[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r955 - trunk
Jim Hefferon
INVALID.NOREPLY at gnu.org.ua
Wed Aug 11 16:29:14 CEST 2021
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2021-08-11 14:29:13 +0000 (Wed, 11 Aug 2021)
New Revision: 955
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
add to header text in Indexes node
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2021-08-11 13:16:49 UTC (rev 954)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2021-08-11 14:29:13 UTC (rev 955)
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+2021-08-11 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+ * latex2e.texi (Indexes): Expand section header text.
+
2021-08-11 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1 at users.sourceforge.net>
* latex2e.texi (\newlength): ``command sequence'' -> ``control sequene''.
@@ -23,6 +26,9 @@
(\(SPACE)): Indicate leading blanks are ignored.
2021-08-09 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+ * latex2e.texi (Indexes): Expand section header text.
+
+2021-08-09 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
* latex2e.texi (Font sizes): Add paragraph on using font size
commands in formulas.
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2021-08-11 13:16:49 UTC (rev 954)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2021-08-11 14:29:13 UTC (rev 955)
@@ -356,7 +356,10 @@
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol_002e" href="#Control-sequences">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol.</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
@@ -10856,10 +10859,11 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
-sequence, as in ‘<samp>\cmd </samp>’. If you actually want a space there, one
-solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (‘<samp>\cmd{} </samp>’, and
-another solution is to use an explicit control space (‘<samp>\cmd\ </samp>’).
+<p>TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word
+(see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), as in ‘<samp>\cmd </samp>’. If you actually want a
+space there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command
+(‘<samp>\cmd{} </samp>’, and another solution is to use an explicit control
+space (‘<samp>\cmd\ </samp>’).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being
@@ -10925,8 +10929,51 @@
is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Control-sequences" accesskey="1">Control sequences</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
<hr>
+<span id="Control-sequences"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol_002e"></span><h4 class="subsection">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol.</h4>
+
+<p>When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into
+a sequence of <em>tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it
+will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
+<em>control sequence</em> token.
+</p>
+<p>The control sequences fall into two catagories:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> <em>control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
+blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
+<em>control sequence name</em>.
+</li><li> <em>control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
+whitespace in the ouput (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a> and
+<a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following will print
+‘<samp>Hello!</samp>’:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
+ <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo!
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline are
+ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
+(see <a href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
@@ -11203,15 +11250,16 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{<var>arg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>len</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument
-<var>arg</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The new register holds
-rubber lengths such as <code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code>
-(a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code>
-register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
-<code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not be already defined.
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as
+<code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length
+register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code> register). The
+initial value is zero. The control sequence <code>\<var>len</var></code> must not
+be already defined.
</p>
<p>An example:
</p>
@@ -11220,7 +11268,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>If you forget the backslash then you get ‘<samp>Missing control sequence
-inserted</samp>’. If the command sequence already exists then you get
+inserted</samp>’. If the control sequence already exists then you get
something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’.
</p>
@@ -11873,6 +11921,23 @@
<p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</p>
+<span id="index-part-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-section-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subsubsection-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-page-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-table-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-footnote-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></span>
+<span id="index-enumi-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumii-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumiii-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumiv-counter"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
@@ -12478,13 +12543,14 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name <var>len</var>
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> can be a
-rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> can be a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
<p>Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
@@ -12496,8 +12562,8 @@
He said stop going to those places.
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not declare <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
-you mistype the above as
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
\sepcindent</samp>’. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
@@ -12518,13 +12584,14 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\addtolength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Increment the length <var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
-<var>len</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> is a
-rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Increment the length \<var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
</p>
@@ -12537,15 +12604,18 @@
<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
</p>
-<p>If you did not declare the length <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if
-for example you mistype the above as
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
+<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
+then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\sepcindent</samp>’. If the <var>amount</var> uses some length that has not been
+declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as
<code>\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get
something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent</samp>’.
-If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
+If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
‘<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>’.
</p>
-
<hr>
<span id="g_t_005csettodepth"></span><div class="header">
<p>
@@ -12558,14 +12628,15 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settodepth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This will show how low the character descenders go.
+<p>This will print how low the character descenders go.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
@@ -12573,10 +12644,10 @@
\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not set aside the length <var>len</var>, if for example you
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if for example you
mistype the above as <code>\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>,
then you get something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
@@ -12593,14 +12664,15 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settoheight{<var>len</var>}{text}
+<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
</pre></div>
-<p>Sets the length <var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Sets the length \<var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This will show how high the characters go.
+<p>This will print how high the characters go.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetheight}
@@ -12608,11 +12680,11 @@
\the\alphabetheight
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
for example you mistype as
<code>\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight</samp>’. If
-you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
@@ -12629,14 +12701,15 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settowidth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
+<p>This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
@@ -12644,10 +12717,11 @@
\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been set aside, if for example you
-mistype the above as <code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>,
-then you get something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>,
+if for example you mistype the above as
+<code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
+like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’.
</p>
@@ -12825,8 +12899,8 @@
<span id="index-paragraphs"></span>
<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
-paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
-two empty lines.
+paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
+separatation of which is made by two empty lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
@@ -12841,15 +12915,35 @@
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
</pre></div>
-<p>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
-character, <code>%</code>.
+<p>The paragraph separator can be made of any sequence of at least one
+blank line, amongst which at least one is not terminated by a comment. A
+blank line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such
+as space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and
+span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are
+identical:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+\begin{document}
+First paragraph.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\newpage
+First paragraph.
+
+ % separator lines may contain blank characters.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+
<p>Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>).
</p>
<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
-blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before the
+blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the
<code>\end{equation}</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -12860,7 +12954,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>will get you the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank
-line in this <code>section</code> argument
+line in this <code>\section</code> argument
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{aaa
@@ -12894,8 +12988,8 @@
<span id="index-_005cpar"></span>
<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span>
-<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
-consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
+<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence
+of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\par
@@ -12913,17 +13007,18 @@
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
</pre></div>
-<p>In LR mode or a vertical mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing but
-it terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>In LR mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In
+pragraph mode, the <code>\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode,
+switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
-use it in the argument of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code>
-command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>).
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectionning
+commands, e.g. <code>\section</code> (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and
+<a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code>
command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
-sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents
+sectioning command used by the LaTeX document standard classes
(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line
@@ -16645,9 +16740,11 @@
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span>
-<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
-text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
-pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
+<em>Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em>horizontal
+mode</em>) is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks
+the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that
+in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode LaTeX is
+in most of the time.
<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span>
<span id="index-LR-mode"></span>
@@ -16672,13 +16769,15 @@
differs in the two situations.)
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
-other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
-when it starts a document.
+<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is
+building the list of lines and other material making the output page,
+which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is
+in when it starts a document.
<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span>
<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
-<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
</li></ul>
@@ -17614,11 +17713,23 @@
an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>Prof.\ Smith</code>
or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
-<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
+<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">TAB</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
</p>
+<span id="Leading-blanks"></span><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
+normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
+following prints ‘<samp>one word</samp>’:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">one
+ word
+</pre></div>
+<p>where the white space between ‘<samp>one</samp>’ and ‘<samp>word</samp>’ is produced by
+the newline after ‘<samp>one</samp>’, not by the space before ‘<samp>word</samp>’.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<span id="g_t_007e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
@@ -22399,35 +22510,53 @@
<span id="index-_005cindex"></span>
<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span>
-<p>This document has an index.
+<p>If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it
+can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
+automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex
+\usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands
+ \makeindex
+% \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin{document}
...
-Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index{Wilson's Theorem}
-a number \( n>1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
-is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+Wilson's Theorem\index{Wilson's Theorem}
+says that a number $n>1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
+of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
+modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}
...
\printindex
- ...
+\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> and <code>\makeindex</code> in the preamble
-bring in the relevant commands.
-</p>
-<p>Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
-body you declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
+<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its
-information to an auxiliary file <samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp>. Next, to
-alphabetize and to do other manipulations you run an external command,
-typically <code>makeindex</code> or <code>xindy</code> (see <a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a>).
-These output a file <samp><var>root-name</var>.ind</samp>. Finally, you bring the
-information back into your document and typeset it with the
-<code>\printindex</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
+information, such as ‘<samp>Wilson's Theorem</samp>’ and the page number, to an
+auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp>.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and
+do other manipulations, run an external command, typically
+<code>makeindex</code> (see <a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a>), which writes a file whose name
+ends in <samp>.ind</samp>. Finally, <code>\printindex</code> brings this
+manipulated information into the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
</p>
+<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp>numth.tex</samp> then running
+‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will save index entry and page number information
+to <samp>numth.idx</samp>. Then running ‘<samp>makeindex numth</samp>’ will
+alphabetize and save the results to <samp>numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again
+running ‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will show the desired index, at the place
+where the <code>\printindex</code> command is in the source file.
+</p>
+<p>There are many options for the output. An example is that the
+exclamation point in <code>\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code>
+produces a main entry of ‘<samp>congruence</samp>’ with a subentry of ‘<samp>and
+Wilson's Theorem</samp>’. For more, see <a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\makeindex</code> and <code>\printindex</code> commands are independent.
+Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the
+index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code>
+will cause LaTeX to not show the index in the document output.
+</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span>
<span id="index-showidx-package"></span>
@@ -22486,6 +22615,7 @@
rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></span>
<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘<samp>Ackermann,
22</samp>’. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second.
@@ -26181,6 +26311,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
@@ -26372,8 +26503,12 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
@@ -26415,6 +26550,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
@@ -26451,6 +26587,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
@@ -26491,6 +26628,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code>fontspec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
@@ -26598,6 +26736,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
@@ -26795,6 +26934,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
@@ -27003,6 +27143,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
@@ -27013,6 +27154,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -27029,6 +27171,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
@@ -27144,6 +27287,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -27225,11 +27369,14 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code>suffix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
@@ -27245,6 +27392,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2021-08-11 13:16:49 UTC (rev 954)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2021-08-11 14:29:13 UTC (rev 955)
@@ -7516,10 +7516,10 @@
default value if there is an optional argument and you don't
exercise the option).
- TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
-sequence, as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space there, one
-solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} ', and another
-solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ ').
+ TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word (*note
+Control sequences::), as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space
+there, one solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} ', and
+another solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ ').
A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\RS}{Robin
Smith}' results in '\RS' being replaced by the longer text. Redefining
@@ -7574,7 +7574,46 @@
put another pair of braces inside the definition:
'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'.
+* Menu:
+
+* Control sequences:: Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Control sequences, Up: \newcommand & \renewcommand
+
+12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into a
+sequence of "tokens". When TeX sees a backslash '\', it will handle the
+following characters in a special way in order to make a "control
+sequence" token.
+
+ The control sequences fall into two catagories:
+
+ * "control word", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\'
+ followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
+ blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
+ "control sequence name".
+ * "control symbol", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\'
+ followed by one non-letter character.
+
+ Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
+whitespace in the ouput (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note
+\(SPACE)::).
+
+ Just as the '\relax' command does nothing, the following will print
+'Hello!'--if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the whitespace-mode
+minor mode to see the trailing spaces:
+
+ Hel\relax
+ lo!
+
+This is because blanks after '\relax', including the newline are
+ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (*note
+Leading blanks::).
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: \providecommand, Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions
12.2 '\providecommand'
@@ -7781,20 +7820,22 @@
Synopsis:
- \newlength{ARG}
+ \newlength{\LEN}
Allocate a new length register (*note Lengths::). The required
-argument ARG must begin with a backslash, '\'. The new register holds
-rubber lengths such as '72.27pt' or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX
-length register is what plain TeX calls a 'skip' register). The initial
-value is zero. The control sequence '\ARG' must not be already defined.
+argument '\LEN' has to be a control sequence (*note Control
+sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, '\' under normal
+circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as '72.27pt'
+or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX
+calls a 'skip' register). The initial value is zero. The control
+sequence '\LEN' must not be already defined.
An example:
\newlength{\graphichgt}
If you forget the backslash then you get 'Missing control sequence
-inserted'. If the command sequence already exists then you get
+inserted'. If the control sequence already exists then you get
something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or
name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'.
@@ -8738,12 +8779,14 @@
Synopsis:
- \setlength{LEN}{AMOUNT}
+ \setlength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
- Set the length LEN to AMOUNT. The length name LEN must begin with a
-backslash, '\'. The 'amount' can be a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
-It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX
-understands (*note Units of length::).
+ Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
+with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a
+rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
+and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
+length::).
Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
@@ -8753,8 +8796,8 @@
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
He said stop going to those places.
- If you did not declare LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
-mistype the above as
+ If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
+mistype it as in
'\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you
get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'.
If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name then you get
@@ -8769,12 +8812,14 @@
Synopsis:
- \addtolength{LEN}{AMOUNT}
+ \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
- Increment the length LEN by AMOUNT. The length name LEN begins with
-a backslash, '\'. The 'amount' is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
-It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX
-understands (*note Units of length::).
+ Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to
+be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must
+begin with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a
+rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero,
+and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of
+length::).
Below, if '\parskip' starts with the value '0pt plus 1pt'
@@ -8785,11 +8830,15 @@
then it has the value '1pt plus 1pt' for the second paragraph.
- If you did not declare the length LEN with '\newlength', if for
-example you mistype the above as
+ If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
+mistype it as in
+'\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you
+get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'.
+If the AMOUNT uses some length that has not been declared, for instance
+if for example you mistype the above as
'\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}', then you get something
like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent'. If you leave
-off the backslash at the start of LEN, as in
+off the backslash at the start of \LEN, as in
'\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}', then you get something like 'You can't
use `the letter p' after \advance'.
@@ -8801,22 +8850,23 @@
Synopsis:
- \settodepth{LEN}{TEXT}
+ \settodepth{\LEN}{TEXT}
- Set the length LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
-the TEXT argument. The length name LEN must begin with a backslash,
-'\'.
+ Set the length \LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
+with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
- This will show how low the character descenders go.
+ This will print how low the character descenders go.
\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetdepth
- If you did not set aside the length LEN, if for example you mistype
-the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get
+ If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', if for example you
+mistype the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get
something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth'.
-If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
'\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
@@ -8828,22 +8878,23 @@
Synopsis:
- \settoheight{LEN}{text}
+ \settoheight{\LEN}{text}
- Sets the length LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name LEN must begin with a
-backslash, '\'.
+ Sets the length \LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
+with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
- This will show how high the characters go.
+ This will print how high the characters go.
\newlength{\alphabetheight}
\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetheight
- If no such length LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
+ If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
example you mistype as '\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}', then you
get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument>
-\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
'\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
@@ -8855,22 +8906,23 @@
Synopsis:
- \settowidth{LEN}{TEXT}
+ \settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}
- Set the length LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name LEN must begin with a
-backslash, '\'.
+ Set the length \LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a
+control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin
+with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances.
- This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
+ This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetwidth
- If no such length LEN has been set aside, if for example you mistype
-the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}', then you get
-something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth'.
-If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+ If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
+example you mistype the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}',
+then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\aplhabetwidth'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in
'\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
@@ -9018,8 +9070,8 @@
********************
To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
-paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
-two empty lines.
+paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
+separatation of which is made by two empty lines.
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
@@ -9032,15 +9084,32 @@
``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
- The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
-character, '%'.
+ The paragraph separator can be made of any sequence of at least one
+blank line, amongst which at least one is not terminated by a comment.
+A blank line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters
+such as space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a '%'
+and span up to the end of line. In the following example the two
+columns are identical:
+ \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+ \begin{document}
+ First paragraph.
+
+ Second paragraph.
+ \newpage
+ First paragraph.
+
+ % separator lines may contain blank characters.
+
+ Second paragraph.
+ \end{document}
+
Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(*note Line breaking::).
There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
-blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the line before the
+blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the
'\end{equation}'
\begin{equation}
@@ -9049,7 +9118,7 @@
\end{equation}
will get you the error 'Missing $ inserted'. Similarly, the blank line
-in this 'section' argument
+in this '\section' argument
\section{aaa
@@ -9071,8 +9140,8 @@
15.1 '\par'
===========
-Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two consecutive
-newlines to a '\par'):
+Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence of
+one or more blank lines to a '\par', *note Making paragraphs::):
\par
@@ -9086,18 +9155,19 @@
\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
- In LR mode or a vertical mode the '\par' command does nothing but it
-terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode (*note
-Modes::).
+ In LR mode the '\par' command does nothing and is ignored. In
+pragraph mode, the '\par' command terminates paragraph mode, switching
+LaTeX to vertical mode (*note Modes::).
You cannot use the '\par' command in a math mode. You also cannot
-use it in the argument of many commands, such as the '\section' command
-(*note Making paragraphs:: and *note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectionning
+commands, e.g. '\section' (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note
+\newcommand & \renewcommand::).
The '\par' command is not the same as the '\paragraph' command. The
-latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning unit used by
-the standard LaTeX documents (*note \subsubsection & \paragraph &
-\subparagraph::).
+latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning command used
+by the LaTeX document standard classes (*note \subsubsection &
+\paragraph & \subparagraph::).
The '\par' command is not the same as '\newline' or the line break
double backslash, '\\'. The difference is that '\par' ends the
@@ -11404,9 +11474,11 @@
in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
- * "Paragraph mode" is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text.
- It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
- pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
+ * "Paragraph mode" (in plain TeX this is called "horizontal mode") is
+ what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the
+ input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so
+ that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode
+ LaTeX is in most of the time.
"LR mode" (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
"restricted horizontal mode") is in effect when LaTeX starts making
@@ -11427,11 +11499,13 @@
'\int' differs in the two situations.)
* "Vertical mode" is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
- other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is
- in when it starts a document.
+ other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of
+ page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is in when it starts a
+ document.
"Internal vertical mode" is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
- '\vbox'. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+ '\vbox'. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+ vertical analogue of LR mode.
For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with 'Let \( x \) be ...'
then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in vertical
@@ -12124,9 +12198,19 @@
of ending a sentence, as in 'Prof.\ Smith' or 'Jones et al.\ (1993)'
(*note \@::).
- Under normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent
+ Under normal circumstances, '\'<TAB> and '\'<NEWLINE> are equivalent
to backslash-space, '\ '.
+ Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation,
+under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So
+the following prints 'one word':
+
+ one
+ word
+
+where the white space between 'one' and 'word' is produced by the
+newline after 'one', not by the space before 'word'.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: ~, Next: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Prev: \(SPACE), Up: Spaces
@@ -15486,32 +15570,51 @@
25.2 Indexes
============
-This document has an index.
+If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it can
+produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers automatically
+maintained. This illustrates the basics.
\documentclass{article}
- \usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex
+ \usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands
+ \makeindex
+ % \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin{document}
...
- Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index{Wilson's Theorem}
- a number \( n>1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
- is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+ Wilson's Theorem\index{Wilson's Theorem}
+ says that a number $n>1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
+ of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
+ modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}
...
\printindex
- ...
+ \end{document}
-The '\usepackage{makeidx}' and '\makeindex' in the preamble bring in the
-relevant commands.
+As that shows, declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note
+\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information,
+such as 'Wilson's Theorem' and the page number, to an auxiliary file
+whose name ends in '.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and do other
+manipulations, run an external command, typically 'makeindex' (*note
+makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in '.ind'. Finally,
+'\printindex' brings this manipulated information into the output (*note
+\printindex::).
- Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
-body you declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note
-\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information to
-an auxiliary file 'ROOT-NAME.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and to do other
-manipulations you run an external command, typically 'makeindex' or
-'xindy' (*note makeindex::). These output a file 'ROOT-NAME.ind'.
-Finally, you bring the information back into your document and typeset
-it with the '\printindex' command (*note \printindex::).
+ Thus, if the above example is in the file 'numth.tex' then running
+'pdflatex numth' will save index entry and page number information to
+'numth.idx'. Then running 'makeindex numth' will alphabetize and save
+the results to 'numth.ind'. Finally, again running 'pdflatex numth'
+will show the desired index, at the place where the '\printindex'
+command is in the source file.
+ There are many options for the output. An example is that the
+exclamation point in '\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}' produces
+a main entry of 'congruence' with a subentry of 'and Wilson's Theorem'.
+For more, *note makeindex::.
+
+ The '\makeindex' and '\printindex' commands are independent. Leaving
+out the '\makeindex' will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to
+the auxiliary file. Leaving out the '\printindex' will cause LaTeX to
+not show the index in the document output.
+
There are many packages in the area of indexing. The 'showidx'
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page
where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. The
@@ -18756,6 +18859,7 @@
(line 6)
* chapter: Sectioning. (line 6)
* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 6)
+* chapter counter: Counters. (line 16)
* character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
(line 19)
* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 15)
@@ -18913,7 +19017,7 @@
* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 65)
* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 6)
* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6)
-* display math mode: Modes. (line 29)
+* display math mode: Modes. (line 31)
* display style: Math styles. (line 18)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
@@ -18980,8 +19084,12 @@
* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6)
+* enumi counter: Counters. (line 16)
+* enumii counter: Counters. (line 16)
+* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 16)
* enumitem package: itemize. (line 66)
* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 254)
+* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 16)
* environment: Starting and ending. (line 25)
* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 47)
* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 6)
@@ -19024,6 +19132,7 @@
* envlab package: \makelabels. (line 55)
* EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* equation counter: Counters. (line 16)
* equation environment: equation. (line 6)
* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
@@ -19070,6 +19179,7 @@
* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 146)
* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 42)
* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 167)
+* figure counter: Counters. (line 16)
* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 139)
* figure environment: figure. (line 6)
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
@@ -19121,6 +19231,7 @@
* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
+* footnote counter: Counters. (line 16)
* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 34)
* footnote, in a table: Footnotes in a table.
@@ -19241,10 +19352,11 @@
* indentfirst package <5>: \indent & \noindent. (line 48)
* indent_length: makeindex. (line 138)
* indent_space: makeindex. (line 134)
+* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 24)
* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 56)
* index entry: \index. (line 6)
* index package: \index. (line 101)
-* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 32)
+* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 51)
* index, page range: \index. (line 40)
* index, printing: \printindex. (line 6)
* index, processing: makeindex. (line 6)
@@ -19253,7 +19365,7 @@
* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6)
* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6)
* inline formulas: math. (line 6)
-* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 47)
+* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 51)
* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
* input, on command line: Command line input. (line 6)
* input/output: Input/output. (line 6)
@@ -19265,7 +19377,7 @@
(line 6)
* interline space: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch.
(line 6)
-* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 38)
+* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 41)
* invisible character: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
(line 6)
* invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6)
@@ -19327,7 +19439,7 @@
(line 63)
* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
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+Ref: makeindex line max583529
+Ref: makeindex indent space583664
+Ref: makeindex indent length583759
+Ref: makeindex page precedence583944
+Node: \printindex584979
+Node: Glossaries585452
+Node: \newglossaryentry587419
+Node: \gls588886
+Node: Letters589680
+Node: \address593298
+Node: \cc594109
+Node: \closing594551
+Node: \encl594865
+Node: \location595279
+Node: \makelabels595543
+Node: \name597860
+Node: \opening598101
+Node: \ps598382
+Node: \signature598671
+Node: \telephone599899
+Node: Input/output600264
+Node: \openin & \openout600994
+Node: \read603737
+Node: \typein604924
+Node: \typeout606184
+Node: \write607234
+Node: \write and security611961
+Node: \message612905
+Node: \wlog614734
+Node: \write18615235
+Node: Command line interface618726
+Ref: Command line618890
+Node: Command line options621043
+Ref: interaction modes622046
+Ref: output directory623000
+Node: Command line input624699
+Node: Jobname626730
+Node: Recovering from errors629872
+Node: Document templates631300
+Node: beamer template631734
+Node: article template632376
+Node: book template632839
+Node: Larger book template633318
+Node: Index634860
+Ref: Command Index634946
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2021-08-11 13:16:49 UTC (rev 954)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2021-08-11 14:29:13 UTC (rev 955)
@@ -19641,36 +19641,54 @@
@findex \index
@cindex @file{.idx} file
-This document has an index.
+If you tell @LaTeX{} what terms you want to appear in an index then it
+can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
+automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics.
@example
\documentclass@{article@}
-\usepackage@{makeidx@} \makeindex
+\usepackage@{makeidx@} % Provide indexing commands
+ \makeindex
+% \usepackage@{showidx@} % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin@{document@}
...
-Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index@{Wilson's Theorem@}
-a number \( n>1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
-is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+Wilson's Theorem\index@{Wilson's Theorem@}
+says that a number $n>1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
+of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
+modulo~$n$.\index@{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem@}
...
\printindex
- ...
+\end@{document@}
@end example
@noindent
-The @code{\usepackage@{makeidx@}} and @code{\makeindex} in the preamble
-bring in the relevant commands.
-
-Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
-body you declare index entries with the @code{\index} command
+As that shows, declare index entries with the @code{\index} command
(@pxref{\index}). When you run @LaTeX{}, the @code{\index} writes its
-information to an auxiliary file @file{@var{root-name}.idx}. Next, to
-alphabetize and to do other manipulations you run an external command,
-typically @command{makeindex} or @command{xindy} (@pxref{makeindex}).
-These output a file @file{@var{root-name}.ind}. Finally, you bring the
-information back into your document and typeset it with the
- at code{\printindex} command (@pxref{\printindex}).
+information, such as @samp{Wilson's Theorem} and the page number, to an
+auxiliary file whose name ends in @file{.idx}. Next, to alphabetize and
+do other manipulations, run an external command, typically
+ at command{makeindex} (@pxref{makeindex}), which writes a file whose name
+ends in @file{.ind}. Finally, @code{\printindex} brings this
+manipulated information into the output (@pxref{\printindex}).
+Thus, if the above example is in the file @file{numth.tex} then running
+ at samp{pdflatex numth} will save index entry and page number information
+to @file{numth.idx}. Then running @samp{makeindex numth} will
+alphabetize and save the results to @file{numth.ind}. Finally, again
+running @samp{pdflatex numth} will show the desired index, at the place
+where the @code{\printindex} command is in the source file.
+
+There are many options for the output. An example is that the
+exclamation point in @code{\index@{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem@}}
+produces a main entry of @samp{congruence} with a subentry of @samp{and
+Wilson's Theorem}. For more, @pxref{makeindex}.
+
+The @code{\makeindex} and @code{\printindex} commands are independent.
+Leaving out the @code{\makeindex} will stop @LaTeX{} from saving the
+index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the @code{\printindex}
+will cause @LaTeX{} to not show the index in the document output.
+
@PkgIndex{showidx}
@PkgIndex{multind}
@cindex index, multiple
@@ -19718,6 +19736,7 @@
rate of growth\index@{Ackermann!function!growth rate@}
@end example
+ at cindex index entries, subentries
@noindent
All three index entries will get a page number, such as @samp{Ackermann,
22}. @LaTeX{} will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
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