother’ block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::).
- This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant
-'\ciel*'. Both have one required argument. A call to '\ciel{blue}'
-will return "not starry blue sky" while '\ciel*{night}' will return
+ This example of ‘\@ifstar’ defines the command ‘\ciel’ and a variant
+‘\ciel*’. Both have one required argument. A call to ‘\ciel{blue}’
+will return "not starry blue sky" while ‘\ciel*{night}’ will return
"starry night sky".
\makeatletter
@@ -7891,10 +7895,10 @@
\makeatother
In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007's
-'``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''' is
-equivalent to entering the commands '``My name is \textsc{Bond},
-\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.'''
+arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s
+‘``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''’ is
+equivalent to entering the commands ‘``My name is \textsc{Bond},
+\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''’
\newcommand*{\agentsecret at unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret at starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
@@ -7905,15 +7909,15 @@
argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is
part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus, it
is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the command
-and the star. Thus '\agentsecret*{Bond}' and '\agentsecret *{Bond}' are
+and the star. Thus ‘\agentsecret*{Bond}’ and ‘\agentsecret *{Bond}’ are
equivalent. However, the standard practice is not to insert any such
spaces.
- There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of '\@ifstar'.
-(1) The 'suffix' package allows the construct
-'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED-VARIANT}' followed by
-'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED-VARIANT}'. (2) LaTeX
-provides the 'xparse' package, which allows this code:
+ There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of ‘\@ifstar’.
+(1) The ‘suffix’ package allows the construct
+‘\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED-VARIANT}’ followed by
+‘\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED-VARIANT}’. (2) LaTeX
+provides the ‘xparse’ package, which allows this code:
\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
{STARRED-VARIANT}%
@@ -7923,7 +7927,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \@ifstar, Up: Definitions
-12.5 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter
+12.5 ‘\newcounter’: Allocating a counter
========================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -7938,11 +7942,11 @@
with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
counter.
- When you use the optional argument '[SUPERCOUNTER]' then the counter
+ When you use the optional argument ‘[SUPERCOUNTER]’ then the counter
COUNTERNAME will be reset to zero whenever SUPERCOUNTER is incremented.
-For example, ordinarily 'subsection' is numbered within 'section' so
-that any time you increment SECTION, either with '\stepcounter' (*note
-\stepcounter::) or '\refstepcounter' (*note \refstepcounter::), then
+For example, ordinarily ‘subsection’ is numbered within ‘section’ so
+that any time you increment SECTION, either with ‘\stepcounter’ (*note
+\stepcounter::) or ‘\refstepcounter’ (*note \refstepcounter::), then
LaTeX will reset SUBSECTION to zero.
This example
@@ -7953,21 +7957,21 @@
\stepcounter{asuper}
Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}.
- produces 'The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3' and 'Now
-asuper is 2 while asub is 0'.
+ produces ‘The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3’ and ‘Now
+asuper is 2 while asub is 0’.
- If the counter already exists, for instance by entering 'asuper'
-twice, then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \c at asuper
-already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.'.
+ If the counter already exists, for instance by entering ‘asuper’
+twice, then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \c at asuper
+already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.’.
If you use the optional argument then the super counter must already
-exist. Entering '\newcounter{jh}[lh]' when 'lh' is not a defined
-counter will get you 'LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.'
+exist. Entering ‘\newcounter{jh}[lh]’ when ‘lh’ is not a defined
+counter will get you ‘LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.’
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Definitions
-12.6 '\newlength'
+12.6 ‘\newlength’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -7975,26 +7979,26 @@
\newlength{\LEN}
Allocate a new length register (*note Lengths::). The required
-argument '\LEN' has to be a control sequence (*note Control
-sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, '\' under normal
-circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as '72.27pt'
-or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX
-calls a 'skip' register). The initial value is zero. The control
-sequence '\LEN' must not be already defined.
+argument ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control
+sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal
+circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as ‘72.27pt’
+or ‘1in plus.2in minus.1in’ (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX
+calls a ‘skip’ register). The initial value is zero. The control
+sequence ‘\LEN’ must not be already defined.
An example:
\newlength{\graphichgt}
- If you forget the backslash then you get 'Missing control sequence
-inserted'. If the control sequence already exists then you get
-something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or
-name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'.
+ If you forget the backslash then you get ‘Missing control sequence
+inserted’. If the control sequence already exists then you get
+something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or
+name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Prev: \newlength, Up: Definitions
-12.7 '\newsavebox'
+12.7 ‘\newsavebox’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -8014,11 +8018,11 @@
\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}
Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
-The output is 'Our logo is LoGo'.
+The output is ‘Our logo is LoGo’.
- If there is an already defined bin then you get something like 'LaTeX
+ If there is an already defined bin then you get something like ‘LaTeX
Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see
-p.192 of the manual'.
+p.192 of the manual’.
The allocation of a box is global.
@@ -8025,7 +8029,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Definitions
-12.8 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
+12.8 ‘\newenvironment’ & ‘\renewenvironment’
============================================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -8047,7 +8051,7 @@
\renewenvironment*{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
Define or redefine the environment ENV, that is, create the construct
-'\begin{ENV} ... BODY ... \end{ENV}'.
+‘\begin{ENV} ... BODY ... \end{ENV}’.
The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
@@ -8055,18 +8059,18 @@
ENV
Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
- '*' character, and thus does not begin with backslash, '\'. It
- must not begin with the string 'end'. For '\newenvironment', the
+ ‘*’ character, and thus does not begin with backslash, ‘\’. It
+ must not begin with the string ‘end’. For ‘\newenvironment’, the
name ENV must not be the name of an already existing environment,
- and also the command '\ENV' must be undefined. For
- '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an existing
+ and also the command ‘\ENV’ must be undefined. For
+ ‘\renewenvironment’, ENV must be the name of an existing
environment.
NARGS
Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments
of that the environment takes. When you use the environment these
- arguments appear after the '\begin', as in '\begin{ENV}{ARG1} ...
- {ARGN}'. Omitting this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the
+ arguments appear after the ‘\begin’, as in ‘\begin{ENV}{ARG1} ...
+ {ARGN}’. Omitting this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the
environment will have no arguments. When redefining an
environment, the new version can have a different number of
arguments than the old version.
@@ -8079,41 +8083,41 @@
That is, when OPTARGDEFAULT is present in the definition of the
environment then you can start the environment with square
- brackets, as in '\begin{ENV}[OPTVAL]{...} ... \end{ENV}'. In this
- case, within BEGDEFN the parameter '#1' is set to the value of
- OPTVAL. If you call '\begin{ENV}' without square brackets, then
- within BEGDEFN the parameter '#1' is set to the value of the
+ brackets, as in ‘\begin{ENV}[OPTVAL]{...} ... \end{ENV}’. In this
+ case, within BEGDEFN the parameter ‘#1’ is set to the value of
+ OPTVAL. If you call ‘\begin{ENV}’ without square brackets, then
+ within BEGDEFN the parameter ‘#1’ is set to the value of the
default OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, any required arguments
- start with '#2'.
+ start with ‘#2’.
- Omitting '[MYVAL]' in the call is different than having the square
- brackets with no contents, as in '[]'. The former results in '#1'
- expanding to OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter results in '#1' expanding to
+ Omitting ‘[MYVAL]’ in the call is different than having the square
+ brackets with no contents, as in ‘[]’. The former results in ‘#1’
+ expanding to OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter results in ‘#1’ expanding to
the empty string.
BEGDEF
- Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'.
- Within BEGDEF, the parameters '#1', '#2', ... '#NARGS', are
+ Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of ‘\begin{ENV}’.
+ Within BEGDEF, the parameters ‘#1’, ‘#2’, ... ‘#NARGS’, are
replaced by the values that you supply when you call the
environment; see the examples below.
ENDDEF
- Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'.
- This may not contain any parameters, that is, you cannot use '#1',
- '#2', etc., here (but see the final example below).
+ Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of ‘\end{ENV}’.
+ This may not contain any parameters, that is, you cannot use ‘#1’,
+ ‘#2’, etc., here (but see the final example below).
All environments, that is to say the BEGDEF code, the environment
body, and the ENDDEF code, are processed within a group. Thus, in the
-first example below, the effect of the '\small' is limited to the quote
+first example below, the effect of the ‘\small’ is limited to the quote
and does not extend to material following the environment.
If you try to define an environment and the name has already been
-used then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
-defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. If you try
+used then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
+defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. If you try
to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you
-get something like 'LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.'.
+get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.’.
- This example gives an environment like LaTeX's 'quotation' except
+ This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s ‘quotation’ except
that it will be set in smaller type.
\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
@@ -8140,7 +8144,7 @@
\end{quotation}
}
-The author's name is optional, and defaults to 'Shakespeare'. In the
+The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the
document, use the environment like this.
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
@@ -8162,7 +8166,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Up: Definitions
-12.9 '\newtheorem'
+12.9 ‘\newtheorem’
==================
Synopses:
@@ -8174,15 +8178,15 @@
Define a new theorem-like environment. You can specify one of
NUMBERED_WITHIN and NUMBERED_LIKE, or neither, but not both.
- The first form, '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}', creates an environment
+ The first form, ‘\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}’, creates an environment
that will be labelled with TITLE; see the first example below.
- The second form, '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]', creates
+ The second form, ‘\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]’, creates
an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing counter
NUMBERED_WITHIN, so this counter will be reset when NUMBERED_WITHIN is
reset. See the second example below.
- The third form '\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}', with
+ The third form ‘\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}’, with
optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an
environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
NUMBERED_LIKE. See the third example.
@@ -8189,8 +8193,8 @@
This command creates a counter named NAME. In addition, unless the
optional argument NUMBERED_LIKE is used, inside of the theorem-like
-environment the current '\ref' value will be that of
-'\theNUMBERED_WITHIN' (*note \ref::).
+environment the current ‘\ref’ value will be that of
+‘\theNUMBERED_WITHIN’ (*note \ref::).
This declaration is global. It is fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -8198,22 +8202,22 @@
NAME
The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must
- not begin with a backslash, '\'. It must not be the name of an
- existing environment, and the command name '\NAME' must not already
+ not begin with a backslash, ‘\’. It must not be the name of an
+ existing environment, and the command name ‘\NAME’ must not already
be defined.
TITLE
The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before
- the number. For example, 'Theorem'.
+ the number. For example, ‘Theorem’.
NUMBERED_WITHIN
Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a
- sectional unit such as 'chapter' or 'section'. When the
- NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment's
+ sectional unit such as ‘chapter’ or ‘section’. When the
+ NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment’s
counter will also be reset.
- If this optional argument is not used then the command '\theNAME'
- is set to '\arabic{NAME}'.
+ If this optional argument is not used then the command ‘\theNAME’
+ is set to ‘\arabic{NAME}’.
NUMBERED_LIKE
Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
@@ -8222,7 +8226,7 @@
Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
-results in 'Definition 1' and 'Definition 2' in the output.
+results in ‘Definition 1’ and ‘Definition 2’ in the output.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
\begin{document}
@@ -8237,8 +8241,8 @@
\end{defn}
This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here
-'\newtheorem''s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as 'section',
-so the output is like 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'.
+‘\newtheorem’’s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’,
+so the output is like ‘Definition 1.1’ and ‘Definition 2.1’.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
@@ -8253,9 +8257,9 @@
\end{defn}
In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
-second of which calls for the new 'thm' environment to use the same
-counter as 'defn'. It gives 'Definition 1.1', followed by 'Theorem 2.1'
-and 'Definition 2.2'.
+second of which calls for the new ‘thm’ environment to use the same
+counter as ‘defn’. It gives ‘Definition 1.1’, followed by ‘Theorem 2.1’
+and ‘Definition 2.2’.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}
@@ -8277,7 +8281,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newfont, Next: \protect, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions
-12.10 '\newfont'
+12.10 ‘\newfont’
================
This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with
@@ -8289,17 +8293,17 @@
\newfont{\CMD}{FONT DESCRIPTION}
- Define a command '\CMD' that will change the current font. The
+ Define a command ‘\CMD’ that will change the current font. The
control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
-backslash, '\'.
+backslash, ‘\’.
- The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional "at
-clause". LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
-'FONTNAME.tfm'. The at clause can have the form either 'at DIMEN' or
-'scaled FACTOR', where a FACTOR of '1000' means no scaling. For LaTeX's
+ The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional “at
+clause”. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
+‘FONTNAME.tfm’. The at clause can have the form either ‘at DIMEN’ or
+‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s
purposes, all this does is scale all the character and other font
-dimensions relative to the font's design size, which is a value defined
-in the '.tfm' file.
+dimensions relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined
+in the ‘.tfm’ file.
This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in
each.
@@ -8312,10 +8316,10 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions
-12.11 '\protect'
+12.11 ‘\protect’
================
-All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". A fragile command
+All LaTeX commands are either “fragile” or “robust”. A fragile command
can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands.
Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and
re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a
@@ -8322,31 +8326,31 @@
table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile
commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional
argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one
-solution is to preceded them with the command '\protect'.
+solution is to preceded them with the command ‘\protect’.
- For example, when LaTeX runs the '\section{SECTION NAME}' command it
-writes the SECTION NAME text to the '.aux' auxiliary file, moving it
+ For example, when LaTeX runs the ‘\section{SECTION NAME}’ command it
+writes the SECTION NAME text to the ‘.aux’ auxiliary file, moving it
there for use elsewhere in the document such as in the table of
contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without
-typesetting it directly is referred to as a "moving argument". A
+typesetting it directly is referred to as a “moving argument”. A
command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX
code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the
-'\caption{...}' command (*note figure::), in the '\thanks{...}' command
-(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the 'tabular' and 'array'
+‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::), in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command
+(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’
environments (*note tabular::).
If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
-preceding it with '\protect'. Every fragile commands must be protected
-with their own '\protect'.
+preceding it with ‘\protect’. Every fragile commands must be protected
+with their own ‘\protect’.
- Although usually a '\protect' command doesn't hurt, length commands
-are robust and should not be preceded by a '\protect' command. Nor can
-a '\protect' command be used in the argument to '\addtocounter' or
-'\setcounter' command.
+ Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn’t hurt, length commands
+are robust and should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command. Nor can
+a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument to ‘\addtocounter’ or
+‘\setcounter’ command.
- In this example the '\caption' command gives a mysterious error about
-an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each '\raisebox'
-command with '\protect'.
+ In this example the ‘\caption’ command gives a mysterious error about
+an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each ‘\raisebox’
+command with ‘\protect’.
\begin{figure}
...
@@ -8353,10 +8357,10 @@
\caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
- In the next example the '\tableofcontents' command gives an error
-because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
-'.toc' file. You can solve this by changing '\(..\)' to
-'\protect\(..\protect\)'.
+ In the next example the ‘\tableofcontents’ command gives an error
+because the ‘\(..\)’ in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
+‘.toc’ file. You can solve this by changing ‘\(..\)’ to
+‘\protect\(..\protect\)’.
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
@@ -8367,7 +8371,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Next: xspace package, Prev: \protect, Up: Definitions
-12.12 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend'
+12.12 ‘\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend’
=============================================
Synopsis:
@@ -8380,14 +8384,14 @@
Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of
catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up
-to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a command from
-plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a primitive
+command of TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
- The '\ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via
-'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below
+ The ‘\ignorespaces’ is often used when defining commands via
+‘\newcommand’, or ‘\newenvironment’, or ‘\def’. The example below
illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz
questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the
-'enumerate' list, users must not put any space between the command and
+‘enumerate’ list, users must not put any space between the command and
the question text.
\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
@@ -8404,7 +8408,7 @@
A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text.
The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names.
But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
-'\fullname' will reproduce that.
+‘\fullname’ will reproduce that.
\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title
\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name
@@ -8415,14 +8419,14 @@
\end{tabular}
To fix this, change to
-'\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}'.
+‘\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}’.
- The '\ignorespaces' is also often used in a '\newenvironment' at the
-end of the BEGIN clause, as in '\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{...
-\ignorespaces}{...}'.
+ The ‘\ignorespaces’ is also often used in a ‘\newenvironment’ at the
+end of the BEGIN clause, as in ‘\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{...
+\ignorespaces}{...}’.
To strip blanks off the end of an environment use
-'\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much
+‘\ignorespacesafterend’. An example is that this will show a much
larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
between the second and third.
@@ -8437,10 +8441,10 @@
E=IR
\end{equation}
- Putting a comment character '%' immediately after the '\end{eq}' will
+ Putting a comment character ‘%’ immediately after the ‘\end{eq}’ will
make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The
solution is to change to
-'\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'.
+‘\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: xspace package, Prev: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Up: Definitions
@@ -8454,14 +8458,14 @@
...
\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}
- The '\xspace' macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
+ The ‘\xspace’ macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
After a command control sequence that is a control word (*note
-Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as '\$'), TeX
+Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX
gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
-has 'Vermont' placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
+has ‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening
space.
\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
@@ -8469,12 +8473,12 @@
The \VT{} summers are nice.
But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty
-curly braces or else there would be no space separating 'Vermont' from
-'summers'. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space '\ ' for this.
+curly braces or else there would be no space separating ‘Vermont’ from
+‘summers’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space ‘\ ’ for this.
*Note \(SPACE)::.)
- The 'xspace' package provides '\xspace'. It is for writing commands
-which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place at the
+ The ‘xspace’ package provides ‘\xspace’. It is for writing commands
+which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the
very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after
that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions.
In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
@@ -8483,18 +8487,18 @@
Our college is in \VT .
\VT summers are nice.
- The default exception list contains the characters ',.'/?;:!~-)', the
+ The default exception list contains the characters ‘,.'/?;:!~-)’, the
open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, and
-the commands '\footnote' or '\footnotemark'. Add to that list as with
-'\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}' which adds '\myfni' and '\myfnii'
+the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. Add to that list as with
+‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’ and ‘\myfnii’
to the list, and remove from that list as with
-'\xspaceremoveexception{!}'.
+‘\xspaceremoveexception{!}’.
- A comment: many experts prefer not to use '\xspace'. Putting it in a
+ A comment: many experts prefer not to use ‘\xspace’. Putting it in a
definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
-But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
-'\xspace' will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
-command, and so '\xspace' can make editing material harder and more
+But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
+‘\xspace’ will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
+command, and so ‘\xspace’ can make editing material harder and more
error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
@@ -8505,11 +8509,11 @@
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or
-command associated with the number, except that the counter's name has
-no backslash '\'. Thus, associated with the '\chapter' command is the
-'chapter' counter that keeps track of the chapter number.
+command associated with the number, except that the counter’s name has
+no backslash ‘\’. Thus, associated with the ‘\chapter’ command is the
+‘chapter’ counter that keeps track of the chapter number.
- Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document
+ Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document
classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -8518,14 +8522,14 @@
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
- The 'mpfootnote' counter is used by the '\footnote' command inside of
-a minipage (*note minipage::). The counters 'enumi' through 'enumiv'
-are used in the 'enumerate' environment, for up to four levels of
+ The ‘mpfootnote’ counter is used by the ‘\footnote’ command inside of
+a minipage (*note minipage::). The counters ‘enumi’ through ‘enumiv’
+are used in the ‘enumerate’ environment, for up to four levels of
nesting (*note enumerate::).
Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive.
- New counters are created with '\newcounter'. *Note \newcounter::.
+ New counters are created with ‘\newcounter’. *Note \newcounter::.
* Menu:
@@ -8541,46 +8545,46 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters
-13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
+13.1 ‘\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol’: Printing counters
=====================================================================
Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
-the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a '\alph{COUNTER}' in your
+the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a ‘\alph{COUNTER}’ in your
source will result in a lowercase letter a appearing in the output.
All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
-instance, '\alph{enumi}'. Note that the counter name does not start
+instance, ‘\alph{enumi}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
-'\alph{COUNTER}'
- Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ... If
- the counter's value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
- 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large.'
+‘\alph{COUNTER}’
+ Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ... If
+ the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get
+ ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large.’
-'\Alph{COUNTER}'
- Print in uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ... If the counter's value
- is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter
- too large.'
+‘\Alph{COUNTER}’
+ Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, ... If the counter’s value
+ is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter
+ too large.’
-'\arabic{COUNTER}'
- Print in Arabic numbers such as '5' or '-2'.
+‘\arabic{COUNTER}’
+ Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘5’ or ‘-2’.
-'\roman{COUNTER}'
- Print in lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... If the counter's
+‘\roman{COUNTER}’
+ Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... If the counter’s
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
-'\Roman{COUNTER}'
- Print in uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... If the counter's
+‘\Roman{COUNTER}’
+ Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... If the counter’s
value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX
does not print anything in the output.
-'\fnsymbol{COUNTER}'
+‘\fnsymbol{COUNTER}’
Prints the value of COUNTER using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
- COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter's
- value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get 'LaTeX Error:
- Counter too large', while if it is 0 then you get no error or
+ COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter’s
+ value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘LaTeX Error:
+ Counter too large’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or
warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
Here are the symbols:
@@ -8587,20 +8591,20 @@
Number Name Command Symbol
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1 asterisk '\ast' *
- 2 dagger '\dagger' †
- 3 ddagger '\ddagger' ‡
- 4 section-sign '\S' §
- 5 paragraph-sign '\P' ¶
- 6 double-vert '\parallel' ‖
- 7 double-asterisk '\ast\ast' **
- 8 double-dagger '\dagger\dagger' ††
- 9 double-ddagger '\ddagger\ddagger' ‡‡
+ 1 asterisk ‘\ast’ *
+ 2 dagger ‘\dagger’ †
+ 3 ddagger ‘\ddagger’ ‡
+ 4 section-sign ‘\S’ §
+ 5 paragraph-sign ‘\P’ ¶
+ 6 double-vert ‘\parallel’ ‖
+ 7 double-asterisk ‘\ast\ast’ **
+ 8 double-dagger ‘\dagger\dagger’ ††
+ 9 double-ddagger ‘\ddagger\ddagger’ ‡‡
File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters
-13.2 '\usecounter'
+13.2 ‘\usecounter’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -8607,11 +8611,11 @@
\usecounter{COUNTER}
- Used in the second argument of the 'list' environment (*note list::),
+ Used in the second argument of the ‘list’ environment (*note list::),
this declares that list items will be numbered by COUNTER. It
-initializes COUNTER to zero, and arranges that when '\item' is called
+initializes COUNTER to zero, and arranges that when ‘\item’ is called
without its optional argument then COUNTER is incremented by
-'\refstepcounter', making its value be the current 'ref' value (*note
+‘\refstepcounter’, making its value be the current ‘ref’ value (*note
\ref::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list
@@ -8629,7 +8633,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \value, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters
-13.3 '\value'
+13.3 ‘\value’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -8639,7 +8643,7 @@
Expands to the value of the counter COUNTER. (Note that the name of
a counter does not begin with a backslash.)
- This example outputs 'Test counter is 6. Other counter is 5.'.
+ This example outputs ‘Test counter is 6. Other counter is 5.’.
\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5}
\newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}}
@@ -8648,16 +8652,16 @@
Test counter is \arabic{test}.
Other counter is \arabic{other}.
- The '\value' command is not used for typesetting the value of the
+ The ‘\value’ command is not used for typesetting the value of the
counter. For that, see *note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol::.
- It is often used in '\setcounter' or '\addtocounter' but '\value' can
+ It is often used in ‘\setcounter’ or ‘\addtocounter’ but ‘\value’ can
be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such as in
-'\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}'. It must not be preceded by '\protect'
+‘\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}’. It must not be preceded by ‘\protect’
(*note \protect::).
- This example inserts '\hspace{4\parindent}'.
+ This example inserts ‘\hspace{4\parindent}’.
\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
@@ -8665,7 +8669,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \addtocounter, Prev: \value, Up: Counters
-13.4 '\setcounter'
+13.4 ‘\setcounter’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -8673,12 +8677,12 @@
\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}
Globally set the counter COUNTER to have the value of the VALUE
-argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter's value
-as '\setcounter{section}{5}'. Note that the counter name does not start
+argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter’s value
+as ‘\setcounter{section}{5}’. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
- In this example if the counter 'theorem' has value 12 then the second
-line will print 'XII'.
+ In this example if the counter ‘theorem’ has value 12 then the second
+line will print ‘XII’.
\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
@@ -8686,7 +8690,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters
-13.5 '\addtocounter'
+13.5 ‘\addtocounter’
====================
Synopsis:
@@ -8696,7 +8700,7 @@
Globally increment COUNTER by the amount specified by the VALUE
argument, which may be negative.
- In this example the section value appears as 'VII'.
+ In this example the section value appears as ‘VII’.
\setcounter{section}{5}
\addtocounter{section}{2}
@@ -8705,7 +8709,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters
-13.6 '\refstepcounter'
+13.6 ‘\refstepcounter’
======================
Synopsis:
@@ -8713,20 +8717,20 @@
\refstepcounter{COUNTER}
Globally increments the value of COUNTER by one, as does
-'\stepcounter' (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this
+‘\stepcounter’ (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this
command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
-definition of "counters numbered within", *note \newcounter::.)
+definition of “counters numbered within”, *note \newcounter::.)
- In addition, this command also defines the current '\ref' value to be
-the result of '\thecounter'.
+ In addition, this command also defines the current ‘\ref’ value to be
+the result of ‘\thecounter’.
- While the counter value is set globally, the '\ref' value is set
+ While the counter value is set globally, the ‘\ref’ value is set
locally, i.e., inside the current group.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \day & \month & \year, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters
-13.7 '\stepcounter'
+13.7 ‘\stepcounter’
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -8734,24 +8738,24 @@
\stepcounter{COUNTER}
Globally adds one to COUNTER and resets all counters numbered within
-it. (For the definition of "counters numbered within", *note
+it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”, *note
\newcounter::.)
- This command differs from '\refstepcounter' in that this one does not
-influence references; that is, it does not define the current '\ref'
-value to be the result of '\thecounter' (*note \refstepcounter::).
+ This command differs from ‘\refstepcounter’ in that this one does not
+influence references; that is, it does not define the current ‘\ref’
+value to be the result of ‘\thecounter’ (*note \refstepcounter::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \day & \month & \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters
-13.8 '\day' & '\month' & '\year'
+13.8 ‘\day’ & ‘\month’ & ‘\year’
================================
-LaTeX defines the counter '\day' for the day of the month (nominally
-with value between 1 and 31), '\month' for the month of the year
-(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and '\year' for the year. When
+LaTeX defines the counter ‘\day’ for the day of the month (nominally
+with value between 1 and 31), ‘\month’ for the month of the year
+(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and ‘\year’ for the year. When
TeX starts up, they are set from the current values on the system. The
-related command '\today' produces a string representing the current day
+related command ‘\today’ produces a string representing the current day
(*note \today::).
They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle
@@ -8760,7 +8764,7 @@
\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today
-gives no error or warning and results in the output '-2, -4' (the bogus
+gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘-2, -4’ (the bogus
month value produces no output).
*Note Command line input::, to force the date to a given value from
@@ -8772,15 +8776,15 @@
14 Lengths
**********
-A "length" is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
+A “length” is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
as an argument.
- Lengths come in two types. A "rigid length" such as '10pt' does not
-contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component. (Plain TeX calls this a
-"dimen".) A "rubber length" (what plain TeX calls a "skip" or "glue")
-such as with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm' can contain either or both of
-those components. In that rubber length, the '1cm' is the "natural
-length" while the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow
+ Lengths come in two types. A “rigid length” such as ‘10pt’ does not
+contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component. (Plain TeX calls this a
+“dimen”.) A “rubber length” (what plain TeX calls a “skip” or “glue”)
+such as with ‘1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm’ can contain either or both of
+those components. In that rubber length, the ‘1cm’ is the “natural
+length” while the other two, the ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, allow
TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
The illustrations below use these two commands.
@@ -8793,12 +8797,12 @@
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points long
-between 'XXX' and 'YYY'. This length is rigid.
+between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid.
XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
- As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with '1cm minus
-0.05cm', the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as
+ As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with ‘1cm minus
+0.05cm’, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as
0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more. Thus, below the
first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two
bars.
@@ -8809,9 +8813,9 @@
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
-But the second one gets a warning like 'Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide)
-detected at line 17'. In the output the first 'Y' is overwritten by the
-end of the black bar, because the box's material is wider than the 300pt
+But the second one gets a warning like ‘Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide)
+detected at line 17’. In the output the first ‘Y’ is overwritten by the
+end of the black bar, because the box’s material is wider than the 300pt
allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
309 points.
@@ -8827,11 +8831,11 @@
In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was
specified. TeX stretches the space to the required length but it gives
-you a warning like 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line
-22'. (We won't discuss badness.)
+you a warning like ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line
+22’. (We won’t discuss badness.)
- You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in '1ex
-plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex'.
+ You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in ‘1ex
+plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’.
If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
stretch or shrink in proportion.
@@ -8842,12 +8846,12 @@
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another
-100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two '\hspace''s must stretch
-20 points. Because the two are 'plus 50pt' and 'plus 10pt', TeX gets
+100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’’s must stretch
+20 points. Because the two are ‘plus 50pt’ and ‘plus 10pt’, TeX gets
5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
- The 'plus' or 'minus' component of a rubber length can contain a
-"fill" component, as in '1in plus2fill'. This gives the length infinite
+ The ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component of a rubber length can contain a
+“fill” component, as in ‘1in plus2fill’. This gives the length infinite
stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any
distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page.
@@ -8857,14 +8861,14 @@
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
\end{minipage}
- TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: 'fil', 'fill',
-and 'filll'. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones.
+ TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: ‘fil’, ‘fill’,
+and ‘filll’. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones.
Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note \hfill:: and
*note \vfill::).
Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length,
-so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and
-'\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}' then the value of '\zlength' is '3in'.
+so that after ‘\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}’ and
+‘\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}’ then the value of ‘\zlength’ is ‘3in’.
* Menu:
@@ -8886,58 +8890,58 @@
TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of math
mode.
-'pt'
+‘pt’
Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm.
-'pc'
+‘pc’
Pica, 12 pt
-'in'
+‘in’
Inch, 72.27 pt
-'bp'
+‘bp’
Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
-'mm'
- Millimeter, 2.845 pt
+‘mm’
+ Millimeter, 2.845pt
-'cm'
- Centimeter, 10 mm
+‘cm’
+ Centimeter, 10mm
-'dd'
+‘dd’
Didot point, 1.07 pt
-'cc'
+‘cc’
Cicero, 12 dd
-'sp'
+‘sp’
Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather
than being an absolute dimension.
-'ex'
- The x-height of the current font "ex", traditionally the height of
+‘ex’
+ The x-height of the current font “ex”, traditionally the height of
the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths.
-'em'
- Similarly "em", traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is
+‘em’
+ Similarly “em”, traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is
often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often the size of
the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will have 1em = 10pt.
LaTeX has several commands to produce horizontal spaces based on
the em (*note \enspace & \quad & \qquad::).
-'mu'
+‘mu’
Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of
- the math unit "mu", defined by 1em = 18mu, where the em is taken
+ the math unit “mu”, defined by 1em = 18mu, where the em is taken
from the current math symbols family. *Note Spacing in math
mode::.
Using these units can help make a definition work better across font
changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list
-items given as '\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}' is
+items given as ‘\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}’ is
more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a
definition given in points.
@@ -8944,7 +8948,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: Units of length, Up: Lengths
-14.2 '\setlength'
+14.2 ‘\setlength’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -8951,14 +8955,14 @@
\setlength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
- Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+ Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a
control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
-with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a
+with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a
rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
length::).
- Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented
+ Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
@@ -8966,17 +8970,17 @@
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
He said stop going to those places.
- If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
+ If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, for example if you
mistype it as in
-'\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you
-get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'.
+‘\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}’, then you
+get an error like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent’.
If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name then you get
-an error like 'Missing number, treated as zero.'.
+an error like ‘Missing number, treated as zero.’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths
-14.3 '\addtolength'
+14.3 ‘\addtolength’
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -8983,14 +8987,14 @@
\addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
- Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to
+ Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to
be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must
-begin with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a
+begin with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a
rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
length::).
- Below, if '\parskip' starts with the value '0pt plus 1pt'
+ Below, if ‘\parskip’ starts with the value ‘0pt plus 1pt’
Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
@@ -8997,24 +9001,24 @@
Nurse: no change.
-then it has the value '1pt plus 1pt' for the second paragraph.
+then it has the value ‘1pt plus 1pt’ for the second paragraph.
- If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
+ If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, for example if you
mistype it as in
-'\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you
-get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'.
+‘\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}’, then you
+get an error like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent’.
If the AMOUNT uses some length that has not been declared, for instance
if for example you mistype the above as
-'\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}', then you get something
-like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent'. If you leave
+‘\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}’, then you get something
+like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent’. If you leave
off the backslash at the start of \LEN, as in
-'\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}', then you get something like 'You can't
-use `the letter p' after \advance'.
+‘\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}’, then you get something like ‘You can't
+use `the letter p' after \advance’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths
-14.4 '\settodepth'
+14.4 ‘\settodepth’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -9022,9 +9026,9 @@
\settodepth{\LEN}{TEXT}
Set the length \LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a
control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
-with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
+with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances.
This will print how low the character descenders go.
@@ -9032,17 +9036,17 @@
\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetdepth
- If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', if for example you
-mistype the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get
-something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth'.
+ If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, if for example you
+mistype the above as ‘\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}’, then you get
+something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth’.
If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
-'\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
-number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
+‘\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths
-14.5 '\settoheight'
+14.5 ‘\settoheight’
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -9050,9 +9054,9 @@
\settoheight{\LEN}{text}
Sets the length \LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+typesetting the ‘text’ argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a
control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
-with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
+with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances.
This will print how high the characters go.
@@ -9060,17 +9064,17 @@
\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetheight
- If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
-example you mistype as '\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}', then you
-get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
-'\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
-number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
+ If no such length \LEN has been declared with ‘\newlength’, if for
+example you mistype as ‘\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}’, then you
+get something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\alphabetheight’. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
+‘\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: \stretch, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths
-14.6 '\settowidth'
+14.6 ‘\settowidth’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -9078,9 +9082,9 @@
\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}
Set the length \LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a
control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
-with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
+with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances.
This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
@@ -9088,17 +9092,17 @@
\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetwidth
- If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
-example you mistype the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}',
-then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\aplhabetwidth'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
-'\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
-number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
+ If no such length \LEN has been declared with ‘\newlength’, if for
+example you mistype the above as ‘\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}’,
+then you get something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\aplhabetwidth’. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
+‘\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \stretch, Next: Expressions, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths
-14.7 '\stretch'
+14.7 ‘\stretch’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -9106,7 +9110,7 @@
\stretch{NUMBER}
Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and NUMBER times
-'\fill' units of stretchability (*note Lengths::). The NUMBER can be
+‘\fill’ units of stretchability (*note Lengths::). The NUMBER can be
positive or negative. This command is robust (*note \protect::).
It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this
@@ -9118,7 +9122,7 @@
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}
- In this vertical example, the 'We dedicate ...' will have three times
+ In this vertical example, the ‘We dedicate ...’ will have three times
as much space under it as above it.
\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble
@@ -9151,18 +9155,18 @@
glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that
type of quantity.
- An example is that '\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax' will produce as
+ An example is that ‘\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax’ will produce as
output the length that is four points less than width of a line (the
-only purpose of '\the' is to show the result in the document).
-Analogously, '\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax' will produce 'ix', and
-'\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax' will produce '10.0pt plus
-2.0pt'.
+only purpose of ‘\the’ is to show the result in the document).
+Analogously, ‘\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax’ will produce ‘ix’, and
+‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ will produce ‘10.0pt plus
+2.0pt’.
A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers
-and then using '\advance', etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
+and then using ‘\advance’, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places
where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width
-of the '\parbox'.
+of the ‘\parbox’.
\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}
\begin{center}
@@ -9181,56 +9185,56 @@
is a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type,
optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is
either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The
-expression produces a result of the given type, so that '\numexpr'
-produces an integer, '\dimexpr' produces a dimension, etc.
+expression produces a result of the given type, so that ‘\numexpr’
+produces an integer, ‘\dimexpr’ produces a dimension, etc.
In the quotation example above, changing to
-'\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset' gives the error 'Illegal unit of measure
-(pt inserted)'. This is because for '\dimexpr' and '\glueexpr', the
+‘\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset’ gives the error ‘Illegal unit of measure
+(pt inserted)’. This is because for ‘\dimexpr’ and ‘\glueexpr’, the
input consists of a dimension or glue value followed by an optional
-multiplication factor, and not the other way around. Thus '\the\dimexpr
-1pt*10\relax' is valid and produces '10.0pt', but '\the\dimexpr
-10*1pt\relax' gives the 'Illegal unit' error.
+multiplication factor, and not the other way around. Thus ‘\the\dimexpr
+1pt*10\relax’ is valid and produces ‘10.0pt’, but ‘\the\dimexpr
+10*1pt\relax’ gives the ‘Illegal unit’ error.
The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics
-up to a '\relax' (which will be absorbed), or up to the first non-valid
-token. Thus, '\the\numexpr2+3px' will print '5px', because LaTeX reads
-the '\numexpr2+3', which is made up of numbers, and then finds the
-letter 'p', which cannot be part of a number. It therefore terminates
-the expression and produces the '5', followed by the regular text 'px'.
+up to a ‘\relax’ (which will be absorbed), or up to the first non-valid
+token. Thus, ‘\the\numexpr2+3px’ will print ‘5px’, because LaTeX reads
+the ‘\numexpr2+3’, which is made up of numbers, and then finds the
+letter ‘p’, which cannot be part of a number. It therefore terminates
+the expression and produces the ‘5’, followed by the regular text ‘px’.
This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In
-'\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi', the less than sign
-terminates the expression and the result is 'No' (in a standard LaTeX
+‘\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi’, the less than sign
+terminates the expression and the result is ‘No’ (in a standard LaTeX
article).
- Expressions may use the operators '+', '-', '*' and '/' along with
-parentheses for subexpressions, '(...)'. In glue expressions the 'plus'
-and 'minus' parts do not need parentheses to be affected by a factor.
-So '\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax' results in '10pt plus 2pt'.
+ Expressions may use the operators ‘+’, ‘-’, ‘*’ and ‘/’ along with
+parentheses for subexpressions, ‘(...)’. In glue expressions the ‘plus’
+and ‘minus’ parts do not need parentheses to be affected by a factor.
+So ‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ results in ‘10pt plus 2pt’.
TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
-doing register assignment. Thus '\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax'
-will result in '65536', which is '1pt' converted to scaled points (*note
-'sp': units of length sp, TeX's internal unit) and then coerced into an
-integer. With a '\glueexpr' here, the stretch and shrink would be
-dropped. Going the other way, a '\numexpr' inside a '\dimexpr' or
-'\glueexpr' will need appropriate units, as in '\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 +
-2\relax pt\relax', which produces '3.0pt'.
+doing register assignment. Thus ‘\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax’
+will result in ‘65536’, which is ‘1pt’ converted to scaled points (*note
+‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an
+integer. With a ‘\glueexpr’ here, the stretch and shrink would be
+dropped. Going the other way, a ‘\numexpr’ inside a ‘\dimexpr’ or
+‘\glueexpr’ will need appropriate units, as in ‘\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 +
+2\relax pt\relax’, which produces ‘3.0pt’.
The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the
allowed range, numbers must be less than 2^{31} in absolute value, and
-dimensions or glue components must be less than 2^{14} points, or 'mu',
-or 'fil', etc. The arithmetic operations are performed individually,
+dimensions or glue components must be less than 2^{14} points, or ‘mu’,
+or ‘fil’, etc. The arithmetic operations are performed individually,
except for a scaling operation (a multiplication immediately followed by
a division) which is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit
product as intermediate value. The result of each operation is again
checked to be in the allowed range.
- Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX's
-'\divide', which truncates). Thus '\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax' puts
-'10.0pt' in the document, because it rounds '3/2' to '2', while
-'\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax' produces '5.0pt'.
+ Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s
+‘\divide’, which truncates). Thus ‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax’ puts
+‘10.0pt’ in the document, because it rounds ‘3/2’ to ‘2’, while
+‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax’ produces ‘5.0pt’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top
@@ -9253,10 +9257,10 @@
``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
- A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank
+ A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank
line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank
line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as
-space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a '%' and span
+space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a ‘%’ and span
up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are
identical:
@@ -9273,13 +9277,13 @@
Second paragraph.
\end{document}
- Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that
+ Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(*note Line breaking::).
- There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
+ There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the
-'\end{equation}'
+‘\end{equation}’
\begin{equation}
2^{|S|} > |S|
@@ -9286,15 +9290,15 @@
\end{equation}
-will get you the error 'Missing $ inserted'. Similarly, the blank line
-in this '\section' argument
+will get you the error ‘Missing $ inserted’. Similarly, the blank line
+in this ‘\section’ argument
\section{aaa
bbb}
-gets 'Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
-complete'.
+gets ‘Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
+complete’.
* Menu:
@@ -9306,42 +9310,42 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \par, Next: \indent & \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.1 '\par'
+15.1 ‘\par’
===========
Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence of
-one or more blank lines to a '\par', *note Making paragraphs::):
+one or more blank lines to a ‘\par’, *note Making paragraphs::):
\par
End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is
-with a blank line but the '\par' command is entirely equivalent. This
+with a blank line but the ‘\par’ command is entirely equivalent. This
command is robust (*note \protect::).
- This example uses '\par' rather than a blank line simply for
+ This example uses ‘\par’ rather than a blank line simply for
readability.
\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
- In LR mode the '\par' command does nothing and is ignored. In
-paragraph mode, the '\par' command terminates paragraph mode, switching
+ In LR mode the ‘\par’ command does nothing and is ignored. In
+paragraph mode, the ‘\par’ command terminates paragraph mode, switching
LaTeX to vertical mode (*note Modes::).
- You cannot use the '\par' command in a math mode. You also cannot
+ You cannot use the ‘\par’ command in a math mode. You also cannot
use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning
-commands, e.g. '\section' (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note
+commands, e.g. ‘\section’ (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note
\newcommand & \renewcommand::).
- The '\par' command is not the same as the '\paragraph' command. The
-latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning command used
+ The ‘\par’ command is not the same as the ‘\paragraph’ command. The
+latter is, like ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’, a sectioning command used
by the LaTeX document standard classes (*note \subsubsection &
\paragraph & \subparagraph::).
- The '\par' command is not the same as '\newline' or the line break
-double backslash, '\\'. The difference is that '\par' ends the
+ The ‘\par’ command is not the same as ‘\newline’ or the line break
+double backslash, ‘\\’. The difference is that ‘\par’ ends the
paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of the
-between-paragraph vertical space '\parskip' (*note \parindent &
+between-paragraph vertical space ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent &
\parskip::).
The output from this example
@@ -9352,17 +9356,17 @@
\setlength{\parskip}{5in}
\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
-is: after 'xyz' there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then 'test'
+is: after ‘xyz’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then ‘test’
appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line, there is an
-empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then 'test1' appears. Finally.
+empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then ‘test1’ appears. Finally.
there is a vertical space of 5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph
with a paragraph indent of 3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text
-'test2'.
+‘test2’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent & \noindent, Next: \parindent & \parskip, Prev: \par, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.2 '\indent' & '\noindent'
+15.2 ‘\indent’ & ‘\noindent’
============================
Synopsis:
@@ -9373,18 +9377,18 @@
\noindent
- Go into horizontal mode (*note Modes::). The '\indent' command first
-outputs an empty box whose width is '\parindent'. These commands are
+ Go into horizontal mode (*note Modes::). The ‘\indent’ command first
+outputs an empty box whose width is ‘\parindent’. These commands are
robust (*note \protect::).
Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
-*Note \par::, for the difference between this command and '\par'. To
+*Note \par::, for the difference between this command and ‘\par’. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
-paragraph, use '\noindent'.
+paragraph, use ‘\noindent’.
- In the middle of a paragraph the '\noindent' command has no effect,
-because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The '\indent'
-command's only effect is to output a space.
+ In the middle of a paragraph the ‘\noindent’ command has no effect,
+because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The ‘\indent’
+command’s only effect is to output a space.
This example starts a fresh paragraph.
@@ -9403,18 +9407,18 @@
\noindent shows this clearly.
To omit indentation in the entire document put
-'\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}' in the preamble. If you do that, you may
-want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, '\parskip'
+‘\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}’ in the preamble. If you do that, you may
+want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, ‘\parskip’
(*note \parindent & \parskip::).
Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
-look on CTAN for the package 'indentfirst'.
+look on CTAN for the package ‘indentfirst’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \parindent & \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \indent & \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.3 '\parindent' & '\parskip'
+15.3 ‘\parindent’ & ‘\parskip’
==============================
Synopsis:
@@ -9433,18 +9437,18 @@
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead are
-vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase 'x'.
+vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘x’.
- In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for '\parindent'
-in one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt',
-'17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' for '12pt'. In two-column documents it
-is '1em'. (These values are set before LaTeX calls '\normalfont' so
-'em' is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a
-different font then to set '\parindent' to 1em matching that font, put
-'\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}' in the preamble.)
+ In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for ‘\parindent’
+in one-column documents is ‘15pt’ when the default text size is ‘10pt’,
+‘17pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘1.5em’ for ‘12pt’. In two-column documents it
+is ‘1em’. (These values are set before LaTeX calls ‘\normalfont’ so
+‘em’ is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a
+different font then to set ‘\parindent’ to 1em matching that font, put
+‘\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}’ in the preamble.)
- The default value for '\parskip' in LaTeX's standard document classes
-is '0pt plus1pt'.
+ The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX’s standard document classes
+is ‘0pt plus1pt’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parindent & \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs
@@ -9458,43 +9462,43 @@
\marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}
Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have
-the same baseline as the line in the text where the '\marginpar' occurs.
+the same baseline as the line in the text where the ‘\marginpar’ occurs.
The margin that LaTeX uses for the note depends on the current layout
-(*note Document class options::) and also on '\reversemarginpar' (see
-below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option 'oneside')
+(*note Document class options::) and also on ‘\reversemarginpar’ (see
+below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option ‘oneside’)
then it goes in the right margin. If you are using two-sided layout
-(document option 'twoside') then it goes in the outside margin. If you
-are in two-column layout (document option 'twocolumn') then it goes in
+(document option ‘twoside’) then it goes in the outside margin. If you
+are in two-column layout (document option ‘twocolumn’) then it goes in
the nearest margin.
- If you declare '\reversemarginpar' then LaTeX will place subsequent
+ If you declare ‘\reversemarginpar’ then LaTeX will place subsequent
marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the prior
-paragraph. Revert that to the default position with '\normalmarginpar'.
+paragraph. Revert that to the default position with ‘\normalmarginpar’.
When you specify the optional argument LEFT then it is used for a
note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument RIGHT is used for
a note in the right margin.
- Normally, a note's first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
-hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with '\hspace{0pt}'.
+ Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with ‘\hspace{0pt}’.
These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
-'\marginparpush'
- Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt'
- documents, '5pt' else. See also *note page layout parameters
+‘\marginparpush’
+ Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘7pt’ for ‘12pt’
+ documents, ‘5pt’ else. See also *note page layout parameters
marginparpush::.
-'\marginparsep'
- Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt'
- for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else.
+‘\marginparsep’
+ Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default ‘11pt’
+ for ‘10pt’ documents, ‘10pt’ else.
-'\marginparwidth'
- Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document
- is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in
+‘\marginparwidth’
+ Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘10pt’ document
+ is ‘90pt’, ‘83pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘68pt’ for ‘12pt’; ‘17pt’ more in
each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the
- default is '48pt'.
+ default is ‘48pt’.
The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes
from falling off the bottom of the page.
@@ -9515,9 +9519,9 @@
where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked
-by the starting '\(' and finished by the matching ending '\)'. Display
+by the starting ‘\(’ and finished by the matching ending ‘\)’. Display
math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
-'displaymath' environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever,
+‘displaymath’ environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever,
including mathematical text consisting of just one character, is handled
in math mode.
@@ -9538,7 +9542,7 @@
The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the
third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes
-another, as in '\(x\) and $y$'. You can use these in paragraph mode or
+another, as in ‘\(x\) and $y$’. You can use these in paragraph mode or
in LR mode (*note Modes::).
To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with
@@ -9555,15 +9559,15 @@
\end{equation}
(*note displaymath::, *note equation::). The only difference is that
-with the 'equation' environment, LaTeX puts a formula number alongside
-the formula. The construct '\[ MATH \]' is equivalent to
-'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}'. These environments can
+with the ‘equation’ environment, LaTeX puts a formula number alongside
+the formula. The construct ‘\[ MATH \]’ is equivalent to
+‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’. These environments can
only be used in paragraph mode (*note Modes::).
The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
-'amsmath' and 'amssymb' (also be aware of the 'mathtools' package that
-is an extension to, and loads, 'amsmath'). New documents that will have
+‘amsmath’ and ‘amssymb’ (also be aware of the ‘mathtools’ package that
+is an extension to, and loads, ‘amsmath’). New documents that will have
mathematical text should use these packages. Descriptions of these
packages is outside the scope of this document; see their documentation
on CTAN.
@@ -9577,7 +9581,7 @@
* Over- and Underlining:: Things over or under formulas.
* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
* Math styles:: Determine the size of things.
-* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
+* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas
@@ -9596,16 +9600,16 @@
BASE_{EXP}
Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret
-character, '^') or a subscript (with underscore, '_').
+character, ‘^’) or a subscript (with underscore, ‘_’).
- In this example the '0''s and '1''s are subscripts while the '2''s
+ In this example the ‘0’’s and ‘1’’s are subscripts while the ‘2’’s
are superscripts.
\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
-surround the expression with curly braces, as in 'e^{-2x}'. This
-example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in ‘e^{-2x}’. This
+example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
the exponent.
\begin{displaymath}
@@ -9616,10 +9620,10 @@
LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
-expressions such as 'e^{x^2}' and 'x_{i_0}' give correct output. Note
+expressions such as ‘e^{x^2}’ and ‘x_{i_0}’ give correct output. Note
the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the BASE a
-determined EXP. If you enter '\(3^3^3\)' then you get 'Double
-superscript'.
+determined EXP. If you enter ‘\(3^3^3\)’, this interpreted as
+‘\(3^{3}^{3}\)’ and then you get TeX error ‘Double superscript’.
LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
@@ -9629,21 +9633,21 @@
\int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
\end{displaymath}
-Note the parentheses around 'x=a' to make the entire expression a
+Note the curly braces around ‘x=a’ to make the entire expression a
subscript.
To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct
-like '{}_t K^2'. The empty curly braces '{}' give the subscript
+like ‘{}_t K^2’. The empty curly braces ‘{}’ give the subscript
something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally attaching to a
prior symbols.
Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or
-display math mode, as in 'the expression x^2', will get you the error
-'Missing $ inserted'.
+display math mode, as in ‘the expression x^2’, will get you the TeX
+error ‘Missing $ inserted’.
A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is
to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
-'mhchem'; see CTAN.
+‘mhchem’; see CTAN.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas
@@ -9652,8 +9656,8 @@
=================
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone
-uses. For example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol π. See the "Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" package at
+uses. For example, if you include ‘$\pi$’ in your source, you will get
+the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at
<https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive>.
Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means
@@ -9663,833 +9667,835 @@
be used only in math mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used
whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
-'\|'
- ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: '\parallel'.
+‘\|’
+ ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: ‘\parallel’.
-'\aleph'
+‘\aleph’
ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
-'\alpha'
+‘\alpha’
α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
-'\amalg'
+‘\amalg’
⨿ Disjoint union (binary)
-'\angle'
- ∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign '<' and
- angle bracket '\langle'.
+‘\angle’
+ ∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign ‘<’ and
+ angle bracket ‘\langle’.
-'\approx'
+‘\approx’
≈ Almost equal to (relation).
-'\ast'
+‘\ast’
∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary).
- Synonym: '*', which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the
- Kleene star. Similar: '\star', which is five-pointed, and is
+ Synonym: ‘*’, which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the
+ Kleene star. Similar: ‘\star’, which is five-pointed, and is
sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes
reserved for cross-correlation.
-'\asymp'
+‘\asymp’
≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
-'\backslash'
- \ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus '\setminus', and
- '\textbackslash' for backslash outside of math mode.
+‘\backslash’
+ \ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus ‘\setminus’, and
+ ‘\textbackslash’ for backslash outside of math mode.
-'\beta'
+‘\beta’
β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
-'\bigcap'
+‘\bigcap’
⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
- binary intersection '\cap'.
+ binary intersection ‘\cap’.
-'\bigcirc'
- ⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition '\circ'.
+‘\bigcirc’
+ ⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition ‘\circ’.
-'\bigcup'
+‘\bigcup’
⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
- union '\cup'.
+ union ‘\cup’.
-'\bigodot'
+‘\bigodot’
⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
-'\bigoplus'
+‘\bigoplus’
⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
-'\bigotimes'
+‘\bigotimes’
⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
-'\bigtriangledown'
- ▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (operator).
+‘\bigtriangledown’
+ ▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (binary).
+ Synonym: \VARBIGTRIANGLEDOWN.
-'\bigtriangleup'
- △ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
+‘\bigtriangleup’
+ △ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (binary).
+ Synonym: \VARBIGTRIANGLEUP.
-'\bigsqcup'
+‘\bigsqcup’
⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
-'\biguplus'
+‘\biguplus’
⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator).
(Note that the name has only one p.)
-'\bigvee'
+‘\bigvee’
⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
-'\bigwedge'
+‘\bigwedge’
⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
-'\bot'
+‘\bot’
⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a
- contradiction (ordinary). See also '\top'.
+ contradiction (ordinary). See also ‘\top’.
-'\bowtie'
+‘\bowtie’
⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation).
-'\Box'
+‘\Box’
□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not
- available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb'
+ available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the ‘amssymb’
package.
-'\bullet'
- • Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot '\cdot'.
+‘\bullet’
+ • Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot ‘\cdot’.
-'\cap'
+‘\cap’
∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
- operator '\bigcap'.
+ operator ‘\bigcap’.
-'\cdot'
- ⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot '\bullet'.
+‘\cdot’
+ ⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot ‘\bullet’.
-'\chi'
+‘\chi’
χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
-'\circ'
+‘\circ’
∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
- variable-sized operator '\bigcirc'.
+ variable-sized operator ‘\bigcirc’.
-'\clubsuit'
+‘\clubsuit’
♣ Club card suit (ordinary).
-'\complement'
- ∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in '$S^\complement$'
+‘\complement’
+ ∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in ‘$S^\complement$’
(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load
- the 'amssymb' package. Also used: '$S^{\mathsf{c}}$'
- or '$\bar{S}$'.
+ the ‘amssymb’ package. Also used: ‘$S^{\mathsf{c}}$’
+ or ‘$\bar{S}$’.
-'\cong'
+‘\cong’
≅ Congruent (relation).
-'\coprod'
+‘\coprod’
∐ Coproduct (operator).
-'\cup'
+‘\cup’
∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
- operator '\bigcup'.
+ operator ‘\bigcup’.
-'\dagger'
+‘\dagger’
† Dagger relation (binary).
-'\dashv'
+‘\dashv’
⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
- turnstile '\vdash'.
+ turnstile ‘\vdash’.
-'\ddagger'
+‘\ddagger’
‡ Double dagger relation (binary).
-'\Delta'
+‘\Delta’
Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
-'\delta'
+‘\delta’
δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
-'\Diamond'
+‘\Diamond’
◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX.
- In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package.
+ In LaTeX you need to load the ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\diamond'
- ⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond '\Diamond',
- circle bullet '\bullet'.
+‘\diamond’
+ ⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond ‘\Diamond’,
+ circle bullet ‘\bullet’.
-'\diamondsuit'
+‘\diamondsuit’
♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary).
-'\div'
+‘\div’
÷ Division sign (binary).
-'\doteq'
+‘\doteq’
≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
- to '\Doteq'.
+ to ‘\Doteq’.
-'\downarrow'
- ↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: '\Downarrow' double
+‘\downarrow’
+ ↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: ‘\Downarrow’ double
line down arrow.
-'\Downarrow'
- ⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: '\downarrow' single
+‘\Downarrow’
+ ⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: ‘\downarrow’ single
line down arrow.
-'\ell'
+‘\ell’
ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
-'\emptyset'
- ∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is '\varnothing'.
+‘\emptyset’
+ ∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is ‘\varnothing’.
-'\epsilon'
+‘\epsilon’
ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text
letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter
- epsilon '\varepsilon' ε. Related: the set membership relation
- '\in' ∈.
+ epsilon ‘\varepsilon’ ε. Related: the set membership relation
+ ‘\in’ ∈.
-'\equiv'
+‘\equiv’
≡ Equivalence (relation).
-'\eta'
+‘\eta’
η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\exists'
+‘\exists’
∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary).
-'\flat'
+‘\flat’
♭ Musical flat (ordinary).
-'\forall'
+‘\forall’
∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary).
-'\frown'
+‘\frown’
⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary).
-'\Gamma'
+‘\Gamma’
Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\gamma'
+‘\gamma’
γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\ge'
+‘\ge’
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
- for '\geq'.
+ for ‘\geq’.
-'\geq'
+‘\geq’
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
- for '\ge'.
+ for ‘\ge’.
-'\gets'
- ← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: '\leftarrow'.
+‘\gets’
+ ← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: ‘\leftarrow’.
-'\gg'
- ≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than '\ll'.
+‘\gg’
+ ≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than ‘\ll’.
-'\hbar'
+‘\hbar’
ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
-'\heartsuit'
+‘\heartsuit’
♡ Heart card suit (ordinary).
-'\hookleftarrow'
+‘\hookleftarrow’
↩ Hooked left arrow (relation).
-'\hookrightarrow'
+‘\hookrightarrow’
↪ Hooked right arrow (relation).
-'\iff'
- ⟷ If and only if (relation). It is '\Longleftrightarrow' with a
- '\thickmuskip' on either side.
+‘\iff’
+ ⟷ If and only if (relation). It is ‘\Longleftrightarrow’ with a
+ ‘\thickmuskip’ on either side.
-'\Im'
- ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part '\Re'.
+‘\Im’
+ ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part ‘\Re’.
-'\imath'
+‘\imath’
Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (*note Math
accents::).
-'\in'
+‘\in’
∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
- epsilon '\epsilon'ϵ and small letter script epsilon '\varepsilon'.
+ epsilon ‘\epsilon’ϵ and small letter script epsilon ‘\varepsilon’.
-'\infty'
+‘\infty’
∞ Infinity (ordinary).
-'\int'
+‘\int’
∫ Integral (operator).
-'\iota'
+‘\iota’
ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\Join'
+‘\Join’
⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain TeX.
-'\jmath'
+‘\jmath’
Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (*note Math
accents::).
-'\kappa'
+‘\kappa’
κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\Lambda'
+‘\Lambda’
Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\lambda'
+‘\lambda’
λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\land'
- ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: '\wedge'. See also
- logical or '\lor'.
+‘\land’
+ ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: ‘\wedge’. See also
+ logical or ‘\lor’.
-'\langle'
+‘\langle’
⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
- less-than '<'. Matches '\rangle'.
+ less-than ‘<’. Matches ‘\rangle’.
-'\lbrace'
- { Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: '\{'. Matches '\rbrace'.
+‘\lbrace’
+ { Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: ‘\{’. Matches ‘\rbrace’.
-'\lbrack'
- [ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: '['. Matches '\rbrack'.
+‘\lbrack’
+ [ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: ‘[’. Matches ‘\rbrack’.
-'\lceil'
+‘\lceil’
⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
- shaved off (opening). Matches '\rceil'.
+ shaved off (opening). Matches ‘\rceil’.
-'\le'
- ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for '\leq'.
+‘\le’
+ ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for ‘\leq’.
-'\leadsto'
+‘\leadsto’
⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of
math mode you can put
- '\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}' in the preamble and
- then use '\Leadsto' instead.
+ ‘\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}’ in the preamble and
+ then use ‘\Leadsto’ instead.
-'\Leftarrow'
+‘\Leftarrow’
⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
- single-line left arrow '\leftarrow'.
+ single-line left arrow ‘\leftarrow’.
-'\leftarrow'
- ← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: '\gets'. Similar:
- double-line left arrow '\Leftarrow'.
+‘\leftarrow’
+ ← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: ‘\gets’. Similar:
+ double-line left arrow ‘\Leftarrow’.
-'\leftharpoondown'
+‘\leftharpoondown’
↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
-'\leftharpoonup'
+‘\leftharpoonup’
↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
-'\Leftrightarrow'
+‘\Leftrightarrow’
⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
- Similar: single-line double headed arrow '\leftrightarrow'.
+ Similar: single-line double headed arrow ‘\leftrightarrow’.
-'\leftrightarrow'
+‘\leftrightarrow’
↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line
- double headed arrow '\Leftrightarrow'.
+ double headed arrow ‘\Leftrightarrow’.
-'\leq'
- ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for '\le'.
+‘\leq’
+ ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for ‘\le’.
-'\lfloor'
- ⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: '\floor'.
+‘\lfloor’
+ ⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: ‘\floor’.
-'\lhd'
+‘\lhd’
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the
- normal subgroup symbol you should load 'amssymb' and
- use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so gives better
+ normal subgroup symbol you should load ‘amssymb’ and
+ use ‘\vartriangleleft’ (which is a relation and so gives better
spacing).
-'\ll'
- ≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than '\gg'.
+‘\ll’
+ ≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than ‘\gg’.
-'\lnot'
- ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: '\neg'.
+‘\lnot’
+ ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: ‘\neg’.
-'\longleftarrow'
+‘\longleftarrow’
⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
- double-line left arrow '\Longleftarrow'.
+ double-line left arrow ‘\Longleftarrow’.
-'\longleftrightarrow'
+‘\longleftrightarrow’
⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
- double-line double-headed arrow '\Longleftrightarrow'.
+ double-line double-headed arrow ‘\Longleftrightarrow’.
-'\longmapsto'
+‘\longmapsto’
⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
- (relation). Similar: shorter version '\mapsto'.
+ (relation). Similar: shorter version ‘\mapsto’.
-'\longrightarrow'
+‘\longrightarrow’
⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
- double-line right arrow '\Longrightarrow'.
+ double-line right arrow ‘\Longrightarrow’.
-'\lor'
- ∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: '\vee'. See also
- logical and '\land'.
+‘\lor’
+ ∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: ‘\vee’. See also
+ logical and ‘\land’.
-'\mapsto'
+‘\mapsto’
↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
- Similar: longer version '\longmapsto'.
+ Similar: longer version ‘\longmapsto’.
-'\mho'
+‘\mho’
℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
-'\mid'
- ∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of '\mid' is
- for a set '\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}'.
+‘\mid’
+ ∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of ‘\mid’ is
+ for a set ‘\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}’.
- Similar: '\vert' and '|' produce the same single-line vertical bar
+ Similar: ‘\vert’ and ‘|’ produce the same single-line vertical bar
symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class ordinary) and
you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals,
i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
- for '\vert' and for norm see the entry for '\Vert'.
+ for ‘\vert’ and for norm see the entry for ‘\Vert’.
-'\models'
+‘\models’
⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
- (relation). Similar: long double dash '\vDash'.
+ (relation). Similar: long double dash ‘\vDash’.
-'\mp'
+‘\mp’
∓ Minus or plus (relation).
-'\mu'
+‘\mu’
μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\nabla'
- ∇ Hamilton's del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
+‘\nabla’
+ ∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
-'\natural'
+‘\natural’
♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
-'\ne'
- ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: '\neq'.
+‘\ne’
+ ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: ‘\neq’.
-'\nearrow'
+‘\nearrow’
↗ North-east arrow (relation).
-'\neg'
- ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: '\lnot'. Sometimes
- instead used for negation: '\sim'.
+‘\neg’
+ ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: ‘\lnot’. Sometimes
+ instead used for negation: ‘\sim’.
-'\neq'
- ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: '\ne'.
+‘\neq’
+ ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: ‘\ne’.
-'\ni'
+‘\ni’
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation).
- Synonym: '\owns'. Similar: is a member of '\in'.
+ Synonym: ‘\owns’. Similar: is a member of ‘\in’.
-'\not'
+‘\not’
Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator
(relation).
- Many negated operators are available that don't require '\not',
- particularly with the 'amssymb' package. For example, '\notin' is
- typographically preferable to '\not\in'.
+ Many negated operators are available that don’t require ‘\not’,
+ particularly with the ‘amssymb’ package. For example, ‘\notin’ is
+ typographically preferable to ‘\not\in’.
-'\notin'
+‘\notin’
∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
- of '\nsubseteq'.
+ of ‘\nsubseteq’.
-'\nu'
+‘\nu’
ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\nwarrow'
+‘\nwarrow’
↖ North-west arrow (relation).
-'\odot'
+‘\odot’
⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
- operator '\bigodot'.
+ operator ‘\bigodot’.
-'\oint'
+‘\oint’
∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
-'\Omega'
+‘\Omega’
Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\omega'
+‘\omega’
ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\ominus'
+‘\ominus’
⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
-'\oplus'
+‘\oplus’
⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
- operator '\bigoplus'.
+ operator ‘\bigoplus’.
-'\oslash'
+‘\oslash’
⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
-'\otimes'
+‘\otimes’
⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
- variable-sized operator '\bigotimes'.
+ variable-sized operator ‘\bigotimes’.
-'\owns'
+‘\owns’
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation).
- Synonym: '\ni'. Similar: is a member of '\in'.
+ Synonym: ‘\ni’. Similar: is a member of ‘\in’.
-'\parallel'
- ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: '\|'.
+‘\parallel’
+ ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: ‘\|’.
-'\partial'
+‘\partial’
∂ Partial differential (ordinary).
-'\perp'
- ⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: '\bot' uses the same glyph
+‘\perp’
+ ⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: ‘\bot’ uses the same glyph
but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary.
-'\Phi'
+‘\Phi’
Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\phi'
+‘\phi’
ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
- '\varphi' φ.
+ ‘\varphi’ φ.
-'\Pi'
+‘\Pi’
Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\pi'
+‘\pi’
π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
- '\varpi' ϖ.
+ ‘\varpi’ ϖ.
-'\pm'
+‘\pm’
± Plus or minus (binary).
-'\prec'
- ≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than '<'.
+‘\prec’
+ ≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than ‘<’.
-'\preceq'
+‘\preceq’
⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
- equals '\leq'.
+ equals ‘\leq’.
-'\prime'
+‘\prime’
′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used
- as a superscript: '$f^\prime$'; '$f^\prime$' and '$f'$' produce the
- same result. An advantage of the second is that '$f'''$' produces
+ as a superscript: ‘$f^\prime$’; ‘$f^\prime$’ and ‘$f'$’ produce the
+ same result. An advantage of the second is that ‘$f'''$’ produces
the desired symbol, that is, the same result as
- '$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$', but uses rather less typing. You can
- only use '\prime' in math mode. Using the right single quote '''
+ ‘$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$’, but uses rather less typing. You can
+ only use ‘\prime’ in math mode. Using the right single quote ‘'’
in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe).
-'\prod'
+‘\prod’
∏ Product (operator).
-'\propto'
+‘\propto’
∝ Is proportional to (relation)
-'\Psi'
+‘\Psi’
Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\psi'
+‘\psi’
ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\rangle'
+‘\rangle’
⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
- than '>'. Matches:'\langle'.
+ than ‘>’. Matches:‘\langle’.
-'\rbrace'
- } Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: '\}'. Matches '\lbrace'.
+‘\rbrace’
+ } Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: ‘\}’. Matches ‘\lbrace’.
-'\rbrack'
- ] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ']'.
- Matches '\lbrack'.
+‘\rbrack’
+ ] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ‘]’.
+ Matches ‘\lbrack’.
-'\rceil'
- ⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches '\lceil'.
+‘\rceil’
+ ⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches ‘\lceil’.
-'\Re'
+‘\Re’
ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
- double-line, or blackboard bold, R '\mathbb{R}'; to access this,
- load the 'amsfonts' package.
+ double-line, or blackboard bold, R ‘\mathbb{R}’; to access this,
+ load the ‘amsfonts’ package.
-'\restriction'
+‘\restriction’
↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
- '\upharpoonright'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
- to load the 'amssymb' package.
+ ‘\upharpoonright’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
+ to load the ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\revemptyset'
- ⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: '\varnothing'.
- Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'stix'
+‘\revemptyset’
+ ⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: ‘\varnothing’.
+ Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the ‘stix’
package.
-'\rfloor'
+‘\rfloor’
⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off
- (closing). Matches '\lfloor'.
+ (closing). Matches ‘\lfloor’.
-'\rhd'
+‘\rhd’
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the
- normal subgroup symbol you should instead load 'amssymb' and
- use '\vartriangleright' (which is a relation and so gives better
+ normal subgroup symbol you should instead load ‘amssymb’ and
+ use ‘\vartriangleright’ (which is a relation and so gives better
spacing).
-'\rho'
+‘\rho’
ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
- '\varrho' ϱ.
+ ‘\varrho’ ϱ.
-'\Rightarrow'
+‘\Rightarrow’
⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
- right single-line arrow '\rightarrow'.
+ right single-line arrow ‘\rightarrow’.
-'\rightarrow'
- → Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: '\to'.
- Similar: right double line arrow '\Rightarrow'.
+‘\rightarrow’
+ → Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: ‘\to’.
+ Similar: right double line arrow ‘\Rightarrow’.
-'\rightharpoondown'
+‘\rightharpoondown’
⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
-'\rightharpoonup'
+‘\rightharpoonup’
⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
-'\rightleftharpoons'
+‘\rightleftharpoons’
⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
-'\searrow'
+‘\searrow’
↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
-'\setminus'
+‘\setminus’
⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \
- (binary). Similar: backslash '\backslash' and also
- '\textbackslash' outside of math mode.
+ (binary). Similar: backslash ‘\backslash’ and also
+ ‘\textbackslash’ outside of math mode.
-'\sharp'
+‘\sharp’
♯ Musical sharp (ordinary).
-'\Sigma'
+‘\Sigma’
Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\sigma'
+‘\sigma’
σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
- '\varsigma' ς.
+ ‘\varsigma’ ς.
-'\sim'
+‘\sim’
∼ Similar, in a relation (relation).
-'\simeq'
+‘\simeq’
≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
-'\smallint'
+‘\smallint’
∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display
(operator).
-'\smile'
+‘\smile’
⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
-'\spadesuit'
+‘\spadesuit’
♠ Spade card suit (ordinary).
-'\sqcap'
+‘\sqcap’
⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
- intersection 'cap'.
+ intersection ‘cap’.
-'\sqcup'
- ⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union 'cup'. Related:
- variable-sized operator '\bigsqcup'.
+‘\sqcup’
+ ⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union ‘cup’. Related:
+ variable-sized operator ‘\bigsqcup’.
-'\sqsubset'
- ⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset '\subset'.
+‘\sqsubset’
+ ⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset ‘\subset’.
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
- 'amssymb' package.
+ ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\sqsubseteq'
+‘\sqsubseteq’
⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal
- to '\subseteq'.
+ to ‘\subseteq’.
-'\sqsupset'
- ⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset '\supset'.
+‘\sqsupset’
+ ⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset ‘\supset’.
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
- 'amssymb' package.
+ ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\sqsupseteq'
+‘\sqsupseteq’
⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
- equal '\supseteq'.
+ equal ‘\supseteq’.
-'\star'
+‘\star’
⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar:
- the synonyms asterisk '*' and '\ast', which are six-pointed, and
+ the synonyms asterisk ‘*’ and ‘\ast’, which are six-pointed, and
more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
star.
-'\subset'
+‘\subset’
⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
-'\subseteq'
+‘\subseteq’
⊆ Subset or equal to (relation).
-'\succ'
- ≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than '>'.
+‘\succ’
+ ≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than ‘>’.
-'\succeq'
+‘\succeq’
⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal
- to '\leq'.
+ to ‘\leq’.
-'\sum'
- ∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma '\Sigma'.
+‘\sum’
+ ∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma ‘\Sigma’.
-'\supset'
+‘\supset’
⊃ Superset (relation).
-'\supseteq'
+‘\supseteq’
⊇ Superset or equal to (relation).
-'\surd'
- √ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command '\sqrt{...}'
+‘\surd’
+ √ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command ‘\sqrt{...}’
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends
to cover the argument.
-'\swarrow'
+‘\swarrow’
↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
-'\tau'
+‘\tau’
τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\theta'
+‘\theta’
θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
- '\vartheta' ϑ.
+ ‘\vartheta’ ϑ.
-'\times'
- × Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also '\cdot'.
+‘\times’
+ × Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also ‘\cdot’.
-'\to'
+‘\to’
→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
- Synonym: '\rightarrow'.
+ Synonym: ‘\rightarrow’.
-'\top'
+‘\top’
⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See
- also '\bot'.
+ also ‘\bot’.
-'\triangle'
+‘\triangle’
△ Triangle (ordinary).
-'\triangleleft'
- ◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: '\lhd'.
- For the normal subgroup symbol you should load 'amssymb' and
- use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so gives better
+‘\triangleleft’
+ ◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: ‘\lhd’.
+ For the normal subgroup symbol you should load ‘amssymb’ and
+ use ‘\vartriangleleft’ (which is a relation and so gives better
spacing).
-'\triangleright'
+‘\triangleright’
▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal
- subgroup symbol you should instead load 'amssymb' and
- use '\vartriangleright' (which is a relation and so gives better
+ subgroup symbol you should instead load ‘amssymb’ and
+ use ‘\vartriangleright’ (which is a relation and so gives better
spacing).
-'\unlhd'
+‘\unlhd’
⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle,
with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load
- 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglelefteq' (which is a relation and so
+ ‘amssymb’ and use ‘\vartrianglelefteq’ (which is a relation and so
gives better spacing).
-'\unrhd'
+‘\unrhd’
⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup
- symbol load 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglerighteq' (which is a
+ symbol load ‘amssymb’ and use ‘\vartrianglerighteq’ (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
-'\Uparrow'
+‘\Uparrow’
⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
- single-line up-pointing arrow '\uparrow'.
+ single-line up-pointing arrow ‘\uparrow’.
-'\uparrow'
+‘\uparrow’
↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar:
- double-line up-pointing arrow '\Uparrow'.
+ double-line up-pointing arrow ‘\Uparrow’.
-'\Updownarrow'
+‘\Updownarrow’
⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
- arrow '\updownarrow'.
+ arrow ‘\updownarrow’.
-'\updownarrow'
+‘\updownarrow’
↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation).
Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
- arrow '\Updownarrow'.
+ arrow ‘\Updownarrow’.
-'\upharpoonright'
+‘\upharpoonright’
↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation).
- Synonym: '\restriction'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you
- need to load the 'amssymb' package.
+ Synonym: ‘\restriction’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you
+ need to load the ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\uplus'
+‘\uplus’
⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle
- (binary). Similar: union '\cup'. Related: variable-sized
- operator '\biguplus'.
+ (binary). Similar: union ‘\cup’. Related: variable-sized
+ operator ‘\biguplus’.
-'\Upsilon'
+‘\Upsilon’
Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\upsilon'
+‘\upsilon’
υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\varepsilon'
+‘\varepsilon’
ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used
in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
- '\epsilon' ϵ. Related: set membership '\in'.
+ ‘\epsilon’ ϵ. Related: set membership ‘\in’.
-'\vanothing'
- ∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: '\emptyset'. Related:
- '\revemptyset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
- load the 'amssymb' package.
+‘\vanothing’
+ ∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: ‘\emptyset’. Related:
+ ‘\revemptyset’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
+ load the ‘amssymb’ package.
-'\varphi'
+‘\varphi’
φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
- non-variant form is '\phi' ϕ.
+ non-variant form is ‘\phi’ ϕ.
-'\varpi'
+‘\varpi’
ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
- non-variant form is '\pi' π.
+ non-variant form is ‘\pi’ π.
-'\varrho'
+‘\varrho’
ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
- non-variant form is '\rho' ρ.
+ non-variant form is ‘\rho’ ρ.
-'\varsigma'
+‘\varsigma’
ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
- non-variant form is '\sigma' σ.
+ non-variant form is ‘\sigma’ σ.
-'\vartheta'
+‘\vartheta’
ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
- non-variant form is '\theta' θ.
+ non-variant form is ‘\theta’ θ.
-'\vdash'
+‘\vdash’
⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar:
- turnstile rotated a half-circle '\dashv'.
+ turnstile rotated a half-circle ‘\dashv’.
-'\vee'
+‘\vee’
∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical
- and '\wedge'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigvee'.
+ and ‘\wedge’. Similar: variable-sized operator ‘\bigvee’.
-'\Vert'
+‘\Vert’
‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). *Note Delimiters::, for how to
- use the 'mathtools' package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
+ use the ‘mathtools’ package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
-'\vert'
- | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For "such that", as in the
- definition of a set, use '\mid' because it is a relation. *Note
- Delimiters::, for how to use the 'mathtools' package to create
+‘\vert’
+ | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the
+ definition of a set, use ‘\mid’ because it is a relation. *Note
+ Delimiters::, for how to use the ‘mathtools’ package to create
flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
-'\wedge'
- ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: '\land'. See also logical or
- '\vee'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigwedge'.
+‘\wedge’
+ ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: ‘\land’. See also logical or
+ ‘\vee’. Similar: variable-sized operator ‘\bigwedge’.
-'\wp'
+‘\wp’
℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary).
-'\wr'
+‘\wr’
≀ Wreath product (binary).
-'\Xi'
+‘\Xi’
Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\xi'
+‘\xi’
ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
-'\zeta'
+‘\zeta’
ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
-'\mathdollar'
+‘\mathdollar’
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
-'\mathparagraph'
+‘\mathparagraph’
Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶.
-'\mathsection'
- Section sign in math mode §.
+‘\mathsection’
+ Section sign in math mode: §.
-'\mathsterling'
+‘\mathsterling’
Sterling sign in math mode: £.
-'\mathunderscore'
+‘\mathunderscore’
Underscore in math mode: _.
* Menu:
@@ -10508,48 +10514,48 @@
16.2.1 Arrows
-------------
-These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The 'latexsym' and
-'amsfonts' packages contain many more.
+These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The ‘latexsym’ and
+‘amsfonts’ packages contain many more.
Symbol Command
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-⇓ '\Downarrow'
-↓ '\downarrow'
-↩ '\hookleftarrow'
-↪ '\hookrightarrow'
-← '\leftarrow'
-⇐ '\Leftarrow'
-⇔ '\Leftrightarrow'
-↔ '\leftrightarrow'
-⟵ '\longleftarrow'
-⟸ '\Longleftarrow'
-⟷ '\longleftrightarrow'
-⟺ '\Longleftrightarrow'
-⟼ '\longmapsto'
-⟹ '\Longrightarrow'
-⟶ '\longrightarrow'
-↦ '\mapsto'
-↗ '\nearrow'
-↖ '\nwarrow'
-⇒ '\Rightarrow'
-→ '\rightarrow', or '\to'
-↘ '\searrow'
-↙ '\swarrow'
-↑ '\uparrow'
-⇑ '\Uparrow'
-↕ '\updownarrow'
-⇕ '\Updownarrow'
+⇓ ‘\Downarrow’
+↓ ‘\downarrow’
+↩ ‘\hookleftarrow’
+↪ ‘\hookrightarrow’
+← ‘\leftarrow’
+⇐ ‘\Leftarrow’
+⇔ ‘\Leftrightarrow’
+↔ ‘\leftrightarrow’
+⟵ ‘\longleftarrow’
+⟸ ‘\Longleftarrow’
+⟷ ‘\longleftrightarrow’
+⟺ ‘\Longleftrightarrow’
+⟼ ‘\longmapsto’
+⟹ ‘\Longrightarrow’
+⟶ ‘\longrightarrow’
+↦ ‘\mapsto’
+↗ ‘\nearrow’
+↖ ‘\nwarrow’
+⇒ ‘\Rightarrow’
+→ ‘\rightarrow’, or ‘\to’
+↘ ‘\searrow’
+↙ ‘\swarrow’
+↑ ‘\uparrow’
+⇑ ‘\Uparrow’
+↕ ‘\updownarrow’
+⇕ ‘\Updownarrow’
- An example of the difference between '\to' and '\mapsto' is: '\(
-f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)'.
+ An example of the difference between ‘\to’ and ‘\mapsto’ is: ‘\(
+f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)’.
For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
-'tikz-cd' and 'amscd'.
+‘tikz-cd’ and ‘amscd’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath, Next: Blackboard bold, Prev: Arrows, Up: Math symbols
-16.2.2 '\boldmath' & '\unboldmath'
+16.2.2 ‘\boldmath’ & ‘\unboldmath’
----------------------------------
Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
@@ -10562,33 +10568,75 @@
Declarations to change the letters and symbols in MATH to be in a
bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular (non-bold)
-default. They must be used when not in math mode or display math mode
-(*note Modes::). Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
+default, respectively. They must be used when _not_ in math mode or
+display math mode (*note Modes::). Both commands are fragile (*note
+\protect::).
- In this example each '\boldmath' command takes place inside an
-'\mbox',
+ In this example each ‘\boldmath’ command takes place inside an
+‘\mbox’,
we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
-which means '\boldmath' is only called in a text mode, here LR mode, and
-explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set 'v' and 'u'.
+which means ‘\boldmath’ is only called in a text mode, here LR mode, and
+explains why we must switch LaTeX into math mode to set ‘v’ and ‘u’.
- If you use either command inside math mode, as with 'Trouble: \(
-\boldmath x \)', then you get something like 'LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11' and 'LaTeX Font
-Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line 11'.
+ If you use either command inside math mode, as with ‘Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)’, then you get something like ‘LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode’ and ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command
+\mathversion invalid in math mode’.
- There are many issues with '\boldmath'. New documents should use the
-'bm' package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete description
-is outside the scope of this document (see the full documentation on
-CTAN) but even this small example
+* Menu:
+* bm:: The ‘bm’ package for individual bold symbols.
+* OpenType bold math:: ‘FakeBold’ or ‘\symbf’.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: bm, Next: OpenType bold math, Up: \boldmath & \unboldmath
+
+16.2.2.1 ‘bm’: Individual bold math symbols
+...........................................
+
+Specifying ‘\boldmath’ is the best method for typesetting a whole math
+expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an
+expression in bold, the ‘bm’ package provided by the LaTeX Project team
+is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this document (see its
+documentation at <https://ctan.org/pkg/bm> or in your installation) but
+the spacing in the output of this small example will show that it is an
+improvement over ‘\boldmath’ within an expression:
+
\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
...
we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
-shows that it is an improvement over '\boldmath'.
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: OpenType bold math, Prev: bm, Up: \boldmath & \unboldmath
+16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math
+...........................
+
+Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (XeLaTeX, LuaLaTeX),
+neither ‘\boldmath’ nor ‘bm’ usually work well, because the OpenType
+math fonts normally used with those engines rarely come with a bold
+companion, and both ‘\boldmath’ and ‘bm’ require this. (The
+implementation of ‘bm’ relies on ‘\boldmath’, so the requirements are
+the same.) If you do have a bold math font, though, then ‘\boldmath’
+and ‘bm’ work fine.
+
+ If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
+bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package’s ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its
+documentation, <https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec>). This may be acceptable
+for drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a
+true bold font.
+
+ Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to
+use the ‘\symbf’ (bold), ‘\symbfit’ (bold italic), and related commands
+from the ‘unicode-math’ package. These do not change the current font,
+but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, which in practice is
+more widely supported than a separate bold font. Many variations are
+possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the desired output. As
+usual, see the package documentation
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math>).
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Blackboard bold, Next: Calligraphic, Prev: \boldmath & \unboldmath, Up: Math symbols
@@ -10609,7 +10657,7 @@
\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
-the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the
+the ‘\mathbb{N}’ gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the
natural numbers.
If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an
@@ -10636,7 +10684,7 @@
If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not
get an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For
-instance, '\mathcal{g}' outputs a close curly brace symbol.
+instance, ‘\mathcal{g}’ outputs a close curly brace symbol.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Delimiters, Next: Dots, Prev: Calligraphic, Up: Math symbols
@@ -10650,45 +10698,45 @@
(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
-The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter '\( [0,1) \)'.
+The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter ‘\( [0,1) \)’.
Here are the common delimiters:
DelimiterCommand Name
------------------------------------------------------
-( '(' Left parenthesis
-) ')' Right parenthesis
-\} '{' or Left brace
- '\lbrace'
-\{ '}' or Right brace
- '\rbrace'
-[ '[' or Left bracket
- '\lbrack'
-] ']' or Right bracket
- '\rbrack'
-⌊ '\lfloor' Left floor bracket
-⌋ '\rfloor' Right floor bracket
-⌈ '\lceil' Left ceiling bracket
-⌉ '\rceil' Right ceiling bracket
-⟨ '\langle' Left angle bracket
-⟩ '\rangle' Right angle bracket
-/ '/' Slash, or forward slash
-\ '\backslash' Reverse slash, or backslash
-| '|' or Vertical bar
- '\vert'
-‖ '\|' or Double vertical bar
- '\Vert'
+( ‘(’ Left parenthesis
+) ‘)’ Right parenthesis
+\} ‘{’ or Left brace
+ ‘\lbrace’
+\{ ‘}’ or Right brace
+ ‘\rbrace’
+[ ‘[’ or Left bracket
+ ‘\lbrack’
+] ‘]’ or Right bracket
+ ‘\rbrack’
+⌊ ‘\lfloor’ Left floor bracket
+⌋ ‘\rfloor’ Right floor bracket
+⌈ ‘\lceil’ Left ceiling bracket
+⌉ ‘\rceil’ Right ceiling bracket
+⟨ ‘\langle’ Left angle bracket
+⟩ ‘\rangle’ Right angle bracket
+/ ‘/’ Slash, or forward slash
+\ ‘\backslash’ Reverse slash, or backslash
+| ‘|’ or Vertical bar
+ ‘\vert’
+‖ ‘\|’ or Double vertical bar
+ ‘\Vert’
- The 'mathtools' package allows you to create commands for paired
+ The ‘mathtools’ package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
-'\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}' in your preamble then you
+‘\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}’ in your preamble then you
get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work in math
-mode). The starred form, such as '\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}', has the height
+mode). The starred form, such as ‘\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}’, has the height
of the vertical bars match the height of the argument. The unstarred
-form, such as '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}', has the bars fixed at a default
-height. This form accepts an optional argument, as in '\abs[SIZE
-COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}', where the height of the bars is given in SIZE
-COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'. Using instead '\lVert' and '\rVert' as the
+form, such as ‘\abs{\frac{22}{7}}’, has the bars fixed at a default
+height. This form accepts an optional argument, as in ‘\abs[SIZE
+COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}’, where the height of the bars is given in SIZE
+COMMAND, such as ‘\Bigg’. Using instead ‘\lVert’ and ‘\rVert’ as the
symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior.
* Menu:
@@ -10699,7 +10747,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \left & \right, Next: \bigl & \bigr etc., Up: Delimiters
-16.2.5.1 '\left' & '\right'
+16.2.5.1 ‘\left’ & ‘\right’
...........................
Synopsis:
@@ -10722,13 +10770,13 @@
*Note Delimiters::, for a list of the common delimiters.
- Every '\left' must have a matching '\right'. In the above example,
-leaving out the '\left(' gets the error message 'Extra \right'. Leaving
-out the '\right)' gets 'You can't use `\eqno' in math mode'.
+ Every ‘\left’ must have a matching ‘\right’. In the above example,
+leaving out the ‘\left(’ gets the error message ‘Extra \right’. Leaving
+out the ‘\right)’ gets ‘You can't use `\eqno' in math mode’.
However, DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not match. A common case is
-that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, '.', as a
-null delimiter.
+that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, ‘.’, as a
+“null delimiter”.
\begin{equation}
f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
@@ -10738,12 +10786,12 @@
\end{equation}
Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, '\{' (*note Reserved characters::). (The packages 'amsmath'
-and 'mathtools' allow you to get the above construct through in a
-'cases' environment.)
+backslash, ‘\{’ (*note Reserved characters::). (The packages ‘amsmath’
+and ‘mathtools’ allow you to get the above construct through in a
+‘cases’ environment.)
- The '\left ... \right' pair make a group. One consequence is that
-the formula enclosed in the '\left ... \right' pair cannot have line
+ The ‘\left ... \right’ pair make a group. One consequence is that
+the formula enclosed in the ‘\left ... \right’ pair cannot have line
breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and
LaTeX-generated automatic ones. In this example, LaTeX breaks the
equation to make the formula fit the margins.
@@ -10751,17 +10799,17 @@
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \)
-But with '\left' and '\right'
+But with ‘\left’ and ‘\right’
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
-LaTeX won't break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
+LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
margin.
- Because '\left ... \right' make a group, all the usual grouping rules
-hold. Here, the value of '\testlength' set inside the equation will be
-forgotten, and the output is '1.2pt'.
+ Because ‘\left ... \right’ make a group, all the usual grouping rules
+hold. Here, the value of ‘\testlength’ set inside the equation will be
+forgotten, and the output is ‘1.2pt’.
\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}
\begin{equation}
@@ -10769,11 +10817,11 @@
\the\testlength
\end{equation}
- The '\left ... \right' pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
-enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in '\( \sin(x) =
-\sin\left(x\right) \)' the one after the equals sign has more space
-around the 'x'. That's because '\left( ... \right)' inserts an inner
-node while '( ... )' inserts an opening node. The second way that the
+ The ‘\left ... \right’ pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
+enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in ‘\( \sin(x) =
+\sin\left(x\right) \)’ the one after the equals sign has more space
+around the ‘x’. That’s because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner
+node while ‘( ... )’ inserts an opening node. The second way that the
pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they form a group,
the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no
stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
@@ -10793,8 +10841,8 @@
\left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right)
\end{equation}
-TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in '\( \left| |x|+|y|
-\right| \)'. It can also choose delimiters that are too large, as here.
+TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in ‘\( \left| |x|+|y|
+\right| \)’. It can also choose delimiters that are too large, as here.
\begin{equation}
\left( \sum_{0\leq i<n} i^k \right)
@@ -10802,7 +10850,7 @@
A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
-delimiter; you can't use '\left' on the first line and '\right' on the
+delimiter; you can’t use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the
last because they must be paired.
To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc.::.
@@ -10810,7 +10858,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigl & \bigr etc., Prev: \left & \right, Up: Delimiters
-16.2.5.2 '\bigl', '\bigr', etc.
+16.2.5.2 ‘\bigl’, ‘\bigr’, etc.
...............................
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -10820,7 +10868,7 @@
\biggl DELIMITER1 ... \biggr DELIMITER2
\Biggl DELIMITER1 ... \Biggr DELIMITER2
-(as with '\bigl[...\bigr]'; strictly speaking they need not be paired,
+(as with ‘\bigl[...\bigr]’; strictly speaking they need not be paired,
see below), or one of:
\bigm DELIMITER
@@ -10828,7 +10876,7 @@
\biggm DELIMITER
\Biggm DELIMITER
-(as with '\bigm|'), or one of:
+(as with ‘\bigm|’), or one of:
\big DELIMITER
\Big DELIMITER
@@ -10835,7 +10883,7 @@
\bigg DELIMITER
\Bigg DELIMITER
-(as with '\big[').
+(as with ‘\big[’).
Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are
automatically sized see *note \left & \right::).
@@ -10845,17 +10893,17 @@
\bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can
-use the smallest size such as '\bigl...\bigr' in a paragraph without
+use the smallest size such as ‘\bigl...\bigr’ in a paragraph without
causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant for
displayed equations.
*Note Delimiters::, for a list of the common delimiters. In the
-family of commands with 'l' or 'r', DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not
+family of commands with ‘l’ or ‘r’, DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not
match together.
- The 'l' and 'r' commands produce open and close delimiters that
+ The ‘l’ and ‘r’ commands produce open and close delimiters that
insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the delimiter,
-while the commands without 'l' and 'r' insert some space (because each
+while the commands without ‘l’ and ‘r’ insert some space (because each
delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare these two.
\begin{tabular}{l}
@@ -10864,10 +10912,10 @@
\end{tabular}
The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the
-second line the output will have some extra space between the '\sin' and
+second line the output will have some extra space between the ‘\sin’ and
the open parenthesis.
- Commands without 'l' or 'r' do give correct spacing in some
+ Commands without ‘l’ or ‘r’ do give correct spacing in some
circumstances, as with this large vertical line
\begin{equation}
@@ -10874,15 +10922,15 @@
\int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b
\end{equation}
-(many authors would replace '\frac' with the '\tfrac' command from the
-'amsmath' package), and as with this larger slash.
+(many authors would replace ‘\frac’ with the ‘\tfrac’ command from the
+‘amsmath’ package), and as with this larger slash.
\begin{equation}
\lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1
\end{equation}
- Unlike the '\left...\right' pair (*note \left & \right::), the
-commands here with 'l' or 'r' do not make a group. Strictly speaking
+ Unlike the ‘\left...\right’ pair (*note \left & \right::), the
+commands here with ‘l’ or ‘r’ do not make a group. Strictly speaking
they need not be matched so you can write something like this.
\begin{equation}
@@ -10889,7 +10937,7 @@
\Biggl[ \pi/6 ]
\end{equation}
- The commands with 'm' are for relations, which are in the middle of
+ The commands with ‘m’ are for relations, which are in the middle of
formulas, as here.
\begin{equation}
@@ -10913,28 +10961,30 @@
LaTeX provides these.
-'\cdots'
+‘\cdots’
Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line,
- as in ⋯. Used as: '\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)'.
+ as in ⋯. Used as: ‘\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)’.
-'\ddots'
+‘\ddots’
Diagonal ellipsis, ⋱. See the above array example for a usage.
-'\ldots'
- Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: '\( x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)'.
- Another example is the above array example. A synonym is
- '\mathellipsis'. A synonym from the 'amsmath' package is '\hdots'.
+‘\ldots’
+‘\mathellipsis’
+‘\dots’
+ Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: ‘\( x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)’.
+ Another example is the above array example. Synonyms are
+ ‘\mathellipsis’ and ‘\dots’. A synonym from the ‘amsmath’ package
+ is ‘\hdots’.
You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
- 'The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken'. (In a paragraph mode
- or LR mode a synonym for '\ldots' is '\dots'.)
+ ‘The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken’.
-'\vdots'
+‘\vdots’
Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a usage.
- The 'amsmath' package has the command '\dots' to semantically mark up
+ The ‘amsmath’ package has the command ‘\dots’ to semantically mark up
ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs for the
-first two uses of the '\dots' command.
+first two uses of the ‘\dots’ command.
\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
...
@@ -10943,16 +10993,31 @@
multiple of any \( p_i \).
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
-In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following '\dots' to
+In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following ‘\dots’ to
determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
-line has a '\cdot' following '\dots' so LaTeX outputs an ellipsis that
+line has a ‘\cdot’ following ‘\dots’ so LaTeX outputs an ellipsis that
is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the third usage has
no follow-on character so you have to tell LaTeX what to do. You can
-use one of the commands: '\dotsc' if you need the ellipsis appropriate
-for a comma following, '\dotsb' if you need the ellipses that fits when
-the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, '\dotsi'
-for dots with integrals, or '\dotso' for others.
+use one of the commands: ‘\dotsc’ if you need the ellipsis appropriate
+for a comma following, ‘\dotsb’ if you need the ellipses that fits when
+the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, ‘\dotsi’
+for dots with integrals, or ‘\dotso’ for others.
+ The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel’s
+‘\dots’ command in another way: it outputs a thin space after the
+ellipsis. Furthermore, the ‘unicode-math’ package automatically loads
+‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’’s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not
+explicitly load it, thus changing the output from ‘\dots’ in both text
+and math mode.
+
+ Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
+engines (‘lualatex’, ‘xelatex’), LaTeX will use the Unicode ellipsis
+character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; under traditional TeX
+engines (‘pdflatex’, ‘latex’), it will typeset three spaced periods.
+Generally, the Unicode single-character ellipsis has almost no space
+between the three periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis
+is looser, more in accordance with traditional typography.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Greek letters, Prev: Dots, Up: Math symbols
@@ -10964,39 +11029,39 @@
Symbol Command Name
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-α '\alpha' Alpha
-β '\beta' Beta
-γ, Γ '\gamma', '\Gamma' Gamma
-δ, Δ '\delta', '\Delta' Delta
-ε, ϵ '\varepsilon', Epsilon
- '\epsilon'
-ζ '\zeta' Zeta
-η '\eta' Eta
-θ, ϑ '\theta', Theta
- '\vartheta'
-ι '\iota' Iota
-κ '\kappa' Kappa
-λ, Λ '\lambda', '\Lambda' Lambda
-μ '\mu' Mu
-ν '\nu' Nu
-ξ, Ξ '\xi', '\Xi' Xi
-π, Π '\pi', '\Pi' Pi
-ρ, ϱ '\rho', '\varrho' Rho
-σ, Σ '\sigma', '\Sigma' Sigma
-τ '\tau' Tau
-ϕ, φ, '\phi', '\varphi', Phi
-Φ '\Phi'
-χ '\chi' chi
-ψ, Ψ '\psi', '\Psi' Psi
-ω, Ω '\omega', '\Omega' Omega
+α ‘\alpha’ Alpha
+β ‘\beta’ Beta
+γ, Γ ‘\gamma’, ‘\Gamma’ Gamma
+δ, Δ ‘\delta’, ‘\Delta’ Delta
+ε, ϵ ‘\varepsilon’, Epsilon
+ ‘\epsilon’
+ζ ‘\zeta’ Zeta
+η ‘\eta’ Eta
+θ, ϑ ‘\theta’, Theta
+ ‘\vartheta’
+ι ‘\iota’ Iota
+κ ‘\kappa’ Kappa
+λ, Λ ‘\lambda’, ‘\Lambda’ Lambda
+μ ‘\mu’ Mu
+ν ‘\nu’ Nu
+ξ, Ξ ‘\xi’, ‘\Xi’ Xi
+π, Π ‘\pi’, ‘\Pi’ Pi
+ρ, ϱ ‘\rho’, ‘\varrho’ Rho
+σ, Σ ‘\sigma’, ‘\Sigma’ Sigma
+τ ‘\tau’ Tau
+ϕ, φ, ‘\phi’, ‘\varphi’, Phi
+Φ ‘\Phi’
+χ ‘\chi’ chi
+ψ, Ψ ‘\psi’, ‘\Psi’ Psi
+ω, Ω ‘\omega’, ‘\Omega’ Omega
- For omicron, if you are using LaTeX's default Computer Modern font
-then enter omicron just as 'o' or 'O'. If you like having the name or
+ For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font
+then enter omicron just as ‘o’ or ‘O’. If you like having the name or
if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
-'\newcommand\omicron{o}'. The package 'unicode-math' has '\upomicron'
-for upright omicron and '\mitomicron' for math italic.
+‘\newcommand\omicron{o}’. The package ‘unicode-math’ has ‘\upomicron’
+for upright omicron and ‘\mitomicron’ for math italic.
- While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by '\in' is
+ While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by ‘\in’ is
related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
@@ -11008,115 +11073,115 @@
These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
-'\arccos'
+‘\arccos’
Inverse cosine
-'\arcsin'
+‘\arcsin’
Inverse sine
-'\arctan'
+‘\arctan’
Inverse tangent
-'\arg'
+‘\arg’
Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
-'\bmod'
- Binary modulo operator, used as in '\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)'
+‘\bmod’
+ Binary modulo operator, used as in ‘\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)’
-'\cos'
+‘\cos’
Cosine
-'\cosh'
+‘\cosh’
Hyperbolic cosine
-'\cot'
+‘\cot’
Cotangent
-'\coth'
+‘\coth’
Hyperbolic cotangent
-'\csc'
+‘\csc’
Cosecant
-'\deg'
+‘\deg’
Degrees
-'\det'
+‘\det’
Determinant
-'\dim'
+‘\dim’
Dimension
-'\exp'
+‘\exp’
Exponential
-'\gcd'
+‘\gcd’
Greatest common divisor
-'\hom'
+‘\hom’
Homomorphism
-'\inf'
- Infinum
+‘\inf’
+ Infimum
-'\ker'
+‘\ker’
Kernel
-'\lg'
+‘\lg’
Base 2 logarithm
-'\lim'
+‘\lim’
Limit
-'\liminf'
+‘\liminf’
Limit inferior
-'\limsup'
+‘\limsup’
Limit superior
-'\ln'
+‘\ln’
Natural logarithm
-'\log'
+‘\log’
Logarithm
-'\max'
+‘\max’
Maximum
-'\min'
+‘\min’
Minimum
-'\pmod'
- Parenthesized modulus, as used in '\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)'
+‘\pmod’
+ Parenthesized modulus, as used in ‘\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)’
-'\Pr'
+‘\Pr’
Probability
-'\sec'
+‘\sec’
Secant
-'\sin'
+‘\sin’
Sine
-'\sinh'
+‘\sinh’
Hyperbolic sine
-'\sup'
- sup
+‘\sup’
+ Supremum sup
-'\tan'
+‘\tan’
Tangent
-'\tanh'
+‘\tanh’
Hyperbolic tangent
- The 'amsmath' package adds improvements on some of these, and also
+ The ‘amsmath’ package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
briefly, you can define an identity operator with
-'\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}' that is like the ones above but
-prints as 'id'. The starred form '\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}' sets
-any limits above and below, as is traditional with '\lim', '\sup', or
-'\max'.
+‘\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}’ that is like the ones above but
+prints as ‘id’. The starred form ‘\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}’ sets
+any superscript or subscript to be above and below, as is traditional
+with ‘\lim’, ‘\sup’, or ‘\max’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Over- and Underlining, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas
@@ -11128,47 +11193,47 @@
math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note
Accents::).
-'\acute'
+‘\acute’
Math acute accent
-'\bar'
+‘\bar’
Math bar-over accent
-'\breve'
+‘\breve’
Math breve accent
-'\check'
+‘\check’
Math háček (check) accent
-'\ddot'
+‘\ddot’
Math dieresis accent
-'\dot'
+‘\dot’
Math dot accent
-'\grave'
+‘\grave’
Math grave accent
-'\hat'
+‘\hat’
Math hat (circumflex) accent
-'\mathring'
+‘\mathring’
Math ring accent
-'\tilde'
+‘\tilde’
Math tilde accent
-'\vec'
+‘\vec’
Math vector symbol
-'\widehat'
+‘\widehat’
Math wide hat accent
-'\widetilde'
+‘\widetilde’
Math wide tilde accent
When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to
-use one without a dot, '\imath' or 'jmath' (*note Math symbols::).
+use one without a dot, ‘\imath’ or ‘jmath’ (*note Math symbols::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: Over- and Underlining, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas
@@ -11179,27 +11244,27 @@
LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting
braces over or under some material.
-'\underline{TEXT}'
+‘\underline{TEXT}’
Underline TEXT. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is
always completely below the text, taking account of descenders, so
- in '\(\underline{y}\)' the line is lower than in
- '\(\underline{x}\)'. This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ in ‘\(\underline{y}\)’ the line is lower than in
+ ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
- Note that the package 'ulem' does text mode underlining and allows
+ Note that the package ‘ulem’ does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
documentation on CTAN. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for
producing a line, for such things as a signature.
-'\overline{TEXT}'
+‘\overline{TEXT}’
Put a horizontal line over TEXT. Works inside math mode, and
- outside. For example, '\overline{x+y}'. Note that this differs
- from the command '\bar' (*note Math accents::).
+ outside. For example, ‘\overline{x+y}’. Note that this differs
+ from the command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::).
-'\underbrace{MATH}'
+‘\underbrace{MATH}’
Put a brace under MATH. For example, this
- '(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)' emphasizes the telescoping part.
- Attach text to the brace by using subscript, '_', or superscript,
- '^', as here.
+ ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’ emphasizes the telescoping part.
+ Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, ‘_’, or
+ superscript, ‘^’, as here.
\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+
@@ -11209,12 +11274,12 @@
The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
unconnected to the underbrace.
-'\overbrace{MATH}'
+‘\overbrace{MATH}’
Put a brace over MATH, as with
- '\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}'. See also
- '\underbrace'.
+ ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’. See also
+ ‘\underbrace’.
- The package 'mathtools' adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some
+ The package ‘mathtools’ adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some
improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
@@ -11224,52 +11289,52 @@
=========================
When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
-normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter 'y=m x' then LaTeX
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter ‘y=m x’ then LaTeX
ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, as y=mx.
- But LaTeX's rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
-integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the 'f(x)'
-and the 'dx', here done with the '\,' command:
+ But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
+integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the ‘f(x)’
+and the ‘dx’, here done with the ‘\,’ command:
\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-"mu". It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a '\thickspace' is
-something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'.
+“mu”. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the current
+math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a ‘\thickspace’ is
+something like 5/18 times the width of a ‘M’.
-'\;'
+‘\;’
- Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. With the
- 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+ Synonym: ‘\thickspace’. Normally ‘5.0mu plus 5.0mu’. With the
+ ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
only.
-'\negthickspace'
- Normally '-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath'
+‘\negthickspace’
+ Normally ‘-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’. With the ‘amsmath’
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
-'\:'
-'\>'
- Synonym: '\medspace'. Normally '4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'.
- With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
+‘\:’
+‘\>’
+ Synonym: ‘\medspace’. Normally ‘4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’.
+ With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math
mode only.
-'\negmedspace'
- Normally '-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath'
+‘\negmedspace’
+ Normally ‘-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’. With the ‘amsmath’
package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
-'\,'
- Synonym: '\thinspace'. Normally '3mu', which is 1/6em. Can be
+‘\,’
+ Synonym: ‘\thinspace’. Normally ‘3mu’, which is 1/6em. Can be
used in both math mode and text mode (*note \thinspace &
\negthinspace::).
This space is widely used, for instance between the function and
- the infinitesimal in an integral '\int f(x)\,dx' and, if an author
+ the infinitesimal in an integral ‘\int f(x)\,dx’ and, if an author
does this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
The antiderivative is
@@ -11277,21 +11342,21 @@
3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.
\end{equation}
-'\!'
- Synonym: '\negthinspace'. A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'.
- With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
- can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, the '\!'
- command is math mode only but the '\negthinspace' command has
+‘\!’
+ Synonym: ‘\negthinspace’. A negative thin space. Normally ‘-3mu’.
+ With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
+ can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, the ‘\!’
+ command is math mode only but the ‘\negthinspace’ command has
always also worked in text mode (*note \thinspace &
\negthinspace::).
-'\quad'
+‘\quad’
This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space
- between two equations inside a 'displaymath' environment. It is
+ between two equations inside a ‘displaymath’ environment. It is
available in both text and math mode.
-'\qquad'
+‘\qquad’
A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in both
text and math mode.
@@ -11304,7 +11369,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \smash, Next: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom, Up: Spacing in math mode
-16.6.1 '\smash'
+16.6.1 ‘\smash’
---------------
Synopsis:
@@ -11313,7 +11378,7 @@
Typeset SUBFORMULA as if its height and depth were zero.
- In this example the exponential is so tall that without the '\smash'
+ In this example the exponential is so tall that without the ‘\smash’
command LaTeX would separate its line from the line above it, and the
uneven line spacing might be unsightly.
@@ -11320,12 +11385,12 @@
To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.
- (Because of the '\smash' the printed expression could run into the
+ (Because of the ‘\smash’ the printed expression could run into the
line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the
document to make such adjustments.)
- This pictures the effect of '\smash' by using '\fbox' to surround the
-box that LaTeX will put on the line. The '\blackbar' command makes a
+ This pictures the effect of ‘\smash’ by using ‘\fbox’ to surround the
+box that LaTeX will put on the line. The ‘\blackbar’ command makes a
bar extending from 10 points below the baseline to 20 points above.
\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
@@ -11337,7 +11402,7 @@
depth, despite that the ink printed on the page still extends well above
and below the line.
- The '\smash' command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size
+ The ‘\smash’ command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size
of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical
extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
@@ -11346,13 +11411,13 @@
\sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)}
\end{equation}
- Note the use of '\vphantom' to give the '\sqrt' command an argument
-with the height of the '\sum' (*note \phantom & \vphantom &
+ Note the use of ‘\vphantom’ to give the ‘\sqrt’ command an argument
+with the height of the ‘\sum’ (*note \phantom & \vphantom &
\hphantom::).
- While most often used in mathematics, the '\smash' command can appear
-in other contexts. However, it doesn't change into horizontal mode. So
-if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a '\leavevmode', as
+ While most often used in mathematics, the ‘\smash’ command can appear
+in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal mode. So
+if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a ‘\leavevmode’, as
in the bottom line below.
xxx xxx xxx
@@ -11361,13 +11426,13 @@
\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
- The package 'mathtools' has operators that provide even finer control
+ The package ‘mathtools’ has operators that provide even finer control
over smashing a subformula box.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom, Next: \mathstrut, Prev: \smash, Up: Spacing in math mode
-16.6.2 '\phantom' & '\vphantom' & '\hphantom'
+16.6.2 ‘\phantom’ & ‘\vphantom’ & ‘\hphantom’
---------------------------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -11382,7 +11447,7 @@
\hphantom{SUBFORMULA}
- The '\phantom' command creates a box with the same height, depth, and
+ The ‘\phantom’ command creates a box with the same height, depth, and
width as SUBFORMULA, but empty. That is, this command causes LaTeX to
typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here LaTeX will
put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer, but will not
@@ -11392,15 +11457,15 @@
\int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}}
\end{displaymath}
- The '\vphantom' variant produces an invisible box with the same
+ The ‘\vphantom’ variant produces an invisible box with the same
vertical size as SUBFORMULA, the same height and depth, but having zero
-width. And '\hphantom' makes a box with the same width as SUBFORMULA
+width. And ‘\hphantom’ makes a box with the same width as SUBFORMULA
but with zero height and depth.
In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand
expression is so tall that TeX places this expression further down than
its default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be
-at different levels. The '\vphantom' in the first expression tells TeX
+at different levels. The ‘\vphantom’ in the first expression tells TeX
to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the two
expressions come out at the same level.
@@ -11409,31 +11474,31 @@
\sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j
\end{displaymath}
- These commands are often used in conjunction with '\smash'. *Note
-\smash::, which includes another example of '\vphantom'.
+ These commands are often used in conjunction with ‘\smash’. *Note
+\smash::, which includes another example of ‘\vphantom’.
The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
-convenient, including '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) as well as
-'\settodepth' (*note \settodepth::), '\settoheight' (*note
-\settoheight::), and '\settowidth' (*note \settowidth::). In addition,
-the 'mathtools' package has many commands that offer fine-grained
+convenient, including ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) as well as
+‘\settodepth’ (*note \settodepth::), ‘\settoheight’ (*note
+\settoheight::), and ‘\settowidth’ (*note \settowidth::). In addition,
+the ‘mathtools’ package has many commands that offer fine-grained
control over spacing.
All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
-should give it such a status, for example with the '\operatorname'
-command from the package 'amsmath'.
+should give it such a status, for example with the ‘\operatorname’
+command from the package ‘amsmath’.
While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
-contexts. However, they don't cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
+contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
-with '\leavevmode'.
+with ‘\leavevmode’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \mathstrut, Prev: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom, Up: Spacing in math mode
-16.6.3 '\mathstrut'
+16.6.3 ‘\mathstrut’
-------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -11440,20 +11505,20 @@
\mathstrut
- The analogue of '\strut' for mathematics. *Note \strut::.
+ The analogue of ‘\strut’ for mathematics. *Note \strut::.
- The input '$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$' gives output where the second
+ The input ‘$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$’ gives output where the second
radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space without
any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
-'$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$'.
+‘$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$’.
- The '\mathstrut' command adds the vertical height of an open
-parenthesis, '(', but no horizontal space. It is defined as
-'\vphantom{(}', so see *note \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom:: for
-more. An advantage over '\strut' is that '\mathstrut' adds no depth,
+ The ‘\mathstrut’ command adds the vertical height of an open
+parenthesis, ‘(’, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
+‘\vphantom{(}’, so see *note \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom:: for
+more. An advantage over ‘\strut’ is that ‘\mathstrut’ adds no depth,
which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of an
open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
-amount of space, use '\rule' with a width of zero. *Note \rule::.
+amount of space, use ‘\rule’ with a width of zero. *Note \rule::.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math styles, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas
@@ -11461,12 +11526,12 @@
16.7 Math styles
================
-TeX's rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
-example, inside a displayed equation, the input '\sum_{0\leq
-i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}' will give output
+TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
+example, inside a displayed equation, the input ‘\sum_{0\leq
+i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}’ will give output
with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if
that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right rather
-than below, so it won't push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
+than below, so it won’t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed
context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be larger
than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
@@ -11473,22 +11538,22 @@
TeX uses four math styles.
- * Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such
- as with '\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}'.
+ • Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such
+ as with ‘\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}’.
- * Text style is for an inline formula, as with 'so we have $ ... $'.
+ • Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘so we have $ ... $’.
- * Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or
+ • Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or
superscript.
- * Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or
+ • Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or
more) of subscript or superscript.
TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a
-declaration of '\displaystyle', or '\textstyle', or '\scriptstyle', or
-'\scriptscriptstyle'.
+declaration of ‘\displaystyle’, or ‘\textstyle’, or ‘\scriptstyle’, or
+‘\scriptscriptstyle’.
- In this example, the 'Arithmetic' line's fraction will look
+ In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line’s fraction will look
scrunched.
\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
@@ -11499,7 +11564,7 @@
&$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\
\end{tabular}
-But because of the '\displaystyle' declaration, the 'Geometric' line's
+But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line’s
fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the
rest of the line.
@@ -11510,8 +11575,8 @@
$\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$
will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the
-'\displaystyle' applies to only part of the formula, and it is delimited
-by being inside curly braces, as '{\displaystyle ...}'.
+‘\displaystyle’ applies to only part of the formula, and it is delimited
+by being inside curly braces, as ‘{\displaystyle ...}’.
The last example is a continued fraction.
@@ -11522,8 +11587,8 @@
\displaystyle a_3}}}
\end{equation}
-Without the '\displaystyle' declarations, the denominators would be set
-in script style and scriptscript style. (The '\mathstrut' improves the
+Without the ‘\displaystyle’ declarations, the denominators would be set
+in script style and scriptscript style. (The ‘\mathstrut’ improves the
height of the denominators; *note \mathstrut::.)
@@ -11533,7 +11598,7 @@
====================
LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some
-that don't fit into other categories.
+that don’t fit into other categories.
* Menu:
@@ -11546,7 +11611,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Colon character & \colon, Next: \*, Up: Math miscellany
-16.8.1 Colon character ':' & '\colon'
+16.8.1 Colon character ‘:’ & ‘\colon’
-------------------------------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -11554,22 +11619,22 @@
:
\colon
- In mathematics, the colon character, ':', is a relation.
+ In mathematics, the colon character, ‘:’, is a relation.
With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
-Ordinary LaTeX defines '\colon' to produce the colon character with the
+Ordinary LaTeX defines ‘\colon’ to produce the colon character with the
spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
-'\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}'.
+‘\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}’.
- But the widely-used 'amsmath' package defines '\colon' for use in the
-definition of functions 'f\colon D\to C'. So if you want the colon
-character as a punctuation then use '\mathpunct{:}'.
+ But the widely-used ‘amsmath’ package defines ‘\colon’ for use in the
+definition of functions ‘f\colon D\to C’. So if you want the colon
+character as a punctuation then use ‘\mathpunct{:}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \*, Next: \frac, Prev: Colon character & \colon, Up: Math miscellany
-16.8.2 '\*'
+16.8.2 ‘\*’
-----------
Synopsis:
@@ -11577,18 +11642,18 @@
\*
A multiplication symbol that allows a line break. If there is a
-break then LaTeX puts a '\times' symbol, ×, before that break.
+break then LaTeX puts a ‘\times’ symbol, ×, before that break.
- In '\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)', if there is no line break then
-LaTeX outputs it as though it were '\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)'. If a line
+ In ‘\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)’, if there is no line break then
+LaTeX outputs it as though it were ‘\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)’. If a line
break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then LaTeX
-sets it like '\( A_1 A_2 \times \)', followed by the break, followed by
-'\( A_3 A_4 \)'.
+sets it like ‘\( A_1 A_2 \times \)’, followed by the break, followed by
+‘\( A_3 A_4 \)’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \frac, Next: \sqrt, Prev: \*, Up: Math miscellany
-16.8.3 '\frac'
+16.8.3 ‘\frac’
--------------
Synopsis:
@@ -11595,15 +11660,15 @@
\frac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR}
- Produces the fraction. Used as: '\begin{displaymath}
-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}'. In inline math mode it
-comes out small; see the discussion of '\displaystyle' (*note Math
+ Produces the fraction. Used as: ‘\begin{displaymath}
+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}’. In inline math mode it
+comes out small; see the discussion of ‘\displaystyle’ (*note Math
formulas::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \sqrt, Next: \stackrel, Prev: \frac, Up: Math miscellany
-16.8.4 '\sqrt'
+16.8.4 ‘\sqrt’
--------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -11612,25 +11677,26 @@
\sqrt[ROOT-NUMBER]{ARG}
The square root, or optionally other roots, of ARG. The optional
-argument ROOT-NUMBER gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of 'x+y'
-as '\sqrt[3]{x+y}'. The radical grows with the size of ARG (as the
-height of the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets
-steeper, until for a large enough 'arg', it is vertical).
+argument ROOT-NUMBER gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of ‘x+y’
+as ‘\sqrt[3]{x+y}’. The size of the radical grows with that of ARG (as
+the height of the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets
+steeper, until for a tall enough ‘arg’, it is vertical).
- LaTeX has a separate '\surd' character (*note Math symbols::).
+ LaTeX has a separate ‘\surd’ symbol for making a square root without
+ARG (*note Math symbols::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \stackrel, Prev: \sqrt, Up: Math miscellany
-16.8.5 '\stackrel'
+16.8.5 ‘\stackrel’
------------------
-Synopsis, one of:
+Synopsis:
\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}
Put TEXT above RELATION. To put a function name above an arrow enter
-'\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.
+‘\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top
@@ -11644,50 +11710,50 @@
in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
- * "Paragraph mode" (in plain TeX this is called "horizontal mode") is
+ • “Paragraph mode” (in plain TeX this is called “horizontal mode”) is
what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the
input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so
that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode
LaTeX is in most of the time.
- "LR mode" (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
- "restricted horizontal mode") is in effect when LaTeX starts making
- a box with an '\mbox' command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX's
+ “LR mode” (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+ “restricted horizontal mode”) is in effect when LaTeX starts making
+ a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX’s
output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in
paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to
- put that box into a line, it could very well complain that the
- finished LR box won't fit there.)
+ put that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished
+ LR box won’t fit there.)
- * "Math mode" is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical
+ • “Math mode” is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical
formula.
- "Display math mode" is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
+ “Display math mode” is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from
inline ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on
- '\int' differs in the two situations.)
+ ‘\int’ differs in the two situations.)
- * "Vertical mode" is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+ • “Vertical mode” is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of
page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is in when it starts a
document.
- "Internal vertical mode" is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
- '\vbox'. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+ “Internal vertical mode” is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+ ‘\vbox’. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
vertical analogue of LR mode.
-For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with 'Let \( x \) be ...'
+For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘Let \( x \) be ...’
then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in vertical
-mode, then it reads the 'L' and switches to paragraph mode, then the
-next switch happens at the '\(' where LaTeX changes to math mode, and
+mode, then it reads the ‘L’ and switches to paragraph mode, then the
+next switch happens at the ‘\(’ where LaTeX changes to math mode, and
then when it leaves the formula it pops back to paragraph mode.
- Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a '\parbox' command or a
-'minipage' then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it will not put a
-page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a "parbox", LaTeX is
-in "inner paragraph mode". Its more usual situation, where it can put
-page breaks, is "outer paragraph mode" (*note Page breaking::).
+ Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a ‘\parbox’ command or a
+‘minipage’ then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it will not put a
+page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a “parbox”, LaTeX is
+in “inner paragraph mode”. Its more usual situation, where it can put
+page breaks, is “outer paragraph mode” (*note Page breaking::).
* Menu:
@@ -11696,7 +11762,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \ensuremath, Up: Modes
-17.1 '\ensuremath'
+17.1 ‘\ensuremath’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -11712,7 +11778,7 @@
\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
- Caution: the '\ensuremath' command is useful but not a panacea.
+ Caution: the ‘\ensuremath’ command is useful but not a panacea.
\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
@@ -11732,8 +11798,8 @@
such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first
page of an article.
- The package 'fancyhdr' is very helpful for constructing page styles.
-See its documentation on CTAN.
+ The package ‘fancyhdr’ is commonly used for constructing page styles.
+See its documentation.
* Menu:
@@ -11745,7 +11811,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
-18.1 '\maketitle'
+18.1 ‘\maketitle’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -11753,12 +11819,12 @@
\maketitle
Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a
-separate page, except in the 'article' class where it is at the top of
+separate page, except in the ‘article’ class where it is at the top of
the first page. (*Note Document class options::, for information about
-the 'titlepage' document class option.)
+the ‘titlepage’ document class option.)
- This example shows '\maketitle' appearing in its usual place,
-immediately after '\begin{document}'.
+ This example shows ‘\maketitle’ appearing in its usual place,
+immediately after ‘\begin{document}’.
\documentclass{article}
\title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts}
@@ -11781,45 +11847,46 @@
...
You tell LaTeX the information used to produce the title by making
-the following declarations. These must come before the '\maketitle',
+the following declarations. These must come before the ‘\maketitle’,
either in the preamble or in the document body.
-'\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}'
+‘\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}’
Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is
- a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. To separate lines
- within a single author's entry, for instance to give the author's
- institution or address, use a double backslash, '\\'. If you omit
- the '\author' declaration then you get 'LaTeX Warning: No \author
- given'.
+ a list of authors separated by ‘\and’ commands. To separate lines
+ within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s
+ institution or address, use a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit
+ the ‘\author’ declaration then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: No \author
+ given’.
-'\date{TEXT}'
- Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document's date. The TEXT
- doesn't need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
- you omit '\date' then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::).
- To have no date, instead use '\date{}'.
+‘\date{TEXT}’
+ Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document’s date. The TEXT
+ doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If
+ you omit ‘\date’ then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::).
+ To have no date, instead use ‘\date{}’.
-'\thanks{TEXT}'
+‘\thanks{TEXT}’
Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author
information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
- also use it in the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It
- can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as
- to print an email address.
+ also use it in the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense.
+ It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such
+ as to print an email address.
-'\title{TEXT}'
+‘\title{TEXT}’
Required. Declare TEXT to be the title of the document. Get line
- breaks inside TEXT with a double backslash, '\\'. If you omit the
- '\title' declaration then you get 'LaTeX Error: No \title given'.
+ breaks inside TEXT with a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit the
+ ‘\title’ declaration then the ‘\maketitle’ command yields error
+ ‘LaTeX Error: No \title given’.
To make your own title page, see *note titlepage::. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-'\maketitle' command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in
-place of 'article' that formats the title according to their house
+‘\maketitle’ command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in
+place of ‘article’ that formats the title according to their house
requirements.)
File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles
-18.2 '\pagenumbering'
+18.2 ‘\pagenumbering’
=====================
Synopsis:
@@ -11829,11 +11896,12 @@
Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The
numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of
contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
-so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments.
+so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
+or an end of environment.
- In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered 'a',
-etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages are
-numbered '1', etc.
+ In this example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are numbered
+‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’ call in
+that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc.
\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
...
@@ -11843,43 +11911,43 @@
The argument NUMBER-STYLE is one of the following (see also *note
\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).
-'arabic'
+‘arabic’
Arabic numerals: 1, 2, ...
-'roman'
+‘roman’
lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, ...
-'Roman'
+‘Roman’
uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, ...
-'alph'
+‘alph’
lowercase letters: a, b, ... If you have more than 26 pages then
- you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large'.
+ you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’.
-'Alph'
+‘Alph’
uppercase letters: A, B, ... If you have more than 26 pages then
- you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large'.
+ you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’.
-'gobble'
+‘gobble’
LaTeX does not output a page number, although it does get reset.
References to that page also are blank. (This does not work with
- the popular package 'hyperref' so to have the page number not
- appear you may want to instead use '\pagestyle{empty}' or
- '\thispagestyle{empty}'.)
+ the popular package ‘hyperref’ so to have the page number not
+ appear you may want to instead use ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or
+ ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.)
- Traditionally, if a document has front matter--preface, table of
-contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
+ Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of
+contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
main matter of a document uses arabic. *Note \frontmatter & \mainmatter
& \backmatter::.
If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of the page
-number, then you manipulate the 'page' counter (*note Counters::).
+number, then you manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
-18.3 '\pagestyle'
+18.3 ‘\pagestyle’
=================
Synopsis:
@@ -11890,35 +11958,35 @@
typeset, from the current page onwards.
A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
-'fancyhdr' is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers.
+‘fancyhdr’ is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers.
New documents that need to do anything other than one of the standard
options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN.
Values for STYLE:
-'plain'
+‘plain’
The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number,
centered.
-'empty'
+‘empty’
The header and footer are both empty.
-'headings'
+‘headings’
Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style
specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below.
-'myheadings'
- Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright'
+‘myheadings’
+ Custom headers, specified via the ‘\markboth’ or the ‘\markright’
commands.
- Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX's mechanism will help you
-work with the options 'headings' or 'myheadings'. The document source
-below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle 'headings'. On
-this document's left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
+ Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you
+work with the options ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. The document source
+below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle ‘headings’. On
+this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page
number) the title of the current section. On its right hand pages LaTeX
wants the title of the current subsection. When it makes up a page,
-LaTeX gets this information from the commands '\leftmark' and
-'\rightmark'. So it is up to '\section' and '\subsection' to store that
+LaTeX gets this information from the commands ‘\leftmark’ and
+‘\rightmark’. So it is up to ‘\section’ and ‘\subsection’ to store that
information there.
\documentclass[twoside]{article}
@@ -11933,7 +12001,7 @@
...
Suppose that the second section falls on a left page. Although when the
-page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put 'Section 2' in
+page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put ‘Section 2’ in
the left page header. As to the right header, if no subsection starts
before the end of the right page then LaTeX blanks the right hand
header. If a subsection does appear before the right page finishes then
@@ -11944,29 +12012,30 @@
puts in the right hand header the title of the last subsection to start,
that is, the one in effect during the right hand page.
- To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has '\section'
-issue a command '\markboth', setting '\leftmark' to 'Section 2' and
-setting '\rightmark' to blank. And, LaTeX has '\subsection' issue a
-command '\markright', setting '\rightmark' to 'Subsection 2.1', etc.
+ To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has ‘\section’
+issue a command ‘\markboth’, setting ‘\leftmark’ to ‘Section 2’ and
+setting ‘\rightmark’ to an empty content. And, LaTeX has ‘\subsection’
+issue a command ‘\markright’, setting ‘\rightmark’ to ‘Subsection 2.1’,
+etc.
- Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright':
+ Here are the descriptions of ‘\markboth’ and ‘\markright’:
-'\markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}'
+‘\markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}’
Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for
- either a page style of 'headings' or 'myheadings'. A left hand
- page heading LEFT-HEAD is generated by the last '\markboth' command
+ either a page style of ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. A left hand
+ page heading LEFT-HEAD is generated by the last ‘\markboth’ command
before the end of the page. A right hand page heading RIGHT-HEAD
- is generated by the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on
+ is generated by the first ‘\markboth’ or ‘\markright’ that comes on
the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came
before that page.
-'\markright{RIGHT}'
+‘\markright{RIGHT-HEAD}’
Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles
-18.4 '\thispagestyle'
+18.4 ‘\thispagestyle’
=====================
Synopsis:
@@ -11973,7 +12042,7 @@
\thispagestyle{STYLE}
- Works in the same way as the '\pagestyle' (*note \pagestyle::),
+ Works in the same way as the ‘\pagestyle’ (*note \pagestyle::),
except that it changes to STYLE for the current page only. This
declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces
or environments.
@@ -11980,7 +12049,7 @@
Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style.
For example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first
-chapter in 'plain' style, as is the default (*note Page styles::).
+chapter in ‘plain’ style, as is the default (*note Page styles::).
\documentclass{book}
\pagestyle{headings}
@@ -11990,9 +12059,9 @@
\chapter{Second chapter}\thispagestyle{empty}
...
-The 'plain' style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To
-make the page entirely empty, the command '\thispagestyle{empty}'
-immediately follows the second '\chapter'.
+The ‘plain’ style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To
+make the page entirely empty, the command ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’
+immediately follows the second ‘\chapter’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top
@@ -12029,7 +12098,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad, Next: \hspace, Up: Spaces
-19.1 '\enspace' & '\quad' & '\qquad'
+19.1 ‘\enspace’ & ‘\quad’ & ‘\qquad’
====================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12051,15 +12120,15 @@
\qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}
\end{center}
-*Note Spacing in math mode::, for '\quad' and '\qquad'. These are
+*Note Spacing in math mode::, for ‘\quad’ and ‘\qquad’. These are
lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice in
many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
-'\hspace'.
+‘\hspace’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \hfill, Prev: \enspace & \quad & \qquad, Up: Spaces
-19.2 '\hspace'
+19.2 ‘\hspace’
==============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12069,17 +12138,17 @@
Insert the amount LENGTH of horizontal space. The LENGTH can be
positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is like
-backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a 'plus' or
-'minus' component, or both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is
-stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called "glue".
+backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a ‘plus’ or
+‘minus’ component, or both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is
+stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called “glue”.
- This makes a line with 'Name:' an inch from the right margin.
+ This makes a line with ‘Name:’ an inch from the right margin.
\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
- The '*'-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
-precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues
-and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The '*'-form avoids
+ The ‘*’-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
+precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space—glues
+and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids
that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of
the space).
@@ -12091,10 +12160,10 @@
conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
-the 1 inch blank following 'conceived in' falls at the start of a line.
-If you erase the '*' then LaTeX discards the blank.
+the 1 inch blank following ‘conceived in’ falls at the start of a line.
+If you erase the ‘*’ then LaTeX discards the blank.
- Here, the '\hspace' separates the three graphics.
+ Here, the ‘\hspace’ separates the three graphics.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space
@@ -12102,14 +12171,14 @@
\hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
\end{center}
-Because the argument to each '\hspace' has 'minus 0.25cm', each can
-shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won't
+Because the argument to each ‘\hspace’ has ‘minus 0.25cm’, each can
+shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won’t
shrink more than 0.25cm (*note Lengths::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hss, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces
-19.3 '\hfill'
+19.3 ‘\hfill’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -12119,14 +12188,14 @@
Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can
stretch horizontally as far as needed (*note Lengths::).
- This creates a one-line paragraph with 'Name:' on the left side of
-the page and 'Quiz One' on the right.
+ This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘Name:’ on the left side of
+the page and ‘Quiz One’ on the right.
\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
- The '\hfill' command is equivalent to '\hspace{\fill}' and so the
+ The ‘\hfill’ command is equivalent to ‘\hspace{\fill}’ and so the
space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
-'\hspace*{\fill}' (*note \hspace::).
+‘\hspace*{\fill}’ (*note \hspace::).
Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
@@ -12140,12 +12209,12 @@
\caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
\end{figure}
-Note the '\hspace*''s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+Note the ‘\hspace*’’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hss, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
-19.4 '\hss'
+19.4 ‘\hss’
===========
Synopsis:
@@ -12154,10 +12223,10 @@
Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX authors
-should reach first for the '\makebox' command to get the effects of
-'\hss' (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
+should reach first for the ‘\makebox’ command to get the effects of
+‘\hss’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
- Here, the first line's '\hss' makes the Z stick out to the right,
+ Here, the first line’s ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
overwriting the X.
@@ -12164,13 +12233,13 @@
X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
-Without the '\hss' you get something like 'Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt too
-wide) detected at line 20'.
+Without the ‘\hss’ you get something like ‘Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt too
+wide) detected at line 20’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \spacefactor, Next: \(SPACE), Prev: \hss, Up: Spaces
-19.5 '\spacefactor'
+19.5 ‘\spacefactor’
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -12177,17 +12246,17 @@
\spacefactor=INTEGER
- Influence LaTeX's glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
+ Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-"interword glue"; *note \hspace::). The '\spacefactor' command (from
+“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ command (from
Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
-parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is
+parameter called the “space factor”. If the next thing in the input is
a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking can
happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that
the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor
@@ -12198,19 +12267,19 @@
bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
after a capital letter.
- If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's
+ If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font’s
normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000
-then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
-point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value
+then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10
+point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s normal stretch value
is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and
1.11111 points).
- For example, consider the period ending 'A man's best friend is his
-dog.' After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+ For example, consider the period ending ‘A man's best friend is his
+dog.’ After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
-after 'friend', which does not end in a period.
+after ‘friend’, which does not end in a period.
The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
@@ -12222,13 +12291,13 @@
ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations that do not
end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
- You can only use '\spacefactor' in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note
-Modes::). You can see the current value with '\the\spacefactor' or
-'\showthe\spacefactor'.
+ You can only use ‘\spacefactor’ in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note
+Modes::). You can see the current value with ‘\the\spacefactor’ or
+‘\showthe\spacefactor’.
- (Comment, not really related to '\spacefactor': if you get errors
-like 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode', or 'You can't use
-`\spacefactor' in math mode.', or 'Improper \spacefactor' then you have
+ (Comment, not really related to ‘\spacefactor’: if you get errors
+like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then you have
probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter &
\makeatother::.)
@@ -12241,7 +12310,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \@, Next: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
-19.5.1 '\@'
+19.5.1 ‘\@’
-----------
Synopsis:
@@ -12261,12 +12330,12 @@
The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a
-capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting '\@' before
-it. The first period ends the abbreviation 'etc.' but not the sentence.
-The backslash-space, '\ ', produces a mid-sentence space.
+capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before
+it. The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence.
+The backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space.
So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
-sentence, then put '\@' before the period. This holds even if there is
+sentence, then put ‘\@’ before the period. This holds even if there is
an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double
quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through those
characters. For example, this
@@ -12276,21 +12345,21 @@
will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
- The '\@' command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a
-text mode then you get 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode'
+ The ‘\@’ command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a
+text mode then you get ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’
(*note Modes::).
Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose
last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the
last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
-backslash-space, ('\ '), or a tie, ('~'), or '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\
-Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note
-in the last one that the '\@' comes before the closing parenthesis).
+backslash-space, (‘\ ’), or a tie, (‘~’), or ‘\@’. Examples are ‘Nat.\
+Acad.\ Science’, and ‘Mr.~Bean’, and ‘(manure, etc.\@) for sale’ (note
+in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes before the closing parenthesis).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \@, Up: \spacefactor
-19.5.2 '\frenchspacing' & '\nonfrenchspacing'
+19.5.2 ‘\frenchspacing’ & ‘\nonfrenchspacing’
---------------------------------------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12307,7 +12376,7 @@
Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
-that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring '\frenchspacing' (the
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring ‘\frenchspacing’ (the
command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are
treated equally.
@@ -12314,7 +12383,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
-19.5.3 '\normalsfcodes'
+19.5.3 ‘\normalsfcodes’
-----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -12327,7 +12396,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE), Next: ~, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces
-19.6 Backslash-space, '\ '
+19.6 Backslash-space, ‘\ ’
==========================
This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
@@ -12356,35 +12425,35 @@
the bottom line asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That
is, the backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal
space. (Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all
-with '\hspace'; see *note \hspace::.)
+with ‘\hspace’; see *note \hspace::.)
The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used
after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that
-follows, as after '\TeX' in '\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)'. (But using curly
+follows, as after ‘\TeX’ in ‘\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)’. (But using curly
braces has the advantage of still working whether the next character is
-a blank or any other non-letter, as in '\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})' in which
-'{}' can be added after '\LaTeX' as well as after '\TeX'.) The other
+a blank or any other non-letter, as in ‘\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})’ in which
+‘{}’ can be added after ‘\LaTeX’ as well as after ‘\TeX’.) The other
common use is that it marks a period as ending an abbreviation instead
-of ending a sentence, as in 'Prof.\ Smith' or 'Jones et al.\ (1993)'
+of ending a sentence, as in ‘Prof.\ Smith’ or ‘Jones et al.\ (1993)’
(*note \@::).
- Under normal circumstances, '\'<TAB> and '\'<NEWLINE> are equivalent
-to backslash-space, '\ '.
+ Under normal circumstances, ‘\’<TAB> and ‘\’<NEWLINE> are equivalent
+to backslash-space, ‘\ ’.
Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation,
under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So
-the following prints 'one word':
+the following prints ‘one word’:
one
word
-where the white space between 'one' and 'word' is produced by the
-newline after 'one', not by the space before 'word'.
+where the white space between ‘one’ and ‘word’ is produced by the
+newline after ‘one’, not by the space before ‘word’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: ~, Next: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Prev: \(SPACE), Up: Spaces
-19.7 '~'
+19.7 ‘~’
========
Synopsis:
@@ -12391,14 +12460,14 @@
BEFORE~AFTER
- The "tie" character, '~', produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER
+ The “tie” character, ‘~’, produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER
at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has
length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::).
- Note that the word 'tie' has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
-community; this differs from the typographic term "tie", which is a
-diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a "tie-after" accent in 'The
-TeXbook'.
+ Note that the word ‘tie’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
+community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which is a
+diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent in ‘The
+TeXbook’.
Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words:
@@ -12410,49 +12479,49 @@
Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
+words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
-from 'The TeXbook'.
+from ‘The TeXbook’.
- * Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
- 'Chapter~12', or 'Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}', or
- 'Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}'.
+ • Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
+ ‘Chapter~12’, or ‘Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}’, or
+ ‘Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}’.
- * When cases are enumerated inline: '(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
- (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded'.
+ • When cases are enumerated inline: ‘(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
+ (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded’.
- * Between a number and its unit: '$745.7.8$~watts' (the 'siunitx'
- package has a special facility for this) or '144~eggs'. This
- includes between a month and day number in a date: 'October~12' or
- '12~Oct'. In general, in any expressions where numbers and
- abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: 'AD~565', or
- '2:50~pm', or 'Boeing~747', or '268~Plains Road', or
- '\$$1.4$~billion'. Other common choices here are a thin space
+ • Between a number and its unit: ‘$745.7.8$~watts’ (the ‘siunitx’
+ package has a special facility for this) or ‘144~eggs’. This
+ includes between a month and day number in a date: ‘October~12’ or
+ ‘12~Oct’. In general, in any expressions where numbers and
+ abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: ‘AD~565’, or
+ ‘2:50~pm’, or ‘Boeing~747’, or ‘268~Plains Road’, or
+ ‘\$$1.4$~billion’. Other common choices here are a thin space
(*note \thinspace & \negthinspace::) and no space at all.
- * When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: 'equals~$n$', or
- 'less than~$\epsilon$', or 'given~$X$', or 'modulo~$p^e$ for all
- large~$n$' (but compare 'is~$15$' with 'is $15$~times the height').
+ • When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: ‘equals~$n$’, or
+ ‘less than~$\epsilon$’, or ‘given~$X$’, or ‘modulo~$p^e$ for all
+ large~$n$’ (but compare ‘is~$15$’ with ‘is $15$~times the height’).
Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
- 'dimension~$d$' or 'function~$f(x)$' (but compare 'with length
- $l$~or more'). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
- preposition: 'of~$x$', or 'from $0$ to~$1$', or 'in common
- with~$m$'.
+ ‘dimension~$d$’ or ‘function~$f(x)$’ (but compare ‘with length
+ $l$~or more’). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
+ preposition: ‘of~$x$’, or ‘from $0$ to~$1$’, or ‘in common
+ with~$m$’.
- * Between symbols in series: '$1$,~$2$, or~$3$' or '$1$,~$2$,
- \ldots,~$n$'.
+ • Between symbols in series: ‘$1$,~$2$, or~$3$’ or ‘$1$,~$2$,
+ \ldots,~$n$’.
- * Between a person's given names and between multiple surnames:
- 'Donald~E. Knuth', or 'Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo', or 'Charles~XII'--but
- you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do 'Charles
- Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin'.
+ • Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames:
+ ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’—but
+ you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do ‘Charles
+ Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Next: \/, Prev: ~, Up: Spaces
-19.8 '\thinspace' & '\negthinspace'
+19.8 ‘\thinspace’ & ‘\negthinspace’
===================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12461,30 +12530,30 @@
\negthinspace
These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6em and
--1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of '\,' and
-'\!' (*note Spacing in math mode/\thinspace::).
+-1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of ‘\,’ and
+‘\!’ (*note Spacing in math mode/\thinspace::).
- You can use '\,' as a synonym for '\thinspace' in text mode.
+ You can use ‘\,’ as a synonym for ‘\thinspace’ in text mode.
- One common use of '\thinspace' is as the space between nested quotes:
+ One common use of ‘\thinspace’ is as the space between nested quotes:
Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
-Another use is that some style guides call for a '\thinspace' between an
+Another use is that some style guides call for a ‘\thinspace’ between an
ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides, think the
three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another style-specific use is
-between initials, as in 'D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth'.
+between initials, as in ‘D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth’.
LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode
-(*note Spacing in math mode::). With the 'amsmath' package, or as of
+(*note Spacing in math mode::). With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of
the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as well as
-math mode, including '\!' for '\negthinspace'; but otherwise, they are
+math mode, including ‘\!’ for ‘\negthinspace’; but otherwise, they are
available only in math mode.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Up: Spaces
-19.9 '\/'
+19.9 ‘\/’
=========
Synopsis:
@@ -12491,13 +12560,13 @@
BEFORE-CHARACTER\/AFTER-CHARACTER
- Insert an "italic correction", a small space defined by the font
+ Insert an “italic correction”, a small space defined by the font
designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character
-colliding with whatever follows. When you use '\/', LaTeX takes the
+colliding with whatever follows. When you use ‘\/’, LaTeX takes the
correction from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has
been applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
- Here, were it not for the '\/', the BEFORE-CHARACTER italic f would
+ Here, were it not for the ‘\/’, the BEFORE-CHARACTER italic f would
hit the AFTER-CHARACTER roman H
\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
@@ -12504,25 +12573,25 @@
because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
- If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don't insert an italic
+ If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don’t insert an italic
correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the baseline
already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with normal
letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used between a
switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font.
- When you use commands such as '\emph' and '\textit' and '\textsl' to
+ When you use commands such as ‘\emph’ and ‘\textit’ and ‘\textsl’ to
change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the italic correction when
-needed (*note Font styles::). However, declarations such as '\em' and
-'\itshape' and '\slshape' do not automatically insert italic
+needed (*note Font styles::). However, declarations such as ‘\em’ and
+‘\itshape’ and ‘\slshape’ do not automatically insert italic
corrections.
Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example
-where this is needed is the name 'pdf\/\TeX'. However, most upright
+where this is needed is the name ‘pdf\/\TeX’. However, most upright
characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators do not
include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called
-"slant parameter" (namely '\fontdimen1'), to determine whether to
+“slant parameter” (namely ‘\fontdimen1’), to determine whether to
possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
particular font commands.
@@ -12532,7 +12601,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Next: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces
-19.10 '\hrulefill' & '\dotfill'
+19.10 ‘\hrulefill’ & ‘\dotfill’
===============================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12554,10 +12623,10 @@
\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
- To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use '\null' at the
+ To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use ‘\null’ at the
start or end.
- To change the rule's thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
+ To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
here
\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
@@ -12584,7 +12653,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Next: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Prev: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Up: Spaces
-19.11 '\bigskip' & '\medskip' & '\smallskip'
+19.11 ‘\bigskip’ & ‘\medskip’ & ‘\smallskip’
============================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12597,7 +12666,7 @@
These commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from The Golden Ocean by
-O'Brian).
+O’Brian).
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he
was at home again, and it was delightful.
@@ -12609,27 +12678,27 @@
Each command is associated with a length defined in the document
class file.
-'\bigskip'
- The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
- space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book' and
- 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt'.
+‘\bigskip’
+ The same as ‘\vspace{\bigskipamount}’, ordinarily about one line
+ space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the ‘book’ and
+ ‘article’ classes is ‘12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt’.
-'\medskip'
- The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
- line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book'
- and 'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt'.
+‘\medskip’
+ The same as ‘\vspace{\medskipamount}’, ordinarily about half of a
+ line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the ‘book’
+ and ‘article’ classes is ‘6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt’.
-'\smallskip'
- The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
+‘\smallskip’
+ The same as ‘\vspace{\smallskipamount}’, ordinarily about a quarter
of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
- 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'.
+ ‘book’ and ‘article’ classes is ‘3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt’.
- Because each command is a '\vspace', if you use it in mid-paragraph
+ Because each command is a ‘\vspace’, if you use it in mid-paragraph
then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
these are best between paragraphs.
- The commands '\bigbreak', '\medbreak', and '\smallbreak' are similar
+ The commands ‘\bigbreak’, ‘\medbreak’, and ‘\smallbreak’ are similar
but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to put a page break
(*note \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak::.
@@ -12636,7 +12705,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Next: \strut, Prev: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Up: Spaces
-19.12 '\bigbreak' & '\medbreak' & '\smallbreak'
+19.12 ‘\bigbreak’ & ‘\medbreak’ & ‘\smallbreak’
===============================================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12647,12 +12716,12 @@
Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and
suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The
-associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.)
+associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and −50.)
*Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip::, for more. These commands
produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a
preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as
-with '\addvspace'). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where they
+with ‘\addvspace’). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where they
are used: this example
abc\bigbreak def ghi
@@ -12659,14 +12728,14 @@
jkl mno pqr
-will output three paragraphs, the first ending in 'abc' and the second
+will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘abc’ and the second
starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent, with
-'def'.
+‘def’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \strut, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Up: Spaces
-19.13 '\strut'
+19.13 ‘\strut’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -12673,13 +12742,13 @@
\strut
- Ensure that the current line has height at least '0.7\baselineskip'
-and depth at least '0.3\baselineskip'. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into
+ Ensure that the current line has height at least ‘0.7\baselineskip’
+and depth at least ‘0.3\baselineskip’. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into
the line a rectangle having zero width,
-'\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}' (*note \rule::). The
-'\baselineskip' changes with the current font or fontsize.
+‘\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}’ (*note \rule::). The
+‘\baselineskip’ changes with the current font or fontsize.
- In this example the '\strut' keeps the box inside the frame from
+ In this example the ‘\strut’ keeps the box inside the frame from
having zero height.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
@@ -12686,7 +12755,7 @@
This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. The second
-list fixes that with a '\strut' at the end of its first item's second
+list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item’s second
line.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
@@ -12719,23 +12788,23 @@
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
-The final two lists use '\fbox' to show what's happening. The first
-item '\parbox' of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second
-'test', which happens not have any characters that descend below the
+The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what’s happening. The first
+item ‘\parbox’ of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second
+‘test’, which happens not have any characters that descend below the
baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
below-baseline space.
- The '\strut' command is often useful in graphics, such as in 'TikZ'
-or 'Asymptote'. For instance, you may have a command such as
-'\graphnode{NODE-NAME}' that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However,
-unless you are careful the NODE-NAME's 'x' and 'y' will produce
+ The ‘\strut’ command is often useful in graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’
+or ‘Asymptote’. For instance, you may have a command such as
+‘\graphnode{NODE-NAME}’ that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However,
+unless you are careful the NODE-NAME’s ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce
different-diameter circles because the characters are different sizes.
-A careful '\graphnode' might insert a '\strut', then NODE-NAME, and then
+A careful ‘\graphnode’ might insert a ‘\strut’, then NODE-NAME, and then
draw the circle.
- The general approach of using a zero width '\rule' is useful in many
+ The general approach of using a zero width ‘\rule’ is useful in many
circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of the
-first integral from hitting the '\hline'. Similarly, the second rule
+first integral from hitting the ‘\hline’. Similarly, the second rule
keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
\begin{tabular}{rl}
@@ -12746,15 +12815,15 @@
\end{tabular}
(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
-optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won't
+optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t
solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
-'\\[2.5ex]' will put more room between the header line and the '\hline'
+‘\\[2.5ex]’ will put more room between the header line and the ‘\hline’
rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \vfill, Prev: \strut, Up: Spaces
-19.14 '\vspace'
+19.14 ‘\vspace’
===============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12763,7 +12832,7 @@
\vspace*{LENGTH}
Add the vertical space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, negative,
-or zero. It is a rubber length--it may contain a 'plus' or 'minus'
+or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’
component (*note Lengths::).
This puts space between the two paragraphs.
@@ -12776,9 +12845,9 @@
(*Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip::, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
- The '*'-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
+ The ‘*’-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the
-'*'-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between
+‘*’-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between
the two questions.
Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
@@ -12789,10 +12858,10 @@
That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
between the questions.
- If you use '\vspace' in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+ If you use ‘\vspace’ in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing
-the '\vspace' command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
-'\vspace' command.
+the ‘\vspace’ command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
+‘\vspace’ command.
In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
@@ -12808,7 +12877,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \vspace, Up: Spaces
-19.15 '\vfill'
+19.15 ‘\vfill’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -12819,14 +12888,14 @@
infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed (*note
Lengths::).
- It is often used in the same way as '\vspace{\fill}', except that
-'\vfill' ends the current paragraph whereas '\vspace{\fill}' adds the
+ It is often used in the same way as ‘\vspace{\fill}’, except that
+‘\vfill’ ends the current paragraph whereas ‘\vspace{\fill}’ adds the
infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the paragraph
structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page boundary;
to circumvent this see the starred option in *note \vspace::.
In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines
-contain the text 'Lost Dog!' and the second 'Lost Dog!' is exactly
+contain the text ‘Lost Dog!’ and the second ‘Lost Dog!’ is exactly
halfway between them.
\begin{document}
@@ -12840,7 +12909,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces
-19.16 '\addvspace'
+19.16 ‘\addvspace’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -12848,16 +12917,16 @@
\addvspace{VERT-LENGTH}
Add a vertical space of VERT-LENGTH. However, if there are two or
-more '\addvspace''s in a sequence then together they only add the space
+more ‘\addvspace’’s in a sequence then together they only add the space
needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
-VERT-LENGTH's in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
+VERT-LENGTH’s in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note
\protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
- This example illustrates. The 'picture' draws a scale over which to
+ This example illustrates. The ‘picture’ draws a scale over which to
rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length
-'\baselineskip' is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two rules are 22pt
-apart: the sum of the '\baselineskip' and the 10pt from the first
-'\addvspace'.
+‘\baselineskip’ is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two rules are 22pt
+apart: the sum of the ‘\baselineskip’ and the 10pt from the first
+‘\addvspace’.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{color}
@@ -12872,21 +12941,21 @@
\par\noindent\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%
\end{document}
-Now uncomment the second '\addvspace'. It does not make the gap 20pt
-longer; instead the gap is the sum of '\baselineskip' and 20pt. So
-'\addvspace' in a sense does the opposite of its name--it makes sure
-that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only
-the largest one is used.
+Now uncomment the second ‘\addvspace’. It does not make the gap 20pt
+longer; instead the gap is the sum of ‘\baselineskip’ and 20pt. So
+‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name—it makes sure that
+multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the
+largest one is used.
LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
-an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a 'theorem'
-environment begins and ends with '\addvspace' so that two consecutive
-'theorem''s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
+an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a ‘theorem’
+environment begins and ends with ‘\addvspace’ so that two consecutive
+‘theorem’’s are separated by one vertical space, not two.
- A error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item' pointing to an
-'\addvspace' means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this
-command. One way to change that is to precede '\addvspace' with a
-'\par' command (*note \par::), as in the above example.
+ A error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’ pointing to an
+‘\addvspace’ means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this
+command. One way to change that is to precede ‘\addvspace’ with a
+‘\par’ command (*note \par::), as in the above example.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Color, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top
@@ -12898,7 +12967,7 @@
page. So these commands are central.
There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating
-boxes. One useful adjunct to the commands here is 'adjustbox'.
+boxes. One useful adjunct to the commands here is ‘adjustbox’.
* Menu:
@@ -12906,14 +12975,14 @@
* \fbox & \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
-* \sbox & \savebox:: Like '\makebox' but save the text for later.
-* lrbox:: Environment version of '\sbox'.
+* \sbox & \savebox:: Like ‘\makebox’ but save the text for later.
+* lrbox:: Environment version of ‘\sbox’.
* \usebox:: Print saved text.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox & \makebox, Next: \fbox & \framebox, Up: Boxes
-20.1 '\mbox' & '\makebox'
+20.1 ‘\mbox’ & ‘\makebox’
=========================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -12924,18 +12993,18 @@
\makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
Create a box, a container for material. The TEXT is typeset in LR
-mode (*note Modes::) so it is not broken into lines. The '\mbox'
-command is robust, while '\makebox' is fragile (*note \protect::).
+mode (*note Modes::) so it is not broken into lines. The ‘\mbox’
+command is robust, while ‘\makebox’ is fragile (*note \protect::).
- Because 'text' is not broken into lines, you can use '\mbox' to
+ Because ‘text’ is not broken into lines, you can use ‘\mbox’ to
prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the tank
-name, 'T-34'.
+name, ‘T-34’.
The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
- The first two command synopsis versions, '\mbox' and '\makebox', are
-roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
-TEXT. (They are like plain TeX's '\hbox'.)
+ The first two command invocations shown, ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, are
+roughly the same. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
+TEXT. (They are like plain TeX’s ‘\hbox’.)
In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width
of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the
@@ -12944,12 +13013,12 @@
\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
-with 'Chapter Exam' centered. But TEXT can also be too wide for WIDTH.
+with ‘Chapter Exam’ centered. But TEXT can also be too wide for WIDTH.
See the example below of zero-width boxes.
In the WIDTH argument you can use the following lengths that refer to
-the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: '\depth',
-'\height', '\width', '\totalheight' (this is the box's height plus its
+the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’,
+‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box’s height plus its
depth). For example, to make a box with the text stretched to double
the natural size you can say this.
@@ -12959,23 +13028,23 @@
POSITION gives position of the text within the box. It may take the
following values:
-'c'
+‘c’
The TEXT is centered (default).
-'l'
+‘l’
The TEXT is flush left.
-'r'
+‘r’
Flush right.
-'s'
+‘s’
Stretch the interword space in TEXT across the entire WIDTH. The
TEXT must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
instance, this could head a press release:
- '\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
- RELEASE\hfil}'
+ ‘\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+ RELEASE\hfil}’
- A common use of '\makebox' is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+ A common use of ‘\makebox’ is to make zero-width text boxes. This
puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
@@ -12983,10 +13052,9 @@
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
-
- The right edge of the output '10 points ' (note the ending space
-after 'points') will be just before the 'What'. You can use '\makebox'
-similarly when making graphics, such as in 'TikZ' or 'Asymptote', where
+ The right edge of the output ‘10 points ’ (note the ending space
+after ‘points’) will be just before the ‘What’. You can use ‘\makebox’
+similarly when making graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’ or ‘Asymptote’, where
you put the edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the
length of that text.
@@ -12993,20 +13061,20 @@
For boxes with frames see *note \fbox & \framebox::. For colors
see *note Colored boxes::.
- There is a related version of '\makebox' that is used within the
-'picture' environment, where the length is given in terms of
-'\unitlength' (*note \makebox (picture)::).
+ There is a related version of ‘\makebox’ that is used within the
+‘picture’ environment, where the length is given in terms of
+‘\unitlength’ (*note \makebox (picture)::).
- As TEXT is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash '\\' nor
-'\par' will give you a new line; for instance '\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}'
-outputs 'abc defghi' while '\makebox{abc def \par ghi}' outputs 'abc def
-ghi', both on a single line. To get multiple lines see *note \parbox::
+ As TEXT is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash ‘\\’ nor
+‘\par’ will give you a new line; for instance ‘\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}’
+outputs ‘abc defghi’ while ‘\makebox{abc def \par ghi}’ outputs ‘abc def
+ghi’, both on a single line. To get multiple lines see *note \parbox::
and *note minipage::.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox & \framebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \mbox & \makebox, Up: Boxes
-20.2 '\fbox' & '\framebox'
+20.2 ‘\fbox’ & ‘\framebox’
==========================
Synopses, one of:
@@ -13017,9 +13085,9 @@
\framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the
-TEXT. These commands are the same as '\mbox' and '\makebox' except for
-the frame (*note \mbox & \makebox::). The '\fbox' command is robust,
-the '\framebox' command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+TEXT. These commands are the same as ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’ except for
+the frame (*note \mbox & \makebox::). The ‘\fbox’ command is robust,
+the ‘\framebox’ command is fragile (*note \protect::).
\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
@@ -13027,7 +13095,7 @@
that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making a
frame.
- The first two command invocations, '\fbox{...}' and '\framebox{...}',
+ The first two command invocations, ‘\fbox{...}’ and ‘\framebox{...}’,
are roughly the same. As to the third and fourth invocations, the
optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as WIDTH and the
position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note \mbox &
@@ -13036,18 +13104,18 @@
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
-The '\strut' ensures a total height of '\baselineskip' (*note \strut::).
+The ‘\strut’ ensures a total height of ‘\baselineskip’ (*note \strut::).
These parameters determine the frame layout.
-'\fboxrule'
+‘\fboxrule’
The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
- '\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}' (*note \setlength::).
+ ‘\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}’ (*note \setlength::).
-'\fboxsep'
+‘\fboxsep’
The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is
- 3pt. Change it with a command such as '\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}'
+ 3pt. Change it with a command such as ‘\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}’
(*note \setlength::). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: this
will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
@@ -13055,9 +13123,9 @@
\framebox{%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
- The extra curly braces keep the effect of the '\setlength' local.
+ The extra curly braces keep the effect of the ‘\setlength’ local.
- As with '\mbox' and '\makebox', LaTeX will not break lines in TEXT.
+ As with ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, LaTeX will not break lines in TEXT.
But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a paragraph, and then
frame the result.
@@ -13069,14 +13137,14 @@
*Note Colored boxes::, for colors other than black and white.
- The 'picture' environment has a version of the '\framebox' command
-where the units depend on 'picture''s '\unitlength' (*note \framebox
+ The ‘picture’ environment has a version of the ‘\framebox’ command
+where the units depend on ‘picture’’s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox
(picture)::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \fbox & \framebox, Up: Boxes
-20.3 '\parbox'
+20.3 ‘\parbox’
==============
Synopses, one of:
@@ -13098,11 +13166,11 @@
\end{picture}
The CONTENTS are processed in a text mode (*note Modes::) so LaTeX
-will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won't make multiple
-paragraphs; for that, use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).
+will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make multiple
+paragraphs; for that, use a ‘minipage’ environment (*note minipage::).
- The options for '\parbox' (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those
-for 'minipage'. For convenience a summary of the options is here but
+ The options for ‘\parbox’ (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those
+for ‘minipage’. For convenience a summary of the options is here but
see *note minipage:: for a complete description.
There are two required arguments. The WIDTH is a rigid length (*note
@@ -13111,26 +13179,26 @@
should not have any paragraph-making components.
There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS.
-The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the "parbox" with respect
-to the surrounding material. The supported values are 'c' or 'm' to
+The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the “parbox” with respect
+to the surrounding material. The supported values are ‘c’ or ‘m’ to
make the vertical center of the parbox lines up with the center of the
-adjacent text line (this is the default), or 't' to match the top line
-of the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding material, or 'b' to
+adjacent text line (this is the default), or ‘t’ to match the top line
+of the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding material, or ‘b’ to
match the bottom line.
The optional argument HEIGHT overrides the natural height of the box.
The optional argument INNER-POS controls the placement of CONTENT
-inside the 'parbox'. Its default is the value of POSITION. Its
-possible values are: 't' to put the CONTENT at the top of the box, 'c'
-to put it in the vertical center, 'b' to put it at the bottom of the
-box, and 's' to stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must
+inside the ‘parbox’. Its default is the value of POSITION. Its
+possible values are: ‘t’ to put the CONTENT at the top of the box, ‘c’
+to put it in the vertical center, ‘b’ to put it at the bottom of the
+box, and ‘s’ to stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must
contain vertically stretchable space).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \sbox & \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes
-20.4 '\raisebox'
+20.4 ‘\raisebox’
================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -13158,8 +13226,8 @@
In the arguments DISTANCE, HEIGHT, and DEPTH you can use the
following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets
-on typesetting TEXT: '\depth', '\height', '\width', '\totalheight' (this
-is the box's height plus its depth).
+on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this
+is the box’s height plus its depth).
This will align two graphics on their top (*note Graphics::).
@@ -13173,13 +13241,13 @@
\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}}
\end{center}
-The first '\height' is the height of 'lion.png' while the second is the
-height of 'meta.png'.
+The first ‘\height’ is the height of ‘lion.png’ while the second is the
+height of ‘meta.png’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox & \savebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes
-20.5 '\sbox' & '\savebox'
+20.5 ‘\sbox’ & ‘\savebox’
=========================
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -13189,12 +13257,12 @@
\savebox{BOX-CMD}[WIDTH]{TEXT}
\savebox{BOX-CMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}
- Typeset TEXT just as with '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::)
+ Typeset TEXT just as with ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::)
except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it in a box
register referred to by a variable named BOX-CMD. The variable name
-BOX-CMD begins with a backslash, '\'. You must have previously
-allocated the box register BOX-CMD with '\newsavebox' (*note
-\newsavebox::). The '\sbox' command is robust while '\savebox' is
+BOX-CMD begins with a backslash, ‘\’. You must have previously
+allocated the box register BOX-CMD with ‘\newsavebox’ (*note
+\newsavebox::). The ‘\sbox’ command is robust while ‘\savebox’ is
fragile (*note \protect::).
This creates and uses a box register.
@@ -13206,23 +13274,23 @@
Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
-One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a '\newcommand'
+One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a ‘\newcommand’
macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset
the contents. See the example below.
- The first two command invocations, '\sbox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}' and
-'\savebox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}', are roughly equivalent. As to the third and
-fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as
+ The first two command invocations shown above, ‘\sbox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}’
+and ‘\savebox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}’, are roughly the same. As to the third
+and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as
WIDTH, and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note
\mbox & \makebox::, for the full description.
- In the '\sbox' and '\savebox' commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode
+ In the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode
so it does not have line breaks (*note Modes::). If you use these then
-LaTeX doesn't give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
-enter '\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}' and '\usebox{\newreg}' then you get
-'testtest', while if you enter '\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}' and
-'\usebox{\newreg}' then you get 'test test', but no error or warning.
-To fix this use a '\parbox' or 'minipage' as here.
+LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you
+enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}’ and ‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get
+‘testtest’, while if you enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}’ and
+‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get ‘test test’, but no error or warning.
+To fix this use a ‘\parbox’ or ‘minipage’ as here.
\newsavebox{\areg}
\savebox{\areg}{%
@@ -13235,7 +13303,7 @@
...
\usebox{\areg}
- As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register's contents,
+ As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register’s contents,
this puts the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in
the header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
@@ -13254,15 +13322,15 @@
\markright{\usebox{\sealreg}}
\pagestyle{headings}
-The 'picture' environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
+The ‘picture’ environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
- If the register '\noreg' has not already been defined then you get
-something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg'.
+ If the register ‘\noreg’ has not already been defined then you get
+something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \sbox & \savebox, Up: Boxes
-20.6 'lrbox'
+20.6 ‘lrbox’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -13271,15 +13339,15 @@
TEXT
\end{lrbox}
- This is the environment form of the '\sbox' and '\savebox' commands,
+ This is the environment form of the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands,
and is equivalent to them. *Note \sbox & \savebox::, for the full
description.
The TEXT inside the environment is saved in the box register referred
-to by variable 'BOX-CMD'. The variable name BOX-CMD must begin with a
-backslash, '\'. You must allocate this box register in advance with
-'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). In this example the environment is
-convenient for entering the 'tabular'.
+to by variable ‘BOX-CMD’. The variable name BOX-CMD must begin with a
+backslash, ‘\’. You must allocate this box register in advance with
+‘\newsavebox’ (*note \newsavebox::). In this example the environment is
+convenient for entering the ‘tabular’.
\newsavebox{\jhreg}
\begin{lrbox}{\jhreg}
@@ -13294,7 +13362,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes
-20.7 '\usebox'
+20.7 ‘\usebox’
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -13302,9 +13370,9 @@
\usebox{BOX-CMD}
Produce the box most recently saved in the box register BOX-CMD by
-the commands '\sbox' or '\savebox', or the 'lrbox' environment. For
+the commands ‘\sbox’ or ‘\savebox’, or the ‘lrbox’ environment. For
more information and examples, *note \sbox & \savebox::. (Note that the
-variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, '\'.) This command is
+variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, ‘\’.) This command is
robust (*note \protect::).
@@ -13317,13 +13385,13 @@
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
Color support comes as an additional package. So put
-'\usepackage{color}' in your document preamble to use the commands
+‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands
described here.
- Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities.
-Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and
+ Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities.
+Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and
significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
-'HTML' and 'Hsb' color models.
+‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models.
* Menu:
@@ -13334,7 +13402,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color
-21.1 'color' package options
+21.1 ‘color’ package options
============================
Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
@@ -13341,34 +13409,34 @@
\usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color}
- When you load the 'color' package there are two kinds of available
+ When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available
options.
- The first specifies the "printer driver". LaTeX doesn't contain
+ The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn’t contain
information about different output systems but instead depends on
information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the
-driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's
+driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s
default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable
across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The
-currently relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex',
-'pdftex', 'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases
-for 'dvips' (and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
-for new systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex',
-'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex'
-(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone').
+currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’,
+‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases
+for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used
+for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
+‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
+(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’).
The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
-'monochrome'
+‘monochrome’
Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but
do not generate color either.
-'dvipsnames'
+‘dvipsnames’
Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
particularly in legacy documents. These color names were
- originally provided by the 'dvips' driver, giving the option name.
+ originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name.
-'nodvipsnames'
+‘nodvipsnames’
Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
memory space.
@@ -13378,9 +13446,9 @@
21.2 Color models
=================
-A "color model" is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities
-depend on the printer driver. However, the 'pdftex', 'xetex', and
-'luatex' printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
+A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s capabilities
+depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and
+‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The
models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also
supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today.
@@ -13390,7 +13458,7 @@
such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
and yellow makes black.
-'cmyk'
+‘cmyk’
A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second
is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of
@@ -13397,11 +13465,11 @@
0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This
model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
-'gray'
+‘gray’
A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are
shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
-'rgb'
+‘rgb’
A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component,
the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0
@@ -13408,19 +13476,19 @@
means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full
intensity. This is an additive model.
-'RGB'
- ('pdftex', 'xetex', 'luatex' drivers) A comma-separated list with
+‘RGB’
+ (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with
three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
- convenience for using 'rgb' since outside of LaTeX colors are often
+ convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often
described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
- The values entered here are converted to the 'rgb' model by
+ The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by
dividing by 255.
-'named'
- Colors are accessed by name, such as 'PrussianBlue'. The list of
- names depends on the driver, but all support the names 'black',
- 'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'magenta', 'red', 'white', and 'yellow'
- (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::).
+‘named’
+ Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of
+ names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’,
+ ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’
+ (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color
@@ -13428,7 +13496,7 @@
21.3 Commands for color
=======================
-These are the commands available with the 'color' package.
+These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package.
* Menu:
@@ -13451,7 +13519,7 @@
\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
-you can use that color name with 'Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!'.
+you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’.
This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change
and not be misleading.
@@ -13459,7 +13527,7 @@
\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
- Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
+ Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the
class or style, rather than in the document body.
@@ -13476,27 +13544,27 @@
or
\color{NAME}
- \color[COLOR MODEL]{SPECIFICATION}
+ \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}
The affected text gets the color. This line
- \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:}
+ \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
-can use a color declared with '\definecolor' in exactly the same way
-that we just used the builtin color 'magenta'.
+can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way
+that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’.
\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
- The two '\textcolor' and '\color' differ in that the first is a
+ The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a
command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
-form is a declaration, as in 'The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
-cheese', so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
+form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green}
+cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or
environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below
-where it colors everything inside the 'center' environment, including
+where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including
the vertical and horizontal lines.
\begin{center} \color{blue}
@@ -13525,7 +13593,7 @@
{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note
-Color models::). For instance, while 'rgb' takes three numbers, 'gray'
+Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’
takes only one.
The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
@@ -13552,22 +13620,22 @@
\fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
\fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...}
- Make a box with the stated background color. The '\fcolorbox'
+ Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’
command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its
-depth and height from the '\strut' (so the depth is '-.3\baselineskip'
-and the height is '\baselineskip'). This puts white text on a blue
+depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’
+and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue
background.
\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
- The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note
-\fbox & \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness
+ The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note
+\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness
of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
-surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively.
+surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively.
This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note
that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end
@@ -13592,7 +13660,7 @@
pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the
second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to
normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported
-use '\pagecolor{white}', although that will make a white background
+use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background
rather than the default transparent background.)
...
@@ -13615,14 +13683,14 @@
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
To use the commands described here your document preamble must
-contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. Most
-of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice.
+contain either ‘\usepackage{graphicx}’ or ‘\usepackage{graphics}’. Most
+of the time, ‘graphicx’ is the better choice.
Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use
both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph in
JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
-instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'.
+instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and that center’.
An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF
format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can
rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because
@@ -13630,7 +13698,7 @@
There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as
-in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note
+in your document. LaTeX comes with a ‘picture’ environment (*note
picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other
ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such
systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
@@ -13649,7 +13717,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package options, Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics
-22.1 'graphics' package options
+22.1 ‘graphics’ package options
===============================
Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
@@ -13660,63 +13728,63 @@
\usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx}
- The 'graphicx' package has a format for optional arguments to the
-'\includegraphics' command that is convenient (it is the key-value
+ The ‘graphicx’ package has a format for optional arguments to the
+‘\includegraphics’ command that is convenient (it is the key-value
format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
-the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package with '\usepackage' there are two
+the ‘graphics’ or ‘graphicx’ package with ‘\usepackage’ there are two
kinds of available options.
The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
-output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer
-driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the
-document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a “printer
+driver” file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the
+document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of
this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently
-relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex',
-'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips'
-(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
-systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex',
-'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex'
-(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files
-with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'.
+relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’, ‘pdftex’,
+‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases for ‘dvips’
+(and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’,
+‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’
+(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’). These are stored in files
+with a ‘.def’ extension, such as ‘pdftex.def’.
The second kind of options are below.
-'demo'
+‘demo’
Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt
rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
- '\includegraphics' command).
+ ‘\includegraphics’ command).
-'draft'
+‘draft’
For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the
size, the file must be present.
-'final'
- (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the
+‘final’
+ (Default) Override any previous ‘draft’ option, so that the
document shows the contents of the graphic files.
-'hiderotate'
+‘hiderotate’
Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
-'hidescale'
+‘hidescale’
Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
-'hiresbb'
+‘hiresbb’
In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways.
- The '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using integer
+ The ‘%%BoundingBox’ lines describe the graphic size using integer
multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72
inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
- multiples, such as 1.23, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This
+ multiples, such as 1.23, in ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines. This
option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics
-22.2 'graphics' package configuration
+22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration
=====================================
These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the
@@ -13725,8 +13793,8 @@
The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows,
as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
-the documentation in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX
-distribution's documentation.
+the documentation in ‘grfguide.pdf’, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX
+distribution’s documentation.
* Menu:
@@ -13737,7 +13805,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphicspath, Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.1 '\graphicspath'
+22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’
----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -13745,31 +13813,31 @@
\graphicspath{LIST OF DIRECTORIES INSIDE CURLY BRACES}
Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This
-allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}'
+allows you to later say something like ‘\includegraphics{lion.png}’
instead of having to give its path.
LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
(and the output directory, if specified; *note output directory::). The
declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
-'pix', and then '../pix'.
+‘pix’, and then ‘../pix’.
\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
...
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
- The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it
-then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually
-looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input at path'). In particular, in
+ The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don’t include it
+then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it usually
+looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s ‘\input at path’). In particular, in
this case one of the places it looks is the current directory.
Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it
-says ''{pix}''. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each
-directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This is true even on
+says ‘‘{pix}’’. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each
+directory name must end in a forward slash, ‘/’. This is true even on
Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the
directory separators since it makes the document portable to other
platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double
-quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. Getting one of these rules wrong will
-cause LaTeX to report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'.
+quotes, as with ‘{"my docs/"}’. Getting one of these rules wrong will
+cause LaTeX to report ‘Error: File `FILENAME' not found’.
Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in
the current directory,
@@ -13779,31 +13847,31 @@
\usepackage{lion.png}
for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
-filename and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and
-then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath'
+filename and searches for the result, checking for ‘pix/lion.png’ and
+then ‘../pix/lion.png’. This algorithm means that the ‘\graphicspath’
command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue
-'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX
+‘\graphicspath{{a/}}’ and the graphic is in ‘a/b/lion.png’ then LaTeX
will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as
-'\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or
-'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these
+‘\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}’ or
+‘\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}’. However, using these
means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
-parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.)
+parameter ‘TEXINPUTS’; see the documentation of your system.)
- You can use '\graphicspath' anywhere in the document. You can use it
+ You can use ‘\graphicspath’ anywhere in the document. You can use it
more than once. Show its value with
-'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother'.
+‘\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother’.
The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
-suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and
-it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put
-'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in
-'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'.
+suppose that you are working on a document based on ‘book/book.tex’ and
+it contains ‘\include{chapters/chap1}’. If in ‘chap1.tex’ you put
+‘\graphicspath{{plots/}}’ then LaTeX will not search for graphics in
+‘book/chapters/plots’, but instead in ‘book/plots’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions'
+22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’
-----------------------------------
Synopses:
@@ -13813,7 +13881,7 @@
Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify
the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic
files by giving the filename without the extension, as in
-'\includegraphics{functionplot}'.
+‘\includegraphics{functionplot}’.
In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF
files.
@@ -13822,11 +13890,11 @@
...
\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf
-Because the filename 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the
+Because the filename ‘lion’ does not have a period, LaTeX uses the
extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note
\graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If
it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and
-extensions then it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'.
+extensions then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `‘lion’' not found’.
Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions.
Because GNU/Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the
@@ -13833,22 +13901,22 @@
list of file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The
Windows platform is not case sensitive.
- You are not required to include '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' in your
+ You are not required to include ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’ in your
document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the
-most recent 'pdftex.def' has this extension list.
+most recent ‘pdftex.def’ has this extension list.
.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
- To change the order, use the 'grfext' package.
+ To change the order, use the ‘grfext’ package.
You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it
more than once. Show its value with
-'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother'.
+‘\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
-22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule'
+22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’
-----------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -13858,7 +13926,7 @@
Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION.
This example declares that all files with names of the form
-'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+‘filename-without-dot.mps’ will be treated as output from MetaPost,
meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
input the file.
@@ -13869,8 +13937,8 @@
\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
-extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1',
-'filename.2', etc.
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers ‘filename.1’,
+‘filename.2’, etc.
This describes the four arguments.
@@ -13877,16 +13945,16 @@
EXTENSION
The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is
anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use
- the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behavior for all
+ the Kleene star, ‘*’, to denote the default behavior for all
undeclared extensions.
TYPE
The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be
defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions
- '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All
+ ‘.ps’, ‘.eps’, or ‘.ps.gz’ may all be classed as type ‘eps’. All
files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
- by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex'
- recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'.
+ by the printer driver. For example, the file types that ‘pdftex’
+ recognizes are: ‘jpg’, ‘jbig2’, ‘mps’, ‘pdf’, ‘png’, ‘tif’.
SIZE-FILE EXTENSION
The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
@@ -13894,26 +13962,26 @@
but it may be different.
As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller,
- it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are
+ it might be compressed into a ‘.ps.gz’ file. Compressed files are
not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box
information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty
then you must specify size information in the arguments of
- '\includegraphics'.
+ ‘\includegraphics’.
If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
- 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
- for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
- files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no
+ ‘type’ then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+ for reading ‘.eps’ files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+ files in a file with a PostScript style ‘%%BoundingBox’ line if no
other format is available.)
COMMAND
- A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often
- left empty. This command must start with a single backward quote.
- Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}'
- specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be
- treated as an 'eps' file, with the BoundingBox information stored
- in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command 'gunzip
- -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+ A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left
+ empty. This command must start with a single backward quote.
+ Thus, ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}’
+ specifies that any file with the extension ‘.eps.gz’ should be
+ treated as an ‘eps’ file, with the BoundingBox information stored
+ in the file with extension ‘.eps.bb’, and that the command ‘gunzip
+ -c’ will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX
system must allow you to run external commands; as a security
@@ -13927,7 +13995,7 @@
22.3 Commands for graphics
==========================
-These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx'
+These are the commands available with the ‘graphics’ and ‘graphicx’
packages.
* Menu:
@@ -13940,10 +14008,10 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.1 '\includegraphics'
+22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’
-------------------------
-Synopses for 'graphics' package:
+Synopses for ‘graphics’ package:
\includegraphics{FILENAME}
\includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME}
@@ -13952,7 +14020,7 @@
\includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME}
\includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME}
- Synopses for 'graphicx' package:
+ Synopses for ‘graphicx’ package:
\includegraphics{FILENAME}
\includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME}
@@ -13959,7 +14027,7 @@
\includegraphics*{FILENAME}
\includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME}
- Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will
+ Include a graphics file. The starred form ‘\includegraphics*’ will
clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
over-print the surrounding area.
@@ -13972,28 +14040,28 @@
\includegraphics{plot.pdf}
\end{center}
-will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf', centered
+will incorporate into the document the graphic in ‘plot.pdf’, centered
and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, as with
-'\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of locations
+‘\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}’. To specify a list of locations
to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::.
If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An
-example is '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'.
+example is ‘\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}’.
- The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of
+ The ‘\includegraphics{FILENAME}’ command decides on the type of
graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can instead use
-FILENAME with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}', and then LaTeX
-tries a sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds
+FILENAME with no dot, as in ‘\includegraphics{turing}’, and then LaTeX
+tries a sequence of extensions such as ‘.png’ and ‘.pdf’ until it finds
a file with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::).
If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can
hide them with curly braces, as in
-'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the
-'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see
+‘\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}’. Or, if you use the
+‘graphicx’ package then you can use the options ‘type’ and ‘ext’; see
below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package
-'grffile'.
+‘grffile’.
- This example puts a graphic in a 'figure' environment so LaTeX can
+ This example puts a graphic in a ‘figure’ environment so LaTeX can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
(*note figure::).
@@ -14030,19 +14098,19 @@
\end{minipage}}
\end{center}
- If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the
+ If you use the ‘graphics’ package then the only options involve the
size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::).
-When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it
+When one optional argument is present then it is ‘[URX,URY]’ and it
gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of
TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they
-default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is
+default to ‘bp’. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is
assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the
-leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's
-lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the
+leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
+lower left. Thus, ‘\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}’ calls for the
graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so
its origin is at (0,0).
- The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in
+ The ‘graphicx’ package gives you many more options. Specify them in
a key-value form, as here.
\begin{center}
@@ -14059,108 +14127,108 @@
There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its "bounding box" (distinct from the
-PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
+traditionally referred to as its “bounding box” (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
-'width'
+‘width’
The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An
- example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the
+ example is ‘\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}’. You can use the
standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also
- convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document,
- '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is
- that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm
+ convenient is ‘\linewidth’, or in a two-column document,
+ ‘\columnwidth’ (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is
+ that by using the ‘calc’ package you can make the graphic be 1 cm
narrower than the width of the text with
- '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'.
+ ‘\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}’.
-'height'
+‘height’
The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You
can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and
- also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page
+ also convenient are ‘\pageheight’ and ‘\textheight’ (*note Page
layout parameters::). For instance, the command
- '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the
+ ‘\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}’ will make the
graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
-'totalheight'
+‘totalheight’
The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated.
For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero
height but a large depth.
-'keepaspectratio'
- If set to 'true', or just specified as here
+‘keepaspectratio’
+ If set to ‘true’, or just specified as here
\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}
- and you give as options both 'width' and 'height' (or
- 'totalheight'), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
+ and you give as options both ‘width’ and ‘height’ (or
+ ‘totalheight’), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that
- neither is the graphic wider than 'width' nor taller than 'height'
- (or 'totalheight').
+ neither is the graphic wider than ‘width’ nor taller than ‘height’
+ (or ‘totalheight’).
-'scale'
+‘scale’
Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
- nominal size, enter '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}'. This
+ nominal size, enter ‘\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}’. This
number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
-'angle'
+‘angle’
Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and
- counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see
+ counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its ‘origin’; see
that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is
typeset, *note \rotatebox::.
-'origin'
+‘origin’
The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens.
- Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for
- left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top,
- and 'B' for baseline. Thus, entering the command
- '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture
- upside down about that picture's center, while the command
- '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its
- picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c'
- gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical
- center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'.
+ Possible values are any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for
+ left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
+ and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, entering the command
+ ‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}’ will turn the picture
+ upside down about that picture’s center, while the command
+ ‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}’ will turn its
+ picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character ‘c’
+ gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’, but gives the vertical
+ center in ‘lc’ or ‘rc’.) The default is ‘lB’.
To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::.
These are lesser-used options.
-'viewport'
+‘viewport’
Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
- '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. When
- the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big points, 'bp'.
+ ‘\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}’. When
+ the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big points, ‘bp’.
They are taken relative to the origin specified by the bounding
- box. See also the 'trim' option.
+ box. See also the ‘trim’ option.
-'trim'
+‘trim’
Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
- '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'.
+ ‘\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}’.
These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX
will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the
bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See
- also the 'viewport' option.
+ also the ‘viewport’ option.
-'clip'
- If set to 'true', or just specified as here
+‘clip’
+ If set to ‘true’, or just specified as here
\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}
then the graphic is cropped to the bounding box. This is the same
as using the starred form of the command,
- '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'.
+ ‘\includegraphics*[...]{...}’.
-'page'
+‘page’
Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
- 'page=1'.
+ ‘page=1’.
-'pagebox'
+‘pagebox’
Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
- 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF
+ ‘mediabox’, ‘cropbox’, ‘bleedbox’, ‘trimbox’, or ‘artbox’. PDF
files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but
may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives
the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region
@@ -14167,25 +14235,25 @@
to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed.
The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should
be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
- of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's
+ of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s
meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on
CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others,
with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always
present.
-'interpolate'
+‘interpolate’
Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer.
- Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as here.
+ Can be set with ‘interpolate=true’ or just specified as here.
\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
-'quiet'
+‘quiet’
Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
- 'quiet=true' or just specified it with
- '\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}',
+ ‘quiet=true’ or just specified it with
+ ‘\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}’,
-'draft'
- If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specify it with
+‘draft’
+ If you set it with ‘draft=true’ or just specify it with
\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}
@@ -14194,78 +14262,78 @@
correct size with the filename printed in it.
These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
-graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox'
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line ‘%%BoundingBox’
that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x
coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y
-coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big
-points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line
-'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
+coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big
+points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line
+‘%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80’ then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
60/72 inch tall.
-'bb'
+‘bb’
Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is
- four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[..,
- bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads
+ four dimensions separated by spaces, as with ‘\includegraphics[..,
+ bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}’. Usually ‘\includegraphics’ reads
the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this
option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file
or if you want to change it.
-'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury'
+‘bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury’
Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained
for compatibility with old packages.
-'natwidth, natheight'
- An alternative for 'bb'. Setting
+‘natwidth, natheight’
+ An alternative for ‘bb’. Setting
\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}
- is the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'.
+ is the same as setting ‘bb=0 0 1in 0.618in’.
-'hiresbb'
- If set to 'true', or just specified as with
+‘hiresbb’
+ If set to ‘true’, or just specified as with
\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}
- then LaTeX will look for '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of
- '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural
- numbers while the 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use
- units equivalent to TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
- prior setting of 'true', you can set it to 'false'.
+ then LaTeX will look for ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines instead of
+ ‘%%BoundingBox’ lines. (The ‘BoundingBox’ lines use only natural
+ numbers while the ‘HiResBoundingBox’ lines use decimals; both use
+ units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a
+ prior setting of ‘true’, you can set it to ‘false’.
- These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of
+ These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
-is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read
-the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these,
+is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}’ will read
+the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these,
*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::.
-'type'
+‘type’
Specify the graphics type.
-'ext'
+‘ext’
Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with
- the option 'type'.
+ the option ‘type’.
-'read'
+‘read’
Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in
- conjunction with the option 'type'.
+ conjunction with the option ‘type’.
-'command'
+‘command’
Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
- conjunction with the option 'type'. *Note Command line options::,
- for a discussion of enabling the '\write18' functionality to run
+ conjunction with the option ‘type’. *Note Command line options::,
+ for a discussion of enabling the ‘\write18’ functionality to run
external commands.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \rotatebox, Next: \scalebox, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.2 '\rotatebox'
+22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’
-------------------
-Synopsis if you use the 'graphics' package:
+Synopsis if you use the ‘graphics’ package:
\rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
- Synopses if you use the 'graphicx' package:
+ Synopses if you use the ‘graphicx’ package:
\rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
\rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
@@ -14294,17 +14362,17 @@
new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this
material.
- If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box. If you use the 'graphicx' package then
+ If you use the ‘graphics’ package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the ‘graphicx’ package then
these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that
you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
-'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::).
+‘x’ and ‘y’ options (*note \includegraphics::).
-'origin'
- The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens.
- Possible value is any string containing one or two of: 'l' for
- left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top,
- and 'B' for baseline. Thus, the first line here
+‘origin’
+ The point of the MATERIAL’s box about which the rotation happens.
+ Possible value is any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for
+ left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top,
+ and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, the first line here
\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}
\rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau}
@@ -14311,25 +14379,25 @@
will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second
will turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The
- character 'c' gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives
- the vertical center in 'lc' or 'rc', and gives both in 'c'.) The
- default is 'lB'.
+ character ‘c’ gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’ but gives
+ the vertical center in ‘lc’ or ‘rc’, and gives both in ‘c’.) The
+ default is ‘lB’.
-'x, y'
- Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX
- DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These
- give the offset from the box's reference point.
+‘x, y’
+ Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with ‘\rotatebox[x=TeX
+ DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}’ (*note Units of length::). These
+ give the offset from the box’s reference point.
-'units'
+‘units’
This key allows you to change the default of degrees
- counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to
- degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians
+ counterclockwise. Setting ‘units=-360’ changes the direction to
+ degrees clockwise and setting ‘units=6.283185’ changes to radians
counterclockwise.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \scalebox, Next: \resizebox, Prev: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.3 '\scalebox'
+22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’
------------------
Synopses:
@@ -14352,19 +14420,19 @@
\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
-If you use the 'graphicx' package then you can accomplish the same thing
-with optional arguments to '\includegraphics' (*note
+If you use the ‘graphicx’ package then you can accomplish the same thing
+with optional arguments to ‘\includegraphics’ (*note
\includegraphics::).
- The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'.
-Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was
-I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical
+ The ‘\reflectbox’ command abbreviates ‘\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}’.
+Thus, ‘Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}’ will show the phrase ‘Able was
+I’ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical
axis.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics
-22.3.4 '\resizebox'
+22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’
-------------------
Synopses:
@@ -14372,9 +14440,9 @@
\resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL}
\resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL}
- Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size.
+ Given a size, such as ‘3cm’, transform MATERIAL to make it that size.
If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation
-point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor
+point ‘!’ then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor
for both directions.
This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
@@ -14382,16 +14450,16 @@
\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
- The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's
-height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth.
+ The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box’s
+height while the starred form ‘\resizebox*’ takes it to be height+depth.
For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter-inch with
-'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and
-depth.}}'.
+‘\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and
+depth.}}’.
- You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to
+ You can use ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\totalheight’, and ‘\width’ to
refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches
-wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two
-inches}'.
+wide but keep the original height with ‘\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two
+inches}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top
@@ -14404,7 +14472,7 @@
* Menu:
-* Reserved characters:: Inserting '# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \'
+* Reserved characters:: Inserting ‘# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \’
* Upper and lower case:: Make text upper or lower case.
* Symbols by font position:: Inserting font symbols by number.
* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
@@ -14412,7 +14480,7 @@
* Additional Latin letters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
* inputenc package:: Set the input file text encoding.
* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
-* \today:: Inserting today's date.
+* \today:: Inserting today’s date.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
@@ -14421,8 +14489,8 @@
========================
LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
-example, the percent sign '%' is for comments. They are called
-"reserved characters" or "special characters". They are all discussed
+example, the percent sign ‘%’ is for comments. They are called
+“reserved characters” or “special characters”. They are all discussed
elsewhere in this manual.
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
@@ -14429,18 +14497,18 @@
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash '\' in front of the character. Thus, typing '\$1.23'
-will produce '$1.23' in your output.
+put a backslash ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’
+will produce ‘$1.23’ in your output.
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
-use '\~{}' (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
+use ‘\~{}’ (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body font
-circumflex use '\^{}'. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
-enter '\textbackslash{}'.
+circumflex use ‘\^{}’. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
+enter ‘\textbackslash{}’.
- To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use '\verb!!'
-as below (the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines in
-the output).
+ To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use ‘\verb!!’
+as below (the double backslash ‘\\’ in the example is only there to
+split the lines in the output).
\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
@@ -14461,20 +14529,20 @@
\MakeLowercase{TEXT}
Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
-'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' are set up by default to work only with
-the 26 letters a-z and A-Z. The LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and
-'\MakeLowercase' commands also change characters accessed by commands
-such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The commands '\MakeUppercase' and
-'\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have moving arguments (*note
+‘\uppercase’ and ‘\lowercase’ are set up by default to work only with
+the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
+‘\MakeLowercase’ commands also change characters accessed by commands
+such as ‘\ae’ or ‘\aa’. The commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and
+‘\MakeLowercase’ are robust but they have moving arguments (*note
\protect::).
These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of
a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin
-letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$'}
-produces 'LET Y=F(X)'. Another example is that the name of an
-environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ...
-\end{tabular}}' will produce an error because the first half is changed
-to '\begin{TABULAR}'.
+letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, ‘\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$’}
+produces ‘LET Y=F(X)’. Another example is that the name of an
+environment will be changed, so that ‘\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ...
+\end{tabular}}’ will produce an error because the first half is changed
+to ‘\begin{TABULAR}’.
LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
@@ -14482,24 +14550,24 @@
cause problems when using other alphabets.
To change the case of text that results from a macro inside TEXT you
-need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces 'COLLEGE OF
-MATHEMATICS'.
+need to do expansion. Here the ‘\Schoolname’ produces ‘COLLEGE OF
+MATHEMATICS’.
\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase
\expandafter{\schoolname}}
- The 'textcase' package brings some of the missing feature of the
-standard LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowerCase'.
+ The ‘textcase’ package brings some of the missing feature of the
+standard LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and ‘\MakeLowerCase’.
To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
-'mfirstuc'.
+‘mfirstuc’.
Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the
-original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the 'expl3' package
-as of 2020. The article "Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
-Unicode algorithm", (Joseph Wright, 'TUGboat' 41:1,
+original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the ‘expl3’ package
+as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
+Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1,
<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf>), gives a good
overview of the topic, past and present.
@@ -14510,13 +14578,13 @@
=============================
You can access any character of the current font using its number with
-the '\symbol' command. For example, the visible space character used in
-the '\verb*' command has the code decimal 32 in the standard Computer
-Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.
+the ‘\symbol’ command. For example, the visible space character used in
+the ‘\verb*’ command has the code decimal 32 in the standard Computer
+Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as ‘\symbol{32}’.
- You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a ''' prefix,
-or hexadecimal (base 16) with a '"' prefix, so the visible space at 32
-decimal could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.
+ You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a ‘'’ prefix,
+or hexadecimal (base 16) with a ‘"’ prefix, so the visible space at 32
+decimal could also be written as ‘\symbol{'40}’ or ‘\symbol{"20}’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions
@@ -14528,209 +14596,217 @@
running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
available in OT1. As of the LaTeX February 2020 release, all symbols
are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use the
-'textcomp' package for some (technically, those in the 'TS1' font
+‘textcomp’ package for some (technically, those in the ‘TS1’ font
encoding).
-'\copyright'
-'\textcopyright'
- (C) The copyright symbol.
+‘\copyright’
+‘\textcopyright’
+ © The copyright symbol.
-'\dag'
+‘\dag’
† The dagger symbol (in text).
-'\ddag'
+‘\ddag’
‡ The double dagger symbol (in text).
-'\LaTeX'
+‘\LaTeX’
The LaTeX logo.
-'\LaTeXe'
+‘\LaTeXe’
The LaTeX2e logo.
-'\guillemotleft («)'
-'\guillemotright (»)'
-'\guilsinglleft (‹)'
-'\guilsinglright (›)'
+‘\guillemotleft («)’
+‘\guillemotright (»)’
+‘\guilsinglleft (‹)’
+‘\guilsinglright (›)’
«, », ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used
in French.
-'\ldots'
-'\dots'
-'\textellipsis'
- ... An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '\ldots' and '\dots'
- also work in math mode.
+‘\ldots’
+‘\textellipsis’
+‘\dots’
+ ... An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): ‘\ldots’ and ‘\dots’
+ also work in math mode (*note Dots::). See that math mode ellipsis
+ description for additional general information.
-'\lq'
- ' Left (opening) quote.
+‘\lq’
+ ‘ Left (opening) quote.
-'\P'
-'\textparagraph'
+‘\P’
+‘\textparagraph’
¶ Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
-'\pounds'
-'\textsterling'
+‘\pounds’
+‘\textsterling’
£ English pounds sterling.
-'\quotedblbase („)'
-'\quotesinglbase (‚)'
+‘\quotedblbase („)’
+‘\quotesinglbase (‚)’
„ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
-'\rq'
- ' Right (closing) quote.
+‘\rq’
+ ’ Right (closing) quote.
-'\S'
-'\textsection'
+‘\S’
+‘\textsection’
§ Section sign.
-'\TeX'
+‘\TeX’
The TeX logo.
-'\textasciicircum'
+‘\textasciicircum’
^ ASCII circumflex.
-'\textasciitilde'
+‘\textasciitilde’
~ ASCII tilde.
-'\textasteriskcentered'
+‘\textasteriskcentered’
* Centered asterisk.
-'\textbackslash'
- \ Backslash.
+‘\textbackslash’
+ \ Backslash. However, ‘\texttt{\textbackslash}’ produces a roman
+ (not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash,
+ it is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding,
+ as in:
-'\textbar'
+ \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+‘\textbar’
| Vertical bar.
-'\textbardbl'
+‘\textbardbl’
⏸ Double vertical bar.
-'\textbigcircle'
+‘\textbigcircle’
◯, Big circle symbol.
-'\textbraceleft'
- { Left brace.
+‘\textbraceleft’
+ { Left brace. See remarks at ‘\textbackslash’ above about making
+ ‘\texttt{\textbraceleft}’ produce a typewriter brace.
-'\textbraceright'
- } Right brace.
+‘\textbraceright’
+ } Right brace. See remarks at ‘\textbackslash’ above about making
+ ‘\texttt{\textbraceright}’ produce a typewriter brace.
-'\textbullet'
- * Bullet.
+‘\textbullet’
+ • Bullet.
-'\textcircled{LETTER}'
+‘\textcircled{LETTER}’
Ⓐ, Circle around LETTER.
-'\textcompwordmark'
-'\textcapitalcompwordmark'
-'\textascendercompwordmark'
+‘\textcompwordmark’
+‘\textcapitalcompwordmark’
+‘\textascendercompwordmark’
Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For
- example, 'f\textcompwordmark i' produces 'fi' without a ligature.
+ example, ‘f\textcompwordmark i’ produces ‘fi’ without a ligature.
This is most useful in non-English languages. The
- '\textcapitalcompwordmark' form has the cap height of the font
- while the '\textascendercompwordmark' form has the ascender height.
+ ‘\textcapitalcompwordmark’ form has the cap height of the font
+ while the ‘\textascendercompwordmark’ form has the ascender height.
-'\textdagger'
+‘\textdagger’
† Dagger.
-'\textdaggerdbl'
+‘\textdaggerdbl’
‡ Double dagger.
-'\textdollar (or '\$')'
+‘\textdollar (or ‘\$’)’
$ Dollar sign.
-'\textemdash (or '---')'
- -- Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
- parentheses, as in ''The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
- the playoffs---are more like a sprint.'' Conventions for spacing
+‘\textemdash (or ‘---’)’
+ — Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+ parentheses, as in ‘‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make
+ the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’’ Conventions for spacing
around em-dashes vary widely.
-'\textendash (or '--')'
- - En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ''see pages 12--14''.
+‘\textendash (or ‘--’)’
+ – En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘‘see pages 12--14’’.
-'\texteuro'
+‘\texteuro’
The Euro currency symbol: €.
- For an alternative glyph design, try the 'eurosym' package; also,
+ For an alternative glyph design, try the ‘eurosym’ package; also,
most fonts nowadays come with their own Euro symbol (Unicode
U+20AC).
-'\textexclamdown (or '!`')'
+‘\textexclamdown (or ‘!`’)’
¡ Upside down exclamation point.
-'\textfiguredash'
+‘\textfiguredash’
Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June
2021 release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if
- available in the current font, or writes the usual "Missing
- character" warning to the log file.
+ available in the current font, or writes the usual “Missing
+ character” warning to the log file.
-'\textgreater'
+‘\textgreater’
> Greater than symbol.
-'\texthorizontalbar'
+‘\texthorizontalbar’
Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
- release of LaTeX. Behavior as with '\textfiguredash' above; the
+ release of LaTeX. Behavior as with ‘\textfiguredash’ above; the
pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash.
-'\textless'
+‘\textless’
< Less than symbol.
-'\textleftarrow'
+‘\textleftarrow’
←, Left arrow.
-'\textnonbreakinghyphen'
+‘\textnonbreakinghyphen’
Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
- 2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with '\textfiguredash' above;
+ 2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with ‘\textfiguredash’ above;
the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with breaks
disallowed after).
-'\textordfeminine'
-'\textordmasculine'
+‘\textordfeminine’
+‘\textordmasculine’
ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
-'\textperiodcentered'
+‘\textperiodcentered’
· Centered period.
-'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
+‘\textquestiondown (or ‘?`’)’
¿ Upside down question mark.
-'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
- " Double left quote.
+‘\textquotedblleft (or ‘``’)’
+ “ Double left quote.
-'\textquotedblright (or '''')'
- " Double right quote.
+‘\textquotedblright (or ‘''’)’
+ ” Double right quote.
-'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
- ' Single left quote.
+‘\textquoteleft (or ‘`’)’
+ ‘ Single left quote.
-'\textquoteright (or ''')'
- ' Single right quote.
+‘\textquoteright (or ‘'’)’
+ ’ Single right quote.
-'\textquotesingle'
+‘\textquotesingle’
', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
-'\textquotestraightbase'
-'\textquotestraightdblbase'
+‘\textquotestraightbase’
+‘\textquotestraightdblbase’
Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
-'\textregistered'
- (R) Registered symbol.
+‘\textregistered’
+ ® Registered symbol.
-'\textrightarrow'
+‘\textrightarrow’
→, Right arrow.
-'\textthreequartersemdash'
- ﹘, "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+‘\textthreequartersemdash’
+ ﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
-'\texttrademark'
+‘\texttrademark’
™ Trademark symbol.
-'\texttwelveudash'
- ﹘, "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+‘\texttwelveudash’
+ ﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
-'\textunderscore'
+‘\textunderscore’
_ Underscore.
-'\textvisiblespace'
+‘\textvisiblespace’
␣, Visible space symbol.
@@ -14739,93 +14815,93 @@
23.5 Accents
============
-LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
-provided through the core 'babel' package, which supports pdfLaTeX,
-XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The 'polyglossia' package provides similar
+LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages,
+provided through the core ‘babel’ package, which supports pdfLaTeX,
+XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The ‘polyglossia’ package provides similar
support with the latter two engines.
This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
-LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The '\capital...'
+LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The ‘\capital...’
commands shown here produce alternative forms for use with capital
letters. These are not available with OT1.
Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated
-with lowercase 'o'.
+with lowercase ‘o’.
- Note that '\i' produces a dotless i, and '\j' produces a dotless j.
+ Note that ‘\i’ produces a dotless i, and ‘\j’ produces a dotless j.
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
-'\"'
-'\capitaldieresis'
+‘\"’
+‘\capitaldieresis’
ö Umlaut (dieresis).
-'\''
-'\capitalacute'
+‘\'’
+‘\capitalacute’
ó Acute accent.
-'\.'
+‘\.’
ȯ Dot accent.
-'\='
-'\capitalmacron'
+‘\=’
+‘\capitalmacron’
ō Macron (overbar) accent.
-'\^'
-'\capitalcircumflex'
+‘\^’
+‘\capitalcircumflex’
ô Circumflex (hat) accent.
-'\`'
-'\capitalgrave'
+‘\`’
+‘\capitalgrave’
ò Grave accent.
-'\~'
-'\capitaltilde'
+‘\~’
+‘\capitaltilde’
ñ Tilde accent.
-'\b'
+‘\b’
o̲ Bar accent underneath.
- Related to this, '\underbar{TEXT}' produces a bar under TEXT. The
+ Related to this, ‘\underbar{TEXT}’ produces a bar under TEXT. The
argument is always processed in LR mode (*note Modes::). The bar
is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing
- through descenders. See also '\underline' in *note Math
- miscellany::.
+ through descenders. See also ‘\underline’ in *note Over- and
+ Underlining::.
-'\c'
-'\capitalcedilla'
+‘\c’
+‘\capitalcedilla’
ç Cedilla accent underneath.
-'\d'
-'\capitaldotaccent'
+‘\d’
+‘\capitaldotaccent’
ọ Dot accent underneath.
-'\H'
-'\capitalhungarumlaut'
+‘\H’
+‘\capitalhungarumlaut’
ő Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
-'\k'
-'\capitalogonek'
+‘\k’
+‘\capitalogonek’
ǫ Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
-'\r'
-'\capitalring'
+‘\r’
+‘\capitalring’
o̊ Ring accent.
-'\t'
-'\capitaltie'
-'\newtie'
-'\capitalnewtie'
+‘\t’
+‘\capitaltie’
+‘\newtie’
+‘\capitalnewtie’
Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as
in the ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two
- characters. The '\newtie' form is centered in its box.
+ characters. The ‘\newtie’ form is centered in its box.
-'\u'
-'\capitalbreve'
+‘\u’
+‘\capitalbreve’
ŏ Breve accent.
-'\v'
-'\capitalcaron'
+‘\v’
+‘\capitalcaron’
ǒ Háček (check, caron) accent.
* Menu:
@@ -14835,7 +14911,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \accent, Up: Accents
-23.5.1 '\accent'
+23.5.1 ‘\accent’
----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -14847,7 +14923,7 @@
numeric argument, followed by a space and then a CHARACTER argument to
construct the accented character in the current font.
- These are accented 'e' characters.
+ These are accented ‘e’ characters.
\accent18 e
\accent20 e
@@ -14859,25 +14935,25 @@
a macron, and the fifth a ring above.
The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so
-the outcome of '\accent' use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
+the outcome of ‘\accent’ use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building
-them using '\accent'. Using glyphs that already contain the accented
+them using ‘\accent’. Using glyphs that already contain the accented
characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation whereas
-'\accent' disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font encoding
+‘\accent’ disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font encoding
where accented glyphs are absent).
There can be an optional font change between NUMBER and CHARACTER.
-Note also that this command sets the '\spacefactor' to 1000 (*note
+Note also that this command sets the ‘\spacefactor’ to 1000 (*note
\spacefactor::).
An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and the
majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be assembled
-from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while '\accent'
+from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while ‘\accent’
provides for a single accent mark and a single letter combination.
There are also cases where accents must appear between letters that
\accent does not support. Still other cases exist where the letters I
and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that conflict with
-dotted accent marks. The use of '\accent' in these cases will not work
+dotted accent marks. The use of ‘\accent’ in these cases will not work
as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
@@ -14886,64 +14962,64 @@
23.6 Additional Latin letters
=============================
-Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A-Z that
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A–Z that
extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than
English.
-'\aa'
-'\AA'
+‘\aa’
+‘\AA’
å and Å.
-'\ae'
-'\AE'
+‘\ae’
+‘\AE’
æ and Æ.
-'\dh'
-'\DH'
+‘\dh’
+‘\DH’
Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with OT1 encoding, you
- need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font encoding,
+ need the ‘fontenc’ package to select an alternate font encoding,
such as T1.
-'\dj'
-'\DJ'
+‘\dj’
+‘\DJ’
Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.
- Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the 'fontenc' package to
+ Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the ‘fontenc’ package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
-'\ij'
-'\IJ'
+‘\ij’
+‘\IJ’
ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
-'\l'
-'\L'
+‘\l’
+‘\L’
ł and Ł.
-'\ng'
-'\NG'
+‘\ng’
+‘\NG’
Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
-'\o'
-'\O'
+‘\o’
+‘\O’
ø and Ø.
-'\oe'
-'\OE'
+‘\oe’
+‘\OE’
œ and Œ.
-'\ss'
-'\SS'
+‘\ss’
+‘\SS’
ß and SS.
-'\th'
-'\TH'
+‘\th’
+‘\TH’
Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with OT1 encoding,
- you need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font
+ you need the ‘fontenc’ package to select an alternate font
encoding, such as T1.
File: latex2e.info, Node: inputenc package, Next: \rule, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions
-23.7 'inputenc' package
+23.7 ‘inputenc’ package
=======================
Synopsis:
@@ -14950,17 +15026,17 @@
\usepackage[ENCODING-NAME]{inputenc}
- Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The
+ Declare the input file’s text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The
default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
useful to omit it.
In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
-called the "encoding". There are many different encodings. The
+called the “encoding”. There are many different encodings. The
simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
-for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character 'ä' in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
-sequence '\"a' is used. This would make source files for anything but
+for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the
+a-umlaut character ‘ä’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
+sequence ‘\"a’ is used. This would make source files for anything but
English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding
is more convenient.
@@ -14968,24 +15044,24 @@
UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
LaTeX since 2018.
- The 'inputenc' package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For
+ The ‘inputenc’ package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For
instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is
UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
- Caution: use 'inputenc' only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX
+ Caution: use ‘inputenc’ only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX
engines::). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is
-UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the 'xelatex' command
-or the 'lualatex' command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with
-'inputenc', such as 'latin1', then you will get the error 'inputenc is
-not designed for xetex or luatex'.
+UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the ‘xelatex’ command
+or the ‘lualatex’ command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with
+‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, then you will get the error ‘inputenc is
+not designed for xetex or luatex’.
- An 'inputenc' package error such as 'Invalid UTF-8 byte "96' means
+ An ‘inputenc’ package error such as ‘Invalid UTF-8 byte "96’ means
that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding
scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document
that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one is a left
-single quote from a web page using 'latin1' inside a LaTeX input file
+single quote from a web page using ‘latin1’ inside a LaTeX input file
that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8
character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command
or character.
@@ -14992,14 +15068,14 @@
In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
-necessary. Use the command '\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}'. The most
-common values for ENCODING-NAME are: 'ascii', 'latin1', 'latin2',
-'latin3', 'latin4', 'latin5', 'latin9', 'latin10', and 'utf8'.
+necessary. Use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’. The most
+common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’, ‘latin2’,
+‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, and ‘utf8’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: inputenc package, Up: Special insertions
-23.8 '\rule'
+23.8 ‘\rule’
============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -15007,14 +15083,14 @@
\rule{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}
\rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}
- Produce a "rule", a filled-in rectangle.
+ Produce a “rule”, a filled-in rectangle.
This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos
-symbol, or just "qed", often used to mark the end of a proof:
+symbol, or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof:
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
-The 'amsthm' package includes this command, with a somewhat
+The ‘amsthm’ package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
The mandatory arguments give the horizontal WIDTH and vertical
@@ -15037,7 +15113,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions
-23.9 '\today'
+23.9 ‘\today’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -15044,12 +15120,12 @@
\today
- Produce today's date in the format 'MONTH DD, YYYY'. An example of a
-date in that format is 'July 4, 1976'.
+ Produce today’s date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a
+date in that format is ‘July 4, 1976’.
- Multilingual packages such as 'babel' or 'polyglossia', or classes
-such as 'lettre', will localize '\today'. For example, the following
-will output '4 juillet 1976':
+ Multilingual packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’, or classes
+such as ‘lettre’, will localize ‘\today’. For example, the following
+will output ‘4 juillet 1976’:
\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
\documentclass{minimal}
@@ -15058,10 +15134,10 @@
\today
\end{document}
-'\today' uses the counters '\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day &
+‘\today’ uses the counters ‘\day’, ‘\month’, and ‘\year’ (*note \day &
\month & \year::).
- A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is 'datetime'
+ A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is ‘datetime’
package which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO
standards.
@@ -15079,7 +15155,7 @@
It can also speed processing.
Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-"root file", on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such a file
+“root file”, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such a file
with five included files.
\documentclass{book}
@@ -15102,17 +15178,17 @@
\include{bib}
\end{document}
-This will bring in material from 'pref.tex', 'chap1.tex', 'chap2.tex',
-'append.tex', and 'bib.tex'. If you compile this file, and then comment
-out all of the lines inside '\includeonly{...}' except for 'chap1', and
+This will bring in material from ‘pref.tex’, ‘chap1.tex’, ‘chap2.tex’,
+‘append.tex’, and ‘bib.tex’. If you compile this file, and then comment
+out all of the lines inside ‘\includeonly{...}’ except for ‘chap1’, and
compile again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first
chapter. Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to
-print. However, the advantage of the '\includeonly' command is that
+print. However, the advantage of the ‘\includeonly’ command is that
LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
- *Note Larger book template::, for another example of '\includeonly'.
+ *Note Larger book template::, for another example of ‘\includeonly’.
* Menu:
@@ -15123,7 +15199,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \endinput, Next: \include & \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
-24.1 '\endinput'
+24.1 ‘\endinput’
================
Synopsis:
@@ -15130,12 +15206,12 @@
\endinput
- When you '\include{filename}', inside 'filename.tex' the material
-after '\endinput' will not be included. This command is optional; if
-'filename.tex' has no '\endinput' then LaTeX will read all of the file.
+ When you ‘\include{filename}’, inside ‘filename.tex’ the material
+after ‘\endinput’ will not be included. This command is optional; if
+‘filename.tex’ has no ‘\endinput’ then LaTeX will read all of the file.
- For example, suppose that a document's root file has '\input{chap1}'
-and this is 'chap1.tex'.
+ For example, suppose that a document’s root file has ‘\input{chap1}’
+and this is ‘chap1.tex’.
\chapter{One}
This material will appear in the document.
@@ -15145,20 +15221,20 @@
This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end
of a file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file
is transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for
-debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to put '\endinput' halfway
+debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to put ‘\endinput’ halfway
through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
-which half contains the error, moving '\endinput' to halfway through
+which half contains the error, moving ‘\endinput’ to halfway through
that area further narrows down the location. This process rapidly finds
the offending line.
- After reading '\endinput', LaTeX continues to read to the end of the
+ After reading ‘\endinput’, LaTeX continues to read to the end of the
line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
-This allows you, for instance, to close an '\if...' with a '\fi'.
+This allows you, for instance, to close an ‘\if...’ with a ‘\fi’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \include & \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \endinput, Up: Splitting the input
-24.2 '\include' & '\includeonly'
+24.2 ‘\include’ & ‘\includeonly’
================================
Synopsis:
@@ -15171,21 +15247,21 @@
...
\include{FILENAME} % in document body
- Bring material from the external file 'FILENAME.tex' into a LaTeX
+ Bring material from the external file ‘FILENAME.tex’ into a LaTeX
document.
- The '\include' command does three things: it executes '\clearpage'
+ The ‘\include’ command does three things: it executes ‘\clearpage’
(*note \clearpage & \cleardoublepage::), then it inputs the material
-from 'FILENAME.tex' into the document, and then it does another
-'\clearpage'. This command can only appear in the document body.
+from ‘FILENAME.tex’ into the document, and then it does another
+‘\clearpage’. This command can only appear in the document body.
- The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by LaTeX
-under subsequent '\include' commands. Its list of filenames is
+ The ‘\includeonly’ command controls which files will be read by LaTeX
+under subsequent ‘\include’ commands. Its list of filenames is
comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g.,
-the command line; it can't appear in the document body.
+the command line; it can’t appear in the document body.
- This example root document, 'constitution.tex', brings in three
-files, 'preamble.tex', 'articles.tex', and 'amendments.tex'.
+ This example root document, ‘constitution.tex’, brings in three
+files, ‘preamble.tex’, ‘articles.tex’, and ‘amendments.tex’.
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
@@ -15199,8 +15275,8 @@
\include{amendments}
\end{document}
-The file 'preamble.tex' contains no special code; you have just
-excerpted the chapter from 'consitution.tex' and put it in a separate
+The file ‘preamble.tex’ contains no special code; you have just
+excerpted the chapter from ‘consitution.tex’ and put it in a separate
file just for editing convenience.
\chapter{Preamble}
@@ -15207,25 +15283,25 @@
We the People of the United States,
in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
-Running LaTeX on 'constitution.tex' makes the material from the three
+Running LaTeX on ‘constitution.tex’ makes the material from the three
files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary files
-'preamble.aux', 'articles.aux', and 'amendments.aux'. These contain
+‘preamble.aux’, ‘articles.aux’, and ‘amendments.aux’. These contain
information such as page numbers and cross-references (*note Cross
-references::). If you now comment out '\includeonly''s lines with
-'preamble' and 'amendments' and run LaTeX again then the resulting
-document shows only the material from 'articles.tex', not the material
-from 'preamble.tex' or 'amendments.tex'. Nonetheless, all of the
+references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’’s lines with
+‘preamble’ and ‘amendments’ and run LaTeX again then the resulting
+document shows only the material from ‘articles.tex’, not the material
+from ‘preamble.tex’ or ‘amendments.tex’. Nonetheless, all of the
auxiliary information from the omitted files is still there, including
the starting page number of the chapter.
- If the document preamble does not have '\includeonly' then LaTeX will
-include all the files you call for with '\include' commands.
+ If the document preamble does not have ‘\includeonly’ then LaTeX will
+include all the files you call for with ‘\include’ commands.
- The '\include' command makes a new page. To avoid that, see *note
+ The ‘\include’ command makes a new page. To avoid that, see *note
\input:: (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary information).
- *Note Larger book template::, for another example using '\include'
-and '\includeonly'. That example also uses '\input' for some material
+ *Note Larger book template::, for another example using ‘\include’
+and ‘\includeonly’. That example also uses ‘\input’ for some material
that will not necessarily start on a new page.
File names can involve paths.
@@ -15240,7 +15316,7 @@
To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
-dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name 'amo amas amat', this
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘amo amas amat’, this
works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
\documentclass{book}
@@ -15261,26 +15337,26 @@
\include{{"amo amas amat"}}
\end{document}
- You cannot use '\include' inside a file that is being included or you
-get 'LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.' The '\include' command
-cannot appear in the document preamble; you will get 'LaTeX Error:
-Missing \begin{document}'.
+ You cannot use ‘\include’ inside a file that is being included or you
+get ‘LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.’ The ‘\include’ command
+cannot appear in the document preamble; you will get ‘LaTeX Error:
+Missing \begin{document}’.
- If a file that you '\include' does not exist, for instance if you
-'\include{athiesm}' but you meant '\include{atheism}', then LaTeX does
-not give you an error but will warn you 'No file athiesm.tex.' (It will
-also create 'athiesm.aux'.)
+ If a file that you ‘\include’ does not exist, for instance if you
+‘\include{athiesm}’ but you meant ‘\include{atheism}’, then LaTeX does
+not give you an error but will warn you ‘No file athiesm.tex.’ (It will
+also create ‘athiesm.aux’.)
- If you '\include' the root file in itself then you first get 'LaTeX
-Error: Can be used only in preamble.' Later runs get 'TeX capacity
-exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]'. To fix this, you must remove
-the inclusion '\include{ROOT}' but also delete the file 'ROOT.aux' and
+ If you ‘\include’ the root file in itself then you first get ‘LaTeX
+Error: Can be used only in preamble.’ Later runs get ‘TeX capacity
+exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]’. To fix this, you must remove
+the inclusion ‘\include{ROOT}’ but also delete the file ‘ROOT.aux’ and
rerun LaTeX.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \include & \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
-24.3 '\input'
+24.3 ‘\input’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -15291,22 +15367,22 @@
current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see *note
\include & \includeonly::.
- If FILENAME does not end in '.tex' then LaTeX first tries the
+ If FILENAME does not end in ‘.tex’ then LaTeX first tries the
filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If FILENAME ends
-with '.tex' then LaTeX looks for the filename as it is.
+with ‘.tex’ then LaTeX looks for the filename as it is.
For example, this
\input{macros}
-will cause LaTeX to first look for 'macros.tex'. If it finds that file
+will cause LaTeX to first look for ‘macros.tex’. If it finds that file
then it processes its contents as thought they had been copy-pasted in.
-If there is no file of the name 'macros.tex' then LaTeX tries the name
-'macros', without an extension. (This may vary by distribution.)
+If there is no file of the name ‘macros.tex’ then LaTeX tries the name
+‘macros’, without an extension. (This may vary by distribution.)
To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you
should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
-dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name 'amo amas amat', this
+dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘amo amas amat’, this
works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"}
@@ -15343,10 +15419,10 @@
Put the command in the input file where you want the table or list to
go. You do not type the entries; for example, typically the table of
contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning
-commands '\chapter', etc.
+commands ‘\chapter’, etc.
- This example illustrates the first command, '\tableofcontents'.
-LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book's first page.
+ This example illustrates the first command, ‘\tableofcontents’.
+LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page.
\documentclass{book}
% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
@@ -15362,20 +15438,20 @@
\end{document}
Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter
-and section listings but not subsection listings, because the '\section'
+and section listings but not subsection listings, because the ‘\section’
command has level 1. *Note Sectioning::, for level numbers of the
-sectioning units. For more on the 'tocdepth' *note
+sectioning units. For more on the ‘tocdepth’ *note
Sectioning/tocdepth::.
- Another example of the use of '\tableofcontents' is in *note Larger
+ Another example of the use of ‘\tableofcontents’ is in *note Larger
book template::.
If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a
-'\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents' command, as above.
+‘\newpage’ command after the ‘\tableofcontents’ command, as above.
To make the table of contents, LaTeX stores the information in an
-auxiliary file named 'ROOT-FILE.toc' (*note Splitting the input::). For
-example, this LaTeX file 'test.tex'
+auxiliary file named ‘ROOT-FILE.toc’ (*note Splitting the input::). For
+example, this LaTeX file ‘test.tex’
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
@@ -15384,74 +15460,73 @@
\subsection{First subsection}
...
-writes these lines to 'test.toc'.
+writes these lines to ‘test.toc’.
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2}
-Each line contains a single command, '\contentsline' (*note
-\contentsline::). The first argument, the 'section' or 'subsection', is
+Each line contains a single command, ‘\contentsline’ (*note
+\contentsline::). The first argument, the ‘section’ or ‘subsection’, is
the sectioning unit. The second argument has two components. The hook
-'\numberline' determines how the sectioning number, '1' or '1.1',
+‘\numberline’ determines how the sectioning number, ‘1’ or ‘1.1’,
appears in the table of contents (*note \numberline::). The remainder
-of the second argument of '\contentsline', 'First section' or 'First
-subsection', is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument,
-'2', is the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
+of the second argument of ‘\contentsline’, ‘First section’ or ‘First
+subsection’, is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument,
+‘2’, is the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
- To typeset these lines, the document class provides '\l at SECTION-UNIT'
-commands such as '\l at section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}' and
-'\l at subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}'. These commands often use the
-'\@dottedtocline' command (*note \@dottedtocline::).
+ To typeset these lines, the document class provides ‘\l at SECTION-UNIT’
+commands such as ‘\l at section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’ and
+‘\l at subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’. These commands often use the
+‘\@dottedtocline’ command (*note \@dottedtocline::).
- A consequence of LaTeX's strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
+ A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In
the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number of
times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new
document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its
-'Contents' header. Just run LaTeX again.
+‘Contents’ header. Just run LaTeX again.
- The commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a list of
+ The commands ‘\listoffigures’ and ‘\listoftables’ produce a list of
figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in files with
-extension '.lof' and '.lot'. They work the same way as
-'\tableofcontents' but the latter is more common, so we use it for most
+extension ‘.lof’ and ‘.lot’. They work the same way as
+‘\tableofcontents’ but the latter is more common, so we use it for most
examples.
You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of
figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a
section to the table of contents with
-'\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{TEXT}'. (*note \addcontentsline::).
+‘\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{TEXT}’. (*note \addcontentsline::).
Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line material, with
-'\addtocontents', as with the command
-'\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}', which adds vertical space
+‘\addtocontents’, as with the command
+‘\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}’, which adds vertical space
to the list of figures (*note \addtocontents::).
Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of
tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which
sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title
-text, such as 'First section'. Finally there is a box up against the
+text, such as ‘First section’. Finally there is a box up against the
right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box. For the
indent and the width of the number box, *note \@dottedtocline::. The
-right margin box has width '\@tocrmarg' and the page number is flush
-right in that space, inside a box of width '\@pnumwidth'. By default
-'\@tocrmarg' is '2.55em' and '\@pnumwidth' is '1.55em'. Change these as
-with '\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}'.
+right margin box has width ‘\@tocrmarg’ and the page number is flush
+right in that space, inside a box of width ‘\@pnumwidth’. By default
+‘\@tocrmarg’ is ‘2.55em’ and ‘\@pnumwidth’ is ‘1.55em’. Change these as
+with ‘\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}’.
CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables (*note CTAN::). The package 'tocloft' is convenient for
+and tables (*note CTAN::). The package ‘tocloft’ is convenient for
adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
-'tocbibbind' will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to
+‘tocbibbind’ will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to
the table of contents.
To change the header for the table of contents page, do something
-like these commands before you call '\tableofcontents', etc.
+like these commands before you call ‘\tableofcontents’, etc.
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}
-
- Internationalization packages such as 'babel' or 'polyglossia' will
+ Internationalization packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’ will
change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
* Menu:
@@ -15466,7 +15541,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \@dottedtocline, Next: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.1 '\@dottedtocline'
+25.1.1 ‘\@dottedtocline’
------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15475,10 +15550,10 @@
Used internally by LaTeX to format an entry line in the table of
contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly
-enter '\@dottedtocline' commands.
+enter ‘\@dottedtocline’ commands.
- This command is typically used by '\l at section', '\l at subsection',
-etc., to format the content lines. For example, the 'article.cls' file
+ This command is typically used by ‘\l at section’, ‘\l at subsection’,
+etc., to format the content lines. For example, the ‘article.cls’ file
contains these definitions:
\newcommand*\l at section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
@@ -15485,26 +15560,26 @@
\newcommand*\l at subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\newcommand*\l at subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
-In this example, '\@dottedcline' appears to have been given only three
+In this example, ‘\@dottedcline’ appears to have been given only three
arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up the
final TEXT and PAGENUMBER arguments in the synopsis from a call to
-'\contentsline' (*note \contentsline::).
+‘\contentsline’ (*note \contentsline::).
Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
-box, these '\@dottedtocline' commands insert "leaders", that is,
+box, these ‘\@dottedtocline’ commands insert “leaders”, that is,
evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
-'\@dotsep'. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. 'mu', which
-are '1/18' em. Change it using '\renewcommand', as in
-'\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}'.
+‘\@dotsep’. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. ‘mu’, which
+are ‘1/18’ em. Change it using ‘\renewcommand’, as in
+‘\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}’.
- In the standard 'book' class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for
-the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard 'article' class
+ In the standard ‘book’ class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for
+the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard ‘article’ class
it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Prev: \@dottedtocline, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.2 '\addcontentsline'
+25.1.2 ‘\addcontentsline’
-------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15513,7 +15588,7 @@
Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension EXT.
- The following will result in an 'Appendices' line in the table of
+ The following will result in an ‘Appendices’ line in the table of
contents.
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
@@ -15522,33 +15597,33 @@
boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point
where the command appears in the input file.
- The '\addcontentsline' command writes information to the file
-'ROOT-NAME.EXT', where ROOT-NAME is the file name of the root file
+ The ‘\addcontentsline’ command writes information to the file
+‘ROOT-NAME.EXT’, where ROOT-NAME is the file name of the root file
(*note Splitting the input::). It writes that information as the text
-of the command '\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}', where 'NUM' is the
-current value of counter 'UNIT' (*note \contentsline::). The most
+of the command ‘\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}’, where ‘NUM’ is the
+current value of counter ‘UNIT’ (*note \contentsline::). The most
common case is the table of contents and there NUM is the page number of
the first page of UNIT.
- This command is invoked by the sectioning commands '\chapter', etc.
-(*note Sectioning::), and also by '\caption' inside a float environment
+ This command is invoked by the sectioning commands ‘\chapter’, etc.
+(*note Sectioning::), and also by ‘\caption’ inside a float environment
(*note Floats::). But it is also directly used by authors. For
example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an unnumbered
-preface may use the starred '\chapter*'. But that command leaves out
+preface may use the starred ‘\chapter*’. But that command leaves out
table of contents information, which can be entered manually, as here.
\chapter*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}
-In the 'ROOT-NAME.toc' file LaTeX will put the line '\contentsline
-{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}'; note that the page number '3' is
+In the ‘ROOT-NAME.toc’ file LaTeX will put the line ‘\contentsline
+{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}’; note that the page number ‘3’ is
automatically generated by the system, not entered manually.
- All of the arguments for '\addcontentsline' are required.
+ All of the arguments for ‘\addcontentsline’ are required.
EXT
- Typically one of the strings 'toc' for the table of contents, 'lof'
- for the list of figures, or 'lot' for the list of tables. The
+ Typically one of the strings ‘toc’ for the table of contents, ‘lof’
+ for the list of figures, or ‘lot’ for the list of tables. The
filename extension of the information file.
UNIT
@@ -15555,25 +15630,25 @@
A string that depends on the value of the EXT argument, typically
one of:
- 'toc'
+ ‘toc’
For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional
- unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', etc.
+ unit: ‘part’, ‘chapter’, ‘section’, ‘subsection’, etc.
- 'lof'
- For the list of figures: 'figure'.
+ ‘lof’
+ For the list of figures: ‘figure’.
- 'lot'
- For the list of tables: 'table'.
+ ‘lot’
+ For the list of tables: ‘table’.
TEXT
- The text of the entry. You must '\protect' any fragile commands
+ The text of the entry. You must ‘\protect’ any fragile commands
(*note \protect::) used in it.
- The '\addcontentsline' command has an interaction with '\include'
+ The ‘\addcontentsline’ command has an interaction with ‘\include’
(*note \include & \includeonly::). If you use them at the same level,
-as with '\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}' then lines in the
+as with ‘\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}’ then lines in the
table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to
-move '\addcontentsline' into the file being included.
+move ‘\addcontentsline’ into the file being included.
If you use a UNIT that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the typo
here
@@ -15580,13 +15655,13 @@
\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
-then you don't get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
+then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents
will not make sense.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Next: \contentsline, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.3 '\addtocontents'
+25.1.3 ‘\addtocontents’
-----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15599,12 +15674,12 @@
the list of figures and list of tables.
This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the
-'Contents' header.
+‘Contents’ header.
\tableofcontents\newpage
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}
-This puts the word 'Page', in boldface, above the column of page numbers
+This puts the word ‘Page’, in boldface, above the column of page numbers
and after the header.
\tableofcontents
@@ -15617,37 +15692,37 @@
\protect\vspace{2ex}
\textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par}
- The difference between '\addtocontents' and '\addcontentsline' is
+ The difference between ‘\addtocontents’ and ‘\addcontentsline’ is
that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the
page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above
-examples show, '\addtocontents' is for material such as spacing.
+examples show, ‘\addtocontents’ is for material such as spacing.
- The '\addtocontents' command has two arguments. Both are required.
+ The ‘\addtocontents’ command has two arguments. Both are required.
EXT
- Typically one of: 'toc' for the table of contents, 'lof' for the
- list of figures, or 'lot' for the list of tables. The extension of
+ Typically one of: ‘toc’ for the table of contents, ‘lof’ for the
+ list of figures, or ‘lot’ for the list of tables. The extension of
the file holding the information.
TEXT
The text, and possibly commands, to be written.
- The sectioning commands such as '\chapter' use the '\addcontentsline'
-command to store information. This command creates lines in the '.toc'
-auxiliary file containing the '\contentsline' command (*note
-\addcontentsline::). In contrast, the command '\addtocontents' puts
+ The sectioning commands such as ‘\chapter’ use the ‘\addcontentsline’
+command to store information. This command creates lines in the ‘.toc’
+auxiliary file containing the ‘\contentsline’ command (*note
+\addcontentsline::). In contrast, the command ‘\addtocontents’ puts
material directly in that file.
- The '\addtocontents' command has an interaction with '\include'
+ The ‘\addtocontents’ command has an interaction with ‘\include’
(*note \include & \includeonly::). If you use them at the same level,
-as with '\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}' then lines in the table
+as with ‘\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}’ then lines in the table
of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to move
-'\addtocontents' into the file being included.
+‘\addtocontents’ into the file being included.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \contentsline, Next: \nofiles, Prev: \addtocontents, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.4 '\contentsline'
+25.1.4 ‘\contentsline’
----------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15656,42 +15731,42 @@
Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of
contents, list of figures, or list of tables (*note Table of contents
-etc.::). Authors do not directly enter '\contentsline' commands.
+etc.::). Authors do not directly enter ‘\contentsline’ commands.
Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the
-commands '\chapter', '\section', etc. for the table of contents, or by
-the '\caption' command inside of a '\figure' or '\table' environment
+commands ‘\chapter’, ‘\section’, etc. for the table of contents, or by
+the ‘\caption’ command inside of a ‘\figure’ or ‘\table’ environment
(*note figure:: and *note table::). Thus, where the root file is
-'thesis.tex', and contains the declaration '\tableofcontents', the
-command '\chapter{Chapter One}' produces something like this in the file
-'thesis.toc'.
+‘thesis.tex’, and contains the declaration ‘\tableofcontents’, the
+command ‘\chapter{Chapter One}’ produces something like this in the file
+‘thesis.toc’.
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3}
- If the file contains the declaration '\listoffigures' then a figure
-environment involving '\caption{Test}' will produce something like this
-in 'thesis.lof'.
+ If the file contains the declaration ‘\listoffigures’ then a figure
+environment involving ‘\caption{Test}’ will produce something like this
+in ‘thesis.lof’.
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6}
To manually add material, use
-'\addcontentsline{FILETYPE}{UNIT}{TEXT}', where FILETYPE is 'toc',
-'lof', or 'lot' (*note \addcontentsline::).
+‘\addcontentsline{FILETYPE}{UNIT}{TEXT}’, where FILETYPE is ‘toc’,
+‘lof’, or ‘lot’ (*note \addcontentsline::).
- For manipulating how the '\contentline' material is typeset, see the
-'tocloft' package.
+ For manipulating how the ‘\contentline’ material is typeset, see the
+‘tocloft’ package.
- Note that the 'hyperref' package changes the definition of
-'\contentsline' (and '\addcontentsline') to add more arguments, to make
-hyperlinks. This is the source of the error 'Argument of \contentsline
-has an extra }' when one adds/remove the use of package 'hyperref' and a
-compilation was already run. Fix this error by deleting the '.toc' or
-'.lof' or '.lot' file, and running LaTeX again.
+ Note that the ‘hyperref’ package changes the definition of
+‘\contentsline’ (and ‘\addcontentsline’) to add more arguments, to make
+hyperlinks. This is the source of the error ‘Argument of \contentsline
+has an extra }’ when one adds/remove the use of package ‘hyperref’ and a
+compilation was already run. Fix this error by deleting the ‘.toc’ or
+‘.lof’ or ‘.lot’ file, and running LaTeX again.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \nofiles, Next: \numberline, Prev: \contentsline, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.5 '\nofiles'
+25.1.5 ‘\nofiles’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15699,11 +15774,11 @@
\nofiles
Prevent LaTeX from writing any auxiliary files. The only output will
-be the '.log' and '.pdf' (or '.dvi') files. This command must go in the
+be the ‘.log’ and ‘.pdf’ (or ‘.dvi’) files. This command must go in the
preamble.
- Because of the '\nofiles' command this example will not produce a
-'.toc' file.
+ Because of the ‘\nofiles’ command this example will not produce a
+‘.toc’ file.
\documentclass{book}
\nofiles
@@ -15713,13 +15788,13 @@
...
LaTeX will not erase any existing auxiliary files, so if you insert the
-'\nofiles' command after you have run the file and gotten a '.toc' then
+‘\nofiles’ command after you have run the file and gotten a ‘.toc’ then
the table of contents page will continue to show the old information.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \numberline, Prev: \nofiles, Up: Table of contents etc.
-25.1.6 '\numberline'
+25.1.6 ‘\numberline’
--------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15727,28 +15802,28 @@
\numberline{NUMBER}
Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a
-'\contentsline' command to typeset the section number (*note
+‘\contentsline’ command to typeset the section number (*note
\contentsline::).
- For example, this line in a '.toc' file causes the '1.1' to be
+ For example, this line in a ‘.toc’ file causes the ‘1.1’ to be
typeset flush left.
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2}
By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length
-'\@tempdima'. That length is set by the commands '\l at section',
-'\l at subsection', etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box
-with '\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}' before '\tableofcontents'.
+‘\@tempdima’. That length is set by the commands ‘\l at section’,
+‘\l at subsection’, etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box
+with ‘\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}’ before ‘\tableofcontents’.
- This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with '\protect'
-(*note \protect::). An example is the use of '\protect' in this
+ This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with ‘\protect’
+(*note \protect::). An example is the use of ‘\protect’ in this
command,
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}
-to get the '\numberline' into the '\contentsline' command in the '.toc'
-file: '\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}' (the page
-number '6' is automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::).
+to get the ‘\numberline’ into the ‘\contentsline’ command in the ‘.toc’
+file: ‘\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}’ (the page
+number ‘6’ is automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Next: Glossaries, Prev: Table of contents etc., Up: Front/back matter
@@ -15775,36 +15850,36 @@
\printindex
\end{document}
-As that shows, declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note
-\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information,
-such as 'Wilson's Theorem' and the page number, to an auxiliary file
-whose name ends in '.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and do other
-manipulations, run an external command, typically 'makeindex' (*note
-makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in '.ind'. Finally,
-'\printindex' brings this manipulated information into the output (*note
+As that shows, declare index entries with the ‘\index’ command (*note
+\index::). When you run LaTeX, the ‘\index’ writes its information,
+such as ‘Wilson's Theorem’ and the page number, to an auxiliary file
+whose name ends in ‘.idx’. Next, to alphabetize and do other
+manipulations, run an external command, typically ‘makeindex’ (*note
+makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in ‘.ind’. Finally,
+‘\printindex’ brings this manipulated information into the output (*note
\printindex::).
- Thus, if the above example is in the file 'numth.tex' then running
-'pdflatex numth' will save index entry and page number information to
-'numth.idx'. Then running 'makeindex numth' will alphabetize and save
-the results to 'numth.ind'. Finally, again running 'pdflatex numth'
-will show the desired index, at the place where the '\printindex'
+ Thus, if the above example is in the file ‘numth.tex’ then running
+‘pdflatex numth’ will save index entry and page number information to
+‘numth.idx’. Then running ‘makeindex numth’ will alphabetize and save
+the results to ‘numth.ind’. Finally, again running ‘pdflatex numth’
+will show the desired index, at the place where the ‘\printindex’
command is in the source file.
There are many options for the output. An example is that the
-exclamation point in '\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}' produces
-a main entry of 'congruence' with a subentry of 'and Wilson's Theorem'.
+exclamation point in ‘\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}’ produces
+a main entry of ‘congruence’ with a subentry of ‘and Wilson's Theorem’.
For more, *note makeindex::.
- The '\makeindex' and '\printindex' commands are independent. Leaving
-out the '\makeindex' will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to
-the auxiliary file. Leaving out the '\printindex' will cause LaTeX to
+ The ‘\makeindex’ and ‘\printindex’ commands are independent. Leaving
+out the ‘\makeindex’ will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to
+the auxiliary file. Leaving out the ‘\printindex’ will cause LaTeX to
not show the index in the document output.
- There are many packages in the area of indexing. The 'showidx'
+ There are many packages in the area of indexing. The ‘showidx’
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page
-where the '\index' appears. This can help in preparing the index. The
-'multind' package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also
+where the ‘\index’ appears. This can help in preparing the index. The
+‘multind’ package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also
the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind>,
and the CTAN topic, <https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi>.
@@ -15822,7 +15897,7 @@
---------------------------------
Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index.
-This will make a separate page labeled 'Index', in twocolumn format.
+This will make a separate page labeled ‘Index’, in twocolumn format.
\begin{theindex}
\item acorn squash, 1
@@ -15834,21 +15909,21 @@
Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious
and which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is
-why in most cases automated methods such as 'makeindex' are best. *Note
+why in most cases automated methods such as ‘makeindex’ are best. *Note
Indexes::.
However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the
automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels
-of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses '\item', subentries
-use '\subitem', and the lowest level uses '\subsubitem'. Blank lines
+of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses ‘\item’, subentries
+use ‘\subitem’, and the lowest level uses ‘\subsubitem’. Blank lines
between entries have no effect. The example above includes
-'\indexspace' to produce vertical space in the output that some index
+‘\indexspace’ to produce vertical space in the output that some index
styles use before the first entry starting with a new letter.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \index, Next: makeindex, Prev: Produce the index manually, Up: Indexes
-25.2.2 '\index'
+25.2.2 ‘\index’
---------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15859,9 +15934,9 @@
\protect::).
For example, as described in *note Indexes::, one way to get an index
-from what's below is to compile the document with 'pdflatex test', then
-process the index entries with 'makeindex test', and then compile again
-with 'pdflatex test'.
+from what’s below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then
+process the index entries with ‘makeindex test’, and then compile again
+with ‘pdflatex test’.
% file test.tex
...
@@ -15871,23 +15946,23 @@
...
rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
-All three index entries will get a page number, such as 'Ackermann, 22'.
+All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘Ackermann, 22’.
LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the line
below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second. Three
levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add
-'\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}' then 'makeindex'
-says 'Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1
-rejected)' and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.)
+‘\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}’ then ‘makeindex’
+says ‘Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1
+rejected)’ and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.)
- If you enter a second '\index' with the same INDEX-ENTRY-STRING then
+ If you enter a second ‘\index’ with the same INDEX-ENTRY-STRING then
you will get a single index entry with two page numbers (unless they
-happen to fall on the same page). Thus, adding 'as for
-Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}' later in the same document as above will
-give an index entry like 'Ackermann, 22, 151'. Also, you can enter the
-index entries in any order, so for instance '\index{Ackermann!function}'
-could come before '\index{Ackermann}'.
+happen to fall on the same page). Thus, adding ‘as for
+Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}’ later in the same document as above will
+give an index entry like ‘Ackermann, 22, 151’. Also, you can enter the
+index entries in any order, so for instance ‘\index{Ackermann!function}’
+could come before ‘\index{Ackermann}’.
- Get a page range in the output, like 'Hilbert, 23--27', as here.
+ Get a page range in the output, like ‘Hilbert, 23--27’, as here.
W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
@@ -15899,25 +15974,25 @@
just gives a single page number, not a range.
If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with
-'\index{Jones!program}' and '\index{Jones!results}', then the output is
-the item 'Jones' with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems,
-like 'program, 50' and 'results, 51'.
+‘\index{Jones!program}’ and ‘\index{Jones!results}’, then the output is
+the item ‘Jones’ with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems,
+like ‘program, 50’ and ‘results, 51’.
- Generate a index entry that says 'see' by using a vertical bar
-character: '\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's function}}'. You
-can instead get 'see also' with 'seealso'. (The text 'see' is defined
-by '\seename', and 'see also' by '\alsoname'. You can redefine these
-either by using an internationalization package such as 'babel' or
-'polyglossia', or directly as with '\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also
-see}'.)
+ Generate a index entry that says ‘see’ by using a vertical bar
+character: ‘\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's function}}’. You
+can instead get ‘see also’ with ‘seealso’. (The text ‘see’ is defined
+by ‘\seename’, and ‘see also’ by ‘\alsoname’. You can redefine these
+either by using an internationalization package such as ‘babel’ or
+‘polyglossia’, or directly as with ‘\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also
+see}’.)
- The 'see' feature is part of a more general functionality. After the
+ The ‘see’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After the
vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in
-'\index{group|textit}' (note the missing backslash on the '\textit'
+‘\index{group|textit}’ (note the missing backslash on the ‘\textit’
command) and the system will apply that command to the page number, here
-giving something like '\textit{7}'. You can define your own one-input
-commands, such as '\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}' and
-then '\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}' will give a blue page
+giving something like ‘\textit{7}’. You can define your own one-input
+commands, such as ‘\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}’ and
+then ‘\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}’ will give a blue page
number (*note Color::). Another, less practical, example is this,
\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage}
@@ -15931,35 +16006,35 @@
...
\index{Ackermann!function|)}
-which outputs an index entry like 'function, 23--27' where the page
+which outputs an index entry like ‘function, 23--27’ where the page
number range is in blue.
- Consider an index entry such as 'α-ring'. Entering it as
-'$\alpha$-ring' will cause it to be alphabetized according to the dollar
+ Consider an index entry such as ‘α-ring’. Entering it as
+‘$\alpha$-ring’ will cause it to be alphabetized according to the dollar
sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as
-'\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}'. If you specify an entry with an
-at-sign separating two strings, 'POS at TEXT', then POS gives the
+‘\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}’. If you specify an entry with an
+at-sign separating two strings, ‘POS at TEXT’, then POS gives the
alphabetical position of the entry while TEXT produces the text of the
-entry. Another example is that '\index{Saint Michael's College at SMC}'
-produces an index entry 'SMC' alphabetized into a different location
+entry. Another example is that ‘\index{Saint Michael's College at SMC}’
+produces an index entry ‘SMC’ alphabetized into a different location
than its spelling would naturally give it.
- To put a '!', or '@', or '|', or '"' character in an index entry,
-escape it by preceding it with a double quote, '"'. (The double quote
+ To put a ‘!’, or ‘@’, or ‘|’, or ‘"’ character in an index entry,
+escape it by preceding it with a double quote, ‘"’. (The double quote
gets deleted before alphabetization.)
A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond
-that provided by 'makeidx'. One is 'index', which allows for multiple
-indices and contains a command '\index*{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}' that prints
+that provided by ‘makeidx’. One is ‘index’, which allows for multiple
+indices and contains a command ‘\index*{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}’ that prints
the INDEX-ENTRY-STRING as well as indexing it.
- The '\index' command writes the indexing information to the file
-'ROOT-NAME.idx' file. Specifically, it writes text of the command
-'\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}', where PAGE-NUM is the value
-of the '\thepage' counter. On occasion, when the '\printindex' command
+ The ‘\index’ command writes the indexing information to the file
+‘ROOT-NAME.idx’ file. Specifically, it writes text of the command
+‘\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}’, where PAGE-NUM is the value
+of the ‘\thepage’ counter. On occasion, when the ‘\printindex’ command
is confused, you have to delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
- If you omit the closing brace of an '\index' command then you get a
+ If you omit the closing brace of an ‘\index’ command then you get a
message like this.
Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function
@@ -15968,7 +16043,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: makeindex, Next: \printindex, Prev: \index, Up: Indexes
-25.2.3 'makeindex'
+25.2.3 ‘makeindex’
------------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -15979,16 +16054,16 @@
Sort, and otherwise process, the index information in the auxiliary
file FILENAME. This is a command line program. It takes one or more
-raw index files, 'FILENAME.idx' files, and produces the actual index
-file, the 'FILENAME.ind' file that is input by '\printindex' (*note
+raw index files, ‘FILENAME.idx’ files, and produces the actual index
+file, the ‘FILENAME.ind’ file that is input by ‘\printindex’ (*note
\printindex::).
The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second
-allows you to format the index by using an "index style file", a '.isty'
+allows you to format the index by using an “index style file”, a ‘.isty’
file. The third form is the most general; see the full documentation on
CTAN.
- This is a simple '.isty' file.
+ This is a simple ‘.isty’ file.
% book.isty
% $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx
@@ -16010,127 +16085,127 @@
A style file consists of a list of pairs: SPECIFIER and ATTRIBUTE.
These can appear in the file in any order. All of the ATTRIBUTEs are
strings, except where noted. Strings are surrounded with double quotes,
-'"', and the maximum length of a string is 144 characters. The '\n' is
-for a newline and '\t' is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with
-another backslash, '\\'. If a line begins with a percent sign, '%',
+‘"’, and the maximum length of a string is 144 characters. The ‘\n’ is
+for a newline and ‘\t’ is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with
+another backslash, ‘\\’. If a line begins with a percent sign, ‘%’,
then it is a comment.
-'preamble'
+‘preamble’
Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which
- the index is formatted. Default: '"\\begin{theindex}\n"'.
+ the index is formatted. Default: ‘"\\begin{theindex}\n"’.
-'postamble'
+‘postamble’
Postamble of the output index file. Default:
- '"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"'.
+ ‘"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"’.
-'group_skip'
+‘group_skip’
Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group
- for entries starting with letter 'a', etc. This specifier gives
- what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: '"\n\n
- \\indexspace\n"' ('\indexspace' is a command inserting a rubber
- length, by default '10pt plus5pt minus3pt').
+ for entries starting with letter ‘a’, etc. This specifier gives
+ what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: ‘"\n\n
+ \\indexspace\n"’ (‘\indexspace’ is a command inserting a rubber
+ length, by default ‘10pt plus5pt minus3pt’).
-'lethead_flag'
+‘lethead_flag’
An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter.
- If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than 'group_skip'
+ If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than ‘group_skip’
nothing will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then
- at a new letter the 'lethead_prefix' and 'lethead_suffix' will be
+ at a new letter the ‘lethead_prefix’ and ‘lethead_suffix’ will be
inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is
negative then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase.
The default is 0.
-'lethead_prefix'
+‘lethead_prefix’
If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the
- prefix inserted before the new letter header. Default: '""'
+ prefix inserted before the new letter header. Default: ‘""’
-'lethead_suffix'
+‘lethead_suffix’
If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
- inserted after the new letter header. Default: '""'.
+ inserted after the new letter header. Default: ‘""’.
-'item_0'
- What is put between two level 0 items. Default: '"\n \\item "'.
+‘item_0’
+ What is put between two level 0 items. Default: ‘"\n \\item "’.
-'item_1'
- Put between two level 1 items. Default: '"\n \\subitem "'.
+‘item_1’
+ Put between two level 1 items. Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’.
-'item_2'
- put between two level 2 items. Default: '"\n \\subsubitem "'.
+‘item_2’
+ put between two level 2 items. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem "’.
-'item_01'
+‘item_01’
What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item. Default:
- '"\n \\subitem "'.
+ ‘"\n \\subitem "’.
-'item_x1'
+‘item_x1’
What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case
- that the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers (as in
- '\index{aaa|see{bbb}}'). Default: '"\n \\subitem "'.
+ that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in
+ ‘\index{aaa|see{bbb}}’). Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’.
-'item_12'
+‘item_12’
What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item. Default:
- '"\n \\subsubitem "'.
+ ‘"\n \\subsubitem "’.
-'item_x2'
+‘item_x2’
What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the
- level 1 item doesn't have page numbers. Default: '"\n \\subsubitem
- "'.
+ level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem
+ "’.
-'delim_0'
+‘delim_0’
Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page number.
- Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'.
+ Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’.
-'delim_1'
+‘delim_1’
Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page number.
- Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'.
+ Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’.
-'delim_2'
+‘delim_2’
Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number.
- Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'.
+ Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’.
-'delim_n'
+‘delim_n’
Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any level).
- Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'.
+ Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’.
-'delim_r'
+‘delim_r’
What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a
- range. Default: '"--"'.
+ range. Default: ‘"--"’.
-'line_max'
- An integer. Maximum length of an index entry's line in the output,
- beyond which the line wraps. Default: '72'.
+‘line_max’
+ An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output,
+ beyond which the line wraps. Default: ‘72’.
-'indent_space'
+‘indent_space’
What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
- '"\t\t"'.
+ ‘"\t\t"’.
-'indent_length'
+‘indent_length’
A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
- 'indent_space' is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
- default here is '16'.
+ ‘indent_space’ is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
+ default here is ‘16’.
-'page_precedence'
+‘page_precedence’
A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example,
a book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman
while main matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the
- order in which they will appear in the index. The 'makeindex'
+ order in which they will appear in the index. The ‘makeindex’
command supports five different types of numerals: lowercase roman
- 'r', and numeric or arabic 'n', and lowercase alphabetic 'a', and
- uppercase roman 'R', and uppercase alphabetic 'A'. Default:
- '"rnaRA"'.
+ ‘r’, and numeric or arabic ‘n’, and lowercase alphabetic ‘a’, and
+ uppercase roman ‘R’, and uppercase alphabetic ‘A’. Default:
+ ‘"rnaRA"’.
- There are a number of other programs that do the job 'makeindex'
-does. One is 'xindy' (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy>), which does
+ There are a number of other programs that do the job ‘makeindex’
+does. One is ‘xindy’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy>), which does
internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up
using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is written in Lisp,
highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating
order of the text, as described in its documentation.
- A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is 'xindex',
+ A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is ‘xindex’,
written in Lua (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex>).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \printindex, Prev: makeindex, Up: Indexes
-25.2.4 '\printindex'
+25.2.4 ‘\printindex’
--------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -16140,10 +16215,10 @@
Place the index into the output.
To get an index you must first include
-'\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex' in the document preamble and compile
-the document, then run the system command 'makeindex', and then compile
+‘\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex’ in the document preamble and compile
+the document, then run the system command ‘makeindex’, and then compile
the document again. *Note Indexes::, for further discussion and an
-example of the use of '\printindex'.
+example of the use of ‘\printindex’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Prev: Indexes, Up: Front/back matter
@@ -16161,12 +16236,12 @@
...
\printglossaries
- The 'glossaries' package allows you to make glossaries, including
+ The ‘glossaries’ package allows you to make glossaries, including
multiple glossaries, as well as lists of acronyms.
To get the output from this example, compile the document (for
-instance with 'pdflatex filename'), then run the command line command
-'makeglossaries filename', and then compile the document again.
+instance with ‘pdflatex filename’), then run the command line command
+‘makeglossaries filename’, and then compile the document again.
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
@@ -16182,18 +16257,18 @@
\printglossaries
\end{document}
-That gives two things. In the main text it outputs '... definition of a
-Turing machine'. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
-'Glossary' there appears a description list. In boldface it says
-'Turing machine' and the rest of the item says in normal type 'A model
-of a machine ... Computer Science'.
+That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘... definition of a
+Turing machine’. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
+‘Glossary’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says
+‘Turing machine’ and the rest of the item says in normal type ‘A model
+of a machine ... Computer Science’.
- The command '\makeglossary' opens the file that will contain the
-entry information, 'ROOT-FILE.glo'. Put the '\printglossaries' command
+ The command ‘\makeglossary’ opens the file that will contain the
+entry information, ‘ROOT-FILE.glo’. Put the ‘\printglossaries’ command
where you want the glossaries to appear in your document.
- The 'glossaries' package is very powerful. For instance, besides the
-commands '\newglossaryentry' and '\gls', there are similar commands for
+ The ‘glossaries’ package is very powerful. For instance, besides the
+commands ‘\newglossaryentry’ and ‘\gls’, there are similar commands for
a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on CTAN.
* Menu:
@@ -16204,7 +16279,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \newglossaryentry, Next: \gls, Up: Glossaries
-25.3.1 '\newglossaryentry'
+25.3.1 ‘\newglossaryentry’
--------------------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -16227,7 +16302,7 @@
Declare a new entry for a glossary. The LABEL must be unique for the
document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
-'KEY=VALUE'.
+‘KEY=VALUE’.
This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ, in the
glossary.
@@ -16244,29 +16319,29 @@
For a full list of KEYs see the package documentation on CTAN but
here are a few.
-'name'
+‘name’
(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
-'description'
+‘description’
(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary. If
this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second
command form given in the synopsis.
-'plural'
- The plural form of NAME. Refer to the plural form using '\glspl'
- or '\Glspl' (*note \gls::).
+‘plural’
+ The plural form of NAME. Refer to the plural form using ‘\glspl’
+ or ‘\Glspl’ (*note \gls::).
-'sort'
+‘sort’
How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary
holds.
-'symbol'
+‘symbol’
A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \gls, Prev: \newglossaryentry, Up: Glossaries
-25.3.2 '\gls'
+25.3.2 ‘\gls’
-------------
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -16277,7 +16352,7 @@
\Glspl{LABEL}
Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with
-'\newglossaryentry' (*note \newglossaryentry::).
+‘\newglossaryentry’ (*note \newglossaryentry::).
This
@@ -16289,10 +16364,10 @@
...
Consider \gls{N}.
-gives the output 'Consider the natural numbers'.
+gives the output ‘Consider the natural numbers’.
- The second command form '\glspl{LABEL}' produces the plural of NAME
-(by default it tries adding an 's'). The third form capitalizes the
+ The second command form ‘\glspl{LABEL}’ produces the plural of NAME
+(by default it tries adding an ‘s’). The third form capitalizes the
first letter of NAME, as does the fourth form, which also takes the
plural.
@@ -16318,9 +16393,9 @@
Produce one or more letters.
- Each letter is in a separate 'letter' environment, whose argument
+ Each letter is in a separate ‘letter’ environment, whose argument
RECIPIENT ADDRESS often contains multiple lines separated with a double
-backslash, ('\\'). For example, you might have:
+backslash, (‘\\’). For example, you might have:
\begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\
l'h\^otel Sagonne}
@@ -16327,38 +16402,38 @@
...
\end{letter}
- The start of the 'letter' environment resets the page number to 1,
+ The start of the ‘letter’ environment resets the page number to 1,
and the footnote number to 1 also.
The SENDER ADDRESS and SENDER NAME are common to all of the letters,
whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the preamble. As
with the recipient address, often SENDER ADDRESS contains multiple lines
-separated by a double backslash ('\\'). LaTeX will put the SENDER NAME
+separated by a double backslash (‘\\’). LaTeX will put the SENDER NAME
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature.
- Each 'letter' environment body begins with a required '\opening'
-command such as '\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}'. The LETTER BODY text is
+ Each ‘letter’ environment body begins with a required ‘\opening’
+command such as ‘\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}’. The LETTER BODY text is
ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from enumerated lists to
-displayed math, except that commands such as '\chapter' that make no
-sense in a letter are turned off. Each 'letter' environment body
-typically ends with a '\closing' command such as '\closing{Yours,}'.
+displayed math, except that commands such as ‘\chapter’ that make no
+sense in a letter are turned off. Each ‘letter’ environment body
+typically ends with a ‘\closing’ command such as ‘\closing{Yours,}’.
- Additional material may come after the '\closing'. You can say who
-is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like '\cc{the Boss \\
-the Boss's Boss}'. There's a similar '\encl' command for a list of
-enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with '\ps'.
+ Additional material may come after the ‘\closing’. You can say who
+is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like ‘\cc{the Boss \\
+the Boss's Boss}’. There’s a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of
+enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with ‘\ps’.
- LaTeX's default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
-by a length of '\longindentation'. By default this is '0.5\textwidth'.
-To make them flush left, put '\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}' in your
+ LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it
+by a length of ‘\longindentation’. By default this is ‘0.5\textwidth’.
+To make them flush left, put ‘\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}’ in your
preamble.
To set a fixed date use something like
-'\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}'. If put in your preamble then it
+‘\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}’. If put in your preamble then it
will apply to all the letters.
- This example shows only one 'letter' environment. The three lines
+ This example shows only one ‘letter’ environment. The three lines
marked as optional are typically omitted.
\documentclass{letter}
@@ -16375,26 +16450,26 @@
\end{letter}
\end{document}
- These commands are used with the 'letter' class.
+ These commands are used with the ‘letter’ class.
* Menu:
-* \address:: Sender's return address.
+* \address:: Sender’s return address.
* \cc:: Carbon copy list.
* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
-* \location:: Sender's organizational location.
+* \location:: Sender’s organizational location.
* \makelabels:: Make address labels.
-* \name:: Sender's name, for the return address.
+* \name:: Sender’s name, for the return address.
* \opening:: Saying hello.
* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
-* \signature:: Sender's signature.
-* \telephone:: Sender's phone number.
+* \signature:: Sender’s signature.
+* \telephone:: Sender’s phone number.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters
-26.1 '\address'
+26.1 ‘\address’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -16403,15 +16478,15 @@
Specify the return address, as it appears on the letter and on the
envelope. Separate multiple lines in SENDERS ADDRESS with a double
-backslash, '\\'.
+backslash, ‘\\’.
Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often
put in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an
-individual 'letter' environment.
+individual ‘letter’ environment.
This command is optional: if you do not use it then the letter is
formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto pre-printed
-letterhead paper. If you do use the '\address' declaration then it is
+letterhead paper. If you do use the ‘\address’ declaration then it is
formatted as a personal letter.
Here is an example.
@@ -16422,7 +16497,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters
-26.2 '\cc'
+26.2 ‘\cc’
==========
Synopsis:
@@ -16432,8 +16507,8 @@
Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent.
This command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
-'\closing'. Put the names on different lines by separating them with a
-double backslash, '\\', as in:
+‘\closing’. Put the names on different lines by separating them with a
+double backslash, ‘\\’, as in:
\cc{President \\
Vice President}
@@ -16441,7 +16516,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters
-26.3 '\closing'
+26.3 ‘\closing’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -16448,7 +16523,7 @@
\closing{TEXT}
- Produce the letter's closing. This is optional, but usual. It
+ Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It
appears at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For
example:
@@ -16457,7 +16532,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters
-26.4 '\encl'
+26.4 ‘\encl’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -16466,8 +16541,8 @@
... }
Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
-optional; when it is used, it typically is put after '\closing'.
-Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, '\\'.
+optional; when it is used, it typically is put after ‘\closing’.
+Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’.
\encl{License \\
Passport}
@@ -16475,7 +16550,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters
-26.5 '\location'
+26.5 ‘\location’
================
Synopsis:
@@ -16483,12 +16558,12 @@
\location{TEXT}
The TEXT appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only appears
-if the page style is 'firstpage'.
+if the page style is ‘firstpage’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters
-26.6 '\makelabels'
+26.6 ‘\makelabels’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -16495,22 +16570,22 @@
\makelabels % in preamble
- Optional, for a document that contains 'letter' environments. If you
-just put '\makelabels' in the preamble then at the end of the document
+ Optional, for a document that contains ‘letter’ environments. If you
+just put ‘\makelabels’ in the preamble then at the end of the document
you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one for each
letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off address
labels.
- Customize the labels by redefining the commands '\startlabels',
-'\mlabel', and '\returnaddress' (and perhaps '\name') in the preamble.
-The command '\startlabels' sets the width, height, number of columns,
+ Customize the labels by redefining the commands ‘\startlabels’,
+‘\mlabel’, and ‘\returnaddress’ (and perhaps ‘\name’) in the preamble.
+The command ‘\startlabels’ sets the width, height, number of columns,
etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed. The command
-'\mlabel{RETURN ADDRESS}{RECIPIENT ADDRESS}' produces the two labels (or
+‘\mlabel{RETURN ADDRESS}{RECIPIENT ADDRESS}’ produces the two labels (or
one, if you choose to ignore the RETURN ADDRESS) for each letter
environment. The first argument, RETURN ADDRESS, is the value returned
-by the macro '\returnaddress'. The second argument, RECIPIENT ADDRESS,
-is the value passed in the argument to the 'letter' environment. By
-default '\mlabel' ignores the first argument, the RETURN ADDRESS,
+by the macro ‘\returnaddress’. The second argument, RECIPIENT ADDRESS,
+is the value passed in the argument to the ‘letter’ environment. By
+default ‘\mlabel’ ignores the first argument, the RETURN ADDRESS,
causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph.
This illustrates customization. Its output includes a page with two
@@ -16540,15 +16615,15 @@
The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
- The package 'envlab' makes formatting the labels easier, with
+ The package ‘envlab’ makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
-'\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}' and '\makelabels' are all that
+‘\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}’ and ‘\makelabels’ are all that
you need to print envelopes.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters
-26.7 '\name'
+26.7 ‘\name’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -16555,13 +16630,13 @@
\name{NAME}
- Optional. Sender's name, used for printing on the envelope together
+ Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together
with the return address.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters
-26.8 '\opening'
+26.8 ‘\opening’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -16568,7 +16643,7 @@
\opening{SALUTATION}
- Required. Follows the '\begin{letter}{...}'. The argument
+ Required. Follows the ‘\begin{letter}{...}’. The argument
SALUTATION is mandatory. For instance:
\opening{Dear John:}
@@ -16576,7 +16651,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters
-26.9 '\ps'
+26.9 ‘\ps’
==========
Synopsis:
@@ -16584,7 +16659,7 @@
\ps{TEXT}
Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after
-'\closing'.
+‘\closing’.
\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
@@ -16591,7 +16666,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters
-26.10 '\signature'
+26.10 ‘\signature’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -16599,24 +16674,24 @@
\signature{FIRST LINE \\
... }
- The sender's name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
+ The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
is usual.
The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the
closing. LaTeX leaves some vertical space for a handwritten signature.
-Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, '\\'. For example:
+Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’. For example:
\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
White House}
- LaTeX's default for the vertical space from the '\closing' text down
-to the '\signature' text is '6\medskipamount', which is six times
-'\medskipamount' (where '\medskipamount' is equal to a '\parskip', which
+ LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down
+to the ‘\signature’ text is ‘6\medskipamount’, which is six times
+‘\medskipamount’ (where ‘\medskipamount’ is equal to a ‘\parskip’, which
in turn is defined by default here to 0.7em).
This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters
in the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
-'letter' environment and before the '\closing'.
+‘letter’ environment and before the ‘\closing’.
You can include a graphic in the signature as here.
@@ -16623,13 +16698,13 @@
\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
My name}
-For this you must put '\usepackage{graphicx}' in the preamble (*note
+For this you must put ‘\usepackage{graphicx}’ in the preamble (*note
Graphics::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters
-26.11 '\telephone'
+26.11 ‘\telephone’
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -16636,8 +16711,8 @@
\telephone{NUMBER}
- The sender's telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
-where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the 'firstpage'
+ The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble,
+where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the ‘firstpage’
pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
@@ -16664,7 +16739,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \openin & \openout, Next: \read, Up: Input/output
-27.1 '\openin' & '\openout'
+27.1 ‘\openin’ & ‘\openout’
===========================
Synopsis:
@@ -16676,10 +16751,10 @@
\openout NUMBER=FILENAME
Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most
-engines, the NUMBER must be between 0 and 15, as in '\openin3'; in
+engines, the NUMBER must be between 0 and 15, as in ‘\openin3’; in
LuaLaTeX, NUMBER can be between 0 and 127.
- Here TeX opens the file 'presidents.tex' for reading.
+ Here TeX opens the file ‘presidents.tex’ for reading.
\newread\presidentsfile
\openin\presidentsfile=presidents
@@ -16687,23 +16762,23 @@
\read\presidentsfile to\presidentline
\typeout{\presidentline}
-The '\newread' command allocates input stream numbers from 0 to 15
-(there is also a '\newwrite'). The '\presidentsfile' is more memorable
-but under the hood it is still a number; the first '\typeout' gives
-something like 'presidentsfile is 1'. In addition, '\newread' keeps
+The ‘\newread’ command allocates input stream numbers from 0 to 15
+(there is also a ‘\newwrite’). The ‘\presidentsfile’ is more memorable
+but under the hood it is still a number; the first ‘\typeout’ gives
+something like ‘presidentsfile is 1’. In addition, ‘\newread’ keeps
track of the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an
-error like '! No room for a new \read'. The second '\typeout' gives the
-first line of the file, something like '1 Washington, George'.
+error like ‘! No room for a new \read’. The second ‘\typeout’ gives the
+first line of the file, something like ‘1 Washington, George’.
Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page
-shipout. To change this, use '\immediate\openin NUMBER=FILENAME' or
-'\immediate\openout NUMBER=FILENAME'.
+shipout. To change this, use ‘\immediate\openin NUMBER=FILENAME’ or
+‘\immediate\openout NUMBER=FILENAME’.
- Close files with '\closein NUMBER' and '\closeout NUMBER'.
+ Close files with ‘\closein NUMBER’ and ‘\closeout NUMBER’.
How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
-extension then TeX will add a '.tex'. This creates 'presidents.tex',
+extension then TeX will add a ‘.tex’. This creates ‘presidents.tex’,
writes one line to it, and closes it.
\newwrite\presidentsfile
@@ -16712,26 +16787,26 @@
\closeout\presidentsfile
But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a FILENAME
-of 'presidents.dat' it could look first for 'presidents.dat.tex' and
-later for 'presidents.dat', or it could do the opposite. Your
-distribution's documentation should say more, and if you find something
+of ‘presidents.dat’ it could look first for ‘presidents.dat.tex’ and
+later for ‘presidents.dat’, or it could do the opposite. Your
+distribution’s documentation should say more, and if you find something
that works for you then you are good, but to ensure complete portability
the best thing is to use file names containing only the twenty six ASCII
letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore
and dash, and in particular with no dot or space.
- For '\openin', if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an
+ For ‘\openin’, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an
error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
-with '\ifeof'; one recourse is the command '\InputIfFileExists', *note
+with ‘\ifeof’; one recourse is the command ‘\InputIfFileExists’, *note
Class and package commands::). If you try to use the same number twice,
-LaTeX won't give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
-get an error message like '! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30
-\openin16=test.jh'.
+LaTeX won’t give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you
+get an error message like ‘! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30
+\openin16=test.jh’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \read, Next: \typein, Prev: \openin & \openout, Up: Input/output
-27.2 '\read'
+27.2 ‘\read’
============
Synopsis:
@@ -16739,10 +16814,10 @@
\read NUMBER toMACRO
Make the command MACRO contain the next line of input from text
-stream NUMBER, as in '\read5 to\data'.
+stream NUMBER, as in ‘\read5 to\data’.
- This opens the file 'email.tex' for reading, puts the contents of the
-first line into the command '\email', and then closes the file.
+ This opens the file ‘email.tex’ for reading, puts the contents of the
+first line into the command ‘\email’, and then closes the file.
\newread\recipientfile
\openin\recipientfile=email
@@ -16751,21 +16826,21 @@
\closein\recipientfile
If NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file of that
-number is open, or if the file has ended, then '\read' will take input
+number is open, or if the file has ended, then ‘\read’ will take input
from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not allowed, e.g.,
-'\nonstopmode'; *note interaction modes::). (However, the natural way
-in LaTeX to take input from the terminal is '\typein' (*note \typein::.)
+‘\nonstopmode’; *note interaction modes::). (However, the natural way
+in LaTeX to take input from the terminal is ‘\typein’ (*note \typein::.)
- To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use '\input'
-(*note \input::) or '\include' (*note \include & \includeonly::).
+ To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use ‘\input’
+(*note \input::) or ‘\include’ (*note \include & \includeonly::).
A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail
-merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is 'datatool'.
+merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is ‘datatool’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Prev: \read, Up: Input/output
-27.3 '\typein'
+27.3 ‘\typein’
==============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -16787,13 +16862,13 @@
\@typein=Aphra Behn
-gives the output '... never forget Aphra Behn'.
+gives the output ‘... never forget Aphra Behn’.
- The first command version, '\typein{PROMPT-MSG}', causes the input
+ The first command version, ‘\typein{PROMPT-MSG}’, causes the input
you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the input file
-in place of the '\typein' command.
+in place of the ‘\typein’ command.
- In the second command version the optional argument 'CMD' argument
+ In the second command version the optional argument ‘CMD’ argument
must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a backslash, \.
This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you
typed. For example, this
@@ -16808,12 +16883,12 @@
\student=John Dee
Recommendation for John Dee.
-where the user has entered 'John Dee.'
+where the user has entered ‘John Dee.’
File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Next: \write, Prev: \typein, Up: Input/output
-27.4 '\typeout'
+27.4 ‘\typeout’
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -16820,7 +16895,7 @@
\typeout{MSG}
- Print 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file.
+ Print ‘msg’ on the terminal and in the ‘log’ file.
This
@@ -16827,16 +16902,16 @@
\newcommand{\student}{John Dee}
\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
-outputs 'Recommendation for John Dee'. Like what happens here with
-'\student', commands that are defined with '\newcommand' or
-'\renewcommand' (among others) are replaced by their definitions before
+outputs ‘Recommendation for John Dee’. Like what happens here with
+‘\student’, commands that are defined with ‘\newcommand’ or
+‘\renewcommand’ (among others) are replaced by their definitions before
being printed.
- LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. Use the
-command '\space' to get a single space, independent of surrounding
-spaces. Use '^^J' to get a newline. Get a percent character with
-'\csname @percentchar\endcsname'.
+ LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to ‘msg’. Use the
+command ‘\space’ to get a single space, independent of surrounding
+spaces. Use ‘^^J’ to get a newline. Get a percent character with
+‘\csname @percentchar\endcsname’.
This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here:
@@ -16844,12 +16919,12 @@
\setlength{\jhlength}{5pt}
\typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.}
-produces on the command line 'The length is 5.0pt'.
+produces on the command line ‘The length is 5.0pt’.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \write, Prev: \typeout, Up: Input/output
-27.5 '\write'
+27.5 ‘\write’
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -16857,10 +16932,10 @@
\write NUMBER{STRING}
Write STRING to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file opened by
-'\openout'. For instance, '\write6' writes to text stream number 6.
+‘\openout’. For instance, ‘\write6’ writes to text stream number 6.
- If the following appears in 'BASEFILE.tex' then it opens
-'BASEFILE.jh', writes 'Hello World!' and a newline to it, and closes
+ If the following appears in ‘BASEFILE.tex’ then it opens
+‘BASEFILE.jh’, writes ‘Hello World!’ and a newline to it, and closes
that file.
\newwrite\myfile
@@ -16870,10 +16945,10 @@
...
\immediate\closeout\myfile
-The '\newwrite' allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to
-make life easier, so that 'stream \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile' produces
-something like 'stream 3'. Then '\openout' associates the stream number
-with the given file name. TeX ultimately executed '\write3' which puts
+The ‘\newwrite’ allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to
+make life easier, so that ‘stream \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile’ produces
+something like ‘stream 3’. Then ‘\openout’ associates the stream number
+with the given file name. TeX ultimately executed ‘\write3’ which puts
the string in the file.
Typically NUMBER is between 0 and 15, because typically LaTeX authors
@@ -16882,25 +16957,25 @@
an open file then LaTeX writes STRING to the log file. If NUMBER is
positive then in addition LaTeX writes STRING to the terminal.
- Thus, 'test \write-1{Hello World!}' puts 'Hello World!' followed by a
-newline in the log file. (This is what the '\wlog' command does; *note
-\wlog::). And '\write100{Hello World!}' puts the same in the log file
-but also puts 'Hello World!' followed by a newline in the terminal
+ Thus, ‘test \write-1{Hello World!}’ puts ‘Hello World!’ followed by a
+newline in the log file. (This is what the ‘\wlog’ command does; *note
+\wlog::). And ‘\write100{Hello World!}’ puts the same in the log file
+but also puts ‘Hello World!’ followed by a newline in the terminal
output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are special as NUMBER; see below.)
In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256 (*note TeX
engines::).
- Use '\write\@auxout{STRING}' to write to the current '.aux' file,
+ Use ‘\write\@auxout{STRING}’ to write to the current ‘.aux’ file,
which is associated with either the root file or with the current
-include file; and use '\write\@mainaux{STRING}' to write to the main
-'.aux'. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
+include file; and use ‘\write\@mainaux{STRING}’ to write to the main
+‘.aux’. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
By default LaTeX does not write STRING to the file right away. This
-is because, for example, you may need '\write' to save the current page
-number, but when TeX comes across a '\write' it typically does not know
+is because, for example, you may need ‘\write’ to save the current page
+number, but when TeX comes across a ‘\write’ it typically does not know
what the page number is, since it has not yet done the page breaking.
-So, you use '\write' in one of three contexts:
+So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts:
\immediate\write\@auxout{STRING} %1
\write\@auxout{STRING} %2
@@ -16907,22 +16982,22 @@
\protected at write\@auxout{}{STRING} %3
1. With the first, LaTeX writes STRING to the file immediately. Any
- macros in STRING are fully expanded (just as in '\edef') so to
- prevent expansion you must use '\noexpand', 'toks', etc., except
- that you should use '#' instead of '##').
+ macros in STRING are fully expanded (just as in ‘\edef’) so to
+ prevent expansion you must use ‘\noexpand’, ‘toks’, etc., except
+ that you should use ‘#’ instead of ‘##’).
2. With the second, STRING is stored on the current list of things (as
- a TeX "whatsit" item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
- likewise the macros are unexpanded until '\shipout'. At
- '\shipout', STRING is fully expanded.
+ a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
+ likewise the macros are unexpanded until ‘\shipout’. At
+ ‘\shipout’, STRING is fully expanded.
- 3. The third, '\protected at write', is like the second except that you
- can use '\protect' to avoid expansion. The extra first argument
+ 3. The third, ‘\protected at write’, is like the second except that you
+ can use ‘\protect’ to avoid expansion. The extra first argument
allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more macros
protected or to have some other special definition for the write.
- As a simple example of expansion with '\write', STRING here contains
-a control sequence '\triplex' which we've defined to be the text 'XYZ':
+ As a simple example of expansion with ‘\write’, STRING here contains
+a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we’ve defined to be the text ‘XYZ’:
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
@@ -16929,19 +17004,19 @@
\newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
-This results in the file 'test.jh' containing the text 'test XYZtest'
+This results in the file ‘test.jh’ containing the text ‘test XYZtest’
followed by a newline.
The cases where NUMBER is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
-'\write''s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
-described above, in Plain TeX '\write16' and '\write17' were sometimes
+‘\write’’s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
+described above, in Plain TeX ‘\write16’ and ‘\write17’ were sometimes
used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the
-natural way to do that is with '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). The
-'\write18' command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for
+natural way to do that is with ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). The
+‘\write18’ command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for
giving commands to the operating system (*note \write18::).
- Ordinarily '\write' outputs a single line. You can include a newline
-with '^^J'. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file:
+ Ordinarily ‘\write’ outputs a single line. You can include a newline
+with ‘^^J’. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file:
\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
@@ -16948,7 +17023,7 @@
A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write out
verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of packages
-for this; one is 'answers'.
+for this; one is ‘answers’.
* Menu:
@@ -16960,7 +17035,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \write and security, Next: \message, Up: \write
-27.5.1 '\write' and security
+27.5.1 ‘\write’ and security
----------------------------
The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
@@ -16980,14 +17055,14 @@
! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
You can get just such an error when using commands such as
-'\include{../filename}' because LaTeX will try to open
-'../filename.aux'. The simplest solution is to put the included files
+‘\include{../filename}’ because LaTeX will try to open
+‘../filename.aux’. The simplest solution is to put the included files
in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \message, Next: \wlog, Prev: \write and security, Up: \write
-27.5.2 '\message'
+27.5.2 ‘\message’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -16996,10 +17071,10 @@
Write STRING to the log file and the terminal.
- Typically, LaTeX authors use '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). It
-allows you to use '\protect' on any fragile commands in STRING (*note
-\protect::). But '\typeout' always inserts a newline at the end of
-STRING while '\message' does not, so the latter can be useful.
+ Typically, LaTeX authors use ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). It
+allows you to use ‘\protect’ on any fragile commands in STRING (*note
+\protect::). But ‘\typeout’ always inserts a newline at the end of
+STRING while ‘\message’ does not, so the latter can be useful.
With this example document body.
@@ -17012,22 +17087,22 @@
One Two Three Four
I declare a thumb war.
-The '^^J' produces a newline. Also, in the output document, between
-'before' and 'After' will be a single space (from the end of line
-following 'I}').
+The ‘^^J’ produces a newline. Also, in the output document, between
+‘before’ and ‘After’ will be a single space (from the end of line
+following ‘I}’).
- While '\message' allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is
+ While ‘\message’ allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is
that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts line breaks
depending on what it has already written. Contrast this document body,
-where the 'Two' has moved, to the one given above.
+where the ‘Two’ has moved, to the one given above.
before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
This can happen: when LaTeX is outputting the messages to the
-terminal, now the message with 'One' is shorter and it fits at the end
+terminal, now the message with ‘One’ is shorter and it fits at the end
of the output terminal line, and so LaTeX breaks the line between it and
-the 'Two Three'. That line break appears also in the log file. This
+the ‘Two Three’. That line break appears also in the log file. This
line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length of the full
path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted lines in a
way that is portable is hard, likely requiring starting your message at
@@ -17036,7 +17111,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \wlog, Next: \write18, Prev: \message, Up: \write
-27.5.3 '\wlog'
+27.5.3 ‘\wlog’
--------------
Synopsis:
@@ -17048,7 +17123,7 @@
\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
\wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.}
- Ordinarily STRING appears in a single separate line. Use '^^J' to
+ Ordinarily STRING appears in a single separate line. Use ‘^^J’ to
insert a newline.
\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.}
@@ -17057,7 +17132,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \write18, Prev: \wlog, Up: \write
-27.5.4 '\write18'
+27.5.4 ‘\write18’
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -17065,7 +17140,7 @@
\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}
Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
-runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes.
+runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that finishes.
This sequence (on Unix)
@@ -17073,31 +17148,31 @@
...
\newcommand{\fignum}{1}
\immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum}
- \includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
+ \includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf}
-will run Asymptote (the 'asy' program) on 'pix/figure1.asy', so that the
+will run Asymptote (the ‘asy’ program) on ‘pix/figure1.asy’, so that the
document can later read in the resulting graphic (*note
-\includegraphics::). Like any '\write', here LaTeX expands macros in
-SHELL_COMMAND so that '\fignum' is replaced by '1'.
+\includegraphics::). Like any ‘\write’, here LaTeX expands macros in
+SHELL_COMMAND so that ‘\fignum’ is replaced by ‘1’.
Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start
of each LaTeX run (*note Using BibTeX::) by including
-'\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}' as the first line of the file.
-Note that '\jobname' expands to the basename of the root file unless the
-'--jobname' option is passed on the command line, in which case this is
+‘\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}’ as the first line of the file.
+Note that ‘\jobname’ expands to the basename of the root file unless the
+‘--jobname’ option is passed on the command line, in which case this is
the option argument.
You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory (but see 'texosquery' below):
+in the current directory (but see ‘texosquery’ below):
\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
\input{tmp.dat}
- The standard behavior of any '\write' is to wait until a page is
+ The standard behavior of any ‘\write’ is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
(*note \write::). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
-'\immediate\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}'.
+‘\immediate\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}’.
There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands
inside a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
@@ -17104,33 +17179,33 @@
commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell access.
You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are safe, by
-compiling with 'latex --enable-write18 FILENAME' (*note Command line
-options::). (The '--shell-escape' option is a synonym, in TeX Live.)
+compiling with ‘latex --enable-write18 FILENAME’ (*note Command line
+options::). (The ‘--shell-escape’ option is a synonym, in TeX Live.)
In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default
use a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as
those that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not
-use the 'enable-write18' option. By default this list of allowed
+use the ‘enable-write18’ option. By default this list of allowed
commands is short and features only commands that are under the control
of the distribution maintainers (*note Command line options::).
- The SHELL_COMMAND text is always passed to '/bin/sh' on Unix-like
-operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter 'cmd.exe' on Windows.
-Any different shell set by the user, and the 'SHELL' environment
+ The SHELL_COMMAND text is always passed to ‘/bin/sh’ on Unix-like
+operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter ‘cmd.exe’ on Windows.
+Any different shell set by the user, and the ‘SHELL’ environment
variable, is ignored.
If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
-'texosquery' package, which provides a convenient and secure interface
-for this, unlike the above examples using the raw '\write18':
+‘texosquery’ package, which provides a convenient and secure interface
+for this, unlike the above examples using the raw ‘\write18’:
<https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery>.
- LaTeX provides a package 'shellesc' on top of the primitive
-'\write18' command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
-'\ShellEscape' which works identically on all TeX engines; LuaTeX
-intentionally did not retain '\write18' as a way to invoke a shell
-command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The 'shellesc' package
-also provides a command '\DelayedShellEscape', executed at '\output'
+ LaTeX provides a package ‘shellesc’ on top of the primitive
+‘\write18’ command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
+‘\ShellEscape’ which works identically on all TeX engines; LuaTeX
+intentionally did not retain ‘\write18’ as a way to invoke a shell
+command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The ‘shellesc’ package
+also provides a command ‘\DelayedShellEscape’, executed at ‘\output’
time, for the same reason.
@@ -17143,16 +17218,16 @@
pdflatex OPTIONS ARGUMENT
- Run LaTeX on ARGUMENT. In place of 'pdflatex' you can also use (for
-PDF output) 'xelatex' or 'lualatex', or (for DVI output) 'latex' or
-'dvilualatex', among others (*note TeX engines::).
+ Run LaTeX on ARGUMENT. In place of ‘pdflatex’ you can also use (for
+PDF output) ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’, or (for DVI output) ‘latex’ or
+‘dvilualatex’, among others (*note TeX engines::).
- For example, this will run LaTeX on the file 'thesis.tex', creating
-the output 'thesis.pdf'.
+ For example, this will run LaTeX on the file ‘thesis.tex’, creating
+the output ‘thesis.pdf’.
pdflatex thesis
-Note that '.tex' is the default file name extension.
+Note that ‘.tex’ is the default file name extension.
pdfTeX is an extension of the original TeX program, as are XeTeX and
LuaTeX (*note TeX engines::). The first two are completely backward
@@ -17161,10 +17236,10 @@
format, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This allows
them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as hyperlinks,
support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous
-viewing programs. In short, if you run 'pdflatex' or 'xelatex' or
-'lualatex' then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its
-modern features. If you run 'latex', or 'dvilualatex', then you will
-get DVI. The description here assumes pdfLaTeX.
+viewing programs. In short, if you run ‘pdflatex’ or ‘xelatex’ or
+‘lualatex’ then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its
+modern features. If you run ‘latex’, or ‘dvilualatex’, then you will
+get DVI. The description here assumes ‘pdflatex’.
*Note Command line options::, for a selection of the most useful
command line options. As to ARGUMENT, the usual case is that it does
@@ -17173,8 +17248,8 @@
then the system will interpret it as a line of LaTeX input, which can be
used for special effects (*note Command line input::).
- If you gave no arguments or options then 'pdflatex' prompts for input
-from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering 'CTRL-D'.
+ If you gave no arguments or options then ‘pdflatex’ prompts for input
+from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering ‘CTRL-D’.
If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
asks you about it. *Note Recovering from errors::, for an outline of
@@ -17194,34 +17269,34 @@
=========================
These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
-authoring. For a full list, try running 'latex --help' from the command
+authoring. For a full list, try running ‘latex --help’ from the command
line.
With many implementations you can specify command line options by
-prefixing them with '-' or '--'. This is the case for both TeX Live
+prefixing them with ‘-’ or ‘--’. This is the case for both TeX Live
(including MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both conventions
interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be specified either
-as a separate argument ('--foo val'), or as one argument with an '='
-sign ('--foo=val'), but there can be no spaces around the '='. We will
-generally use the '=' syntax.
+as a separate argument (‘--foo val’), or as one argument with an ‘=’
+sign (‘--foo=val’), but there can be no spaces around the ‘=’. We will
+generally use the ‘=’ syntax.
-'-version'
- Show the current version, like 'pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
- Live 2015/Debian)' along with a small amount of additional
+‘-version’
+ Show the current version, like ‘pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
+ Live 2015/Debian)’ along with a small amount of additional
information, and exit.
-'-help'
+‘-help’
Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
-'-interaction=MODE'
+‘-interaction=MODE’
TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
- 'batchmode', 'nonstopmode', 'scrollmode', 'errorstopmode'. In
- "errorstopmode" (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks for
- user intervention. In "batchmode" it prints nothing on the
- terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit 'RETURN' at every
- error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In "nonstopmode",
+ ‘batchmode’, ‘nonstopmode’, ‘scrollmode’, ‘errorstopmode’. In
+ “errorstopmode” (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks for
+ user intervention. In “batchmode” it prints nothing on the
+ terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit ‘RETURN’ at every
+ error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In “nonstopmode”,
diagnostic message appear on the terminal but as in batch mode
- there is no user interaction. In "scrollmode", TeX stops for
+ there is no user interaction. In “scrollmode”, TeX stops for
missing files or keyboard input, but nothing else.
For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
@@ -17230,16 +17305,16 @@
eliminates most terminal output.
-'-jobname=STRING'
- Set the value of TeX's "jobname" to the string. The log file and
- output file will then be named 'STRING.log' and 'STRING.pdf'.
+‘-jobname=STRING’
+ Set the value of TeX’s “jobname” to the string. The log file and
+ output file will then be named ‘STRING.log’ and ‘STRING.pdf’.
*note Jobname::.
-'-output-directory=DIRECTORY'
+‘-output-directory=DIRECTORY’
Write files in the directory DIRECTORY. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such as
- the '.log' file for the run, the '.aux', '.toc', etc., files
- created by LaTeX, as well as the main '.pdf' or '.dvi' output file
+ the ‘.log’ file for the run, the ‘.aux’, ‘.toc’, etc., files
+ created by LaTeX, as well as the main ‘.pdf’ or ‘.dvi’ output file
itself.
When specified, the output directory DIRECTORY is also
@@ -17248,30 +17323,30 @@
current directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and
is also checked for input files.
-'--enable-write18'
-'--disable-write18'
-'--shell-escape'
-'--no-shell-escape'
- Enable or disable '\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}' (*note \write18::).
+‘--enable-write18’
+‘--disable-write18’
+‘--shell-escape’
+‘--no-shell-escape’
+ Enable or disable ‘\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}’ (*note \write18::).
The first two options are supported by both TeX Live and MiKTeX,
while the second two are synonyms supported by TeX Live.
Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since
it allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
- default, unrestricted '\write18' is not allowed. (The default for
+ default, unrestricted ‘\write18’ is not allowed. (The default for
TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of a limited
number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
- For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option 'no-shell-escape',
- and in your document you call '\write18{ls -l}', then you do not
- get an error but the log file says 'runsystem(ls -l)...disabled'.
+ For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option ‘no-shell-escape’,
+ and in your document you call ‘\write18{ls -l}’, then you do not
+ get an error but the log file says ‘runsystem(ls -l)...disabled’.
-'-halt-on-error'
+‘-halt-on-error’
Stop processing at the first error.
-'-file-line-error'
-'-no-file-line-error'
- Enable or disable 'FILENAME:LINENO:ERROR'-style error messages.
+‘-file-line-error’
+‘-no-file-line-error’
+ Enable or disable ‘FILENAME:LINENO:ERROR’-style error messages.
These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
@@ -17288,7 +17363,7 @@
backslash. (All the engines support this.) This allows you to do some
special effects.
- For example, this file (which uses the 'hyperref' package for
+ For example, this file (which uses the ‘hyperref’ package for
hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one to be read on physical
paper and one to be read online.
@@ -17302,8 +17377,8 @@
\href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN} % in body
...
-Compiling this document 'book.tex' with the command line 'pdflatex book'
-will give the 'CTAN' link in blue. But compiling it with
+Compiling this document ‘book.tex’ with the command line ‘pdflatex book’
+will give the ‘CTAN’ link in blue. But compiling it with
pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex"
@@ -17312,18 +17387,18 @@
Unix and Windows systems, but there are many peculiarities to shell
quoting, so read your system documentation if need be.)
- In a similar way, from the single file 'main.tex' you can compile two
+ In a similar way, from the single file ‘main.tex’ you can compile two
different versions.
pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}"
pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}"
-The 'jobname' option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called 'main.pdf' and the second would overwrite the first. (*note
+The ‘jobname’ option is there because otherwise both files would be
+called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first. (*note
Jobname::.)
In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
-document to include. For a book named 'mybook.tex' and structured like
+document to include. For a book named ‘mybook.tex’ and structured like
this.
\documentclass{book}
@@ -17349,34 +17424,34 @@
Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or DVI)
output but also including others. These files are named with the
-so-called "jobname". The most common case is also the simplest, where
-for instance the command 'pdflatex thesis' creates 'thesis.pdf' and also
-'thesis.log' and 'thesis.aux'. Here the job name is 'thesis'.
+so-called “jobname”. The most common case is also the simplest, where
+for instance the command ‘pdflatex thesis’ creates ‘thesis.pdf’ and also
+‘thesis.log’ and ‘thesis.aux’. Here the job name is ‘thesis’.
- In general, LaTeX is invoked as 'LATEX-ENGINE OPTIONS ARGUMENT',
-where LATEX-ENGINE is 'pdflatex', 'lualatex', etc. (*note TeX
+ In general, LaTeX is invoked as ‘LATEX-ENGINE OPTIONS ARGUMENT’,
+where LATEX-ENGINE is ‘pdflatex’, ‘lualatex’, etc. (*note TeX
engines::). If ARGUMENT does not start with a backslash, as is the case
-above with 'thesis', then TeX considers it to be the name of the file to
-input as the main document. This file is referred to as the "root file"
+above with ‘thesis’, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file to
+input as the main document. This file is referred to as the “root file”
(*note Splitting the input::, and *note \input::). The name of that
-root file, without the '.tex' extension if any, is the jobname. If
+root file, without the ‘.tex’ extension if any, is the jobname. If
ARGUMENT does start with a backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode,
-then it waits for the first '\input' command, and the jobname is the
-argument to '\input'.
+then it waits for the first ‘\input’ command, and the jobname is the
+argument to ‘\input’.
There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
-specified with the '-jobname' option, as in 'pdflatex -jobname=myname'
+specified with the ‘-jobname’ option, as in ‘pdflatex -jobname=myname’
(*note Command line input:: for a real example).
- The final possibility is 'texput', which is the final fallback
-default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no '-jobname'
+ The final possibility is ‘texput’, which is the final fallback
+default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no ‘-jobname’
option was specified, and the compilation stops before any input file is
-met, then the log file will be named 'texput.log'.
+met, then the log file will be named ‘texput.log’.
A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately)
-2020 or later, the jobname is also 'texput' if the first '\input' occurs
-as a result of being called by either '\documentclass' or
-'\RequirePackage'. So this will produce a file named 'texput.pdf':
+2020 or later, the jobname is also ‘texput’ if the first ‘\input’ occurs
+as a result of being called by either ‘\documentclass’ or
+‘\RequirePackage’. So this will produce a file named ‘texput.pdf’:
pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}"
@@ -17385,21 +17460,21 @@
pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}"
-the output file is 'lipsum.pdf', as '\usepackage' calls '\input'.
+the output file is ‘lipsum.pdf’, as ‘\usepackage’ calls ‘\input’.
- Within the document, the macro '\jobname' expands to the jobname.
+ Within the document, the macro ‘\jobname’ expands to the jobname.
(When you run LaTeX on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
-returned by '\jobname' contains matching start and end quotes.) In the
+returned by ‘\jobname’ contains matching start and end quotes.) In the
expansion of that macro, all characters are of catcode 12 (other) except
that spaces are category 10, including letters that are normally
catcode 11.
Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
-can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro '\IfBeginWith'
-from the 'xstring' package in its star variant, which is insensitive to
-catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote "Including
-Respublica Bananensis Francorum." is only present if the task name
-starts with 'my-doc'.
+can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro ‘\IfBeginWith’
+from the ‘xstring’ package in its star variant, which is insensitive to
+catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote “Including
+Respublica Bananensis Francorum.” is only present if the task name
+starts with ‘my-doc’.
If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}%
@@ -17406,7 +17481,7 @@
{\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are
democracies.
- Manipulating the value of '\jobname' inside of a document does not
+ Manipulating the value of ‘\jobname’ inside of a document does not
change the name of the output file or the log file.
@@ -17416,7 +17491,7 @@
===========================
If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
-message and prompts you with a question mark, '?'. For instance,
+message and prompts you with a question mark, ‘?’. For instance,
running LaTeX on this file
\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}
@@ -17429,17 +17504,17 @@
{} problem is a million dollar one.
?
-The simplest thing is to enter 'x' and 'RETURN' and fix the typo. You
-could instead enter '?' and 'RETURN' to see other options.
+The simplest thing is to enter ‘x’ and ‘RETURN’ and fix the typo. You
+could instead enter ‘?’ and ‘RETURN’ to see other options.
There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
-include the '\end{document}' or misspelled it. In this case LaTeX gives
-you a '*' prompt. You can get back to the command line by typing
-'\stop' and 'RETURN'; this command does its best to exit LaTeX
+include the ‘\end{document}’ or misspelled it. In this case LaTeX gives
+you a ‘*’ prompt. You can get back to the command line by typing
+‘\stop’ and ‘RETURN’; this command does its best to exit LaTeX
immediately, whatever state it may be in.
The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
-instead of 'pdflatex test' you might type 'pdflatex tste'.
+instead of ‘pdflatex test’ you might type ‘pdflatex tste’.
! I can't find file `tste'.
<*> tste
@@ -17447,7 +17522,7 @@
(Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
Please type another input file name:
-The simplest thing is to enter 'CTRL d' (holding the Control and d keys
+The simplest thing is to enter ‘CTRL d’ (holding the Control and d keys
down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
@@ -17470,10 +17545,10 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: article template, Up: Document templates
-A.1 'beamer' template
+A.1 ‘beamer’ template
=====================
-The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of
+The ‘beamer’ class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of
features, but here is a basic template:
\documentclass{beamer}
@@ -17503,7 +17578,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: article template, Next: book template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates
-A.2 'article' template
+A.2 ‘article’ template
======================
A simple template for an article.
@@ -17529,7 +17604,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: Larger book template, Prev: article template, Up: Document templates
-A.3 'book' template
+A.3 ‘book’ template
===================
This is a straightforward template for a book. *Note Larger book
@@ -17556,24 +17631,24 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Larger book template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates
-A.4 Larger 'book' template
+A.4 Larger ‘book’ template
==========================
This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. *Note book
template::, for a simpler one.
- This template uses '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', and '\backmatter'
+ This template uses ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, and ‘\backmatter’
to control the typography of the three main areas of a book (*note
\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::). The book has a
bibliography and an index.
- Also notable is that it uses '\include' and '\includeonly' (*note
+ Also notable is that it uses ‘\include’ and ‘\includeonly’ (*note
Splitting the input::). While you are working on a chapter you can
comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
-'\includeonly'. That will speed up compilation without losing any
+‘\includeonly’. That will speed up compilation without losing any
information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
-come on a new page is brought in with '\input' instead of '\include'.
-You don't get the cross-reference benefit with '\input'.)
+come on a new page is brought in with ‘\input’ instead of ‘\include’.
+You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.)
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -17624,7 +17699,7 @@
* $ inline math: math. (line 12)
* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 32)
-* & for table cells: tabular. (line 32)
+* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 32)
* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
(line 23)
* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61)
@@ -17692,9 +17767,9 @@
(line 14)
* 12pt option: Document class options.
(line 14)
-* : for math: Colon character & \colon.
+* : (for math): Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
-* [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax.
+* [...] (for optional arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
@@ -17766,7 +17841,7 @@
(line 19)
* \alsoname: \index. (line 58)
* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 27)
-* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 43)
+* \and (for \author): \maketitle. (line 43)
* \angle: Math symbols. (line 30)
* \appendix: \appendix. (line 6)
* \approx: Math symbols. (line 34)
@@ -17818,37 +17893,43 @@
* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 44)
* \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages.
(line 19)
+* \bigbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
+ (line 6)
* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 54)
* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 58)
* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 61)
+* \bigl: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 6)
* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 65)
* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 68)
* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 71)
+* \bigr: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 6)
* \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 6)
+* \bigskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 28)
* \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 29)
-* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 80)
+* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 82)
* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 74)
-* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 77)
-* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 83)
-* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 87)
-* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 90)
+* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 78)
+* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 85)
+* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 89)
+* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 92)
* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21)
* \boldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
(line 6)
* \boldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
(line 14)
-* \bot: Math symbols. (line 93)
+* \bot: Math symbols. (line 95)
* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 94)
* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 95)
-* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 97)
-* \Box: Math symbols. (line 100)
+* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 99)
+* \Box: Math symbols. (line 102)
* \breve: Math accents. (line 16)
-* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 105)
+* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 107)
* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 61)
* \cal: Font styles. (line 78)
-* \cap: Math symbols. (line 108)
+* \cap: Math symbols. (line 110)
* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 29)
* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 89)
* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 93)
@@ -17868,7 +17949,7 @@
* \caption <1>: figure. (line 43)
* \caption <2>: table. (line 42)
* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
-* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 112)
+* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 114)
* \cdots: Dots. (line 17)
* \centering: \centering. (line 6)
* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 6)
@@ -17878,8 +17959,8 @@
(line 21)
* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands.
(line 21)
-* \chi: Math symbols. (line 115)
-* \circ: Math symbols. (line 118)
+* \chi: Math symbols. (line 117)
+* \circ: Math symbols. (line 120)
* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
* \citation: BibTeX error messages.
(line 22)
@@ -17904,7 +17985,7 @@
* \closein: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* \closeout: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* \closing: \closing. (line 6)
-* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 122)
+* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 124)
* \colon: Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 20)
@@ -17922,13 +18003,13 @@
(line 8)
* \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 9)
-* \complement: Math symbols. (line 125)
-* \cong: Math symbols. (line 131)
+* \complement: Math symbols. (line 127)
+* \cong: Math symbols. (line 133)
* \contentsline: Table of contents etc..
(line 62)
* \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 10)
* \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 6)
-* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 134)
+* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 136)
* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 13)
* \cos: Math functions. (line 24)
* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27)
@@ -17935,14 +18016,14 @@
* \cot: Math functions. (line 30)
* \coth: Math functions. (line 33)
* \csc: Math functions. (line 36)
-* \cup: Math symbols. (line 137)
+* \cup: Math symbols. (line 139)
* \CurrentOption: Class and package commands.
(line 60)
* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 65)
* \dag: Text symbols. (line 17)
-* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 141)
+* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 143)
* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6)
-* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 144)
+* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 146)
* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 50)
* \day: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
@@ -17952,7 +18033,7 @@
* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 45)
* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 84)
* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 20)
-* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 148)
+* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 150)
* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22)
* \ddots: Dots. (line 21)
* \DeclareFontEncoding: \DeclareFontEncoding.
@@ -17976,8 +18057,6 @@
(line 6)
* \DeclareTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
(line 6)
-* \DeclareTextCommand <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
- (line 6)
* \DeclareTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
(line 6)
* \DeclareTextComposite: \DeclareTextComposite.
@@ -17993,19 +18072,19 @@
(line 6)
* \deg: Math functions. (line 39)
* \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 71)
-* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 151)
-* \delta: Math symbols. (line 154)
+* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 153)
+* \delta: Math symbols. (line 156)
* \det: Math functions. (line 42)
* \dh (ð): Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
* \DH (Ð): Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
-* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 157)
-* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 161)
-* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 165)
+* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 159)
+* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 163)
+* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 167)
* \dim: Math functions. (line 45)
* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 29)
-* \div: Math symbols. (line 168)
+* \div: Math symbols. (line 170)
* \dj: Additional Latin letters.
(line 26)
* \DJ: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -18013,16 +18092,21 @@
* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 32)
* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
-* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 171)
+* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 173)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
(line 6)
-* \dots: Text symbols. (line 37)
+* \dots: Dots. (line 26)
+* \dots <1>: Dots. (line 49)
+* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 38)
+* \dotsb: Dots. (line 49)
+* \dotsc: Dots. (line 49)
+* \dotsi: Dots. (line 49)
* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168)
-* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 175)
-* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 179)
-* \ell: Math symbols. (line 183)
+* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 177)
+* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 181)
+* \ell: Math symbols. (line 185)
* \emph: Font styles. (line 60)
-* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 186)
+* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 188)
* \encl: \encl. (line 6)
* \end: Environments. (line 6)
* \endinput: \endinput. (line 6)
@@ -18033,9 +18117,9 @@
* \enumii: enumerate. (line 47)
* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 47)
* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 47)
-* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 189)
-* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 195)
-* \eta: Math symbols. (line 198)
+* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 191)
+* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 197)
+* \eta: Math symbols. (line 200)
* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
(line 84)
* \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18044,7 +18128,7 @@
(line 68)
* \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 172)
-* \exists: Math symbols. (line 201)
+* \exists: Math symbols. (line 203)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 6)
* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 108)
@@ -18056,7 +18140,7 @@
* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 43)
* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 42)
* \fill: \hfill. (line 18)
-* \flat: Math symbols. (line 204)
+* \flat: Math symbols. (line 206)
* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98)
* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 99)
* \floatsep: Floats. (line 114)
@@ -18086,7 +18170,7 @@
(line 26)
* \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 27)
-* \forall: Math symbols. (line 207)
+* \forall: Math symbols. (line 209)
* \frac: \frac. (line 6)
* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
@@ -18095,15 +18179,15 @@
(line 6)
* \frontmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
-* \frown: Math symbols. (line 210)
+* \frown: Math symbols. (line 212)
* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
-* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 213)
-* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 216)
+* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 215)
+* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 218)
* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51)
-* \ge: Math symbols. (line 219)
-* \geq: Math symbols. (line 223)
-* \gets: Math symbols. (line 227)
-* \gg: Math symbols. (line 230)
+* \ge: Math symbols. (line 221)
+* \geq: Math symbols. (line 225)
+* \gets: Math symbols. (line 229)
+* \gg: Math symbols. (line 232)
* \gls: \gls. (line 6)
* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6)
* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 6)
@@ -18114,7 +18198,7 @@
* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 32)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 69)
* \hat: Math accents. (line 31)
-* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 233)
+* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 235)
* \headheight: Page layout parameters.
(line 14)
* \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18123,12 +18207,14 @@
(line 19)
* \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 20)
-* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 236)
+* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 238)
* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6)
* \hline: \hline. (line 6)
* \hom: Math functions. (line 54)
-* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 239)
-* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 242)
+* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 241)
+* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 244)
+* \hphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+ (line 6)
* \hrulefill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
(line 6)
* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18142,7 +18228,7 @@
* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 19)
* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 53)
-* \iff: Math symbols. (line 245)
+* \iff: Math symbols. (line 247)
* \IfFileExists: Class and package commands.
(line 128)
* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
@@ -18153,10 +18239,10 @@
(line 32)
* \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 32)
-* \Im: Math symbols. (line 249)
-* \imath: Math symbols. (line 252)
+* \Im: Math symbols. (line 251)
+* \imath: Math symbols. (line 254)
* \immediate\write: \write. (line 60)
-* \in: Math symbols. (line 256)
+* \in: Math symbols. (line 258)
* \include: \include & \includeonly.
(line 6)
* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
@@ -18170,15 +18256,15 @@
(line 22)
* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 59)
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
-* \infty: Math symbols. (line 260)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 262)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 50)
* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
(line 128)
-* \int: Math symbols. (line 263)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 265)
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
-* \iota: Math symbols. (line 266)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 268)
* \it: Font styles. (line 81)
* \item: description. (line 31)
* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29)
@@ -18190,12 +18276,12 @@
* \itemsep: list. (line 88)
* \itshape: Font styles. (line 34)
* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 19)
-* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 272)
+* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 274)
* \jobname: Jobname. (line 6)
* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 46)
-* \Join: Math symbols. (line 269)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 271)
* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 73)
-* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 276)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 278)
* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
* \kill: tabbing. (line 107)
* \l (ł): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -18216,10 +18302,10 @@
* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 42)
* \labelsep: list. (line 100)
* \labelwidth: list. (line 105)
-* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 279)
-* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 282)
-* \land: Math symbols. (line 285)
-* \langle: Math symbols. (line 289)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 281)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 284)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 287)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 291)
* \large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11)
@@ -18227,19 +18313,19 @@
(line 6)
* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 23)
* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 26)
-* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 293)
-* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 296)
-* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 299)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 295)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 298)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 301)
* \ldots: Dots. (line 24)
* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 36)
-* \le: Math symbols. (line 303)
-* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 306)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 305)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 308)
* \left: \left & \right. (line 6)
-* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 312)
-* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 316)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 314)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 318)
* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 44)
-* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 320)
-* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 323)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 322)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 325)
* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 58)
* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 125)
* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 58)
@@ -18248,12 +18334,12 @@
* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 58)
* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 58)
* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 58)
-* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 326)
-* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 330)
-* \leq: Math symbols. (line 334)
-* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 337)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 328)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 332)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 336)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 339)
* \lg: Math functions. (line 63)
-* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 340)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 342)
* \lim: Math functions. (line 66)
* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69)
* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72)
@@ -18280,9 +18366,9 @@
(line 6)
* \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 6)
* \listparindent: list. (line 142)
-* \ll: Math symbols. (line 346)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 348)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
-* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 349)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 351)
* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
(line 148)
* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
@@ -18291,14 +18377,18 @@
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
* \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 28)
-* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 352)
-* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 356)
-* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 360)
-* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 364)
-* \lor: Math symbols. (line 368)
-* \lq: Text symbols. (line 42)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 354)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 358)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 362)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 366)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 370)
+* \lq: Text symbols. (line 43)
* \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
+* \makeatother: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
+ (line 6)
+* \makeatother <1>: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
+ (line 6)
* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
@@ -18307,7 +18397,7 @@
* \makelabel: list. (line 61)
* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 372)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 374)
* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* \marginparpush: Page layout parameters.
(line 40)
@@ -18324,26 +18414,31 @@
(line 41)
* \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 43)
-* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 75)
-* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 84)
+* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 76)
+* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 85)
* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 111)
* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 127)
-* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 832)
+* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 834)
+* \mathellipsis: Dots. (line 25)
* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 124)
-* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 835)
+* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 837)
* \mathring: Math accents. (line 34)
* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 108)
-* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 838)
+* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 840)
* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 114)
-* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 841)
+* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 843)
* \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 6)
* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 117)
-* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 844)
+* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 846)
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 129)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 37)
+* \medbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
+ (line 6)
* \medskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 6)
+* \medskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 33)
* \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 34)
@@ -18350,24 +18445,24 @@
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 36)
* \message: \message. (line 6)
-* \mho: Math symbols. (line 376)
-* \mid: Math symbols. (line 379)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 378)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 381)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
-* \models: Math symbols. (line 389)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 391)
* \month: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
-* \mp: Math symbols. (line 393)
-* \mu: Math symbols. (line 396)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 395)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 398)
* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
-* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 399)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 401)
* \name: \name. (line 6)
-* \natural: Math symbols. (line 402)
-* \ne: Math symbols. (line 405)
-* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 408)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 404)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 407)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 410)
* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
(line 182)
-* \neg: Math symbols. (line 411)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 413)
* \negmedspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 42)
* \negthickspace: Spacing in math mode.
@@ -18376,7 +18471,7 @@
(line 61)
* \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
(line 6)
-* \neq: Math symbols. (line 415)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 417)
* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
@@ -18396,7 +18491,7 @@
(line 40)
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
(line 40)
-* \ni: Math symbols. (line 418)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 420)
* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
* \nocite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages.
(line 23)
@@ -18416,11 +18511,11 @@
* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 22)
* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6)
* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \not: Math symbols. (line 422)
-* \notin: Math symbols. (line 430)
-* \nu: Math symbols. (line 434)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 424)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 432)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 436)
* \numberline: \numberline. (line 6)
-* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 437)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 439)
* \o (ø): Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
* \O (Ø): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -18433,32 +18528,32 @@
(line 66)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \odot: Math symbols. (line 440)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 442)
* \oe (œ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
* \OE (Œ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
-* \oint: Math symbols. (line 444)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 446)
* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 133)
-* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 447)
-* \omega: Math symbols. (line 450)
-* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 453)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 449)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 452)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 455)
* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* \openin: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
* \openout: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
-* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 456)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 458)
* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
(line 200)
-* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 460)
-* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 463)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 462)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 465)
* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 39)
* \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 20)
-* \owns: Math symbols. (line 467)
-* \P: Text symbols. (line 45)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 469)
+* \P: Text symbols. (line 46)
* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
(line 41)
* \PackageInfo: Class and package commands.
@@ -18486,10 +18581,10 @@
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 6)
-* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 471)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 473)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
* \parindent: minipage. (line 103)
-* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
+* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 43)
* \parindent <2>: \parindent & \parskip.
(line 6)
* \parsep: list. (line 148)
@@ -18498,7 +18593,7 @@
* \parskip example: itemize. (line 78)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \part <1>: \part. (line 6)
-* \partial: Math symbols. (line 474)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 476)
* \partopsep: list. (line 157)
* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
(line 206)
@@ -18508,22 +18603,24 @@
(line 40)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
(line 40)
-* \perp: Math symbols. (line 477)
-* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 481)
-* \phi: Math symbols. (line 484)
-* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 488)
-* \pi: Math symbols. (line 491)
-* \pm: Math symbols. (line 495)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 479)
+* \phantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+ (line 6)
+* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 483)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 486)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 490)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 493)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 497)
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113)
* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114)
-* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 49)
+* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 50)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
-* \prec: Math symbols. (line 498)
-* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 501)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 500)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 503)
* \prevdepth: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 45)
-* \prime: Math symbols. (line 505)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 507)
* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 43)
* \printindex: \printindex. (line 6)
@@ -18531,8 +18628,8 @@
(line 243)
* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
(line 243)
-* \prod: Math symbols. (line 514)
-* \propto: Math symbols. (line 517)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 516)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 519)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
* \protected at write: \write. (line 70)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
@@ -18544,13 +18641,11 @@
(line 281)
* \ProvideTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand.
(line 6)
-* \ProvideTextCommand <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
- (line 6)
* \ProvideTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault.
(line 6)
* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
-* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 520)
-* \psi: Math symbols. (line 523)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 522)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 525)
* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 116)
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6)
@@ -18562,23 +18657,25 @@
(line 69)
* \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
(line 6)
-* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 53)
-* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 54)
+* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 54)
+* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 55)
* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 77)
* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
-* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 526)
-* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 530)
-* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 533)
-* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 537)
-* \Re: Math symbols. (line 540)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 528)
+* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 532)
+* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 535)
+* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 539)
+* \Re: Math symbols. (line 542)
* \read: \read. (line 6)
* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \refname: thebibliography. (line 44)
* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
+* \renewcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 6)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
* \RequirePackage: Class and package commands.
@@ -18589,18 +18686,18 @@
* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
-* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 545)
-* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 550)
+* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 547)
+* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 552)
* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 22)
-* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 555)
-* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 559)
-* \rho: Math symbols. (line 565)
+* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 557)
+* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 561)
+* \rho: Math symbols. (line 567)
* \right: \left & \right. (line 6)
-* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 569)
-* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 573)
-* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 577)
-* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 580)
-* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 583)
+* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 571)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 575)
+* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 579)
+* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 582)
+* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 585)
* \rightmargin: list. (line 172)
* \rm: Font styles. (line 84)
* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 31)
@@ -18609,9 +18706,9 @@
* \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 32)
* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 6)
-* \rq: Text symbols. (line 57)
+* \rq: Text symbols. (line 58)
* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
-* \S: Text symbols. (line 60)
+* \S: Text symbols. (line 61)
* \samepage: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 44)
* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6)
@@ -18622,7 +18719,7 @@
* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 29)
* \scshape: Font styles. (line 52)
-* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 586)
+* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 588)
* \sec: Math functions. (line 93)
* \section: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \section <1>: \section. (line 6)
@@ -18631,21 +18728,21 @@
(line 118)
* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6)
* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6)
-* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 589)
+* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 591)
* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
* \sf: Font styles. (line 90)
* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 49)
-* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 594)
+* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 596)
* \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 71)
* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 65)
* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
-* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 597)
-* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 600)
+* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 599)
+* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 602)
* \signature: \signature. (line 11)
-* \sim: Math symbols. (line 604)
-* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 607)
+* \sim: Math symbols. (line 606)
+* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 609)
* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
* \sl: Font styles. (line 93)
@@ -18652,12 +18749,16 @@
* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 46)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 610)
+* \smallbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak.
+ (line 6)
+* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 612)
* \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 6)
+* \smallskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 38)
* \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 39)
-* \smile: Math symbols. (line 614)
+* \smile: Math symbols. (line 616)
* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \space: \include & \includeonly.
@@ -18665,20 +18766,20 @@
* \space <1>: \input. (line 32)
* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 22)
* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
-* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 617)
-* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 620)
-* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 624)
+* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 619)
+* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 622)
+* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 626)
* \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 6)
-* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 628)
-* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 633)
-* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 637)
-* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 642)
+* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 630)
+* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 635)
+* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 639)
+* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 644)
* \ss (ß): Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 6)
-* \star: Math symbols. (line 646)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 648)
* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
* \stop: Recovering from errors.
(line 23)
@@ -18691,22 +18792,24 @@
(line 6)
* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 6)
-* \subset: Math symbols. (line 653)
-* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 656)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 655)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 658)
* \subsubitem: Produce the index manually.
(line 22)
* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 6)
-* \succ: Math symbols. (line 659)
-* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 662)
-* \sum: Math symbols. (line 666)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 661)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 664)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 668)
* \sup: Math functions. (line 102)
* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 87)
-* \supset: Math symbols. (line 669)
-* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 672)
-* \surd: Math symbols. (line 675)
-* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 680)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 671)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 674)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 677)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 682)
+* \symbf: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
+* \symbfit: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
(line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 83)
@@ -18718,79 +18821,79 @@
* \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
-* \tau: Math symbols. (line 683)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 685)
* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
-* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 64)
-* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 102)
-* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 67)
-* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 70)
-* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 73)
+* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 65)
+* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 110)
+* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 68)
+* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 71)
+* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 74)
* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 18)
-* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 76)
-* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 79)
-* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 82)
+* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 77)
+* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 85)
+* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 88)
* \textbf: Font styles. (line 40)
-* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 85)
-* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 88)
-* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 91)
-* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 94)
-* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 101)
-* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 97)
-* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 100)
+* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 91)
+* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 94)
+* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 98)
+* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 102)
+* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 109)
+* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 105)
+* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 108)
* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 14)
-* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 109)
-* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 112)
-* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 115)
-* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 38)
-* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 118)
-* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 124)
-* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 127)
-* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 135)
-* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 138)
+* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 117)
+* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 120)
+* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 123)
+* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 37)
+* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 126)
+* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 132)
+* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 135)
+* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 143)
+* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 146)
* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 123)
* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 124)
* \textfraction: Floats. (line 102)
* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 103)
-* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 145)
+* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 153)
* \textheight: Page layout parameters.
(line 91)
* \textheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 92)
-* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 148)
+* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 156)
* \textit: Font styles. (line 34)
-* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 156)
-* \textless: Text symbols. (line 153)
+* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 164)
+* \textless: Text symbols. (line 161)
* \textmd: Font styles. (line 37)
-* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 159)
+* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 167)
* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 58)
-* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 165)
-* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 166)
-* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 46)
-* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 169)
-* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 172)
-* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 175)
-* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 178)
-* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 181)
-* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 184)
-* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 187)
-* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 190)
-* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 191)
-* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 194)
-* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 197)
+* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 173)
+* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 174)
+* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 47)
+* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 177)
+* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 180)
+* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 183)
+* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 186)
+* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 189)
+* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 192)
+* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 195)
+* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 198)
+* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 199)
+* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 202)
+* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 205)
* \textrm: Font styles. (line 31)
* \textsc: Font styles. (line 52)
-* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 61)
+* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 62)
* \textsf: Font styles. (line 49)
* \textsl: Font styles. (line 46)
-* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 50)
+* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 51)
* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 29)
-* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 200)
-* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 203)
+* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 208)
+* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 211)
* \texttt: Font styles. (line 55)
-* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 206)
-* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 209)
+* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 214)
+* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 217)
* \textup: Font styles. (line 43)
-* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 212)
+* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 220)
* \textwidth: Page layout parameters.
(line 99)
* \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18800,7 +18903,7 @@
* \TH (Þ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 56)
-* \theta: Math symbols. (line 686)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 688)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 23)
@@ -18811,12 +18914,12 @@
(line 6)
* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
* \tilde: Math accents. (line 37)
-* \times: Math symbols. (line 690)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 692)
* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 63)
-* \to: Math symbols. (line 693)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 695)
* \today: \today. (line 6)
-* \top: Math symbols. (line 697)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 699)
* \topfraction: Floats. (line 107)
* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18826,9 +18929,9 @@
(line 131)
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 132)
-* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 701)
-* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 704)
-* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 710)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 703)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 706)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 712)
* \tt: Font styles. (line 96)
* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 55)
* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
@@ -18845,17 +18948,17 @@
* \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 9)
* \unitlength: picture. (line 28)
-* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 716)
-* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 722)
-* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 728)
-* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 732)
-* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 736)
-* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 741)
-* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 746)
-* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 751)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 718)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 724)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 730)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 734)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 738)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 743)
+* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 748)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 753)
* \upshape: Font styles. (line 43)
-* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 756)
-* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 759)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 758)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 761)
* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
@@ -18867,32 +18970,34 @@
(line 6)
* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 93)
* \value: \value. (line 6)
-* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 767)
-* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 762)
-* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 772)
-* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 776)
-* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 780)
-* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 784)
-* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 788)
+* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 769)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 764)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 774)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 778)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 782)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 786)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 790)
* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 57)
-* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 792)
-* \vdots: Dots. (line 33)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 794)
+* \vdots: Dots. (line 35)
* \vec: Math accents. (line 40)
* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
-* \vee: Math symbols. (line 796)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 798)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
-* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 800)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 804)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 802)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 806)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
+* \vphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+ (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 53)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 810)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 812)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 43)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 46)
* \wlog: \wlog. (line 6)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 814)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 817)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 816)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 819)
* \write: \write. (line 6)
* \write and security: \write and security. (line 6)
* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 86)
@@ -18899,25 +19004,25 @@
* \write18: \write18. (line 6)
* \write18, enabling: Command line options.
(line 61)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 820)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 823)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 822)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 825)
* \xspace: xspace package. (line 6)
* \year: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 826)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 828)
* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 26)
* \\ (for center): center. (line 16)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
+* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 14)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
+* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 48)
+* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 36)
+* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 21)
+* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 43)
* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 35)
+* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 64)
+* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6)
* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66)
-* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 14)
-* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 48)
-* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 36)
-* \\ for verse: verse. (line 21)
-* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 43)
-* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 64)
-* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6)
* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 35)
* \^: Reserved characters. (line 18)
* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 40)
@@ -18934,7 +19039,7 @@
* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 94)
* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
-* {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax.
+* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* ~: ~. (line 6)
* a4paper option: Document class options.
@@ -18981,7 +19086,7 @@
* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 61)
* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 30)
* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 67)
-* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 36)
+* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 38)
* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 111)
* amsmath package <10>: Spacing in math mode.
(line 23)
@@ -18999,7 +19104,7 @@
* answers package: \write. (line 99)
* appendices: \appendix. (line 6)
* appendix: \appendix. (line 6)
-* appendix package: \appendix. (line 29)
+* appendix package: \appendix. (line 30)
* arguments, optional, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 49)
* aring: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -19007,17 +19112,17 @@
* array environment: array. (line 6)
* array package: array. (line 74)
* arrays, math: array. (line 6)
-* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 157)
-* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 198)
+* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 165)
+* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 206)
* arrows: Arrows. (line 6)
* article class: Document classes. (line 11)
-* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 103)
-* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 68)
-* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 71)
-* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 74)
+* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 111)
+* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 69)
+* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 72)
+* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 75)
* Asymptote package: \line. (line 35)
* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 62)
-* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 74)
+* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73)
* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 13)
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
* at-sign: \@. (line 6)
@@ -19035,9 +19140,10 @@
* back matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
-* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 77)
-* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 83)
-* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 80)
+* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 78)
+* badness: Page breaking. (line 11)
+* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
+* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 36)
* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 51)
@@ -19054,7 +19160,7 @@
* BibTeX error messages: BibTeX error messages.
(line 6)
* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
+* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
* big point: Units of length. (line 20)
* bigfoot package: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
@@ -19063,8 +19169,7 @@
* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* blanks, after control sequences: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 87)
-* bm package: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 32)
+* bm package: bm. (line 6)
* bold font: Font styles. (line 76)
* bold math: Font styles. (line 129)
* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 36)
@@ -19090,8 +19195,8 @@
* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 6)
* boxes: Boxes. (line 6)
* bp: Units of length. (line 19)
-* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
-* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
+* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 95)
+* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
* braces: Delimiters. (line 6)
* brackets: Delimiters. (line 6)
* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6)
@@ -19101,12 +19206,12 @@
* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17)
* bug reporting: About this document. (line 24)
* bullet lists: itemize. (line 6)
-* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 106)
-* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 95)
+* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 108)
+* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 103)
* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6)
* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 79)
-* cap height: Text symbols. (line 103)
+* cap height: Text symbols. (line 111)
* caption package: \caption. (line 72)
* captions: \caption. (line 6)
* caron accent: Accents. (line 93)
@@ -19118,10 +19223,10 @@
* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6)
* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 61)
* center environment: center. (line 6)
-* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 74)
+* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 75)
* centered equations: Document class options.
(line 57)
-* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 170)
+* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6)
* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
* centimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
@@ -19146,11 +19251,11 @@
* check accent: Accents. (line 93)
* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* cicero: Units of length. (line 33)
-* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
-* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 98)
+* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
+* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 106)
* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 40)
* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
-* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 68)
+* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 69)
* citation key: \bibitem. (line 15)
* class and package commands: Class and package commands.
(line 6)
@@ -19177,7 +19282,7 @@
* clock option to slides class: Document class options.
(line 99)
* closing letters: \closing. (line 6)
-* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 58)
+* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 59)
* cm: Units of length. (line 26)
* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 36)
* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
@@ -19217,7 +19322,7 @@
(line 6)
* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 6)
* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6)
-* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 103)
+* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 111)
* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 6)
* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration.
@@ -19245,15 +19350,15 @@
* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6)
* CTAN: CTAN. (line 6)
* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 6)
-* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 116)
-* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 128)
-* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 113)
+* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 124)
+* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 136)
+* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 121)
* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18)
-* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 110)
+* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 118)
* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 20)
* datatool package: \read. (line 31)
* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 51)
-* date, today's: \today. (line 6)
+* date, today’s: \today. (line 6)
* datetime package: \today. (line 27)
* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134)
* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135)
@@ -19307,28 +19412,28 @@
* document environment: document. (line 6)
* document root name: Jobname. (line 6)
* document templates: Document templates. (line 6)
-* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 116)
+* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 124)
* dot accent: Accents. (line 32)
* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 32)
* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 65)
* dotless i: Accents. (line 19)
-* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 253)
+* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 255)
* dotless j: Accents. (line 19)
-* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 273)
+* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 275)
* dots: Dots. (line 6)
* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 21)
-* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 113)
+* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 121)
* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23)
* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 176)
-* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 55)
-* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 192)
-* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 179)
+* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 184)
+* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 56)
+* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 187)
* double spacing: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
-* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 83)
+* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* draft option: Document class options.
(line 49)
@@ -19336,15 +19441,17 @@
* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvips command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvitype command: Output files. (line 10)
-* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 125)
+* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 133)
* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 16)
* ellipses: Dots. (line 6)
* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 39)
+* ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026): Dots. (line 66)
+* ellipsis, traditional (three periods): Dots. (line 66)
* em: Units of length. (line 46)
* em <1>: Units of length. (line 45)
-* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 119)
-* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 201)
-* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 207)
+* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 127)
+* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 209)
+* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 215)
* emphasis: Font styles. (line 60)
* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6)
* encoding, font: \DeclareFontEncoding.
@@ -19430,12 +19537,12 @@
(line 20)
* etoolbox package: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
-* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 128)
-* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 128)
-* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 129)
+* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 136)
+* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 136)
+* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 137)
* ex: Units of length. (line 42)
* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 41)
-* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 136)
+* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 144)
* executivepaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
* expl3 package: LaTeX command syntax.
@@ -19456,9 +19563,9 @@
* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 13)
* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 146)
* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 41)
-* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 175)
* figure counter: Counters. (line 15)
-* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 139)
+* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 147)
* figure environment: figure. (line 6)
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 107)
@@ -19507,6 +19614,7 @@
* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6)
* fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 6)
* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 17)
+* fontspec package <1>: OpenType bold math. (line 6)
* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
@@ -19571,7 +19679,7 @@
* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 11)
* grave accent: Accents. (line 44)
* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29)
-* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 146)
+* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 154)
* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6)
* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 6)
* grfext package: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
@@ -19589,7 +19697,7 @@
* hello, world: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 52)
* home page for manual: About this document. (line 6)
-* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 149)
+* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 157)
* horizontal paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
(line 6)
* horizontal space: \hss. (line 6)
@@ -19599,10 +19707,10 @@
* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 69)
* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 48)
* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57)
-* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 45)
+* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 46)
* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 37)
* hyperref package <4>: Command line input. (line 14)
-* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 168)
* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6)
* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
@@ -19633,7 +19741,7 @@
* indent_length: makeindex. (line 137)
* indent_space: makeindex. (line 133)
* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 26)
-* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 58)
+* index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’: \index. (line 58)
* index entry: \index. (line 6)
* index package: \index. (line 103)
* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 51)
@@ -19712,11 +19820,11 @@
* leading: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 157)
-* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
-* left quote: Text symbols. (line 43)
-* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 176)
-* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 182)
+* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 165)
+* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 95)
+* left quote: Text symbols. (line 44)
+* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 184)
+* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 190)
* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
(line 63)
* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
@@ -19730,7 +19838,7 @@
* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6)
* leqno option: Document class options.
(line 49)
-* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 162)
* lethead_flag: makeindex. (line 65)
* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 74)
* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 78)
@@ -19774,10 +19882,10 @@
* log file, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 24)
* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 27)
-* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 65)
+* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 66)
* long command: Class and package commands.
(line 23)
-* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 55)
+* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 56)
* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
(line 6)
* lowercase: Upper and lower case.
@@ -19807,7 +19915,7 @@
* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6)
-* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 175)
* matching brackets: \left & \right. (line 6)
* matching parentheses: \left & \right. (line 6)
* math accents: Math accents. (line 6)
@@ -19828,6 +19936,8 @@
* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6)
* math, arrows: Arrows. (line 6)
* math, bold: Font styles. (line 129)
+* mathematics, boldface: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 6)
* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 61)
* mathtools package <1>: Delimiters. (line 41)
* mathtools package <2>: \left & \right. (line 30)
@@ -19868,7 +19978,7 @@
(line 106)
* new class commands: Class and package construction.
(line 6)
-* new command, check: Class and package commands.
+* new command, checking: Class and package commands.
(line 21)
* new command, definition: Class and package commands.
(line 96)
@@ -19882,7 +19992,7 @@
* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6)
* newline, in \write: \write. (line 94)
* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 34)
-* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 168)
* non-English characters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* nonstopmode: Command line options.
@@ -19909,7 +20019,7 @@
(line 78)
* openbib option: Document class options.
(line 49)
-* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 43)
+* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 44)
* openright option: Document class options.
(line 78)
* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
@@ -19933,7 +20043,7 @@
(line 6)
* options, package <1>: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
-* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 175)
* oslash: Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
* OT1: fontenc package. (line 6)
@@ -19966,7 +20076,7 @@
* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 61)
* package, amsmath <6>: \left & \right. (line 30)
* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 67)
-* package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 36)
+* package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 38)
* package, amsmath <9>: Math functions. (line 111)
* package, amsmath <10>: Spacing in math mode.
(line 23)
@@ -19981,11 +20091,11 @@
* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28)
* package, amsthm <1>: \rule. (line 18)
* package, answers: \write. (line 99)
-* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 29)
+* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 30)
* package, array: array. (line 74)
* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 35)
* package, Asymptote <1>: \strut. (line 62)
-* package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 74)
+* package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73)
* package, Asymptote <3>: \write18. (line 13)
* package, babel: \chapter. (line 71)
* package, babel <1>: thebibliography. (line 53)
@@ -19997,8 +20107,7 @@
* package, beamer: beamer template. (line 6)
* package, bigfoot: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
-* package, bm: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 32)
+* package, bm: bm. (line 6)
* package, caption: \caption. (line 72)
* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 38)
* package, cleveref <1>: \ref. (line 29)
@@ -20015,8 +20124,8 @@
* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 55)
* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
-* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 128)
-* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 129)
+* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 136)
+* package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 137)
* package, expl3: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 35)
* package, expl3 <1>: Upper and lower case.
@@ -20028,6 +20137,7 @@
* package, flafter: Floats. (line 82)
* package, float: Floats. (line 52)
* package, fontspec: fontenc package. (line 17)
+* package, fontspec <1>: OpenType bold math. (line 6)
* package, geometry: Document class options.
(line 40)
* package, geometry <1>: Document class options.
@@ -20037,7 +20147,7 @@
(line 39)
* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 48)
* package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57)
-* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 45)
+* package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 46)
* package, hyperref <3>: \contentsline. (line 37)
* package, hyperref <4>: Command line input. (line 14)
* package, indentfirst: \part. (line 50)
@@ -20077,11 +20187,11 @@
* package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 6)
* package, polyglossia <1>: \today. (line 13)
* package, polyglossia <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 124)
+ (line 123)
* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 58)
* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 35)
* package, setspace: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 79)
+ (line 80)
* package, shellesc: \write18. (line 71)
* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 51)
* package, siunitx: minipage. (line 137)
@@ -20092,6 +20202,7 @@
* package, texosquery: \write18. (line 65)
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
+* package, textcomp: Text symbols. (line 6)
* package, TikZ: \line. (line 35)
* package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 62)
* package, TikZ <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73)
@@ -20110,7 +20221,9 @@
* package, tocloft <1>: \contentsline. (line 34)
* package, ulem: Over- and Underlining.
(line 15)
-* package, unicode-math: Greek letters. (line 37)
+* package, unicode-math: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
+* package, unicode-math <1>: Dots. (line 59)
+* package, unicode-math <2>: Greek letters. (line 37)
* package, url: \verb. (line 39)
* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 41)
* package, xparse: LaTeX command syntax.
@@ -20148,7 +20261,7 @@
(line 6)
* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 12)
* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 6)
-* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 47)
+* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 48)
* paragraph, ending: \par. (line 6)
* paragraph, in a box: \parbox. (line 6)
* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
@@ -20171,7 +20284,7 @@
* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20)
* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 16)
* period, abbreviation-ending: \@. (line 6)
-* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 170)
+* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
* period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 6)
* period, spacing after: \@. (line 6)
* pica: Units of length. (line 14)
@@ -20178,7 +20291,7 @@
* pict2e package: \line. (line 35)
* picture environment: picture. (line 6)
* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
-* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 47)
+* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 48)
* placement of floats: Floats. (line 31)
* platex: TeX engines. (line 54)
* platex-dev: TeX engines. (line 67)
@@ -20191,7 +20304,7 @@
* polyglossia package: Accents. (line 6)
* polyglossia package <1>: \today. (line 13)
* polyglossia package <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 124)
+ (line 123)
* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 58)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
(line 60)
@@ -20199,7 +20312,7 @@
* postamble: makeindex. (line 54)
* PostScript point: Units of length. (line 20)
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
-* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 51)
+* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 52)
* preamble: makeindex. (line 50)
* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 22)
* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 70)
@@ -20210,12 +20323,12 @@
* pt: Units of length. (line 9)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
(line 69)
-* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 173)
+* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 181)
* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 33)
* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
-* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 188)
-* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 192)
+* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 196)
+* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 200)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
@@ -20232,7 +20345,7 @@
(line 6)
* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 27)
* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 33)
-* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 195)
+* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 203)
* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 6)
* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 70)
* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
@@ -20243,11 +20356,11 @@
* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 53)
* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 198)
-* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 92)
-* right quote: Text symbols. (line 58)
-* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 179)
-* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 185)
+* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 206)
+* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
+* right quote: Text symbols. (line 59)
+* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 187)
+* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 193)
* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
(line 63)
* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
@@ -20281,14 +20394,14 @@
* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 26)
* scrollmode: Command line options.
(line 27)
-* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 69)
-* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 70)
+* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 70)
+* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 71)
* section: Sectioning. (line 6)
* section <1>: \section. (line 6)
* section counter: Counters. (line 15)
* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
-* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 70)
-* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 62)
+* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 71)
+* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 63)
* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6)
* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6)
* sectioning, part: \part. (line 6)
@@ -20298,7 +20411,7 @@
* series, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 48)
* setspace package: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
- (line 79)
+ (line 80)
* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6)
* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
@@ -20314,10 +20427,10 @@
* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33)
* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 182)
-* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 55)
-* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 188)
-* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 185)
+* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 190)
+* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 56)
+* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 196)
+* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 193)
* siunitx package: minipage. (line 137)
* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 42)
* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
@@ -20354,7 +20467,7 @@
* spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
-* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 175)
* special characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
* special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
@@ -20372,10 +20485,10 @@
* starting and ending: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* starting on a right-hand page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
(line 6)
-* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 51)
-* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 192)
-* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 192)
-* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 188)
+* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 52)
+* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 200)
+* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 196)
* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6)
* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6)
* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
@@ -20403,8 +20516,7 @@
* symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 59)
* symbol, defining: \DeclareTextSymbol. (line 6)
* symbols, arrows: Arrows. (line 6)
-* symbols, boldface: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
- (line 6)
+* symbols, boldface: bm. (line 6)
* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6)
* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 6)
* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 6)
@@ -20423,7 +20535,7 @@
(line 6)
* table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
-* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 81)
+* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 82)
* tablefootnote package: Footnotes in a table.
(line 53)
* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
@@ -20437,7 +20549,7 @@
* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 6)
* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 6)
-* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 65)
+* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 66)
* texosquery package: \write18. (line 65)
* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 27)
* text style: Math styles. (line 21)
@@ -20469,7 +20581,7 @@
(line 6)
* thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
-* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 201)
+* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 209)
* tie: ~. (line 6)
* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 83)
* TikZ package: \line. (line 35)
@@ -20478,7 +20590,7 @@
* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 41)
* tilde accent: Accents. (line 48)
* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 38)
-* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 71)
+* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 72)
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
(line 71)
* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
@@ -20496,12 +20608,12 @@
(line 63)
* tocbibbind package: Table of contents etc..
(line 110)
-* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 80)
-* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 81)
+* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 81)
+* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 82)
* tocloft package: Table of contents etc..
(line 110)
* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 34)
-* today's date: \today. (line 6)
+* today’s date: \today. (line 6)
* tombstone: \rule. (line 13)
* topmargin: Page layout parameters.
(line 125)
@@ -20509,12 +20621,12 @@
* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 139)
* totalnumber: Floats. (line 142)
* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 143)
-* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 204)
+* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 212)
* transcript file: Output files. (line 28)
* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 6)
* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6)
-* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 207)
+* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 215)
* twocolumn option: Document class options.
(line 78)
* twoside option: Document class options.
@@ -20532,10 +20644,12 @@
* underbar: Accents. (line 53)
* underlining: Over- and Underlining.
(line 6)
-* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 210)
+* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 218)
* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 15)
* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 6)
-* unicode-math package: Greek letters. (line 37)
+* unicode-math package: OpenType bold math. (line 20)
+* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 59)
+* unicode-math package <2>: Greek letters. (line 37)
* units, of length: Units of length. (line 6)
* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. (line 20)
* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6)
@@ -20555,8 +20669,8 @@
* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6)
* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 41)
* verse environment: verse. (line 6)
-* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 83)
-* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 80)
+* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 89)
+* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 86)
* vertical mode: Modes. (line 36)
* vertical space: \vspace. (line 6)
* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 6)
@@ -20567,7 +20681,7 @@
* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 6)
* visible space: \verb. (line 31)
-* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 213)
+* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 221)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 58)
* whatsit item: \write. (line 65)
@@ -20599,549 +20713,635 @@
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+Ref: footnote footnoterule291090
+Ref: footnote footnotesep291719
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+Node: \footnotetext295232
+Node: Footnotes in section headings295842
+Node: Footnotes in a table296687
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes299662
+Node: Definitions300366
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand301413
+Ref: \newcommand301596
+Ref: \renewcommand301596
+Node: Control sequences308007
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+Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother310698
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+Ref: color models gray514874
+Ref: color models rgb515027
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+Ref: includegraphics width541577
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+Node: Text symbols560760
+Node: Accents566729
+Node: \accent569186
+Node: Additional Latin letters571044
+Ref: Non-English characters571226
+Node: inputenc package572347
+Ref: \inputencoding574623
+Node: \rule574999
+Node: \today576203
+Node: Splitting the input577193
+Node: \endinput578975
+Node: \include & \includeonly580332
+Ref: \include580520
+Ref: \includeonly580520
+Node: \input584817
+Node: Front/back matter586060
+Node: Table of contents etc.586393
+Node: \@dottedtocline592341
+Node: \addcontentsline593992
+Node: \addtocontents597181
+Node: \contentsline599474
+Node: \nofiles601364
+Node: \numberline602147
+Node: Indexes603375
+Node: Produce the index manually606265
+Node: \index607453
+Node: makeindex612894
+Ref: makeindex preamble614610
+Ref: makeindex postamble614764
+Ref: makeindex group skip614868
+Ref: makeindex letheadflag615228
+Ref: makeindex lethead prefix615705
+Ref: makeindex lethead suffix615865
+Ref: makeindex item 0616021
+Ref: makeindex item 1616109
+Ref: makeindex item 2616192
+Ref: makeindex item 01616278
+Ref: makeindex item x1616391
+Ref: makeindex item 12616610
+Ref: makeindex item x2616726
+Ref: makeindex delim 0616896
+Ref: makeindex delim 1617034
+Ref: makeindex delim 2617172
+Ref: makeindex delim n617306
+Ref: makeindex delim r617449
+Ref: makeindex line max617565
+Ref: makeindex indent space617710
+Ref: makeindex indent length617813
+Ref: makeindex page precedence618010
+Node: \printindex619091
+Node: Glossaries619580
+Node: \newglossaryentry621599
+Node: \gls623102
+Node: Letters623916
+Node: \address627632
+Node: \cc628459
+Node: \closing628913
+Node: \encl629233
+Node: \location629659
+Node: \makelabels629931
+Node: \name632308
+Node: \opening632555
+Node: \ps632844
+Node: \signature633141
+Node: \telephone634417
+Node: Input/output634792
+Node: \openin & \openout635522
+Ref: \openin635669
+Ref: \openout635669
+Ref: \closein635669
+Ref: \closeout635669
+Node: \read638390
+Node: \typein639617
+Node: \typeout640901
+Node: \write641991
+Node: \write and security646906
+Node: \message647862
+Node: \wlog649743
+Node: \write18650252
+Node: Command line interface653853
+Ref: Command line654017
+Node: Command line options656236
+Ref: interaction modes657283
+Ref: output directory658295
+Node: Command line input660070
+Node: Jobname662219
+Node: Recovering from errors665598
+Node: Document templates667074
+Node: beamer template667508
+Node: article template668158
+Node: book template668625
+Node: Larger book template669108
+Node: Index670692
+Ref: Command Index670778
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2022-12-26 23:41:57 UTC (rev 1140)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2023-01-10 23:19:31 UTC (rev 1141)
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
@c $Id$
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename latex2e.info
- at set UPDATED December 2022
+ at set UPDATED January 2023
@include common.texi
@settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED})
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@@ -13221,7 +13221,7 @@
@findex \boldmath
@findex \unboldmath
@cindex boldface mathematics
- at cindex symbols, boldface
+ at cindex mathematics, boldface
Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
@@ -13240,9 +13240,9 @@
@findex \unboldmath
Declarations to change the letters and symbols in @var{math} to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
-(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
-math mode (@pxref{Modes}). Both commands are fragile
-(@pxref{\protect}).
+(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when @emph{not} in
+math mode or display math mode (@pxref{Modes}). Both commands are
+fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
In this example each @code{\boldmath} command takes place inside an
@code{\mbox},
@@ -13253,21 +13253,35 @@
@noindent
which means @code{\boldmath} is only called in a text mode, here LR
-mode, and explains why @LaTeX{} must switch to math mode to set @code{v}
-and @code{u}.
+mode, and explains why we must switch @LaTeX{} into math mode to set
+ at code{v} and @code{u}.
If you use either command inside math mode, as with @code{Trouble: \(
\boldmath x \)}, then you get something like @samp{LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11} and @samp{LaTeX
-Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
-11}.
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode} and @samp{LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \mathversion invalid in math mode}.
- at PkgIndex{bm}
-There are many issues with @code{\boldmath}. New documents should use
-the @package{bm} package provided by the @LaTeX{} Project team. A complete
-description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
-documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+ at menu
+* bm:: The @package{bm} package for individual bold symbols.
+* OpenType bold math:: @code{FakeBold} or @code{\symbf}.
+ at end menu
+ at node bm
+ at subsubsection @package{bm}: Individual bold math symbols
+
+ at PkgIndex{bm}
+ at cindex symbols, boldface
+
+ at c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974
+Specifying @code{\boldmath} is the best method for typesetting a whole
+math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an
+expression in bold, the @package{bm} package provided by the @LaTeX{}
+Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this
+document (see its documentation at @url{https://ctan.org/pkg/bm} or in
+your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example
+will show that it is an improvement over @code{\boldmath} within an
+expression:
+
@example
\usepackage@{bm@} % in preamble
...
@@ -13274,10 +13288,39 @@
we have $\bm@{v@} = 5\cdot\bm@{u@}$
@end example
- at noindent
-shows that it is an improvement over @code{\boldmath}.
+ at node OpenType bold math
+ at subsubsection OpenType bold math
+ at PkgIndex{fontspec}
+Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe at LaTeX{},
+Lua at LaTeX{}), neither @code{\boldmath} nor @package{bm} usually work
+well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines
+rarely come with a bold companion, and both @code{\boldmath} and
+ at package{bm} require this. (The implementation of @package{bm} relies
+on @code{\boldmath}, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have
+a bold math font, though, then @code{\boldmath} and @package{bm} work
+fine.
+
+If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
+bold fonts with the @package{fontspec} package's @code{FakeBold=1}
+parameter (see its documentation,
+ at url{https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec}). This may be acceptable for
+drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true
+bold font.
+
+ at PkgIndex{unicode-math}
+ at findex \symbf
+ at findex \symbfit
+Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use
+the @code{\symbf} (bold), @code{\symbfit} (bold italic), and related
+commands from the @package{unicode-math} package. These do not change
+the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) ``alphabet'' used,
+which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font.
+Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the
+desired output. As usual, see the package documentation
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math}).
+
@node Blackboard bold
@subsection Blackboard bold
@@ -13306,8 +13349,9 @@
the @code{\mathbb@{N@}} gives blackboard bold symbol @BES{2115,\mathbbN},
representing the natural numbers.
-If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
-but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you
+do not get an error but you do get strange results, including
+unexpected characters.
There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
capital letters; look on CTAN.
@@ -13769,11 +13813,12 @@
or relation symbol, @code{\dotsi} for dots with integrals, or
@code{\dotso} for others.
- at PkgIndex{unicode-math} The @code{\dots} command from
- at package{amsmath} differs from the @LaTeX{} kernel's @code{\dots}
-command in another way: it outputs a thin space after the
-ellipsis. Furthermore, the @package{unicode-math} package
-automatically loads @package{amsmath}, so @package{amsmath}'s
+ at c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976
+ at PkgIndex{unicode-math}
+The @code{\dots} command from @package{amsmath} differs from the
+ at LaTeX{} kernel's @code{\dots} command in another way: it outputs a
+thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the @package{unicode-math}
+package automatically loads @package{amsmath}, so @package{amsmath}'s
@code{\dots} may be active even when you did not explicitly load it,
thus changing the output from @code{\dots} in both text and math mode.
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