[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r828 - trunk
karl at gnu.org.ua
karl at gnu.org.ua
Wed Aug 26 00:52:10 CEST 2020
Author: karl
Date: 2020-08-26 01:52:09 +0300 (Wed, 26 Aug 2020)
New Revision: 828
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
remove stale tugboat template, etc.
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2020-08-07 11:56:07 UTC (rev 827)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2020-08-25 22:52:09 UTC (rev 828)
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+2020-08-25 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Document classes) <slides>: reword.
+ (\newcommand & \renewcommand): try to be clearer about
+ when arguments can be multiple paragraphs; mention \long.
+ (tugboat template): remove node, is stale.
+ thoughout: behaviour -> behavior.
+
2020-08-07 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1 at users.sourceforge.net>
* latex2e-fr.texi: Propagate Karl's r810 changes.
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2020-08-07 11:56:07 UTC (rev 827)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2020-08-25 22:52:09 UTC (rev 828)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of March 2020.
+document preparation system, version of August 2020.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2020)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2020)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2020)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2020)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2020)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2020)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2020)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2020)</h1>
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
<li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -541,9 +541,10 @@
<li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a>
@@ -558,7 +559,6 @@
<li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-March 2020) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+August 2020) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<span id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
<span id="index-CTAN"></span>
@@ -1096,20 +1096,22 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
specifications.
</p>
-<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
-as search by name or by functionality.
+<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
+offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</p>
<span id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></span>
+<p>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which
+is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the
+material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated
+packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX
+group, DANTE e.V.
+</p>
<span id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></span>
-<p>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
-sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
-instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
-hosted by the German TeX group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the
-world help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their
-collections with the core site and then in turn making their copies
-publicly available. This gives users close to their location better
-access and relieves the load on the core site. The list of mirrors is
-at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
+<p>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
+automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then
+in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close
+to their location better access and relieves the load on the master
+site. The list of mirrors is at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -1161,8 +1163,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the
-<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>).
+<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The
+<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, for a
+small template for a beamer document.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -1604,7 +1608,7 @@
</p>
<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
-Change this behaviour with the starred version
+Change this behavior with the starred version
<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes extend
an existing class, using a declaration such as
<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
@@ -1668,8 +1672,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cIfFileExists"></span>
<span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
@@ -1886,12 +1890,12 @@
include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesFile"></span>
<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
‘<samp>test.config</samp>’ and <var>additional information</var> equal to
‘<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>’.
</p>
@@ -2905,7 +2909,8 @@
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</table>
-<p>The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
+<p>The commands are listed here in <em>declaration forms</em>. You use them by
declaring them, as with this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -2914,13 +2919,26 @@
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
-<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style
-command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
-extra curly braces <code>{\small We are here, we are here, we are
-here!}</code>. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
-for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
+<p>Here, the scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type
+style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
+in curly braces <code>{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>.
</p>
+<span id="index-environment-form-of-commands"></span>
+<p>An <em>environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice
+this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
+end of the environment without careful consideration, so it’s
+generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
+</p>
+<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code>\begin</code> and
+<code>\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument
+technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would
+only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the
+environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that
+this particular use turns out to be rather common, despite its
+problems.)
+</p>
<hr>
<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span><div class="header">
@@ -3867,8 +3885,8 @@
<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></span>
<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
-but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
-An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The
+but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp>A
Appendix</samp>’ (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp>A</samp>’
by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
@@ -3891,9 +3909,9 @@
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have
-a <code>\section</code> and, in a book, that before a <code>\section</code> you will
-have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a
-subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’.
+a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before a
+<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
+a something like a subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package"></span>
@@ -3913,16 +3931,16 @@
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span>
<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span>
-<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning commands are
-numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than
-<var>level</var> <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
-instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then a
-<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like ‘<samp>1
-Introduction</samp>’ while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce output
-like ‘<samp>Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the
-<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
+<code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> will suppress
+numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
+For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then
+a <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like
+‘<samp>1 Introduction</samp>’ while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will
+produce output like ‘<samp>Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s
+default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and
+ 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>tocdepth</code>
@@ -3936,7 +3954,7 @@
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the
+<code>tocdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the
<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -4104,7 +4122,7 @@
the break in the contents
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all\\ my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
+<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
@@ -4308,13 +4326,13 @@
so it looks like ‘<samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’.
</p>
<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>.
-But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
-<code>section</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
+<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in
-the title of the section,
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in
+the title of the subsection,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
@@ -4497,7 +4515,7 @@
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
-‘<samp>Appendix</samp>’ with a command like
+‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ with a command like
<code>\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a
number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
@@ -5497,9 +5515,9 @@
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style
-and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
-<code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
+<p>Environment to typeset the <var>mathematical text</var> on its own line, in
+display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
+global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
@@ -5514,19 +5532,20 @@
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
-<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
-<code>\begin{displaymath}<var>math text</var>\end{displaymath}</code> but the
-latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
+<span id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></span>
+<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the
+latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct
-<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a
-synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn’t
-started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
-environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
-different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
-environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
</p>
+<span id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></span>
+<p>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is
+sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
+not a synonym, and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all;
+<code>$$</code> doesn’t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform
+consistency checks.)
+</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -5933,7 +5952,8 @@
\end{filecontents*}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory and write
+<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory (or the
+output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write
<var>text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
</p>
<p>The unstarred version of the environment
@@ -5958,8 +5978,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>nosearch</code></dt>
<dd><span id="index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"></span>
-<p>Only check the current directory for an existing file, not the entire
-search path.
+<p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
+specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -6704,7 +6724,7 @@
depends on the list type.
</p>
<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
-‘<samp>[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with ‘<samp>[</samp>’, you
+‘<samp>[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you
have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
@@ -6791,7 +6811,7 @@
<span id="index-environment_002c-math"></span>
<span id="index-math-environment"></span>
-<span id="index-in_002dline-formulas"></span>
+<span id="index-inline-formulas"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6801,6 +6821,8 @@
\end{math}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-_0024-inline-math"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></span>
<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
@@ -6871,18 +6893,19 @@
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
-vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
-Plain TeX calls <code>\vcenter</code>).
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain TeX’s <code>\vtop</code>.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"></span>
+<p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vtop</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain TeX’s <code>\vbox</code>.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"></span>
+<p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vbox</code>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -6903,12 +6926,12 @@
it to a height of zero or a negative value.
</p>
<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
-<var>content</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+<var>contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
default is the value of <var>position</var>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Place <var>content</var> at the top of the box.
+<dd><p>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
@@ -7031,10 +7054,10 @@
</pre></div>
<p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
-obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
-creation systems, such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>,
-or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
+boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
+documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
+such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. These are not
+covered in this document; see CTAN.
</p>
<p>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
@@ -7414,9 +7437,10 @@
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp> on CTAN. Another solution
-is to use a full-featured graphics system such as <samp>TikZ</samp>, or
-<samp>PSTricks</samp>, or <samp>MetaPost</samp>, or <samp>Asymptote</samp>
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp>
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution
+is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
+MetaPost, or Asymptote.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -8223,7 +8247,7 @@
<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument
<code>{l|l}</code>.
-<span id="index-_0026"></span>
+<span id="index-_0026-for-table-cells"></span>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
@@ -10412,13 +10436,16 @@
\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
-<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>.
+<p>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
+<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
+</p>
<span id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
<span id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
-The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms that it not be
-<code>\long</code>).
+<span id="index-_005clong"></span>
+<p>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands
+are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>These are the parameters:
</p>
@@ -10620,13 +10647,13 @@
package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
</p>
-<p>The pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> changes the
-default code and then changes it back. Use them inside a <samp>.tex</samp>
-file, in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your definition. Don’t
-use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
-<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already arrange
-that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode 11.
+<p>Use the pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> inside a
+<samp>.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or
+redefining commands named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your
+definition. Don’t use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files
+since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already
+arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
+catcode 11.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></span>
<span id="index-macros2e-package"></span>
@@ -11311,7 +11338,7 @@
<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the
command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
</p>
<p>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
@@ -11765,14 +11792,20 @@
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
+<span id="index-rigid-lengths"></span>
+<span id="index-rubber-lengths"></span>
+<span id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></span>
<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> such as <code>10pt</code>
-does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain TeX
-calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX
-calls a <em>skip</em>) such as as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>
-can contain either or both of those components. In that rubber length,
-the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
-<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow TeX to stretch or
-shrink the length to optimize placement.
+does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
+TeX calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what plain
+TeX calls a <em>skip</em> or <em>glue</em>) such as as with <code>1cm
+plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code> can contain either or both of those
+components. In that rubber length, the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural
+length</em> while the other two, the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components, allow TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize
+placement.
</p>
<p>The illustrations below use these two commands.
</p>
@@ -12658,9 +12691,9 @@
<span id="index-superscript"></span>
<span id="index-subscript"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e-superscript"></span>
+<span id="index-_005f-subscript"></span>
<span id="index-exponent"></span>
-<span id="index-_005f"></span>
-<span id="index-_005e"></span>
<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
@@ -15709,9 +15742,8 @@
</div>
<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></h4>
-<span id="index-_003a"></span>
<span id="index-colon-character"></span>
-<span id="index-_003a-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_003a-for-math"></span>
<span id="index-_005ccolon"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -16749,7 +16781,7 @@
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
-(the command is from Plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
+(the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
spaces are treated equally.
</p>
@@ -18518,7 +18550,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
the file must be present.
</p>
@@ -18604,9 +18636,10 @@
you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
instead of having to give its path.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
-The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
-<samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
+<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
+(and the output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>).
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the
+subdirectory <samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
@@ -18640,7 +18673,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
-file name and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
+filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the
<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in
@@ -18693,7 +18726,7 @@
\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp>
</pre></div>
-<p>Because the file name <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
+<p>Because the filename <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
@@ -18760,7 +18793,7 @@
<dt><var>extension</var></dt>
<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
-<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>type</var></dt>
@@ -18909,7 +18942,7 @@
<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
</p>
-<p>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can
+<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so LaTeX can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
</p>
@@ -18982,8 +19015,10 @@
</p>
<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</p>
+<span id="index-bounding-box"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-bounding"></span>
<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+traditionally referred to as its <em>bounding box</em> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
@@ -18997,7 +19032,7 @@
TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
-<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than
+<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than
the width of the text with
<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
</p>
@@ -19011,7 +19046,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheght"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheight"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
@@ -19034,7 +19069,7 @@
<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
-number may be any value; a number between 1 and 0 will shrink the
+number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -19069,10 +19104,10 @@
<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
-<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. The
-dimensions default to big points, <code>bp</code>. They are taken
-relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
-<code>trim</code> option.
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When
+the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big
+points, <code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
+by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd>
<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
@@ -19129,7 +19164,7 @@
<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
@@ -19222,7 +19257,7 @@
<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd>
<dt><code>command</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
-conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>
+conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>,
for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
external commands.
</p>
@@ -19258,7 +19293,7 @@
<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees
counterclockwise.
</p>
-<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll}
@@ -19470,7 +19505,8 @@
<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
+called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>. They are
+all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
@@ -19493,13 +19529,13 @@
<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></span>
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
-character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font
-of the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
+font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
+the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only
-there to split the lines).
+there to split the lines in the output).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -19519,6 +19555,7 @@
<span id="index-uppercase"></span>
<span id="index-lowercase"></span>
<span id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></span>
+<span id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -19529,13 +19566,13 @@
\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
-<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
-characters. The LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
-<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
-commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The commands
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
-moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
+<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work
+only with the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
+characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The
+commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
+but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
@@ -19570,11 +19607,24 @@
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></span>
<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span>
-
+
<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-expl3"></span>
+<span id="index-expl3-package"></span>
+<span id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></span>
+<p>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
+non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
+the original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the
+<code>expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From
+TeX primitives to the Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright,
+<cite>TUGboat</cite> 41:1,
+<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a
+good overview of the topic, past and present.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<span id="Symbols-by-font-position"></span><div class="header">
<p>
@@ -20286,7 +20336,7 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\accent<var>number</var> <var>character</var>
+<pre class="example">\accent <var>number</var> <var>character</var>
</pre></div>
<p>A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from
@@ -20649,12 +20699,13 @@
</pre></div>
<p>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a
-file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added during mailing.
-It is also useful for debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to
-put <code>\endinput</code> halfway through the included file and see if the
-error disappears. Now, knowing which half contains the error, moving
-<code>\endinput</code> to halfway through that area further narrows down the
-location. This process rapidly finds the offending line.
+file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is
+transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for debugging:
+one strategy to localize errors is to put <code>\endinput</code> halfway
+through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
+which half contains the error, moving <code>\endinput</code> to halfway
+through that area further narrows down the location. This process
+rapidly finds the offending line.
</p>
<p>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of
the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
@@ -20691,11 +20742,13 @@
<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a>), then it
inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
-appear in the document body. The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls
-which files will be read by LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code>
-commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated, and it can only
-appear in the preamble.
+appear in the document body.
</p>
+<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
+LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. Its list of
+filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even
+earlier, e.g., the command line; it can’t appear in the document body.
+</p>
<p>This example root document, <samp>constitution.tex</samp>, brings in
three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and
<samp>amendments.tex</samp>.
@@ -20727,7 +20780,7 @@
<p>Running LaTeX on <samp>constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the
three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary
files <samp>preamble.aux</samp>, <samp>articles.aux</samp>, and
-<samp>amendments.tex</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
+<samp>amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
and cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out
<code>\includeonly</code>’s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code>
and run LaTeX again then the resulting document shows only the
@@ -20801,8 +20854,8 @@
<p>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>’ Later runs get
‘<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>’. To fix
-this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{root}</code> but also
-delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
+this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{<var>root</var>}</code> but
+also delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -20955,10 +21008,11 @@
<p>The <code>section</code> or <code>subsection</code> is the sectioning unit. The
hook <code>\numberline</code> lets you to change how the information appears
-in the table of contents. Of its two arguments, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>
-is the sectioning unit number and <code>First section</code> or <code>First
-subsection</code> is the title. Finally, <code>2</code> is the page number on which
-the sectioning units start.
+in the table of contents. Its unique argument, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>,
+is the sectioning unit number, whereas the remainder of the second
+argument of <code>\contentsline</code>, <code>First section</code> or <code>First
+subsection</code>, is the title. Finally, the third argument, <code>2</code>, is
+the page number on which the sectioning units start.
</p>
<p>One consequence of this auxiliary file storage strategy is that to get the
contents page correct you must run LaTeX twice, once to store the
@@ -20971,12 +21025,6 @@
contents commands; for instance, these work with information stored in
<samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp> files.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span>
-<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span>
-
-<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
-<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
-
<p>To change the header for the table of contents page do something like
the first line here.
</p>
@@ -20986,6 +21034,12 @@
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Tables}
</pre></div>
+<p><span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span>
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
+
<p>Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
will change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
@@ -21348,7 +21402,7 @@
followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp>program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp>results,
51</samp>’.
</p>
-<span id="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></span>
+<span id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span>
<span id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></span>
<span id="index-_005cseename"></span>
<span id="index-_005calsoname"></span>
@@ -22432,13 +22486,13 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\openin<var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+<pre class="example">\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\openout<var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+<pre class="example">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The <var>number</var>
@@ -22466,11 +22520,11 @@
</p>
<p>Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page
shipout. To change this, use
-<code>\immediate\openin<var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or
-<code>\immediate\openout<var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>.
+<code>\immediate\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or
+<code>\immediate\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>.
</p>
-<p>Close files with <code>\closein<var>number</var></code> and
-<code>\closeout<var>number</var></code>.
+<p>Close files with <code>\closein <var>number</var></code> and
+<code>\closeout <var>number</var></code>.
</p>
<p>How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
@@ -22494,7 +22548,7 @@
the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with
no dot or space.
</p>
-<p>For <code>openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give
+<p>For <code>\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give
an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
with <code>\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command
<code>\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you
@@ -22517,7 +22571,7 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\read<var>number</var> to<var>macro</var>
+<pre class="example">\read <var>number</var> to<var>macro</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Make the command <var>macro</var> contain the next line of input from text
@@ -22529,24 +22583,26 @@
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newread\recipientfile
\openin\recipientfile=email
-\read\file to\email
+\read\recipientfile to\email
\typeout{Email address: \email}
\closein\recipientfile
</pre></div>
-<p>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file of
-that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code> will
-take input from the terminal. Note, though, that the natural way in
-LaTeX to take input from the terminal is <code>\typein</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>).
+<p>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file
+of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code>
+will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
+allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; see <a href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>).
+(However, the natural way in LaTeX to take input from the terminal
+is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>.)
</p>
-<p>To read in an entire file at once use <code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>) or
-<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a>).
+<p>To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use
+<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span>
<span id="index-datatool-package"></span>
-<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merge.
+<span id="index-mail-merges"></span>
+<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <samp>datatool</samp>.
</p>
@@ -22670,10 +22726,10 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\write<var>number</var>{<var>string</var>}
+<pre class="example">\write <var>number</var>{<var>string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <code>string</code> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
opened by <code>\openout</code>. For instance, <code>\write6</code> writes to text
stream number 6.
</p>
@@ -22683,133 +22739,185 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newwrite\myfile
-\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is current file name
- ...
+\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
+...
\immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!}
- ...
+...
\immediate\closeout\myfile
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-_005cnewwrite"></span>
<p>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
-names to make life easier, so that <code>test
-\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp>test 3</samp>’.
+name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
+\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp>stream 3</samp>’.
Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
-name. With that, <code>\write3</code> puts the string in the file.
+name. TeX ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
+in the file.
</p>
-<p>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and 15 because typically
-LaTeX authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated by
-the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if it
-is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to
-the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in addition LaTeX
-writes <var>string</var> to the terminal. Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello
-World!}</code> puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ followed by a newline in the log
-file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code> command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a>). And
-<code>\write100{Hello World!}</code> puts the same in the log file but also
-puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ followed by a newline in the terminal output.
-(But 16, 17, and 18 are special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
+<span id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></span>
+<span id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></span>
+<p>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically
+LaTeX authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
+by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
+if it is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes
+<var>string</var> to the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in
+addition LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the terminal.
</p>
+<p>Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’
+followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code>
+command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code>
+puts the same in the log file but also puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’
+followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
+special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
+</p>
+<span id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></span>
<p>In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
-<p>Write to the current <samp>.aux</samp> file, which is associated with the main
-file or with the current include file, using
-<code>\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}</code>. Write to the main <samp>.aux</samp>
-file using <code>\write\@mainaux{<var>string</var>}</code>.
+<span id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></span>
+<p>Use <code>\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the current
+<samp>.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or
+with the current include file; and use
+<code>\write\@mainaux{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the main
+<samp>.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
</p>
-<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var>string</var> to the file right away.
-This is because, for example, you may use <code>\write</code> to save the
-current page number but when TeX comes across a <code>\write</code> it may
-be not yet sure what page this is, since it has not yet done the page
-breaking. So you <code>\write</code> in one of three contexts.
+<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var>string</var> to the file right
+away. This is because, for example, you may need <code>\write</code> to
+save the current page number, but when TeX comes across a
+<code>\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is,
+since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code>\write</code>
+in one of three contexts:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}
-\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}
-\protected at write\@auxout{}{<var>string</var>}
+<pre class="example">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %1
+\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %2
+\protected at write\@auxout{}{<var>string</var>} %3
</pre></div>
-<p>With the first, LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the file. Any commands
-in <var>string</var> will be expanded (just as in <code>\edef</code> so that to
-prevent expansion you should use <code>\noexpand</code> or a <code>toks</code>,
-except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of <code>##</code>). With the
-second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things (as a
-TeX “whatsit”) and kept until the page is shipped out and likewise
-the commands are unexpanded until shipout. The third,
-<code>\protected at write</code>, is like the second except that you can use
-<code>\protect</code> on fragile commands. The extra first argument allows you
-to locally insert extra definitions to make more commands be safe or
-have special definition during the write.
+<ol>
+<li> <span id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></span>
+With the first, LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
+Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
+<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
+<code>toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of
+<code>##</code>).
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-whatsit-item"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></span>
+With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
+(as a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out
+and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
+<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></span>
+The third, <code>\protected at write</code>, is like the second except that
+you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
+argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
+macros protected or to have some other special definition for the
+write.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code>\write</code>, <var>string</var> here
+contains a control sequence <code>\triplex</code> which we’ve defined to be
+the text ‘<samp>XYZ</samp>’:
</p>
-<p>Here <var>string</var> contains a control sequence.
-</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
-\newcommand{\triplex}{XXX}
+\newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
</pre></div>
-<p>This results in the file <samp>test.jh</samp> containing ‘<samp>test XXXtest</samp>’
-followed by a newline.
+<p>This results in the file <samp>test.jh</samp> containing the text
+‘<samp>test XYZtest</samp>’ followed by a newline.
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></span>
<p>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
<code>\write</code>’s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
to 15 described above, in Plain TeX <code>\write16</code> and
<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
-terminal. Note that in LaTeX the natural way to do that is with
-<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is even
-more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to the
-operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>).
+terminal; however, in LaTeX, the natural way to do that is with
+<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
+even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to
+the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>).
</p>
-<p>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. Put in a newline with
-<code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file.
+<span id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
+<p>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
+newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
+file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
</pre></div>
-<p>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
-downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you
-would be justifiably troubled. TeX systems by default only allow
-you to open files for writing that are in the current directory or in
-a subdirectory. This
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
-\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>gives an error like ‘<samp>Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p). !
-I can't write on file `../test.jh'</samp>’. Note that you can get such an
-error when trying to use commands such as <code>\include{../filename}</code>
-because LaTeX will try to open <samp>../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest
-solution is to put the included files in the same directory as the
-master file, or in subdirectories.
-</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-answers"></span>
<span id="index-answers-package"></span>
-<p>A common case where authors want to write a file not already provided by
-LaTeX is for answers to exercises, or some other situation where you
-want to write out verbatim, without expanding the commands. CTAN has a
-number of packages for this; one is <samp>answers</samp>.
+<p>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
+answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
+out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
+packages for this; one is <samp>answers</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="1">\message</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write part of a line to log file and terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1">\write and security</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Security.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="2">\wlog</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the log file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2">\message</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file and terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="3">\write18</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the operating system.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3">\wlog</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4">\write18</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Run an operating system command.
+</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</h4>
+
+<span id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></span>
+
+<p>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
+downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you
+would be justifiably troubled.
+</p>
+<p>Thus, by default TeX systems only allow you to open files for
+writing that are in the current directory or output directory, if
+specified (see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of
+those. So, this code
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
+\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gives an error like:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
+! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></span>
+<p>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
+<code>\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open
+<samp>../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included
+files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cmessage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\write and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cmessage"></span>
@@ -22819,7 +22927,7 @@
<pre class="example">\message{<var>string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <code>string</code> to the log file and the terminal.
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
</p>
<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). It
allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
@@ -22842,15 +22950,14 @@
I declare a thumb war.
</pre></div>
-<p>Note that <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
+<p>The <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
between ‘<samp>before</samp>’ and ‘<samp>After</samp>’ will be a single space (from
the end of line following ‘<samp>I}</samp>’).
</p>
-<p>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting
-interaction lines, a gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up your formatting
-because it inserts line breaks depending on what it has already put
-out. Contrast this document body, where the ‘<samp>Two</samp>’ has moved, to the
-one given above.
+<p>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a
+gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts
+line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this
+document body, where the ‘<samp>Two</samp>’ has moved, to the one given above.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
@@ -22863,7 +22970,8 @@
it and the ‘<samp>Two Three</samp>’. That line break appears also in the log
file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length
of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted
-lines in a way that is portable is hard.
+lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring
+starting your message at the beginning of a line.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -22871,7 +22979,7 @@
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write18</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cwlog"></span>
@@ -22881,7 +22989,7 @@
<pre class="example">\wlog{<var>string</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Write <code>string</code> to the log file.
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
@@ -22902,11 +23010,13 @@
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cwrite18"></span>
<span id="index-external-commands"></span>
<span id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-shell-access"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22921,7 +23031,7 @@
<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></span>
<span id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></span>
-<p>This
+<p>This sequence (on Unix)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
@@ -22931,55 +23041,73 @@
\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
</pre></div>
-<p>will run <samp>Asymptote</samp> on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>, so that the
-document can later read in the resulting graphic
+<p>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>,
+so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX
-expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is replaced
-by ‘<samp>1</samp>’.
+expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is
+replaced by ‘<samp>1</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start
of each LaTeX run (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including
<code>\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the
-file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> gives the base name of the current
-file.
+file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root
+file unless the <code>--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line,
+in which case this is the option argument.
</p>
<p>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory.
+in the current directory (but see <samp>texosquery</samp> below):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
\input{tmp.dat}
</pre></div>
-<p>The standard behaviour of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
+<p>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
<code>\immediate\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside a
-LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
-commands to delete all your files then you would be annoyed. The
+<p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside
+a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
+commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell
-access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are safe,
-by compiling with <code>latex --shell-escape <var>filename</var></code> for TeX
-Live or MacTeX or <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code> for
-MiKTeX (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
+access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are
+safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
+(see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
+a synonym, in TeX Live.)
</p>
-<p>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use a
-restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those that
-run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use the
-<code>shell-escape</code> or <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this
-list of allowed commands is short and features only commands that are
-under the control of the distribution maintainers (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
+<span id="index-restricted-shell-access"></span>
+<p>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
+a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
+that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
+the <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed
+commands is short and features only commands that are under the
+control of the distribution maintainers (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
</p>
-<p>Some packages need to run external system commands. For instance
-<samp>sagetex</samp> allows you to have the mathematics software system
-<i>Sage</i> do calculations or draw graphs and then incorporate that output
-in your document. For this you must compile with full <code>\write18</code>
-capability turned on.
+<span id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></span>
+<p>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp>/bin/sh</samp> on
+Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
+<samp>cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
+the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></span>
+<span id="index-texosquery-package"></span>
+<span id="index-system-information"></span>
+<span id="index-operating-system-information"></span>
+<span id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></span>
+<span id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></span>
+<p>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
+name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
+<samp>texosquery</samp> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
+<code>\write18</code>: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<span id="Command-line"></span><div class="header">
<p>
@@ -23007,7 +23135,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p><span id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></span>
-Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file extension.
+Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file name extension.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX is a development of the original TeX program, as are
XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). They are completely
@@ -23030,16 +23158,16 @@
</p>
<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code>pdflatex</code> prompts for
input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
-<code><control>-D</code>.
+<kbd>CTRL-D</kbd>.
</p>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a> for an outline of what
to do.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Commonly used command line options.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="3">Recovering from errors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
</td></tr>
@@ -23077,19 +23205,23 @@
<dt><code>-help</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
-<span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="interaction-modes"></span><span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
+<dd><span id="index-batchmode"></span>
+<span id="index-scrollmode"></span>
+<span id="index-errorstopmode"></span>
+<span id="index-nonstopmode"></span>
+<p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
-<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstop mode</em> (the default), TeX
-stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batch
-mode</em> it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the
-user hit <code><return></code> at every error, and missing files cause the
-job to abort. In <em>nonstop mode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the
-terminal but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
-<em>scroll mode</em>, TeX only stops for missing files or keyboard
-input.
+<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX
+stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batchmode</em>
+it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user
+hit <kbd>RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to
+abort. In <em>nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal
+but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
+<em>scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard
+input, but nothing else.
</p>
<p>For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
</p>
@@ -23099,10 +23231,12 @@
<p>eliminates most terminal output.
</p>
+<span id="index-jobname"></span>
+<span id="index-filename-for-current-job"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <code>jobname</code> to the string. The log file
+<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <em>jobname</em> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
@@ -23112,45 +23246,51 @@
<code>\input</code> instruction and the name of the input file will be the job
name. This is used to name the log file the output file. The
<code>jobname</code> option overrides that process and directly specifies the
-name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
+name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, for an example of its use.
</p>
+<span id="output-directory"></span><span id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
+This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such
+as the <samp>.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp>.aux</samp>, <samp>.toc</samp>,
+etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp>.pdf</samp> or
+<samp>.dvi</samp> output file itself.
</p>
+<p>When specified, the output directory <var>directory</var> is also
+automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that the
+external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
+directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also
+checked for input files.
+</p>
+<span id="index-shell-escape"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
-<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--disable-write18</code></dt>
<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--enable-write18</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--disable-write18</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>). The first two options are for with TeX Live or
-MacTeX while the second two are for MiKTeX.
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>). The first two options are supported by both
+TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported
+by TeX Live.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-sagetex"></span>
-<span id="index-sagetex-package"></span>
-
-<p>Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
-LaTeX file. For instance the package <samp>sagetex</samp> allows you to
-have the mathematics software system <i>Sage</i> do calculations or draw
-graphs and then incorporate that output in your document. For this
-TeX provides the <code>\write18</code> command.
+<p>Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it
+allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
+default, unrestricted <code>\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default
+for TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of
+a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
</p>
-<p>But with this functionality enabled, security issues could happen if you
-compiled a LaTeX file from the Internet. By default <code>\write18</code>
-is disabled. (More precisely, by default TeX Live, MacTeX, and
-MiKTeX only allow the execution of a limited number of TeX-related
-programs, which they distribute.)
+<p>For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option
+<code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call
+<code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
+file says ‘<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’.
</p>
-<p>If you invoke LaTeX with the option <code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in
-your document you call <code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an
-error but the log file says ‘<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’.
-</p>
<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-halt-on-error</code></dt>
@@ -23225,9 +23365,9 @@
<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=aa "\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}"
</pre></div>
-<p>so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is there because
-otherwise the output file would be <samp>graphicx.pdf</samp>, as
+<p>so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
+but not incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is there
+because otherwise the output file would be <samp>graphicx.pdf</samp>, as
<code>\RequirePackage</code> does an <code>\input</code> of its own.)
</p>
@@ -23256,8 +23396,8 @@
?
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter ‘<samp>x</samp>’ and <code><return></code> and fix the
-typo. You could instead enter ‘<samp>?</samp>’ and <code><return></code> to see other
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>x</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> and fix the
+typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</p>
<span id="index-_002a-prompt"></span>
@@ -23266,9 +23406,9 @@
<p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command
-line by typing <code>\stop</code> and <code><return></code>.
+line by typing <kbd>\stop</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd>.
</p>
-<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the file name. For instance,
+<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -23279,8 +23419,8 @@
Please type another input file name:
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter <code><Control></code> and ‘<samp>d</samp>’ (holding
-them down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d
+keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -23293,9 +23433,9 @@
<span id="index-document-templates"></span>
<span id="index-templates_002c-document"></span>
-<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+<p>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
-<a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
+<a href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
@@ -23306,8 +23446,6 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="5">tugboat template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -23320,7 +23458,10 @@
<span id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></span>
<span id="index-template_002c-beamer"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-beamer"></span>
+<span id="index-beamer-package"></span>
+
<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
</p>
@@ -23328,7 +23469,7 @@
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
+\date{July 31, 2020}
\begin{document}
@@ -23346,8 +23487,7 @@
\end{document}
</pre>
-<p>One web resource for this:
-<a href="http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/">http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/</a>.
+<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -23357,8 +23497,10 @@
</div>
<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
-<span id="index-template_002c-article"></span>
+<span id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></span>
+<p>A simple template for an article.
+</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -23374,6 +23516,7 @@
\section{Second section}
Some more text.
+
\end{document}
</pre>
@@ -23386,7 +23529,8 @@
<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span>
-<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for a more elaborate one.
+<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See the next section
+for a more elaborate one.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -23403,31 +23547,35 @@
\section{A subtopic}
The end.
+
\end{document}
</pre>
<hr>
<span id="Larger-book-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span>
-<p>This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
-<code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and <code>\backmatter</code> to
-control the typography of the three main areas of a book
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>). The book has a
-bibliography and an index.
+<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See the previous
+section for a simpler one.
</p>
-<p>Notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
+<p>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and
+<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
+of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>). The
+book has a bibliography and an index.
+</p>
+<p>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
(see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you
can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing any
-information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
-come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
-<code>\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing
+any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
+need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
+<code>\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with
+<code>\input</code>.)
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -23441,6 +23589,7 @@
chap1,
...
}
+
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
@@ -23448,118 +23597,26 @@
\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
+
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
...
\appendix
\include{appena}
...
+
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\bibliography
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
\printindex
+
\include{backcover}
\end{document}
</pre>
<hr>
-<span id="tugboat-template"></span><div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Larger book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<span id="tugboat-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
-
-<span id="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></span>
-<span id="index-TUGboat-template"></span>
-<span id="index-ltugboat-class"></span>
-
-<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
-<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
-</p>
-<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-%%% Start of metadata %%%
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ article}
-
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-%%% End of metadata %%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for \TUB{}.
-Please write an abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
-output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
-% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
-\begin{verbatim}[\small]
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\mf \MFB
-\plain \POBox \PS
-\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
-\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
-
-\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -> \fred
-\meta{fred} -> <fred>
-\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
-\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
-
-This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
-\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
-\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
-\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
-\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
-
-Email \verb|tugboat at tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature
-\end{document}
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
@@ -23567,32 +23624,34 @@
<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<span id="Command-Index"></span>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -23646,16 +23705,20 @@
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">&</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="roman">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">&</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026-for-table-cells"><code>& <span class="roman">for table cells</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -23668,8 +23731,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
@@ -23688,19 +23752,21 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-1"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-for-math"><code>: <span class="roman">for math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029">\ (backslash-space)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -23711,6 +23777,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -23727,11 +23794,13 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -24042,6 +24111,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
@@ -24143,6 +24213,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24222,6 +24293,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24324,6 +24396,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected at write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -24404,6 +24477,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="roman">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24595,6 +24669,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -24606,6 +24681,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -24613,11 +24689,15 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code>\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="roman">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
@@ -24642,19 +24722,17 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="roman">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="roman">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">`</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -24741,6 +24819,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code>beamer</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -24764,8 +24844,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -24803,6 +24885,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
@@ -24838,6 +24921,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code>cm-super</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
@@ -24901,6 +24985,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code>dcolumn</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
@@ -24908,6 +24993,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Delimiters">Delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -24922,6 +25008,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
@@ -24983,6 +25071,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-commands">environment form of commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
@@ -25031,6 +25120,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -25041,6 +25131,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
@@ -25063,6 +25154,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -25129,6 +25221,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
@@ -25180,10 +25273,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
@@ -25206,6 +25299,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
@@ -25227,6 +25321,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
@@ -25307,7 +25402,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code>lmodern</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25319,9 +25416,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
@@ -25330,6 +25427,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -25395,8 +25493,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -25418,6 +25518,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -25431,6 +25532,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
@@ -25474,6 +25576,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
@@ -25491,6 +25594,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -25535,10 +25639,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-sagetex"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>sagetex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>texosquery</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
@@ -25583,6 +25687,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
@@ -25655,6 +25760,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25664,6 +25770,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
@@ -25674,18 +25781,19 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sagetex-package"><code>sagetex</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -25696,12 +25804,18 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="roman">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25712,6 +25826,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
@@ -25771,6 +25886,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
@@ -25784,14 +25901,15 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-article">template, <code>article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code>article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-TUGboat">template, TUGboat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code>texosquery</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -25847,7 +25965,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -25898,10 +26015,12 @@
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -25915,32 +26034,34 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
+
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2020-08-07 11:56:07 UTC (rev 827)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2020-08-25 22:52:09 UTC (rev 828)
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
latex2e.texi.
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of March 2020.
+preparation system, version of August 2020.
This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of March 2020)
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of August 2020)
for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
* Menu:
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: CTAN, Prev: Environment, Up: Overview
-2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
===============================================
The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
@@ -405,18 +405,20 @@
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
specifications.
- In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features
-such as search by name or by functionality.
+ In addition to the massive holdings, the 'ctan.org' web site offers
+features such as search by name or by functionality.
- CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
-sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
-instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is hosted
-by the German TeX group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the world help out
-by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their collections with the
-core site and then in turn making their copies publicly available. This
-gives users close to their location better access and relieves the load
-on the core site. The list of mirrors is at <https://ctan.org/mirrors>.
+ CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of
+which is the so-called "master". The master host actively manages the
+material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages.
+For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V.
+ Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
+automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then in
+turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to
+their location better access and relieves the load on the master site.
+The list of mirrors is at <https://ctan.org/mirrors>.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
@@ -448,9 +450,10 @@
technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
'slides'
- For slide presentations--rarely used today. In its place the
- 'beamer' package is perhaps the most prevalent (*note beamer
- template::).
+ For slide presentations--rarely used nowadays. The 'beamer'
+ package is perhaps the most prevalent
+ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). *Note beamer template::, for a
+ small template for a beamer document.
Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section.
@@ -737,7 +740,7 @@
If you request an option that has not been declared, by default
this will produce a warning like 'Unused global option(s):
- [badoption].' Change this behaviour with the starred version
+ [badoption].' Change this behavior with the starred version
'\DeclareOption*{CODE}'. For example, many classes extend an
existing class, using a declaration such as '\LoadClass{article}',
and for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such
@@ -788,8 +791,8 @@
exists, in that case you need to use either '\renew...' or
'\provide...' or you get an error.
-'\IfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
-'\InputIfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
+'\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
+'\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file 'FILE NAME' or FALSE CODE
otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE CODE and then
inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -975,11 +978,11 @@
than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only
rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
-'\ProvidesFile{FILE NAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
+'\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in
that file and you get in the log a string like 'File: test.config
- 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILE NAME equal to
+ 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILENAME equal to
'test.config' and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to '2017/10/12
config file for test.cls'.
@@ -1677,20 +1680,31 @@
'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
- The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+ The commands are listed here in "declaration forms". You use them by
declaring them, as with this example.
\begin{quotation} \small
The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
\end{quotation}
-The scope of the '\small' lasts until the end of the 'quotation'
+Here, the scope of the '\small' lasts until the end of the 'quotation'
environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the
-end of the current group, so you could enclose it in extra curly braces
-'{\small We are here, we are here, we are here!}'. You can instead use
-the environment form of these commands; for instance,
-'\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
+end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces
+'{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}'.
+ An "environment form" of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. However, in practice this form
+can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the
+environment without careful consideration, so it's generally less
+error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
+
+ (Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines '\begin' and
+'\end', nearly every command that does not take an argument technically
+has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would only cause
+confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the environment form of
+the font size declarations specifically is that this particular use
+turns out to be rather common, despite its problems.)
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Fonts
@@ -2336,9 +2350,9 @@
Paragraph '\paragraph' 4
Subparagraph '\subparagraph' 5
- All these commands have a '*'-form that prints TITLE as usual but is
-not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents. An
-example of using this is for an appendix in an 'article' . The input
+ All these commands have a '*'-form that prints TITLE as usual but
+does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an 'article'. The input
'\appendix\section{Appendix}' gives the output 'A Appendix' (*note
\appendix::). You can lose the numbering 'A' by instead entering
'\section*{Appendix}' (articles often omit a table of contents and have
@@ -2361,9 +2375,9 @@
Sectioning/tocdepth::).
LaTeX expects that before you have a '\subsection' you will have a
-'\section' and, in a book, that before a '\section' you will have a
-'\chapter'. Otherwise you can get a something like a subsection
-numbered '3.0.1'.
+'\section' and, in a 'book' class document, that before a '\section' you
+will have a '\chapter'. Otherwise you can get a something like a
+subsection numbered '3.0.1'.
LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
@@ -2374,10 +2388,10 @@
Two counters relate to the appearance of sectioning commands.
'secnumdepth'
- Controls which sectioning commands are numbered. Suppress
- numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than LEVEL
- '\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}' (*note \setcounter::). See the
- above table for the level numbers. For instance, if the
+ Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter
+ with '\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}' will suppress numbering of
+ sectioning at any depth greater than LEVEL (*note \setcounter::).
+ See the above table for the level numbers. For instance, if the
'secnumdepth' is 1 in an 'article' then a '\section{Introduction}'
command will produce output like '1 Introduction' while
'\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output like 'Discussion',
@@ -2390,8 +2404,8 @@
sectioning units at LEVEL be the smallest ones listed (*note
\setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if 'tocdepth' is 1 then the table of contents will list
- sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default 'secnumdepth' is 3
- in 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes.
+ sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default 'tocdepth' is 3 in
+ 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes.
* Menu:
@@ -2513,7 +2527,7 @@
title but that doesn't work well with running headers so it omits the
break in the contents
- \chapter[Given it all\\ my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
+ \chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear
in the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is 0 (*note
@@ -2668,14 +2682,14 @@
'\large'). The same holds in 'article' except that there are no
chapters in that class so it looks like '2.3 TITLE'.
- The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the section number,
-does not increment the 'section' counter, and produces no table of
-contents entry.
+ The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the subsection
+number, does not increment the 'subsection' counter, and produces no
+table of contents entry.
- The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the section title in
-the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). If it is not
-present then TITLE will be there. This shows the full name in the title
-of the section,
+ The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the subsection title
+in the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). If it is not
+present then TITLE will be there. This shows the full text in the title
+of the subsection,
\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
@@ -2805,7 +2819,7 @@
The 'appendix' package adds the command '\appendixpage' to put a
separate 'Appendices' in the document body before the first appendix,
and the command '\addappheadtotoc' to do the same in the table of
-contents. You can reset the name 'Appendix' with a command like
+contents. You can reset the name 'Appendices' with a command like
'\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}', as well as a number of
other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
@@ -3561,9 +3575,9 @@
MATHEMATICAL TEXT
\end{displaymath}
- Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display
-style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global
-option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::.
+ Environment to typeset the MATHEMATICAL TEXT on its own line, in
+display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
+global option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::.
In the 'displaymath' environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the 'equation'
@@ -3575,17 +3589,17 @@
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways
in that package for having math text broken across lines.
- The construct '\[MATH TEXT\]' is essentially a synonym for
-'\begin{displaymath}MATH TEXT\end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier
-to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a square
-bracket may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely
-be unique. (The construct '$$MATH TEXT$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes
+ The construct '\[MATH\]' is a synonym for the environment
+'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier to
+work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket
+may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely be
+unique.
+
+ (Aside: The construct '$$MATH$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes
mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a synonym,
-because the 'displaymath' environment checks that it isn't started in
-math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
-environment start, because the 'displaymath' environment has different
-vertical spacing, and because the 'displaymath' environment honors the
-'fleqn' option.)
+and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; '$$' doesn't support
+the 'fleqn' option (*note Document class options::), has different
+vertical spacing, and doesn't perform consistency checks.)
The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
@@ -3877,8 +3891,9 @@
TEXT
\end{filecontents*}
- Create a file named FILENAME in the current directory and write TEXT
-to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
+ Create a file named FILENAME in the current directory (or the output
+directory, if specified; *note output directory::) and write TEXT to it.
+By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
The unstarred version of the environment 'filecontents' prefixes the
content of the created file with a header of TeX comments; see the
@@ -3895,8 +3910,8 @@
Omit the header. Equivalent to using 'filecontents*'.
'nosearch'
- Only check the current directory for an existing file, not the
- entire search path.
+ Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
+ specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX.
@@ -4461,7 +4476,7 @@
default depends on the list type.
Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]',
-if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to hide the
+if you have an item whose text starts with [, you have to hide the
bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square
bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional
label.
@@ -4588,16 +4603,15 @@
'c'
(synonym 'm') Default. Positions the 'minipage' so its vertical
- center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
- Plain TeX calls '\vcenter').
+ center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
't'
Match the top line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the
- surrounding text (Plain TeX's '\vtop'.
+ surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vtop').
'b'
Match the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the
- surrounding text (Plain TeX's '\vbox'.
+ surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vbox').
To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -4614,11 +4628,11 @@
zero or a negative value.
The final optional argument INNER-POS controls the placement of
-CONTENT inside the box. These are the possible values are (the default
+CONTENTS inside the box. These are the possible values are (the default
is the value of POSITION).
't'
- Place CONTENT at the top of the box.
+ Place CONTENTS at the top of the box.
'c'
Place it in the vertical center.
@@ -4711,10 +4725,10 @@
\end{picture}
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
-obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
-creation systems, such as 'TikZ', 'PSTricks', 'MetaPost', or
-'Asymptote'. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
+boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
+documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
+such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. These are not covered
+in this document; see CTAN.
This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
@@ -4993,9 +5007,10 @@
(X_RUN,Y_RISE) can be (2,1) but not (4,2) (if you choose the latter then
instead of lines you get sequences of arrowheads; the solution is to
switch to the former). To get lines of arbitrary slope and plenty of
-other shapes in a system like 'picture', see the package 'pict2e' on
-CTAN. Another solution is to use a full-featured graphics system such as
-'TikZ', or 'PSTricks', or 'MetaPost', or 'Asymptote'
+other shapes in a system like 'picture', see the package 'pict2e'
+(<https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e>). Another solution is to use a
+full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or
+Asymptote.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \line, Up: picture
@@ -7220,11 +7235,13 @@
\renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
\renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
-'\DeclareRobustCommand' in *note Class and package commands::. The
-starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms that it not be '\long').
+ Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
+'\DeclareRobustCommand' in *note Class and package commands::).
+ The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands are not
+'\long'). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs.
+
These are the parameters:
CMD
@@ -7386,13 +7403,12 @@
or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their
own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
- The pair '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' changes the default code
-and then changes it back. Use them inside a '.tex' file, in the
-preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands named with '@',
-by having them surround your definition. Don't use these inside '.sty'
-or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and '\documentclass' commands
-already arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
-catcode 11.
+ Use the pair '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' inside a '.tex' file,
+typically in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
+named with '@', by having them surround your definition. Don't use
+these inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and
+'\documentclass' commands already arrange that the at-sign has the
+character code of a letter, catcode 11.
For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
<http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>.
@@ -7925,7 +7941,7 @@
Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the
command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
The 'ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via
'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below
@@ -8264,11 +8280,11 @@
Lengths come in two types. A "rigid length" such as '10pt' does not
contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component. (Plain TeX calls this a
-"dimen".) A "rubber length" (what Plain TeX calls a "skip") such as as
-with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm' can contain either or both of those
-components. In that rubber length, the '1cm' is the "natural length"
-while the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow TeX to
-stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
+"dimen".) A "rubber length" (what plain TeX calls a "skip" or "glue")
+such as as with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm' can contain either or both
+of those components. In that rubber length, the '1cm' is the "natural
+length" while the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow
+TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
The illustrations below use these two commands.
@@ -11506,7 +11522,7 @@
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring '\frenchspacing' (the
-command is from Plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are
+command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are
treated equally.
@@ -12844,7 +12860,7 @@
'\includegraphics' command).
'draft'
- For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+ For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the
size, the file must be present.
@@ -12903,8 +12919,9 @@
allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}'
instead of having to give its path.
- LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
-The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+ LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
+(and the output directory, if specified; *note output directory::). The
+declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
'pix', and then '../pix'.
\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
@@ -12932,9 +12949,9 @@
...
\usepackage{lion.png}
-for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file
-name and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and then
-'../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath'
+for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
+filename and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and
+then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath'
command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue
'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX
will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as
@@ -12976,7 +12993,7 @@
...
\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf
-Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the
+Because the filename 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the
extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note
\graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If
it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and
@@ -13029,7 +13046,7 @@
EXTENSION
The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is
anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use
- the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all
+ the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behavior for all
undeclared extensions.
TYPE
@@ -13145,9 +13162,9 @@
below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package
'grffile'.
- This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can move
-it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note
-figure::).
+ This example puts a graphic in a 'figure' environment so LaTeX can
+move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
+(*note figure::).
\begin{figure}
\centering
@@ -13211,7 +13228,7 @@
There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+traditionally referred to as its "bounding box" (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
@@ -13224,7 +13241,7 @@
convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document,
'\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is
that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm
- narrow than the width of the text with
+ narrower than the width of the text with
'\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'.
'height'
@@ -13255,7 +13272,7 @@
'scale'
Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
nominal size, enter '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}'. This
- number may be any value; a number between 1 and 0 will shrink the
+ number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
'angle'
@@ -13283,10 +13300,10 @@
'viewport'
Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
- '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The
- dimensions default to big points, 'bp'. They are taken relative to
- the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim'
- option.
+ '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. When
+ the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big points, 'bp'.
+ They are taken relative to the origin specified by the bounding
+ box. See also the 'trim' option.
'trim'
Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments,
@@ -13334,7 +13351,7 @@
'quiet'
Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
'quiet=true' or just specified it with
- '\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}',
+ '\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}',
'draft'
If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specify it with
@@ -13403,7 +13420,7 @@
'command'
Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
- conjunction with the option 'type'. *Note Command line options::
+ conjunction with the option 'type'. *Note Command line options::,
for a discussion of enabling the '\write18' functionality to run
external commands.
@@ -13424,7 +13441,7 @@
Put MATERIAL in a box and rotate it ANGLE degrees counterclockwise.
- This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+ This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees.
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
@@ -13572,7 +13589,8 @@
LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign '%' is for comments. They are called
-"reserved characters" or "special characters".
+"reserved characters" or "special characters". They are all discussed
+elsewhere in this manual.
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
@@ -13583,12 +13601,13 @@
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use '\~{}' (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
-receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text body font
+receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body font
circumflex use '\^{}'. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
enter '\textbackslash{}'.
To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use '\verb!!'
-as below (the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines).
+as below (the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines in
+the output).
\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
@@ -13608,12 +13627,13 @@
\MakeUppercase{TEXT}
\MakeLowercase{TEXT}
- Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
-'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' only work for American characters. The
-LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' commands also
-change characters accessed by commands such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The
-commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have
-moving arguments (*note \protect::).
+ Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
+'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' are set up by default to work only with
+the 26 letters a-z and A-Z. The LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and
+'\MakeLowercase' commands also change characters accessed by commands
+such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The commands '\MakeUppercase' and
+'\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have moving arguments (*note
+\protect::).
These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of
a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin
@@ -13642,6 +13662,14 @@
To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
'mfirstuc'.
+ Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
+non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the
+original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the 'expl3' package
+as of 2020. The article "Case changing: From TeX primitives to the
+Unicode algorithm", (Joseph Wright, 'TUGboat' 41:1,
+<https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf>), gives a good
+overview of the topic, past and present.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
@@ -13952,7 +13980,7 @@
Synopsis:
- \accentNUMBER CHARACTER
+ \accent NUMBER CHARACTER
A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from
accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by NUMBER, a
@@ -14198,12 +14226,13 @@
This will not appear.
This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end
-of a file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added during
-mailing. It is also useful for debugging: one strategy to localize
-errors is to put '\endinput' halfway through the included file and see
-if the error disappears. Now, knowing which half contains the error,
-moving '\endinput' to halfway through that area further narrows down the
-location. This process rapidly finds the offending line.
+of a file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file
+is transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for
+debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to put '\endinput' halfway
+through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
+which half contains the error, moving '\endinput' to halfway through
+that area further narrows down the location. This process rapidly finds
+the offending line.
After reading '\endinput', LaTeX continues to read to the end of the
line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
@@ -14231,11 +14260,13 @@
The '\include' command does three things: it executes '\clearpage'
(*note \clearpage & \cleardoublepage::), then it inputs the material
from 'FILENAME.tex' into the document, and then it does another
-'\clearpage'. This command can only appear in the document body. The
-'\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by LaTeX under
-subsequent '\include' commands. Its list of filenames is
-comma-separated, and it can only appear in the preamble.
+'\clearpage'. This command can only appear in the document body.
+ The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by LaTeX
+under subsequent '\include' commands. Its list of filenames is
+comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g.,
+the command line; it can't appear in the document body.
+
This example root document, 'constitution.tex', brings in three
files, 'preamble.tex', 'articles.tex', and 'amendments.tex'.
@@ -14261,7 +14292,7 @@
Running LaTeX on 'constitution.tex' makes the material from the three
files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary files
-'preamble.aux', 'articles.aux', and 'amendments.tex'. These contain
+'preamble.aux', 'articles.aux', and 'amendments.aux'. These contain
information such as page numbers and cross-references (*note Cross
references::). If you now comment out '\includeonly''s lines with
'preamble' and 'amendments' and run LaTeX again then the resulting
@@ -14326,7 +14357,7 @@
If you '\include' the root file in itself then you first get 'LaTeX
Error: Can be used only in preamble.' Later runs get 'TeX capacity
exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]'. To fix this, you must remove
-the inclusion '\include{root}' but also delete the file 'ROOT.aux' and
+the inclusion '\include{ROOT}' but also delete the file 'ROOT.aux' and
rerun LaTeX.
@@ -14443,9 +14474,11 @@
The 'section' or 'subsection' is the sectioning unit. The hook
'\numberline' lets you to change how the information appears in the
-table of contents. Of its two arguments, '1' or '1.1' is the sectioning
-unit number and 'First section' or 'First subsection' is the title.
-Finally, '2' is the page number on which the sectioning units start.
+table of contents. Its unique argument, '1' or '1.1', is the sectioning
+unit number, whereas the remainder of the second argument of
+'\contentsline', 'First section' or 'First subsection', is the title.
+Finally, the third argument, '2', is the page number on which the
+sectioning units start.
One consequence of this auxiliary file storage strategy is that to
get the contents page correct you must run LaTeX twice, once to store
@@ -14465,7 +14498,8 @@
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Tables}
-Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
+
+ Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
Internationalization packages such as 'babel' or 'polyglossia' will
change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
@@ -15492,11 +15526,11 @@
Synopsis:
- \openinNUMBER=FILENAME
+ \openin NUMBER=FILENAME
or:
- \openoutNUMBER=FILENAME
+ \openout NUMBER=FILENAME
Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The NUMBER must
be between 0 and 15, as in '\openin3' (in LuaLaTeX NUMBER can be between
@@ -15519,10 +15553,10 @@
first line of the file, something like '1 Washington, George'.
Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page
-shipout. To change this, use '\immediate\openinNUMBER=FILENAME' or
-'\immediate\openoutNUMBER=FILENAME'.
+shipout. To change this, use '\immediate\openin NUMBER=FILENAME' or
+'\immediate\openout NUMBER=FILENAME'.
- Close files with '\closeinNUMBER' and '\closeoutNUMBER'.
+ Close files with '\closein NUMBER' and '\closeout NUMBER'.
How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
@@ -15543,7 +15577,7 @@
letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore
and dash, and in particular with no dot or space.
- For 'openin', if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an
+ For '\openin', if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an
error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
with '\ifeof'; one recourse is the command '\InputIfFileExists', *note
Class and package commands::). If you try to use the same number twice,
@@ -15559,7 +15593,7 @@
Synopsis:
- \readNUMBER toMACRO
+ \read NUMBER toMACRO
Make the command MACRO contain the next line of input from text
stream NUMBER, as in '\read5 to\data'.
@@ -15569,20 +15603,21 @@
\newread\recipientfile
\openin\recipientfile=email
- \read\file to\email
+ \read\recipientfile to\email
\typeout{Email address: \email}
\closein\recipientfile
If NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file of that
number is open, or if the file has ended, then '\read' will take input
-from the terminal. Note, though, that the natural way in LaTeX to take
-input from the terminal is '\typein' (*note \typein::).
+from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not allowed, e.g.,
+'\nonstopmode'; *note interaction modes::). (However, the natural way
+in LaTeX to take input from the terminal is '\typein' (*note \typein::.)
- To read in an entire file at once use '\input' (*note \input::) or
-'\include' (*note \include & \includeonly::).
+ To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use '\input'
+(*note \input::) or '\include' (*note \include & \includeonly::).
- A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merge.
-CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is 'datatool'.
+ A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail
+merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is 'datatool'.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Prev: \read, Up: Input/output
@@ -15676,35 +15711,36 @@
Synopsis:
- \writeNUMBER{STRING}
+ \write NUMBER{STRING}
- Write 'string' to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file opened
-by '\openout'. For instance, '\write6' writes to text stream number 6.
+ Write STRING to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file opened by
+'\openout'. For instance, '\write6' writes to text stream number 6.
If the following appears in 'BASEFILE.tex' then it opens
'BASEFILE.jh', writes 'Hello World!' and a newline to it, and closes
that file.
\newwrite\myfile
- \immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is current file name
- ...
+ \immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
+ ...
\immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!}
- ...
+ ...
\immediate\closeout\myfile
-The '\newwrite' allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic names to
-make life easier, so that 'test \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile' produces
-something like 'test 3'. Then '\openout' associates the stream number
-with the given file name. With that, '\write3' puts the string in the
-file.
+The '\newwrite' allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to
+make life easier, so that 'stream \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile' produces
+something like 'stream 3'. Then '\openout' associates the stream number
+with the given file name. TeX ultimately executed '\write3' which puts
+the string in the file.
- Typically NUMBER is between 0 and 15 because typically LaTeX authors
+ Typically NUMBER is between 0 and 15, because typically LaTeX authors
follow the prior example and the number is allocated by the system. If
NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if it is not associated with
an open file then LaTeX writes STRING to the log file. If NUMBER is
-positive then in addition LaTeX writes STRING to the terminal. Thus,
-'test \write-1{Hello World!}' puts 'Hello World!' followed by a newline
-in the log file. (This is what the '\wlog' command does; *note
+positive then in addition LaTeX writes STRING to the terminal.
+
+ Thus, 'test \write-1{Hello World!}' puts 'Hello World!' followed by a
+newline in the log file. (This is what the '\wlog' command does; *note
\wlog::). And '\write100{Hello World!}' puts the same in the log file
but also puts 'Hello World!' followed by a newline in the terminal
output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are special as NUMBER; see below.)
@@ -15712,92 +15748,110 @@
In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256 (*note TeX
engines::).
- Write to the current '.aux' file, which is associated with the main
-file or with the current include file, using '\write\@auxout{STRING}'.
-Write to the main '.aux' file using '\write\@mainaux{STRING}'.
+ Use '\write\@auxout{STRING}' to write to the current '.aux' file,
+which is associated with either the root file or with the current
+include file; and use '\write\@mainaux{STRING}' to write to the main
+'.aux'. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
By default LaTeX does not write STRING to the file right away. This
-is because, for example, you may use '\write' to save the current page
-number but when TeX comes across a '\write' it may be not yet sure what
-page this is, since it has not yet done the page breaking. So you
-'\write' in one of three contexts.
+is because, for example, you may need '\write' to save the current page
+number, but when TeX comes across a '\write' it typically does not know
+what the page number is, since it has not yet done the page breaking.
+So, you use '\write' in one of three contexts:
- \immediate\write\@auxout{STRING}
- \write\@auxout{STRING}
- \protected at write\@auxout{}{STRING}
+ \immediate\write\@auxout{STRING} %1
+ \write\@auxout{STRING} %2
+ \protected at write\@auxout{}{STRING} %3
- With the first, LaTeX writes STRING to the file. Any commands in
-STRING will be expanded (just as in '\edef' so that to prevent expansion
-you should use '\noexpand' or a 'toks', except that you should use '#'
-instead of '##'). With the second, STRING is stored on the current list
-of things (as a TeX "whatsit") and kept until the page is shipped out
-and likewise the commands are unexpanded until shipout. The third,
-'\protected at write', is like the second except that you can use
-'\protect' on fragile commands. The extra first argument allows you to
-locally insert extra definitions to make more commands be safe or have
-special definition during the write.
+ 1. With the first, LaTeX writes STRING to the file immediately. Any
+ macros in STRING are fully expanded (just as in '\edef') so to
+ prevent expansion you must use '\noexpand', 'toks', etc., except
+ that you should use '#' instead of '##').
- Here STRING contains a control sequence.
+ 2. With the second, STRING is stored on the current list of things (as
+ a TeX "whatsit" item) and kept until the page is shipped out and
+ likewise the macros are unexpanded until '\shipout'. At
+ '\shipout', STRING is fully expanded.
+ 3. The third, '\protected at write', is like the second except that you
+ can use '\protect' to avoid expansion. The extra first argument
+ allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more macros
+ protected or to have some other special definition for the write.
+
+ As a simple example of expansion with '\write', STRING here contains
+a control sequence '\triplex' which we've defined to be the text 'XYZ':
+
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
- \newcommand{\triplex}{XXX}
+ \newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
-This results in the file 'test.jh' containing 'test XXXtest' followed by
-a newline.
+This results in the file 'test.jh' containing the text 'test XYZtest'
+followed by a newline.
The cases where NUMBER is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
'\write''s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15
described above, in Plain TeX '\write16' and '\write17' were sometimes
-used to write to the log file and the terminal. Note that in LaTeX the
+used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the
natural way to do that is with '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). The
'\write18' command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for
giving commands to the operating system (*note \write18::).
- Ordinarily '\write' outputs a single line. Put in a newline with
-'^^J'. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file.
+ Ordinarily '\write' outputs a single line. You can include a newline
+with '^^J'. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file:
\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
- The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
+ A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
+answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write out
+verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of packages
+for this; one is 'answers'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \write and security:: Security.
+* \message:: Write text to the log file and terminal.
+* \wlog:: Write text to the log file.
+* \write18:: Run an operating system command.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \write and security, Next: \message, Up: \write
+
+27.5.1 '\write' and security
+----------------------------
+
+The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you would
-be justifiably troubled. TeX systems by default only allow you to open
-files for writing that are in the current directory or in a
-subdirectory. This
+be justifiably troubled.
+ Thus, by default TeX systems only allow you to open files for writing
+that are in the current directory or output directory, if specified
+(*note output directory::), or in a subdirectory of those. So, this
+code
+
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
-gives an error like 'Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p). ! I
-can't write on file `../test.jh''. Note that you can get such an error
-when trying to use commands such as '\include{../filename}' because
-LaTeX will try to open '../filename.aux'. The simplest solution is to
-put the included files in the same directory as the master file, or in
-subdirectories.
+gives an error like:
+ Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
+ ! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
- A common case where authors want to write a file not already provided
-by LaTeX is for answers to exercises, or some other situation where you
-want to write out verbatim, without expanding the commands. CTAN has a
-number of packages for this; one is 'answers'.
+ You can get just such an error when using commands such as
+'\include{../filename}' because LaTeX will try to open
+'../filename.aux'. The simplest solution is to put the included files
+in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
-* Menu:
-
-* \message:: Write part of a line to log file and terminal.
-* \wlog:: Write to the log file.
-* \write18:: Write to the operating system.
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \message, Next: \wlog, Up: \write
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \message, Next: \wlog, Prev: \write and security, Up: \write
-27.5.1 '\message'
+27.5.2 '\message'
-----------------
Synopsis:
\message{STRING}
- Write 'string' to the log file and the terminal.
+ Write STRING to the log file and the terminal.
Typically, LaTeX authors use '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). It
allows you to use '\protect' on any fragile commands in STRING (*note
@@ -15809,20 +15863,20 @@
before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
- under some circumstances (see below) LaTeX writes the following to
-both the terminal and the log file.
+under some circumstances (see below) LaTeX writes the following to both
+the terminal and the log file.
One Two Three Four
I declare a thumb war.
-Note that '^^J' produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
-between 'before' and 'After' will be a single space (from the end of
-line following 'I}').
+The '^^J' produces a newline. Also, in the output document, between
+'before' and 'After' will be a single space (from the end of line
+following 'I}').
- While '\message' allows you more control over formatting interaction
-lines, a gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up your formatting because it
-inserts line breaks depending on what it has already put out. Contrast
-this document body, where the 'Two' has moved, to the one given above.
+ While '\message' allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is
+that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts line breaks
+depending on what it has already written. Contrast this document body,
+where the 'Two' has moved, to the one given above.
before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
@@ -15833,19 +15887,20 @@
the 'Two Three'. That line break appears also in the log file. This
line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length of the full
path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted lines in a
-way that is portable is hard.
+way that is portable is hard, likely requiring starting your message at
+the beginning of a line.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \wlog, Next: \write18, Prev: \message, Up: \write
-27.5.2 '\wlog'
+27.5.3 '\wlog'
--------------
Synopsis:
\wlog{STRING}
- Write 'string' to the log file.
+ Write STRING to the log file.
\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
\wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.}
@@ -15859,7 +15914,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \write18, Prev: \wlog, Up: \write
-27.5.3 '\write18'
+27.5.4 '\write18'
-----------------
Synopsis:
@@ -15869,7 +15924,7 @@
Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes.
- This
+ This sequence (on Unix)
\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
@@ -15877,51 +15932,56 @@
\immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum}
\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
-will run 'Asymptote' on 'pix/figure1.asy', so that the document can
-later read in the resulting graphic (*note \includegraphics::). Like
-any '\write', here LaTeX expands macros in SHELL_COMMAND so that
-'\fignum' is replaced by '1'.
+will run Asymptote (the 'asy' program) on 'pix/figure1.asy', so that the
+document can later read in the resulting graphic (*note
+\includegraphics::). Like any '\write', here LaTeX expands macros in
+SHELL_COMMAND so that '\fignum' is replaced by '1'.
Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start
of each LaTeX run (*note Using BibTeX::) by including
'\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}' as the first line of the file.
-Note that '\jobname' gives the base name of the current file.
+Note that '\jobname' expands to the basename of the root file unless the
+'--jobname' option is passed on the command line, in which case this is
+the option argument.
You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory.
+in the current directory (but see 'texosquery' below):
\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
\input{tmp.dat}
- The standard behaviour of any '\write' is to wait until a page is
+ The standard behavior of any '\write' is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
(*note \write::). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
'\immediate\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}'.
There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands
inside a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
-commands to delete all your files then you would be annoyed. The
+commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell access.
You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are safe, by
-compiling with 'latex --shell-escape FILENAME' for TeX Live or MacTeX or
-'latex --enable-write18 FILENAME' for MiKTeX (*note Command line
-options::).
+compiling with 'latex --enable-write18 FILENAME' (*note Command line
+options::). (The '--shell-escape' option is a synonym, in TeX Live.)
In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default
use a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as
those that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not
-use the 'shell-escape' or 'enable-write18' option. By default this list
-of allowed commands is short and features only commands that are under
-the control of the distribution maintainers (*note Command line
-options::).
+use the 'enable-write18' option. By default this list of allowed
+commands is short and features only commands that are under the control
+of the distribution maintainers (*note Command line options::).
- Some packages need to run external system commands. For instance
-'sagetex' allows you to have the mathematics software system Sage do
-calculations or draw graphs and then incorporate that output in your
-document. For this you must compile with full '\write18' capability
-turned on.
+ The SHELL_COMMAND text is always passed to '/bin/sh' on Unix-like
+operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter 'cmd.exe' on Windows.
+Any different shell set by the user, and the 'SHELL' environment
+variable, is ignored.
+ If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
+name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
+'texosquery' package, which provides a convenient and secure interface
+for this, unlike the above examples using the raw '\write18':
+<https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery>.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Input/output, Up: Top
@@ -15940,7 +16000,7 @@
pdflatex thesis
-Note that '.tex' is the default file extension.
+Note that '.tex' is the default file name extension.
pdfTeX is a development of the original TeX program, as are XeTeX and
LuaTeX (*note TeX engines::). They are completely backward compatible.
@@ -15961,7 +16021,7 @@
used for special effects (*note Command line input::).
If you gave no arguments or options then 'pdflatex' prompts for input
-from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering '<control>-D'.
+from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering 'CTRL-D'.
If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
asks you about it. *Note Recovering from errors:: for an outline of
@@ -15969,8 +16029,8 @@
* Menu:
-* Command line options:: Read text from the terminal.
-* Command line input:: Write text to the terminal.
+* Command line options:: Commonly used command line options.
+* Command line input:: Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
* Recovering from errors:: When something goes wrong.
@@ -15998,13 +16058,13 @@
'-interaction=MODE'
TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
'batchmode', 'nonstopmode', 'scrollmode', 'errorstopmode'. In
- "errorstop mode" (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks
- for user intervention. In "batch mode" it prints nothing on the
- terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit '<return>' at
- every error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In "nonstop
- mode", diagnostic message appear on the terminal but as in batch
- mode there is no user interaction. In "scroll mode", TeX only
- stops for missing files or keyboard input.
+ "errorstopmode" (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks for
+ user intervention. In "batchmode" it prints nothing on the
+ terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit 'RETURN' at every
+ error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In "nonstopmode",
+ diagnostic message appear on the terminal but as in batch mode
+ there is no user interaction. In "scrollmode", TeX stops for
+ missing files or keyboard input, but nothing else.
For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
@@ -16013,7 +16073,7 @@
eliminates most terminal output.
'-jobname=STRING'
- Set the value of TeX's 'jobname' to the string. The log file and
+ Set the value of TeX's "jobname" to the string. The log file and
output file will then be named 'STRING.log' and 'STRING.pdf'.
When you run 'pdflatex OPTIONS ARGUMENT', if ARGUMENT does not
@@ -16022,35 +16082,39 @@
the name of the input file will be the job name. This is used to
name the log file the output file. The 'jobname' option overrides
that process and directly specifies the name. *Note Command line
- input:: for an example of its use.
+ input::, for an example of its use.
'-output-directory=DIRECTORY'
Write files in the directory DIRECTORY. It must already exist.
+ This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such as
+ the '.log' file for the run, the '.aux', '.toc', etc., files
+ created by LaTeX, as well as the main '.pdf' or '.dvi' output file
+ itself.
+ When specified, the output directory DIRECTORY is also
+ automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that
+ the external files can be read back in, if desired. The true
+ current directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and
+ is also checked for input files.
+
+'--enable-write18'
+'--disable-write18'
'--shell-escape'
'--no-shell-escape'
-'--enable-write18'
-'--disable-write18'
Enable or disable '\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}' (*note \write18::).
- The first two options are for with TeX Live or MacTeX while the
- second two are for MiKTeX.
+ The first two options are supported by both TeX Live and MiKTeX,
+ while the second two are synonyms supported by TeX Live.
- Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
- LaTeX file. For instance the package 'sagetex' allows you to have
- the mathematics software system Sage do calculations or draw graphs
- and then incorporate that output in your document. For this TeX
- provides the '\write18' command.
+ Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since
+ it allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
+ default, unrestricted '\write18' is not allowed. (The default for
+ TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of a limited
+ number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
- But with this functionality enabled, security issues could happen
- if you compiled a LaTeX file from the Internet. By default
- '\write18' is disabled. (More precisely, by default TeX Live,
- MacTeX, and MiKTeX only allow the execution of a limited number of
- TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
+ For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option 'no-shell-escape',
+ and in your document you call '\write18{ls -l}', then you do not
+ get an error but the log file says 'runsystem(ls -l)...disabled'.
- If you invoke LaTeX with the option 'no-shell-escape', and in your
- document you call '\write18{ls -l}', then you do not get an error
- but the log file says 'runsystem(ls -l)...disabled'.
-
'-halt-on-error'
Stop processing at the first error.
@@ -16103,10 +16167,10 @@
pdflatex -jobname=aa "\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}"
-so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The 'jobname' option is there because
-otherwise the output file would be 'graphicx.pdf', as '\RequirePackage'
-does an '\input' of its own.)
+so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
+but not incorporated into the PDF. (The 'jobname' option is there
+because otherwise the output file would be 'graphicx.pdf', as
+'\RequirePackage' does an '\input' of its own.)
File: latex2e.info, Node: Recovering from errors, Prev: Command line input, Up: Command line
@@ -16128,15 +16192,15 @@
{} problem is a million dollar one.
?
-The simplest thing is to enter 'x' and '<return>' and fix the typo. You
-could instead enter '?' and '<return>' to see other options.
+The simplest thing is to enter 'x' and 'RETURN' and fix the typo. You
+could instead enter '?' and 'RETURN' to see other options.
There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the '\end{document}' or misspelled it. In this case LaTeX gives
you a '*' prompt. You can get back to the command line by typing
-'\stop' and '<return>'.
+'\stop' and 'RETURN'.
- The last scenario is that you mistyped the file name. For instance,
+ The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
instead of 'pdflatex test' you might type 'pdflatex tste'.
! I can't find file `tste'.
@@ -16145,8 +16209,8 @@
(Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
Please type another input file name:
-The simplest thing is to enter '<Control>' and 'd' (holding them down at
-the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
+The simplest thing is to enter 'CTRL d' (holding the Control and d keys
+down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Document templates, Next: Index, Prev: Command line, Up: Top
@@ -16154,9 +16218,9 @@
Appendix A Document templates
*****************************
-Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
-be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
-<http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>.
+Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will be
+useful. Additional template resources are listed at
+<https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>.
* Menu:
@@ -16164,7 +16228,6 @@
* article template::
* book template::
* Larger book template::
-* tugboat template::
File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: article template, Up: Document templates
@@ -16179,7 +16242,7 @@
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
+\date{July 31, 2020}
\begin{document}
@@ -16197,8 +16260,7 @@
\end{document}
- One web resource for this:
-<http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>.
+ The Beamer package on CTAN: <https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>.
File: latex2e.info, Node: article template, Next: book template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates
@@ -16206,6 +16268,8 @@
A.2 'article' template
======================
+A simple template for an article.
+
\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -16221,6 +16285,7 @@
\section{Second section}
Some more text.
+
\end{document}
@@ -16229,8 +16294,8 @@
A.3 'book' template
===================
-This is a straightforward template for a book. See *Note Larger book
-template:: for a more elaborate one.
+This is a straightforward template for a book. See the next section for
+a more elaborate one.
\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -16247,26 +16312,30 @@
\section{A subtopic}
The end.
+
\end{document}
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Larger book template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Larger book template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates
A.4 Larger 'book' template
==========================
-This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has '\frontmatter',
-'\mainmatter', and '\backmatter' to control the typography of the three
-main areas of a book (*note \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::).
-The book has a bibliography and an index.
+This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See the previous
+section for a simpler one.
- Notable is that it uses '\include' and '\includeonly' (*note
+ This template uses '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', and '\backmatter'
+to control the typography of the three main areas of a book (*note
+\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::). The book has a
+bibliography and an index.
+
+ Also notable is that it uses '\include' and '\includeonly' (*note
Splitting the input::). While you are working on a chapter you can
comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
'\includeonly'. That will speed up compilation without losing any
information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
come on a new page is brought in with '\input' instead of '\include'.
-You don't get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+You don't get the cross-reference benefit with '\input'.)
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -16280,6 +16349,7 @@
chap1,
...
}
+
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
@@ -16287,111 +16357,25 @@
\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
+
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
...
\appendix
\include{appena}
...
+
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\bibliography
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
\printindex
+
\include{backcover}
\end{document}
-File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: Larger book template, Up: Document templates
-
-A.5 'tugboat' template
-======================
-
-'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
-<http://tug.org/TUGboat>.
-
-\documentclass{ltugboat}
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-%%% Start of metadata %%%
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ article}
-
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-%%% End of metadata %%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for \TUB{}.
-Please write an abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
-output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
-% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
-\begin{verbatim}[\small]
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\mf \MFB
-\plain \POBox \PS
-\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
-\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
-
-\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -> \fred
-\meta{fred} -> <fred>
-\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
-\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
-
-This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
-\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
-\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
-\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
-\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
-
-Email \verb|tugboat at tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature
-\end{document}
-
-
File: latex2e.info, Node: Index, Prev: Document templates, Up: Top
Index
@@ -16400,22 +16384,24 @@
* Menu:
-* &: tabular. (line 32)
+* $ inline math: math. (line 12)
+* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 32)
+* & for table cells: tabular. (line 32)
* * prompt: Recovering from errors.
(line 23)
* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 27)
* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 25)
+ (line 27)
* --disable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 54)
+ (line 64)
* --enable-write18 command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 54)
+ (line 64)
* --file-line-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 81)
+ (line 85)
* --halt-on-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 78)
+ (line 82)
* --help command-line option: Command line options.
(line 19)
* --interaction command-line option: Command line options.
@@ -16423,15 +16409,16 @@
* --jobname command-line option: Command line options.
(line 39)
* --no-file-line-error command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 81)
+ (line 85)
* --no-shell-escape command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 54)
+ (line 64)
* --output-directory command-line option: Command line options.
(line 51)
* --shell-escape command-line option: Command line options.
- (line 54)
+ (line 64)
* --version command-line option: Command line options.
(line 14)
+* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 30)
* .aux file: Output files. (line 33)
* .dvi file: Output files. (line 10)
* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 43)
@@ -16452,16 +16439,15 @@
* .toc file <1>: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 39)
+* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* 10pt option: Document class options.
(line 14)
* 11pt option: Document class options.
(line 14)
* 12pt option: Document class options.
(line 14)
-* :: Colon character & \colon.
+* : for math: Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
-* : <1>: Colon character & \colon.
- (line 6)
* [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 6)
@@ -16470,12 +16456,13 @@
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
(line 46)
* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 23)
-* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \%: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \#: Reserved characters. (line 14)
+* \$: Reserved characters. (line 14)
+* \%: Reserved characters. (line 14)
+* \&: Reserved characters. (line 14)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 27)
* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87)
+* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 12)
* \*: \*. (line 6)
* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
@@ -16496,11 +16483,13 @@
(line 28)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
* \@: \@. (line 6)
+* \@auxout: \write. (line 45)
* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 242)
* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 250)
* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 24)
* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
* \@itempenalty: list. (line 246)
+* \@mainaux: \write. (line 45)
* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
@@ -16894,6 +16883,7 @@
(line 32)
* \Im: Math symbols. (line 260)
* \imath: Math symbols. (line 263)
+* \immediate\write: \write. (line 60)
* \in: Math symbols. (line 267)
* \include: \include & \includeonly.
(line 6)
@@ -17009,6 +16999,8 @@
(line 148)
* \location: \location. (line 6)
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
+* \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 27)
* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 368)
* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 373)
* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 378)
@@ -17104,6 +17096,7 @@
* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* \newtie: Accents. (line 81)
+* \newwrite: \write. (line 24)
* \ng: Additional Latin letters.
(line 40)
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -17195,7 +17188,7 @@
(line 6)
* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 496)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
-* \parindent: minipage. (line 103)
+* \parindent: minipage. (line 102)
* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
* \parindent <2>: \parindent & \parskip.
(line 6)
@@ -17240,6 +17233,7 @@
* \prod: Math symbols. (line 540)
* \propto: Math symbols. (line 543)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
+* \protected at write: \write. (line 70)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
(line 281)
@@ -17337,6 +17331,7 @@
* \sf: Font styles. (line 89)
* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 48)
* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 626)
+* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 65)
* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 629)
* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 632)
@@ -17411,7 +17406,7 @@
* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 65)
* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 68)
* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 71)
-* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 20)
+* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 21)
* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 74)
* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 77)
* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 80)
@@ -17556,6 +17551,7 @@
* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 819)
* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 823)
* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 827)
+* \vbox plain TeX: minipage. (line 56)
* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 831)
* \vdots: Dots. (line 33)
* \vec: Math accents. (line 40)
@@ -17567,6 +17563,7 @@
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
+* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 52)
* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 850)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 43)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 46)
@@ -17574,12 +17571,17 @@
* \wp: Math symbols. (line 854)
* \wr: Math symbols. (line 857)
* \write: \write. (line 6)
+* \write and security: \write and security. (line 6)
+* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 86)
* \write18: \write18. (line 6)
+* \write18, enabling: Command line options.
+ (line 64)
* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 860)
* \xi: Math symbols. (line 863)
* \year: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 866)
+* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 26)
* \\ (for center): center. (line 16)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
@@ -17593,21 +17595,21 @@
* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 64)
* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6)
* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 37)
-* \^: Reserved characters. (line 20)
+* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21)
* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 38)
-* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \_: Reserved characters. (line 14)
* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 42)
* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93)
-* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \{: Reserved characters. (line 14)
* \|: Math symbols. (line 18)
-* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \~: Reserved characters. (line 20)
+* \}: Reserved characters. (line 14)
+* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21)
* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 46)
-* ^: Subscripts & superscripts.
+* ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
-* _: Subscripts & superscripts.
+* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 95)
+* _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
-* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: \index. (line 56)
* {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* ~: ~. (line 6)
@@ -17665,7 +17667,7 @@
* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
* amsthm package: theorem. (line 28)
* amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 18)
-* answers package: \write. (line 109)
+* answers package: \write. (line 100)
* appendices: \appendix. (line 6)
* appendix: \appendix. (line 6)
* appendix package: \appendix. (line 29)
@@ -17697,7 +17699,7 @@
* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 6)
* babel package <3>: \today. (line 13)
* babel package <4>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 80)
+ (line 89)
* babel package <5>: \index. (line 56)
* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 75)
@@ -17707,6 +17709,9 @@
* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 49)
* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
+* batchmode: Command line options.
+ (line 23)
+* beamer package: beamer template. (line 6)
* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6)
* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
* bibliography format, open: Document class options.
@@ -17739,8 +17744,10 @@
(line 6)
* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 130)
* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 131)
+* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 122)
* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6)
+* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 122)
* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6)
* box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6)
* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 6)
@@ -17779,6 +17786,8 @@
* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6)
* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
* Centimeter: Units of length. (line 24)
+* changing case of characters: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 6)
* chapter: Sectioning. (line 6)
* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 6)
* character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
@@ -17827,6 +17836,7 @@
* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 56)
* cm: Units of length. (line 24)
* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 37)
+* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
* colon character: Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
@@ -17891,7 +17901,7 @@
* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 16)
* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 108)
* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 20)
-* datatool package: \read. (line 30)
+* datatool package: \read. (line 31)
* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 51)
* date, today's: \today. (line 6)
* datetime package: \today. (line 27)
@@ -17899,6 +17909,7 @@
* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135)
* dcolumn package: array. (line 77)
* dd: Units of length. (line 30)
+* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 24)
* define color: Define colors. (line 6)
* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
@@ -17908,6 +17919,7 @@
* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 6)
* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* definitions: Definitions. (line 6)
+* delayed \write: \write. (line 65)
* Delimiters: Delimiters. (line 6)
* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 6)
* delim_0: makeindex. (line 110)
@@ -17923,6 +17935,8 @@
* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 23)
* difference between class and package: Class and package construction.
(line 15)
+* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9)
+* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 65)
* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 6)
* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6)
* display math mode: Modes. (line 29)
@@ -17989,6 +18003,7 @@
* enumitem package: itemize. (line 62)
* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 254)
* environment: Starting and ending. (line 25)
+* environment form of commands: Font sizes. (line 36)
* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 6)
* environment, array: array. (line 6)
* environment, center: center. (line 6)
@@ -18041,6 +18056,8 @@
* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options.
(line 57)
+* errorstopmode: Command line options.
+ (line 23)
* es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* etex command: TeX engines. (line 13)
@@ -18055,6 +18072,8 @@
* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 131)
* executivepaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
+* expl3 package: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 49)
* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
* extended Latin: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -18070,7 +18089,7 @@
* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 144)
* figure environment: figure. (line 6)
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
-* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 107)
+* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 106)
* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6)
* file, closing: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
* file, opening: \openin & \openout. (line 6)
@@ -18078,6 +18097,8 @@
* file, root: Splitting the input. (line 10)
* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 6)
* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 6)
+* filename for current job: Command line options.
+ (line 39)
* final option: Document class options.
(line 49)
* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 40)
@@ -18139,11 +18160,11 @@
(line 6)
* footnote, of a footnote: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
-* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 107)
+* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 106)
* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6)
* Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 62)
* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 24)
-* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 30)
+* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 31)
* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6)
* forward reference: Cross references. (line 27)
@@ -18166,6 +18187,7 @@
* glossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 6)
* glossary, entry reference: \gls. (line 6)
+* glue plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9)
* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
* graphics: Graphics. (line 6)
* graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration.
@@ -18222,14 +18244,14 @@
* idx file: \index. (line 106)
* ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters.
(line 32)
+* immediate \write: \write. (line 60)
* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* in: Units of length. (line 17)
-* in-line formulas: math. (line 6)
* inch: Units of length. (line 17)
* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* indent, forcing: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
-* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 103)
+* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 102)
* indentfirst package: \part. (line 50)
* indentfirst package <1>: \chapter. (line 58)
* indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 60)
@@ -18249,6 +18271,7 @@
* indexes: Indexes. (line 6)
* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6)
* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6)
+* inline formulas: math. (line 6)
* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 47)
* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
* input, on command line: Command line input. (line 6)
@@ -18269,6 +18292,8 @@
* item_2: makeindex. (line 87)
* item_x1: makeindex. (line 94)
* item_x2: makeindex. (line 104)
+* jobname: Command line options.
+ (line 39)
* JPEG files: Graphics package configuration.
(line 6)
* JPEG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
@@ -18358,7 +18383,9 @@
* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
* lmodern package: fontenc package. (line 37)
* loading additional packages: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* locale information, from system: \write18. (line 65)
* log file: Output files. (line 28)
+* log file, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 22)
* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 25)
* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 63)
@@ -18373,16 +18400,17 @@
* LR mode: Modes. (line 16)
* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
* lshort document: About this document. (line 48)
-* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 6)
* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 30)
* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 30)
+* LuaTeX, 256 output streams in: \write. (line 42)
* m-width: Units of length. (line 38)
* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 11)
* macron accent: Accents. (line 34)
* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
* macros2e package: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 43)
+ (line 41)
* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* mail merges: \read. (line 31)
* make a box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* makeindex: makeindex. (line 6)
* makeindex program: makeindex. (line 6)
@@ -18419,7 +18447,7 @@
(line 36)
* MetaPost package: \line. (line 36)
* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case.
- (line 45)
+ (line 46)
* mhchem package: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 62)
* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
@@ -18428,7 +18456,7 @@
* minted package: tabbing. (line 146)
* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 31)
* minted package <2>: \verb. (line 42)
-* mirrors of CTAN: CTAN. (line 20)
+* mirrors of CTAN: CTAN. (line 25)
* mm: Units of length. (line 27)
* modes: Modes. (line 6)
* monospace font: Font styles. (line 96)
@@ -18443,7 +18471,7 @@
* name: \newglossaryentry. (line 43)
* NBSP: ~. (line 6)
* nested \include, not allowed: \include & \includeonly.
- (line 104)
+ (line 106)
* new class commands: Class and package construction.
(line 6)
* new command, check: Class and package commands.
@@ -18458,10 +18486,13 @@
* new line, starting: \\. (line 6)
* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6)
* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6)
-* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 33)
+* newline, in \write: \write. (line 95)
+* noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 34)
* non-English characters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
-* nosearch option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 36)
+* nonstopmode: Command line options.
+ (line 23)
+* nosearch option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 37)
* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
(line 49)
@@ -18487,6 +18518,7 @@
* openright option: Document class options.
(line 78)
* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
+* operating system information: \write18. (line 65)
* options, class: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
* options, color package: Color package options.
@@ -18509,12 +18541,14 @@
(line 44)
* OT1: fontenc package. (line 6)
* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 47)
+* output directory for all external files: Command line options.
+ (line 51)
* overbar accent: Accents. (line 34)
* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
* overlining: Over- and Underlining.
(line 6)
* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
-* overwrite option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 30)
+* overwrite option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 31)
* package file layout: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
* package options: Class and package structure.
@@ -18544,7 +18578,7 @@
(line 19)
* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28)
* package, amsthm <1>: \rule. (line 18)
-* package, answers: \write. (line 109)
+* package, answers: \write. (line 100)
* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 29)
* package, array (package): array. (line 77)
* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 36)
@@ -18556,8 +18590,9 @@
* package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 6)
* package, babel <3>: \today. (line 13)
* package, babel <4>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 80)
+ (line 89)
* package, babel <5>: \index. (line 56)
+* package, beamer: beamer template. (line 6)
* package, bigfoot: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
* package, bm: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
@@ -18569,7 +18604,7 @@
* package, comprehensive: Math symbols. (line 6)
* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 26)
* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 45)
-* package, datatool: \read. (line 30)
+* package, datatool: \read. (line 31)
* package, datetime: \today. (line 27)
* package, dcolumn: array. (line 77)
* package, enumitem: itemize. (line 62)
@@ -18578,6 +18613,8 @@
* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
* package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 125)
+* package, expl3: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 49)
* package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 12)
* package, fancyhdr <1>: \pagestyle. (line 13)
* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 146)
@@ -18606,7 +18643,7 @@
* package, listings <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 37)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
- (line 43)
+ (line 41)
* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 86)
* package, mathtools <1>: Delimiters. (line 41)
* package, mathtools <2>: \left & \right. (line 30)
@@ -18617,7 +18654,7 @@
(line 36)
* package, MetaPost: \line. (line 36)
* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case.
- (line 45)
+ (line 46)
* package, mhchem: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 62)
* package, minted: tabbing. (line 146)
@@ -18628,17 +18665,16 @@
* package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 6)
* package, polyglossia <1>: \today. (line 13)
* package, polyglossia <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 80)
+ (line 90)
* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 56)
* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 36)
-* package, sagetex: Command line options.
- (line 62)
* package, setspace: Low-level font commands.
(line 118)
* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 32)
* package, siunitx: ~. (line 32)
+* package, texosquery: \write18. (line 65)
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
- (line 42)
+ (line 43)
* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 132)
* package, TikZ: \line. (line 36)
* package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 62)
@@ -18652,9 +18688,9 @@
* package, titlesec <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 65)
* package, tocbibbind: Table of contents etc..
- (line 91)
+ (line 94)
* package, tocloft: Table of contents etc..
- (line 91)
+ (line 94)
* package, ulem: Over- and Underlining.
(line 15)
* package, unicode-math: Greek letters. (line 37)
@@ -18680,7 +18716,7 @@
(line 6)
* paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
(line 6)
-* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 103)
+* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 102)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
@@ -18693,6 +18729,7 @@
* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 34)
* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
+* parent directories, cannot write to: \write and security. (line 22)
* parentheses: Delimiters. (line 6)
* part: Sectioning. (line 6)
* part <1>: \part. (line 6)
@@ -18725,13 +18762,13 @@
* polyglossia package: Accents. (line 6)
* polyglossia package <1>: \today. (line 13)
* polyglossia package <2>: Table of contents etc..
- (line 80)
+ (line 90)
* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 56)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
(line 60)
* position, in picture: picture. (line 77)
* positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 52)
+ (line 54)
* postamble: makeindex. (line 54)
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 49)
@@ -18772,6 +18809,7 @@
* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
* resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
+* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 53)
* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 31)
* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 175)
* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 90)
@@ -18782,6 +18820,7 @@
(line 63)
* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
+* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 9)
* ring accent: Accents. (line 75)
* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 35)
* robust commands: \protect. (line 6)
@@ -18792,18 +18831,19 @@
* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 46)
+* rubber lengths: Lengths. (line 9)
* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6)
* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
-* sagetex package: Command line options.
- (line 62)
* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 90)
* Scaled point: Units of length. (line 36)
* scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6)
* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 78)
+* scrollmode: Command line options.
+ (line 23)
* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 68)
* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 69)
* section: Sectioning. (line 6)
@@ -18814,16 +18854,23 @@
* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6)
* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6)
* sectioning, part: \part. (line 6)
-* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 41)
+* security and \write: \write and security. (line 6)
+* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 56)
+* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 42)
* series, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 48)
* setspace package: Low-level font commands.
(line 118)
* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6)
+* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 88)
* sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
+* shell access: \write18. (line 6)
+* shell escape: Command line options.
+ (line 64)
+* SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 60)
* showidx package: Indexes. (line 32)
* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 31)
@@ -18834,6 +18881,7 @@
* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 162)
* siunitx package: ~. (line 32)
* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
+* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9)
* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
* slanted font: Font styles. (line 93)
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
@@ -18841,7 +18889,7 @@
* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6)
* small caps font: Font styles. (line 87)
* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 55)
-* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 41)
+* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 42)
* sp: Units of length. (line 36)
* space, hard: ~. (line 6)
* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 6)
@@ -18872,7 +18920,7 @@
* stack math: \stackrel. (line 6)
* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 6)
* starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
- (line 25)
+ (line 27)
* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage.
(line 6)
@@ -18907,6 +18955,8 @@
(line 6)
* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6)
* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 6)
+* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 6)
+* system information: \write18. (line 65)
* T1: fontenc package. (line 6)
* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6)
@@ -18920,22 +18970,23 @@
* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 80)
* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
-* template, article: article template. (line 6)
+* template (simple), article: article template. (line 6)
* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 6)
* template, book: book template. (line 6)
* template, book <1>: Larger book template.
(line 6)
-* template, TUGboat: tugboat template. (line 6)
* templates, document: Document templates. (line 6)
* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 6)
+* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 30)
* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 63)
+* texosquery package: \write18. (line 65)
* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6)
* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* textcase package: Upper and lower case.
- (line 42)
+ (line 43)
* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 132)
* textcomp package <1>: Text symbols. (line 6)
* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 57)
@@ -18980,11 +19031,11 @@
* titlesec package <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 65)
* tocbibbind package: Table of contents etc..
- (line 91)
+ (line 94)
* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 79)
* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 80)
* tocloft package: Table of contents etc..
- (line 91)
+ (line 94)
* today's date: \today. (line 6)
* tombstone: \rule. (line 13)
* topmargin: Page layout parameters.
@@ -18996,7 +19047,6 @@
* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 181)
* transcript file: Output files. (line 28)
* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
-* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 6)
* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6)
* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 184)
* twocolumn option: Document class options.
@@ -19049,11 +19099,14 @@
* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 190)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 58)
+* whatsit item: \write. (line 65)
* white space: Spaces. (line 6)
* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 44)
* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 47)
* widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 70)
+* Wright, Joseph: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 49)
* writing external files: filecontents. (line 6)
* writing letters: Letters. (line 6)
* x-height: Units of length. (line 38)
@@ -19067,529 +19120,531 @@
Tag Table:
-Node: Top1847
-Node: About this document3665
-Node: Overview5886
-Node: Starting and ending7509
-Ref: Starting & ending7644
-Node: Output files8821
-Ref: output files dvi9100
-Ref: output files pdf9611
-Ref: output files log9934
-Ref: output files aux10131
-Node: TeX engines11100
-Ref: tex engines latex11449
-Ref: tex engines lualatex12281
-Ref: tex engines xelatex12766
-Node: LaTeX command syntax13570
-Node: Environment15496
-Node: CTAN16702
-Node: Document classes18103
-Ref: document classes article18543
-Ref: document classes book18631
-Ref: document classes letter18816
-Ref: document classes report18892
-Ref: document classes slides19044
-Node: Document class options19426
-Node: Additional packages22508
-Node: Class and package construction23139
-Node: Class and package structure24589
-Node: Class and package commands26883
-Node: Fonts44497
-Ref: Typefaces44600
-Node: fontenc package46596
-Node: \DeclareFontEncoding50913
-Node: \DeclareTextAccent52331
-Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault53188
-Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand54259
-Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault56493
-Node: \DeclareTextComposite57800
-Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand58886
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbol59560
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault60664
-Node: \LastDeclaredEncoding61618
-Node: \UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol62242
-Node: Font styles63450
-Node: Font sizes67739
-Node: Low-level font commands69358
-Ref: low level font commands fontencoding69642
-Ref: low level font commands fontfamily70198
-Ref: low level font commands fontseries70963
-Ref: low level font commands fontshape72115
-Ref: low level font commands fontsize72412
-Ref: low level font commands baselinestretch72937
-Ref: low level font commands linespread73646
-Ref: low level font commands selectfont73896
-Ref: low level font commands usefont74222
-Node: Layout74465
-Node: \onecolumn74963
-Node: \twocolumn75322
-Ref: twocolumn columnsep75945
-Ref: twocolumn columnseprule76194
-Ref: twocolumn columnwidth76490
-Ref: twocolumn dbltopfraction77056
-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction77999
-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatsep78246
-Ref: twocolumn dbltextfloatsep78551
-Ref: twocolumn dbltopnumber78734
-Node: \flushbottom79699
-Node: \raggedbottom80799
-Node: Page layout parameters81335
-Ref: page layout parameters columnsep81538
-Ref: page layout parameters columnseprule81538
-Ref: page layout parameters columnwidth81538
-Ref: page layout parameters headheight81792
-Ref: page layout parameters headsep81959
-Ref: page layout parameters footskip82272
-Ref: page layout parameters linewidth82606
-Ref: page layout parameters marginparpush82959
-Ref: page layout parameters marginsep82959
-Ref: page layout parameters marginparwidth82959
-Ref: page layout parameters oddsidemargin83999
-Ref: page layout parameters evensidemargin83999
-Ref: page layout parameters paperheight84536
-Ref: page layout parameters paperwidth84762
-Ref: page layout parameters textheight84986
-Ref: page layout parameters textwidth85375
-Ref: page layout parameters hsize86304
-Ref: page layout parameters topmargin86510
-Ref: page layout parameters topskip86814
-Node: Floats87030
-Ref: floats bottomfraction91398
-Ref: floats floatpagefraction91525
-Ref: floats textfraction91636
-Ref: floats topfraction91838
-Ref: floats floatsep92090
-Ref: floats intextsep92200
-Ref: floats textfloatsep92415
-Ref: floats bottomnumber92679
-Ref: floats dbltopnumber92787
-Ref: floats topnumber92906
-Ref: floats totalnumber93010
-Node: Sectioning93539
-Ref: sectioning secnumdepth96615
-Ref: Sectioning/secnumdepth96615
-Ref: sectioning tocdepth97216
-Ref: Sectioning/tocdepth97216
-Node: \part98261
-Node: \chapter100437
-Node: \section104211
-Node: \subsection107478
-Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph110180
-Node: \appendix112837
-Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter114127
-Node: \@startsection115468
-Ref: startsection name116845
-Ref: \@startsection/name116845
-Ref: startsection level117299
-Ref: \@startsection/level117299
-Ref: startsection indent118179
-Ref: \@startsection/indent118179
-Ref: startsection beforeskip118442
-Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip118442
-Ref: startsection afterskip119963
-Ref: \@startsection/afterskip119963
-Ref: startsection style121274
-Ref: \@startsection/style121274
-Node: Cross references124980
-Node: \label127073
-Node: \pageref128893
-Node: \ref129683
-Node: Environments130659
-Node: abstract132661
-Node: array134250
-Node: center137142
-Node: \centering138894
-Node: description140391
-Node: displaymath142606
-Node: document144393
-Node: \AtBeginDocument144823
-Node: \AtEndDocument145447
-Node: enumerate146091
-Ref: enumerate enumi147954
-Ref: enumerate enumii147954
-Ref: enumerate enumiii147954
-Ref: enumerate enumiv147954
-Ref: enumerate labelenumi148352
-Ref: enumerate labelenumii148352
-Ref: enumerate labelenumiii148352
-Ref: enumerate labelenumiv148352
-Node: eqnarray148891
-Node: equation150886
-Node: figure151554
-Node: filecontents153708
-Node: flushleft155511
-Node: \raggedright156528
-Node: flushright157726
-Node: \raggedleft158462
-Node: itemize159252
-Ref: itemize labelitemi160474
-Ref: itemize labelitemii160474
-Ref: itemize labelitemiii160474
-Ref: itemize labelitemiv160474
-Ref: itemize leftmargin161316
-Ref: itemize leftmargini161316
-Ref: itemize leftmarginii161316
-Ref: itemize leftmarginiii161316
-Ref: itemize leftmarginiv161316
-Ref: itemize leftmarginv161316
-Ref: itemize leftmarginvi161316
-Node: letter162720
-Node: list162958
-Ref: list makelabel165405
-Ref: list itemindent166790
-Ref: list itemsep166927
-Ref: list labelsep167580
-Ref: list labelwidth167743
-Ref: list leftmargin168754
-Ref: list listparindent169607
-Ref: list parsep169838
-Ref: list partopsep170306
-Ref: list rightmargin171104
-Ref: list topsep171289
-Ref: list beginparpenalty174864
-Ref: list itempenalty174963
-Ref: list endparpenalty175067
-Node: \item175939
-Node: trivlist177187
-Node: math178715
-Node: minipage179021
-Node: picture184298
-Node: \put190767
-Node: \multiput191332
-Node: \qbezier192071
-Node: \graphpaper192996
-Node: \line193790
-Node: \linethickness195754
-Node: \thinlines196203
-Node: \thicklines196614
-Node: \circle196998
-Node: \oval197538
-Node: \shortstack198514
-Node: \vector199911
-Node: \makebox (picture)200827
-Node: \framebox (picture)202009
-Node: \frame203482
-Node: \dashbox203922
-Node: quotation & quote205057
-Node: tabbing205953
-Node: table211946
-Node: tabular214039
-Ref: tabular arrayrulewidth220368
-Ref: tabular arraystrech220608
-Ref: tabular doublerulesep220829
-Ref: tabular tabcolsep220965
-Node: \multicolumn221486
-Node: \vline225362
-Node: \cline226753
-Node: \hline227463
-Node: thebibliography228145
-Node: \bibitem230555
-Node: \cite232830
-Node: \nocite234585
-Node: Using BibTeX235069
-Node: theorem237224
-Node: titlepage238146
-Node: verbatim239429
-Node: \verb240939
-Node: verse242759
-Node: Line breaking243986
-Node: \\245352
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr247785
-Node: \newline248579
-Node: \- (hyphenation)249608
-Node: \discretionary251246
-Node: \fussy & \sloppy252134
-Node: sloppypar252917
-Node: \hyphenation254063
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak254657
-Node: Page breaking255804
-Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage257833
-Node: \newpage259353
-Node: \enlargethispage260651
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak261607
-Node: Footnotes263273
-Node: \footnote264419
-Ref: footnote footnoterule265687
-Ref: footnote footnotesep266298
-Node: \footnotemark267364
-Node: \footnotetext269703
-Node: Footnotes in section headings270304
-Node: Footnotes in a table271137
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes274059
-Node: Definitions274763
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand275739
-Node: \providecommand280970
-Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother282133
-Node: \@ifstar284281
-Node: \newcounter287100
-Node: \newlength288820
-Node: \newsavebox289642
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment290621
-Node: \newtheorem295945
-Node: \newfont299517
-Node: \protect300750
-Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend303138
-Node: Counters305876
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol307577
-Node: \usecounter310202
-Node: \value311061
-Node: \setcounter312114
-Node: \addtocounter312710
-Node: \refstepcounter313164
-Node: \stepcounter313833
-Node: \day & \month & \year314386
-Node: Lengths315197
-Node: Units of length319666
-Ref: units of length pt319869
-Ref: units of length pc319969
-Ref: units of length in319992
-Ref: units of length bp320018
-Ref: units of length cm320149
-Ref: units of length mm320171
-Ref: units of length dd320193
-Ref: units of length cc320225
-Ref: units of length sp320250
-Ref: Lengths/em320281
-Ref: Lengths/en320281
-Ref: Lengths/ex320281
-Ref: units of length em320281
-Ref: units of length en320281
-Ref: units of length ex320281
-Node: \setlength321137
-Node: \addtolength322222
-Node: \settodepth323297
-Node: \settoheight324175
-Node: \settowidth325068
-Node: Making paragraphs325936
-Node: \par327707
-Node: \indent & \noindent329654
-Node: \parindent & \parskip331188
-Node: Marginal notes332473
-Ref: marginal notes marginparpush333869
-Ref: marginal notes marginparsep333982
-Ref: marginal notes marginparwidth334114
-Node: Math formulas334463
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts338631
-Node: Math symbols340792
-Node: Arrows364548
-Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath365736
-Node: Blackboard bold367255
-Node: Calligraphic368057
-Node: Delimiters368588
-Node: \left & \right370776
-Node: \bigl & \bigr etc.374783
-Node: Dots377535
-Ref: ellipses cdots377966
-Ref: ellipses ddots378111
-Ref: ellipses ldots378192
-Ref: ellipses vdots378609
-Node: Greek letters379793
-Node: Math functions381472
-Node: Math accents383116
-Node: Over- and Underlining384015
-Node: Spacing in math mode385842
-Ref: spacing in math mode thickspace386774
-Ref: spacing in math mode medspace386866
-Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace386962
-Ref: spacing in math mode thinspace386962
-Ref: spacing in math mode negthinspace387443
-Ref: spacing in math mode quad387641
-Ref: spacing in math mode qquad387897
-Node: \smash388175
-Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom390392
-Node: Math miscellany392429
-Node: Colon character & \colon392935
-Node: \*393628
-Node: \frac394208
-Node: \sqrt394579
-Node: \stackrel395165
-Node: Modes395438
-Ref: modes paragraph mode395888
-Ref: modes lr mode396084
-Ref: modes math mode396690
-Ref: modes vertical mode397025
-Ref: modes internal vertical mode397196
-Ref: modes inner paragraph mode397669
-Ref: modes outer paragraph mode397669
-Node: \ensuremath398083
-Node: Page styles398788
-Node: \maketitle399551
-Node: \pagenumbering402568
-Node: \pagestyle404556
-Node: \thispagestyle408058
-Node: Spaces409012
-Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad410453
-Node: \hspace411367
-Node: \hfill413205
-Node: \hss414269
-Node: \spacefactor414963
-Node: \@418350
-Ref: \AT418450
-Node: \frenchspacing420390
-Node: \normalsfcodes421225
-Node: \(SPACE)421472
-Node: ~423262
-Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace425732
-Node: \/426675
-Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill427981
-Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip429337
-Ref: bigskip430155
-Ref: medskip430359
-Ref: smallskip430568
-Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak431229
-Node: \strut432215
-Node: \vspace435410
-Node: \vfill436973
-Node: \addvspace437901
-Node: Boxes439899
-Node: \mbox & \makebox440605
-Ref: mbox makebox depth441817
-Ref: mbox makebox height441817
-Ref: mbox makebox width441817
-Ref: mbox makebox totalheight441817
-Node: \fbox & \framebox443911
-Ref: fbox framebox fboxrule445224
-Ref: fbox framebox fboxsep445414
-Node: \parbox446503
-Node: \raisebox448809
-Ref: raisebox depth449772
-Ref: raisebox height449772
-Ref: raisebox width449772
-Ref: raisebox totalheight449772
-Node: \sbox & \savebox450486
-Node: lrbox453452
-Node: \usebox454274
-Node: Color454680
-Node: Color package options455479
-Node: Color models457125
-Ref: color models cmyk457922
-Ref: color models gray458285
-Ref: color models rgb458434
-Ref: color models RGB458771
-Ref: color models named459146
-Node: Commands for color459434
-Node: Define colors459849
-Node: Colored text460574
-Node: Colored boxes462971
-Node: Colored pages464360
-Node: Graphics465053
-Node: Graphics package options467180
-Node: Graphics package configuration469933
-Node: \graphicspath470735
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions473626
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule475394
-Node: Commands for graphics478576
-Node: \includegraphics479081
-Ref: includegraphics width484131
-Ref: includegraphics height484662
-Ref: includegraphics totalheght485068
-Ref: includegraphics keepaspectratio485332
-Ref: includegraphics viewport487018
-Ref: includegraphics trim487388
-Ref: includegraphics clip487844
-Ref: includegraphics page488104
-Ref: includegraphics pagebox488195
-Ref: includegraphics interpolate489060
-Ref: includegraphics quiet489265
-Ref: includegraphics draft489426
-Ref: includegraphics bb490231
-Ref: includegraphics bbllx490629
-Ref: includegraphics bblly490629
-Ref: includegraphics bburx490629
-Ref: includegraphics bbury490629
-Ref: includegraphics natwidth490771
-Ref: includegraphics natheight490771
-Ref: includegraphics hiresbb490957
-Ref: includegraphics type491719
-Ref: includegraphics ext491759
-Ref: includegraphics read491862
-Ref: includegraphics command491979
-Node: \rotatebox492224
-Node: \scalebox495078
-Node: \resizebox496134
-Node: Special insertions497326
-Node: Reserved characters498128
-Node: Upper and lower case499330
-Node: Symbols by font position501245
-Node: Text symbols501865
-Node: Accents505836
-Node: \accent507944
-Node: Additional Latin letters509710
-Ref: Non-English characters509881
-Node: \rule510900
-Node: \today512072
-Node: Splitting the input513008
-Node: \endinput514749
-Node: \include & \includeonly516016
-Node: \input520238
-Node: Front/back matter521453
-Node: Table of contents etc.521786
-Node: \addcontentsline525522
-Node: \addtocontents528364
-Node: \nofiles529955
-Node: Indexes530687
-Node: \index532315
-Node: makeindex537420
-Ref: makeindex preamble539088
-Ref: makeindex postamble539228
-Ref: makeindex group skip539313
-Ref: makeindex letheadflag539646
-Ref: makeindex lethead prefix540107
-Ref: makeindex lethead suffix540259
-Ref: makeindex item 0540407
-Ref: makeindex item 1540487
-Ref: makeindex item 2540562
-Ref: makeindex item 01540640
-Ref: makeindex item x1540745
-Ref: makeindex item 12540950
-Ref: makeindex item x2541058
-Ref: makeindex delim 0541218
-Ref: makeindex delim 1541348
-Ref: makeindex delim 2541478
-Ref: makeindex delim n541604
-Ref: makeindex delim r541739
-Ref: makeindex line max541847
-Ref: makeindex indent space541982
-Ref: makeindex indent length542077
-Ref: makeindex page precedence542262
-Node: \printindex543136
-Node: Glossaries543608
-Node: \newglossaryentry545575
-Node: \gls547042
-Node: Letters547836
-Node: \address551454
-Node: \cc552265
-Node: \closing552707
-Node: \encl553021
-Node: \location553435
-Node: \makelabels553699
-Node: \name556016
-Node: \opening556257
-Node: \ps556538
-Node: \signature556827
-Node: \telephone558055
-Node: Input/output558420
-Node: \openin & \openout559140
-Node: \read561876
-Node: \typein562954
-Node: \typeout564208
-Node: \write565258
-Node: \message570340
-Node: \wlog572103
-Node: \write18572606
-Node: Command line575275
-Node: Command line options577324
-Node: Command line input580901
-Node: Recovering from errors582764
-Node: Document templates584110
-Node: beamer template584555
-Node: article template585209
-Node: book template585636
-Node: Larger book template586117
-Node: tugboat template587603
-Node: Index589974
-Ref: Command Index590060
+Node: Top1848
+Node: About this document3667
+Node: Overview5888
+Node: Starting and ending7511
+Ref: Starting & ending7646
+Node: Output files8823
+Ref: output files dvi9102
+Ref: output files pdf9613
+Ref: output files log9936
+Ref: output files aux10133
+Node: TeX engines11102
+Ref: tex engines latex11451
+Ref: tex engines lualatex12283
+Ref: tex engines xelatex12768
+Node: LaTeX command syntax13572
+Node: Environment15498
+Node: CTAN16704
+Node: Document classes18160
+Ref: document classes article18600
+Ref: document classes book18688
+Ref: document classes letter18873
+Ref: document classes report18949
+Ref: document classes slides19101
+Node: Document class options19554
+Node: Additional packages22636
+Node: Class and package construction23267
+Node: Class and package structure24717
+Node: Class and package commands27011
+Node: Fonts44620
+Ref: Typefaces44723
+Node: fontenc package46719
+Node: \DeclareFontEncoding51036
+Node: \DeclareTextAccent52454
+Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault53311
+Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand54382
+Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault56616
+Node: \DeclareTextComposite57923
+Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand59009
+Node: \DeclareTextSymbol59683
+Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault60787
+Node: \LastDeclaredEncoding61741
+Node: \UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol62365
+Node: Font styles63573
+Node: Font sizes67862
+Node: Low-level font commands70110
+Ref: low level font commands fontencoding70394
+Ref: low level font commands fontfamily70950
+Ref: low level font commands fontseries71715
+Ref: low level font commands fontshape72867
+Ref: low level font commands fontsize73164
+Ref: low level font commands baselinestretch73689
+Ref: low level font commands linespread74398
+Ref: low level font commands selectfont74648
+Ref: low level font commands usefont74974
+Node: Layout75217
+Node: \onecolumn75715
+Node: \twocolumn76074
+Ref: twocolumn columnsep76697
+Ref: twocolumn columnseprule76946
+Ref: twocolumn columnwidth77242
+Ref: twocolumn dbltopfraction77808
+Ref: twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction78751
+Ref: twocolumn dblfloatsep78998
+Ref: twocolumn dbltextfloatsep79303
+Ref: twocolumn dbltopnumber79486
+Node: \flushbottom80451
+Node: \raggedbottom81551
+Node: Page layout parameters82087
+Ref: page layout parameters columnsep82290
+Ref: page layout parameters columnseprule82290
+Ref: page layout parameters columnwidth82290
+Ref: page layout parameters headheight82544
+Ref: page layout parameters headsep82711
+Ref: page layout parameters footskip83024
+Ref: page layout parameters linewidth83358
+Ref: page layout parameters marginparpush83711
+Ref: page layout parameters marginsep83711
+Ref: page layout parameters marginparwidth83711
+Ref: page layout parameters oddsidemargin84751
+Ref: page layout parameters evensidemargin84751
+Ref: page layout parameters paperheight85288
+Ref: page layout parameters paperwidth85514
+Ref: page layout parameters textheight85738
+Ref: page layout parameters textwidth86127
+Ref: page layout parameters hsize87056
+Ref: page layout parameters topmargin87262
+Ref: page layout parameters topskip87566
+Node: Floats87782
+Ref: floats bottomfraction92150
+Ref: floats floatpagefraction92277
+Ref: floats textfraction92388
+Ref: floats topfraction92590
+Ref: floats floatsep92842
+Ref: floats intextsep92952
+Ref: floats textfloatsep93167
+Ref: floats bottomnumber93431
+Ref: floats dbltopnumber93539
+Ref: floats topnumber93658
+Ref: floats totalnumber93762
+Node: Sectioning94291
+Ref: sectioning secnumdepth97385
+Ref: Sectioning/secnumdepth97385
+Ref: sectioning tocdepth98011
+Ref: Sectioning/tocdepth98011
+Node: \part99053
+Node: \chapter101229
+Node: \section105002
+Node: \subsection108269
+Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph110983
+Node: \appendix113640
+Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter114932
+Node: \@startsection116273
+Ref: startsection name117650
+Ref: \@startsection/name117650
+Ref: startsection level118104
+Ref: \@startsection/level118104
+Ref: startsection indent118984
+Ref: \@startsection/indent118984
+Ref: startsection beforeskip119247
+Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip119247
+Ref: startsection afterskip120768
+Ref: \@startsection/afterskip120768
+Ref: startsection style122079
+Ref: \@startsection/style122079
+Node: Cross references125785
+Node: \label127878
+Node: \pageref129698
+Node: \ref130488
+Node: Environments131464
+Node: abstract133466
+Node: array135055
+Node: center137947
+Node: \centering139699
+Node: description141196
+Node: displaymath143411
+Node: document145107
+Node: \AtBeginDocument145537
+Node: \AtEndDocument146161
+Node: enumerate146805
+Ref: enumerate enumi148668
+Ref: enumerate enumii148668
+Ref: enumerate enumiii148668
+Ref: enumerate enumiv148668
+Ref: enumerate labelenumi149066
+Ref: enumerate labelenumii149066
+Ref: enumerate labelenumiii149066
+Ref: enumerate labelenumiv149066
+Node: eqnarray149605
+Node: equation151600
+Node: figure152268
+Node: filecontents154422
+Node: flushleft156331
+Node: \raggedright157348
+Node: flushright158546
+Node: \raggedleft159282
+Node: itemize160072
+Ref: itemize labelitemi161294
+Ref: itemize labelitemii161294
+Ref: itemize labelitemiii161294
+Ref: itemize labelitemiv161294
+Ref: itemize leftmargin162136
+Ref: itemize leftmargini162136
+Ref: itemize leftmarginii162136
+Ref: itemize leftmarginiii162136
+Ref: itemize leftmarginiv162136
+Ref: itemize leftmarginv162136
+Ref: itemize leftmarginvi162136
+Node: letter163540
+Node: list163778
+Ref: list makelabel166225
+Ref: list itemindent167610
+Ref: list itemsep167747
+Ref: list labelsep168400
+Ref: list labelwidth168563
+Ref: list leftmargin169574
+Ref: list listparindent170427
+Ref: list parsep170658
+Ref: list partopsep171126
+Ref: list rightmargin171924
+Ref: list topsep172109
+Ref: list beginparpenalty175684
+Ref: list itempenalty175783
+Ref: list endparpenalty175887
+Node: \item176759
+Node: trivlist178005
+Node: math179533
+Node: minipage179839
+Node: picture185081
+Node: \put191530
+Node: \multiput192095
+Node: \qbezier192834
+Node: \graphpaper193759
+Node: \line194553
+Node: \linethickness196529
+Node: \thinlines196978
+Node: \thicklines197389
+Node: \circle197773
+Node: \oval198313
+Node: \shortstack199289
+Node: \vector200686
+Node: \makebox (picture)201602
+Node: \framebox (picture)202784
+Node: \frame204257
+Node: \dashbox204697
+Node: quotation & quote205832
+Node: tabbing206728
+Node: table212721
+Node: tabular214814
+Ref: tabular arrayrulewidth221143
+Ref: tabular arraystrech221383
+Ref: tabular doublerulesep221604
+Ref: tabular tabcolsep221740
+Node: \multicolumn222261
+Node: \vline226137
+Node: \cline227528
+Node: \hline228238
+Node: thebibliography228920
+Node: \bibitem231330
+Node: \cite233605
+Node: \nocite235360
+Node: Using BibTeX235844
+Node: theorem237999
+Node: titlepage238921
+Node: verbatim240204
+Node: \verb241714
+Node: verse243534
+Node: Line breaking244761
+Node: \\246127
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr248560
+Node: \newline249354
+Node: \- (hyphenation)250383
+Node: \discretionary252021
+Node: \fussy & \sloppy252909
+Node: sloppypar253692
+Node: \hyphenation254838
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak255432
+Node: Page breaking256579
+Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage258608
+Node: \newpage260128
+Node: \enlargethispage261426
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak262382
+Node: Footnotes264048
+Node: \footnote265194
+Ref: footnote footnoterule266462
+Ref: footnote footnotesep267073
+Node: \footnotemark268139
+Node: \footnotetext270478
+Node: Footnotes in section headings271079
+Node: Footnotes in a table271912
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes274834
+Node: Definitions275538
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand276514
+Node: \providecommand281815
+Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother282978
+Node: \@ifstar285079
+Node: \newcounter287898
+Node: \newlength289618
+Node: \newsavebox290440
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment291419
+Node: \newtheorem296743
+Node: \newfont300315
+Node: \protect301548
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend303936
+Node: Counters306674
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol308375
+Node: \usecounter311000
+Node: \value311859
+Node: \setcounter312912
+Node: \addtocounter313508
+Node: \refstepcounter313962
+Node: \stepcounter314631
+Node: \day & \month & \year315184
+Node: Lengths315995
+Node: Units of length320474
+Ref: units of length pt320677
+Ref: units of length pc320777
+Ref: units of length in320800
+Ref: units of length bp320826
+Ref: units of length cm320957
+Ref: units of length mm320979
+Ref: units of length dd321001
+Ref: units of length cc321033
+Ref: units of length sp321058
+Ref: Lengths/em321089
+Ref: Lengths/en321089
+Ref: Lengths/ex321089
+Ref: units of length em321089
+Ref: units of length en321089
+Ref: units of length ex321089
+Node: \setlength321945
+Node: \addtolength323030
+Node: \settodepth324105
+Node: \settoheight324983
+Node: \settowidth325876
+Node: Making paragraphs326744
+Node: \par328515
+Node: \indent & \noindent330462
+Node: \parindent & \parskip331996
+Node: Marginal notes333281
+Ref: marginal notes marginparpush334677
+Ref: marginal notes marginparsep334790
+Ref: marginal notes marginparwidth334922
+Node: Math formulas335271
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts339439
+Node: Math symbols341600
+Node: Arrows365356
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath366544
+Node: Blackboard bold368063
+Node: Calligraphic368865
+Node: Delimiters369396
+Node: \left & \right371584
+Node: \bigl & \bigr etc.375591
+Node: Dots378343
+Ref: ellipses cdots378774
+Ref: ellipses ddots378919
+Ref: ellipses ldots379000
+Ref: ellipses vdots379417
+Node: Greek letters380601
+Node: Math functions382280
+Node: Math accents383924
+Node: Over- and Underlining384823
+Node: Spacing in math mode386650
+Ref: spacing in math mode thickspace387582
+Ref: spacing in math mode medspace387674
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace387770
+Ref: spacing in math mode thinspace387770
+Ref: spacing in math mode negthinspace388251
+Ref: spacing in math mode quad388449
+Ref: spacing in math mode qquad388705
+Node: \smash388983
+Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom391200
+Node: Math miscellany393237
+Node: Colon character & \colon393743
+Node: \*394436
+Node: \frac395016
+Node: \sqrt395387
+Node: \stackrel395973
+Node: Modes396246
+Ref: modes paragraph mode396696
+Ref: modes lr mode396892
+Ref: modes math mode397498
+Ref: modes vertical mode397833
+Ref: modes internal vertical mode398004
+Ref: modes inner paragraph mode398477
+Ref: modes outer paragraph mode398477
+Node: \ensuremath398891
+Node: Page styles399596
+Node: \maketitle400359
+Node: \pagenumbering403376
+Node: \pagestyle405364
+Node: \thispagestyle408866
+Node: Spaces409820
+Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad411261
+Node: \hspace412175
+Node: \hfill414013
+Node: \hss415077
+Node: \spacefactor415771
+Node: \@419158
+Ref: \AT419258
+Node: \frenchspacing421198
+Node: \normalsfcodes422033
+Node: \(SPACE)422280
+Node: ~424070
+Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace426540
+Node: \/427483
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill428789
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip430145
+Ref: bigskip430963
+Ref: medskip431167
+Ref: smallskip431376
+Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak432037
+Node: \strut433023
+Node: \vspace436218
+Node: \vfill437781
+Node: \addvspace438709
+Node: Boxes440707
+Node: \mbox & \makebox441413
+Ref: mbox makebox depth442625
+Ref: mbox makebox height442625
+Ref: mbox makebox width442625
+Ref: mbox makebox totalheight442625
+Node: \fbox & \framebox444719
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxrule446032
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxsep446222
+Node: \parbox447311
+Node: \raisebox449617
+Ref: raisebox depth450580
+Ref: raisebox height450580
+Ref: raisebox width450580
+Ref: raisebox totalheight450580
+Node: \sbox & \savebox451294
+Node: lrbox454260
+Node: \usebox455082
+Node: Color455488
+Node: Color package options456287
+Node: Color models457933
+Ref: color models cmyk458730
+Ref: color models gray459093
+Ref: color models rgb459242
+Ref: color models RGB459579
+Ref: color models named459954
+Node: Commands for color460242
+Node: Define colors460657
+Node: Colored text461382
+Node: Colored boxes463779
+Node: Colored pages465168
+Node: Graphics465861
+Node: Graphics package options467988
+Node: Graphics package configuration470741
+Node: \graphicspath471543
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions474501
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule476268
+Node: Commands for graphics479449
+Node: \includegraphics479954
+Ref: includegraphics width485008
+Ref: includegraphics height485541
+Ref: includegraphics totalheight485947
+Ref: includegraphics keepaspectratio486211
+Ref: includegraphics viewport487897
+Ref: includegraphics trim488292
+Ref: includegraphics clip488748
+Ref: includegraphics page489008
+Ref: includegraphics pagebox489099
+Ref: includegraphics interpolate489964
+Ref: includegraphics quiet490169
+Ref: includegraphics draft490330
+Ref: includegraphics bb491135
+Ref: includegraphics bbllx491533
+Ref: includegraphics bblly491533
+Ref: includegraphics bburx491533
+Ref: includegraphics bbury491533
+Ref: includegraphics natwidth491675
+Ref: includegraphics natheight491675
+Ref: includegraphics hiresbb491861
+Ref: includegraphics type492623
+Ref: includegraphics ext492663
+Ref: includegraphics read492766
+Ref: includegraphics command492883
+Node: \rotatebox493129
+Node: \scalebox495983
+Node: \resizebox497039
+Node: Special insertions498231
+Node: Reserved characters499033
+Node: Upper and lower case500293
+Node: Symbols by font position502679
+Node: Text symbols503299
+Node: Accents507270
+Node: \accent509378
+Node: Additional Latin letters511145
+Ref: Non-English characters511316
+Node: \rule512335
+Node: \today513507
+Node: Splitting the input514443
+Node: \endinput516184
+Node: \include & \includeonly517487
+Node: \input521783
+Node: Front/back matter522998
+Node: Table of contents etc.523331
+Node: \addcontentsline527155
+Node: \addtocontents529997
+Node: \nofiles531588
+Node: Indexes532320
+Node: \index533948
+Node: makeindex539053
+Ref: makeindex preamble540721
+Ref: makeindex postamble540861
+Ref: makeindex group skip540946
+Ref: makeindex letheadflag541279
+Ref: makeindex lethead prefix541740
+Ref: makeindex lethead suffix541892
+Ref: makeindex item 0542040
+Ref: makeindex item 1542120
+Ref: makeindex item 2542195
+Ref: makeindex item 01542273
+Ref: makeindex item x1542378
+Ref: makeindex item 12542583
+Ref: makeindex item x2542691
+Ref: makeindex delim 0542851
+Ref: makeindex delim 1542981
+Ref: makeindex delim 2543111
+Ref: makeindex delim n543237
+Ref: makeindex delim r543372
+Ref: makeindex line max543480
+Ref: makeindex indent space543615
+Ref: makeindex indent length543710
+Ref: makeindex page precedence543895
+Node: \printindex544769
+Node: Glossaries545241
+Node: \newglossaryentry547208
+Node: \gls548675
+Node: Letters549469
+Node: \address553087
+Node: \cc553898
+Node: \closing554340
+Node: \encl554654
+Node: \location555068
+Node: \makelabels555332
+Node: \name557649
+Node: \opening557890
+Node: \ps558171
+Node: \signature558460
+Node: \telephone559688
+Node: Input/output560053
+Node: \openin & \openout560773
+Node: \read563516
+Node: \typein564703
+Node: \typeout565957
+Node: \write567007
+Node: \write and security571734
+Node: \message572678
+Node: \wlog574507
+Node: \write18575008
+Node: Command line578068
+Node: Command line options580136
+Ref: interaction modes580896
+Ref: output directory582295
+Node: Command line input583994
+Node: Recovering from errors585870
+Node: Document templates587216
+Node: beamer template587640
+Node: article template588282
+Node: book template588745
+Node: Larger book template589215
+Node: Index590755
+Ref: Command Index590841
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2020-08-07 11:56:07 UTC (rev 827)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2020-08-25 22:52:09 UTC (rev 828)
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
@c $Id$
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename latex2e.info
- at set UPDATED June 2020
+ at set UPDATED August 2020
@include common.texi
@settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED})
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@@ -665,9 +665,10 @@
@item slides
@anchor{document classes slides}
-For slide presentations---rarely used today. In its place the
- at code{beamer} package is perhaps the most prevalent (@pxref{beamer
-template}).
+For slide presentations---rarely used nowadays. The
+ at code{beamer} package is perhaps the most prevalent
+(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer}). @xref{beamer template}, for a
+small template for a beamer document.
@end table
@@ -1064,7 +1065,7 @@
If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
will produce a warning like @code{Unused global option(s): [badoption].}
-Change this behaviour with the starred version
+Change this behavior with the starred version
@code{\DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@}}. For example, many classes extend
an existing class, using a declaration such as
@code{\LoadClass@{article@}}, and for passing extra options to the
@@ -9096,13 +9097,16 @@
\renewcommand*@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargdefault}]@{@var{defn}@}
@end example
-Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
- at code{\DeclareRobustCommand} in @ref{Class and package commands}.
+Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
+ at code{\DeclareRobustCommand} in @ref{Class and package commands}).
+
@cindex starred form, defining new commands
@cindex *-form, defining new commands
-The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain @TeX{} terms that it not be
- at code{\long}).
+ at findex \long
+The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain @TeX{} terms, the commands
+are not @code{\long}). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
These are the parameters:
@@ -16362,7 +16366,7 @@
@item extension
The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
- at code{*}, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+ at code{*}, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
@item type
The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
@@ -20103,7 +20107,7 @@
\input@{tmp.dat@}
@end example
-The standard behaviour of any @code{\write} is to wait until a page is
+The standard behavior of any @code{\write} is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
(@pxref{\write}). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
@code{\immediate\write18@{@var{shell_command}@}}.
@@ -20460,7 +20464,6 @@
* article template::
* book template::
* Larger book template::
-* tugboat template::
@end menu
@@ -20469,6 +20472,7 @@
@cindex @code{beamer} template and class
@cindex template, @code{beamer}
+ at PkgIndex beamer
The @code{beamer} class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -20478,7 +20482,7 @@
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
+\date{July 31, 2020}
\begin{document}
@@ -20497,15 +20501,16 @@
\end{document}
@end verbatim
-One web resource for this:
- at url{http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/}.
+The Beamer package on CTAN: @url{https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer}.
@node article template
@section @code{article} template
- at cindex template, @code{article}
+ at cindex template (simple), @code{article}
+A simple template for an article.
+
@verbatim
\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
@@ -20522,6 +20527,7 @@
\section{Second section}
Some more text.
+
\end{document}
@end verbatim
@@ -20531,8 +20537,8 @@
@cindex template, @code{book}
-This is a straightforward template for a book. See @xref{Larger book
-template} for a more elaborate one.
+This is a straightforward template for a book. See the next section
+for a more elaborate one.
@verbatim
\documentclass{book}
@@ -20550,6 +20556,7 @@
\section{A subtopic}
The end.
+
\end{document}
@end verbatim
@@ -20559,19 +20566,22 @@
@cindex template, @code{book}
-This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
- at code{\frontmatter}, @code{\mainmatter}, and @code{\backmatter} to
-control the typography of the three main areas of a book
-(@pxref{\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter}). The book has a
-bibliography and an index.
+This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See the previous
+section for a simpler one.
-Notable is that it uses @code{\include} and @code{\includeonly}
+This template uses @code{\frontmatter}, @code{\mainmatter}, and
+ at code{\backmatter} to control the typography of the three main areas
+of a book (@pxref{\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter}). The
+book has a bibliography and an index.
+
+Also notable is that it uses @code{\include} and @code{\includeonly}
(@pxref{Splitting the input}). While you are working on a chapter you
can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
- at code{\includeonly}. That will speed up compilation without losing any
-information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
-come on a new page is brought in with @code{\input} instead of
- at code{\include}. You don't get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+ at code{\includeonly}. That will speed up compilation without losing
+any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
+need to come on a new page is brought in with @code{\input} instead of
+ at code{\include}. You don't get the cross-reference benefit with
+ at code{\input}.)
@verbatim
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
@@ -20586,6 +20596,7 @@
chap1,
...
}
+
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
@@ -20593,116 +20604,26 @@
\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
+
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
...
\appendix
\include{appena}
...
+
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\bibliography
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
\printindex
+
\include{backcover}
\end{document}
@end verbatim
- at node tugboat template
- at section @code{tugboat} template
-
- at cindex template, @cite{TUGboat}
- at cindex @cite{TUGboat} template
- at cindex @code{ltugboat} class
-
- at cite{TUGboat} is the journal of the @TeX{} Users Group,
- at url{https://tug.org/TUGboat}.
-
- at verbatim
-\documentclass{ltugboat}
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-%%% Start of metadata %%%
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ article}
-
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-%%% End of metadata %%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for \TUB{}.
-Please write an abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
-output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
-% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
-\begin{verbatim}[\small]
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\mf \MFB
-\plain \POBox \PS
-\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
-\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
-
-\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -> \fred
-\meta{fred} -> <fred>
-\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
-\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
-
-This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
-\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
-\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
-\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
-\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
-
-Email \verb|tugboat at tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature
-\end{document}
- at end verbatim
-
-
@node Index
@unnumbered Index
More information about the latexrefman-commits
mailing list.