[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r750 - trunk
karl at gnu.org.ua
karl at gnu.org.ua
Tue Jun 4 19:40:53 CEST 2019
Author: karl
Date: 2019-06-04 20:40:53 +0300 (Tue, 04 Jun 2019)
New Revision: 750
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
cm conversion error, overfull boxes
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2019-05-30 21:25:01 UTC (rev 749)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2019-06-04 17:40:53 UTC (rev 750)
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+2019-06-04 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Units of length): failed to divide for cm.
+ Report from Felipe Maia, 29 May 2019 19:51:54.
+
+ (Math symbols) <\vert, \Vert>: refer to Delimiters
+ instead of repeating text.
+ Also fix a couple overfull lines.
+
2019-05-30 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
* latex2e.texi (\indexspace): a command inserting glue,
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2019-05-30 21:25:01 UTC (rev 749)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2019-06-04 17:40:53 UTC (rev 750)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of November 2018.
+document preparation system, version of June 2019.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.6, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (June 2019)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (June 2019)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (June 2019)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -63,23 +63,14 @@
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
-blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
-blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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-div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
-div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd {font-style: oblique}
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
@@ -108,7 +99,7 @@
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (June 2019)</h1>
@@ -117,550 +108,545 @@
-<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
+<span id="SEC_Overview"></span>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><a name="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1">Index</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <samp>fontenc</samp> package</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <samp>fontenc</samp> package</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextAccent</code> & <code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextAccent</code> & <code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.2 Font styles</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.3 Font sizes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.4 Low-level font commands</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.2 Font styles</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.3 Font sizes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.4 Low-level font commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.6 Floats</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.6 Floats</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Arrows-1" href="#Arrows">16.2.1 Arrows</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.4 Calligraphic</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Delimiters-1" href="#Delimiters">16.2.5 Delimiters</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Arrows-1" href="#Arrows">16.2.1 Arrows</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.4 Calligraphic</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Delimiters-1" href="#Delimiters">16.2.5 Delimiters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Greek-letters-1" href="#Greek-letters">16.2.7 Greek letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Greek-letters-1" href="#Greek-letters">16.2.7 Greek letters</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#Input_002foutput">27 Input/output</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#Input_002foutput">27 Input/output</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code>\read</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code>\read</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.3 Recovering from errors</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.3 Recovering from errors</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-<a name="Top"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></a>
-<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
+<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-November 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+June 2019) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate & itemize.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate & itemize.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color">Color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color">Color</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">System-independent command-line behavior.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">System-independent command-line behavior.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index">Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index">Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
-
<hr>
-<a name="About-this-document"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="About-this-document"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
+<span id="About-this-document-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
-<a name="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
+<span id="index-home-page-for-manual"></span>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).
@@ -675,21 +661,21 @@
<a href="http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co">http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co</a>,
has all the information on single page.
</p>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></span>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was
frozen decades ago.
</p>
-<a name="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
-<a name="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a>
+<span id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></span>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></span>
+<span id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></span>
<p>LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by
the LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers.
-<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
-<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
+<span id="index-bug-reporting"></span>
+<span id="index-reporting-bugs"></span>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman at tug.org">latexrefman at tug.org</a>.
</p>
@@ -699,24 +685,24 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></span>
<p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></span>
<p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></span>
<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-lshort-document"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-lshort-document"></span>
<p>A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -729,26 +715,24 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Overview"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Overview"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
+<span id="Overview-of-LaTeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
-<a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a>
+<span id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span>
+<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-overview"></span>
<p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally
created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). It is widely used, particularly for
complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.
</p>
-<a name="index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as"></a>
+<span id="index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as"></span>
<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with
interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands
@@ -761,41 +745,39 @@
the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
</p>
-<a name="index-Lamport-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-pronunciation"></a>
+<span id="index-Lamport-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-pronunciation"></span>
<p>The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced
LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document,
produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp>LaTeX</samp>’.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Starting-and-ending"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Starting-and-ending"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Starting-and-ending-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
+<span id="Starting-and-ending-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
-<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a name="index-starting-and-ending"></a>
-<a name="index-ending-and-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
+<span id="Starting-_0026-ending"></span><span id="index-starting-and-ending"></span>
+<span id="index-ending-and-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-hello_002c-world"></span>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
and ending. This is a small example.
@@ -810,19 +792,19 @@
<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an
<code>\end{document}</code> line.
</p>
-<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></span>
<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented
in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
+<span id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></span>
<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an
-<a name="index-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment"></span>
<em>environment</em>; the ‘<samp>document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is
required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX make
available to you many environments that are documented here
@@ -834,26 +816,24 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Output-files"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Output-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Output-files-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
+<span id="Output-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files.
The main output file’s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.dvi</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002edvi-file"></a>
-<a name="index-latex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-xdvi-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvips-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvitype-command"></a>
-<a name="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
+<dd><span id="index-_002edvi-file"></span>
+<span id="index-latex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-xdvi-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvips-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvitype-command"></span>
+<span id="output-files-dvi"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You
can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert
it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
@@ -864,10 +844,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a>
-<a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
-<a name="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
+<dd><span id="index-_002epdf-file"></span>
+<span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-pdflatex-command"></span>
+<span id="output-files-pdf"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
@@ -879,21 +859,21 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.log</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-transcript-file"></a>
-<a name="index-log-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elog-file"></a>
-<a name="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+<dd><span id="index-transcript-file"></span>
+<span id="index-log-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elog-file"></span>
+<span id="output-files-log"></span><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.aux</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
-<a name="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
-<a name="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
-<a name="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
+<dd><span id="index-auxiliary-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></span>
+<span id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></span>
+<span id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></span>
+<span id="output-files-aux"></span><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled
@@ -907,13 +887,13 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_002elof-file"></a>
-<a name="index-list-of-figures-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elot-file"></a>
-<a name="index-list-of-tables-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents-file"></a>
-<a name="index-contents-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_002elof-file"></span>
+<span id="index-list-of-figures-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elot-file"></span>
+<span id="index-list-of-tables-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents-file"></span>
+<span id="index-contents-file"></span>
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
@@ -922,20 +902,18 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="TeX-engines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="TeX-engines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TeX-engines-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
+<span id="TeX-engines-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
-<a name="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-UTF_002d8"></a>
-<a name="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a>
-<a name="index-TrueType-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-OpenType-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></span>
+<span id="index-TrueType-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-OpenType-fonts"></span>
<p>LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
implementation (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This section gives a terse
@@ -944,10 +922,10 @@
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>latex</code></dt>
<dt><code>pdflatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
-<a name="index-etex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-latex"></a><p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
+<dd><span id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></span>
+<span id="index-etex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-latex"></span><p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>,
then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp>
@@ -966,9 +944,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>lualatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-lualatex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
+<dd><span id="index-lualatex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-LuaTeX"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-lualatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting.
@@ -979,11 +957,11 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>xelatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-xelatex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
-<a name="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-xelatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
+<dd><span id="index-xelatex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-_002exdv-file"></span>
+<span id="index-xdvipdfmx"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-xelatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
XeTeX engine is run (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
@@ -1004,18 +982,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
+<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
-<a name="index-command-syntax"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a>
-<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a>
+<span id="index-command-syntax"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></span>
+<span id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></span>
<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
@@ -1054,13 +1030,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Environment"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Environment"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environment-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
+<span id="Environment-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -1103,15 +1077,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="CTAN"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="CTAN"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<span id="CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
-<a name="index-CTAN"></a>
+<span id="index-CTAN"></span>
<p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and
LaTeX community’s repository of free material. It is a set of
@@ -1127,8 +1099,8 @@
<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
as search by name or by functionality.
</p>
-<a name="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></a>
+<span id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></span>
+<span id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></span>
<p>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
@@ -1141,17 +1113,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-classes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-classes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-classes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
+<span id="Document-classes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
-<a name="index-document-classes"></a>
-<a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>
+<span id="index-document-classes"></span>
+<span id="index-classes-of-documents"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></span>
<p>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
@@ -1160,38 +1130,38 @@
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-article-class"></a>
-<a name="index-report-class"></a>
-<a name="index-book-class"></a>
-<a name="index-letter-class"></a>
-<a name="index-slides-class"></a>
+<span id="index-article-class"></span>
+<span id="index-report-class"></span>
+<span id="index-book-class"></span>
+<span id="index-letter-class"></span>
+<span id="index-slides-class"></span>
<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>article</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-article"></a><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
+<dd><span id="document-classes-article"></span><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>book</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-book"></a><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
+<dd><span id="document-classes-book"></span><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>letter</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-letter"></a><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
+<dd><span id="document-classes-letter"></span><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>report</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-report"></a><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
+<dd><span id="document-classes-report"></span><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the
+<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the
<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -1200,28 +1170,26 @@
<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-class-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
+<span id="Document-class-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
-<a name="index-document-class-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options"></a>
-<a name="index-global-options"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-document-class"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options"></span>
+<span id="index-global-options"></span>
<p>You can specify <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the
<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
@@ -1233,9 +1201,9 @@
<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
-<a name="index-10pt-option"></a>
-<a name="index-11pt-option"></a>
-<a name="index-12pt-option"></a>
+<span id="index-10pt-option"></span>
+<span id="index-11pt-option"></span>
+<span id="index-12pt-option"></span>
<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</p>
@@ -1243,12 +1211,12 @@
<pre class="example">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-a4paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-a5paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-b5paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-executivepaper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
+<span id="index-a4paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-a5paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-b5paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-executivepaper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-legalpaper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-letterpaper-option"></span>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</p>
@@ -1278,68 +1246,68 @@
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
-<a name="index-geometry-package"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-geometry"></span>
+<span id="index-geometry-package"></span>
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble.
-<a name="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a>
-<a name="index-geometry-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></span>
+<span id="index-geometry-package-1"></span>
</p>
<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</p>
-<a name="index-draft-option"></a>
-<a name="index-final-option"></a>
-<a name="index-fleqn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-landscape-option"></a>
-<a name="index-leqno-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openbib-option"></a>
-<a name="index-titlepage-option"></a>
-<a name="index-notitlepage-option"></a>
+<span id="index-draft-option"></span>
+<span id="index-final-option"></span>
+<span id="index-fleqn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-landscape-option"></span>
+<span id="index-leqno-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openbib-option"></span>
+<span id="index-titlepage-option"></span>
+<span id="index-notitlepage-option"></span>
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
<dt><code>final</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-flush-left-equations"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-equations"></a>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-flush-left-equations"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-equations"></span>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></span>
<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>landscape</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-landscape-orientation"></a>
-<a name="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-landscape-orientation"></span>
+<span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span>
<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>leqno</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></span>
<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>openbib</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></span>
<p>Use “open” bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt>
<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></span>
<p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
@@ -1349,12 +1317,12 @@
<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</p>
-<a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-oneside-option"></a>
-<a name="index-twoside-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openright-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openany-option"></a>
+<span id="index-onecolumn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-twocolumn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-oneside-option"></span>
+<span id="index-twoside-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openright-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openany-option"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt>
<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt>
@@ -1363,8 +1331,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>oneside</code></dt>
<dt><code>twoside</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cevensidemargin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span>
<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</p>
@@ -1383,24 +1351,22 @@
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a>
+<span id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></span>
<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Additional-packages"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Additional-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Additional-packages-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
+<span id="Additional-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
-<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
-<a name="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
-<a name="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
+<span id="index-loading-additional-packages"></span>
+<span id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></span>
+<span id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cusepackage"></span>
<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
list <var>options</var>, as here.
</p>
@@ -1412,25 +1378,23 @@
as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
-<a name="index-global-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a>
+<span id="index-global-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-global"></span>
<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-construction"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-construction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-construction-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
+<span id="Class-and-package-construction-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
-<a name="index-document-class-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
-<a name="index-new-class-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></span>
+<span id="index-new-class-commands"></span>
<p>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
@@ -1443,8 +1407,8 @@
specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<a name="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
-<a name="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-difference"></span>
+<span id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></span>
</p>
<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
@@ -1458,29 +1422,27 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-structure"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-structure"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-structure-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
+<span id="Class-and-package-structure-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
-<a name="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
-<a name="index-class-file-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-package-file-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-package"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-package-options"></a>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-structure"></span>
+<span id="index-class-file-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-package-file-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-package"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-package-options"></span>
<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
</p><ol>
@@ -1520,7 +1482,7 @@
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-class-file-example"></a>
+<span id="index-class-file-example"></span>
<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
@@ -1534,29 +1496,27 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-commands"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-commands-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
-<a name="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
+<span id="Class-and-package-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></span>
<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></span>
<p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span>
<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
@@ -1565,13 +1525,13 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cCheckCommand"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-new-command_002c-check"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-new-command_002c-check"></span>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>) but does
not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
-<a name="index-long-command"></a>
+<span id="index-long-command"></span>
<em>long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
@@ -1590,16 +1550,16 @@
<dt><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cClassError"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cClassError"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassWarning"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassInfo"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></span>
<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</p>
<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
@@ -1621,7 +1581,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\CurrentOption</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cCurrentOption"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cCurrentOption"></span>
<p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1629,12 +1589,12 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareOption"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options-2"></a>
-<a name="index-package-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-class"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options-2"></span>
+<span id="index-package-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-class"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-package-1"></span>
<p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
@@ -1670,9 +1630,9 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></span>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>.) Use this command to define new
@@ -1685,8 +1645,8 @@
using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command’s data is fragile and the
command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
-<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></span>
+<span id="index-etoolbox-package"></span>
<p>The <samp>etoolbox</samp> package offers the commands
<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
@@ -1710,8 +1670,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cIfFileExists"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -1735,8 +1695,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cLoadClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
@@ -1763,7 +1723,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></span>
<p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
@@ -1775,7 +1735,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></span>
<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
@@ -1797,7 +1757,7 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></span>
<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1806,8 +1766,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span>
<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
@@ -1848,8 +1808,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProcessOptions"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span>
<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
@@ -1892,8 +1852,8 @@
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span>
<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
the log file.
</p>
@@ -1927,7 +1887,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesFile"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesFile"></span>
<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
@@ -1938,8 +1898,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
these commands over Plain TeX’s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
Guide. An example is
@@ -1969,16 +1929,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Fonts"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Fonts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Fonts-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
-<a name="Typefaces"></a>
-<a name="index-typefaces"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts"></a>
+<span id="Fonts-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
+<span id="Typefaces"></span>
+<span id="index-typefaces"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts"></span>
<p>LaTeX comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New
Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families
@@ -2018,31 +1976,29 @@
<a href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1">fontenc package</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Encoding of the font.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1">fontenc package</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Encoding of the font.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="fontenc-package"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="fontenc-package"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="fontenc-package-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.1 <samp>fontenc</samp> package</h3>
+<span id="fontenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 <samp>fontenc</samp> package</h3>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding"></a>
-<a name="index-UTF_002d8-1"></a>
-<a name="index-T1"></a>
-<a name="index-OT1"></a>
-<a name="index-fontenc"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding"></span>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8-1"></span>
+<span id="index-T1"></span>
+<span id="index-OT1"></span>
+<span id="index-fontenc"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2081,10 +2037,10 @@
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-lmodern"></a>
-<a name="index-lmodern-package"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></a>
-<a name="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></span>
+<span id="index-lmodern-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></span>
+<span id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></span>
<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
@@ -2144,44 +2100,42 @@
is not in effect.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2">\DeclareTextAccent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an accent in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an accent in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">New encoding-specific command.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">New encoding-specific command.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6">\DeclareTextComposite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a symbol in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a symbol in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Save most recently declared encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Save most recently declared encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol">\UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol">\UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-1"></a>
-<a name="index-Encoding_002c-font"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-1"></span>
+<span id="index-Encoding_002c-font"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2222,17 +2176,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-2"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-2"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2260,18 +2212,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-3"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-3"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2307,18 +2257,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-4"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-4"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -2378,18 +2326,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-5"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-5"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2427,17 +2373,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-6"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining-3"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-6"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining-3"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2459,7 +2403,7 @@
<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a> for a list of common encodings. The
<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
-decimal (although octal or hexidecimal are possible). Normally
+decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp>t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows
@@ -2467,17 +2411,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-7"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining-4"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-7"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining-4"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2501,17 +2443,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-8"></a>
-<a name="index-Symbol_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-8"></span>
+<span id="index-Symbol_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2524,7 +2464,7 @@
mathematics.
</p>
<p>For example, this line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the
-glyph to use for « the left guillemot.
+glyph to use for «, the left guillemet.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
@@ -2544,18 +2484,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-9"></a>
-<a name="index-Accents_002c-defining-5"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-9"></span>
+<span id="index-Accents_002c-defining-5"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2587,16 +2525,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next">\UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-10"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-10"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2618,17 +2554,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextAccent</code> & <code>\UseTextSymbol</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cUseTextAccent-_0026-_005cUseTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextAccent</code> & <code>\UseTextSymbol</code></h4>
-<a name="index-Font-encoding-11"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></a>
+<span id="index-Font-encoding-11"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2645,51 +2579,48 @@
<p>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
</p>
<p>In general, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
-not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it as
-here:
+not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it
+like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
</pre></div>
-<p>which is equivalent to this (note the braces forming a group so LaTeX
-reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>).
+<p>which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so LaTeX
+reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{ \fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss }
+<pre class="example">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
</pre></div>
<p>Similarly, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
-not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it as
-here:
+not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
</pre></div>
-<p>which is equivalent to this (again note the braces forming a group).
+<p>which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group):
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{ fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var>enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a} }
+<pre class="example">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var>enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}}
</pre></div>
-<p>Here, the encoding in force before this sequence of commands is
-<var>end_in_use</var> so that ‘<samp>a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding
+<p>Here, <var>enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence
+of commands, so that ‘<samp>a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding
and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-styles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-styles"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev">fontenc package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-styles-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3>
+<span id="Font-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3>
-<a name="index-font-styles"></a>
-<a name="index-type-styles"></a>
-<a name="index-styles-of-text"></a>
+<span id="index-font-styles"></span>
+<span id="index-type-styles"></span>
+<span id="index-styles-of-text"></span>
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
@@ -2706,8 +2637,8 @@
cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnocorr"></span>
<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
@@ -2718,69 +2649,69 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextrm"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextrm"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextit"></a>
-<a name="index-_005citshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextit"></span>
+<span id="index-_005citshape"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextmd"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextmd"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextbf"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextbf"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextup"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cupshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextup"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cupshape"></span>
<p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsl"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cslshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsl"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cslshape"></span>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsf"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csffamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsf"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csffamily"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsc"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsc"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscshape"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctexttt"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctexttt"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextnormal"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextnormal"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-emphasis"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cemph"></a>
+<span id="index-emphasis"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cemph"></span>
<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start
@@ -2800,62 +2731,62 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbf"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bold-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bold-font"></span>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cal</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccal"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccal"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
-<a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-script-letters-for-math"></span>
+<span id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></span>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\it</code>
-<a name="index-_005cit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cit"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-italic-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-italic-font"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rm</code>
-<a name="index-_005crm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crm"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-roman-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-roman-font"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sc</code>
-<a name="index-_005csc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csc"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-small-caps-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-small-caps-font"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sf</code>
-<a name="index-_005csf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csf"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-sans-serif-font"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sl</code>
-<a name="index-_005csl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-slanted-font"></a>
-<a name="index-oblique-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-slanted-font"></span>
+<span id="index-oblique-font"></span>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tt</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctt"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctt"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-typewriter-font"></a>
-<a name="index-monospace-font"></a>
-<a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-typewriter-font"></span>
+<span id="index-monospace-font"></span>
+<span id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></span>
<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2871,22 +2802,22 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathrm"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathrm"></span>
<p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathbf"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathbf"></span>
<p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathsf"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathsf"></span>
<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathtt"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathtt"></span>
<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2896,30 +2827,30 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathnormal"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathnormal"></span>
<p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathcal"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathcal"></span>
<p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005cmathversion"></a>
-<a name="index-math_002c-bold"></a>
-<a name="index-bold-math"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathversion"></span>
+<span id="index-math_002c-bold"></span>
+<span id="index-bold-math"></span>
<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005coldstylenums"></a>
-<a name="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
-<a name="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
-<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coldstylenums"></span>
+<span id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></span>
+<span id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-numerals"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-textcomp"></span>
+<span id="index-textcomp-package"></span>
<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset
so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and
@@ -2934,33 +2865,31 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-sizes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
+<span id="Font-sizes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
-<a name="index-font-sizes"></a>
-<a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
-<a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a>
+<span id="index-font-sizes"></span>
+<span id="index-typeface-sizes"></span>
+<span id="index-sizes-of-text"></span>
<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005ctiny"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscriptsize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csmall"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalsize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clarge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLarge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLARGE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005chuge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cHuge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctiny"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscriptsize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csmall"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalsize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clarge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLarge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLARGE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005chuge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cHuge"></span>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
@@ -2994,25 +2923,23 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
+<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
-<a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>
+<span id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></span>
<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontencoding"></span>
<p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -3022,11 +2949,11 @@
hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a>
-<a name="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-font-catalogue"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontfamily"></span>
+<span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-font-catalogue"></span>
<p>Select the font family. The web page
<a href="http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/">http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
@@ -3056,10 +2983,10 @@
</table>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a>
-<a name="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontseries"></span>
+<span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>Select the font series. A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a
<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -3072,7 +2999,7 @@
<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</p>
<table>
@@ -3087,7 +3014,7 @@
<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</p>
@@ -3110,9 +3037,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a>
-<a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontshape"></span>
+<span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
@@ -3126,11 +3053,11 @@
<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a>
-<a name="index-font-size"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontsize"></span>
+<span id="index-font-size"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></span>
<p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
@@ -3139,9 +3066,9 @@
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-baselinestretch"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-baselinestretch"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\baselinestretch</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></span>
<p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
@@ -3149,28 +3076,28 @@
doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in
the preamble.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
-<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-setspace"></span>
+<span id="index-setspace-package"></span>
-<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
+<span id="index-double-spacing"></span>
<p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
<samp>setspace</samp> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005clinespread"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005clinespread"></span>
<p>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\selectfont</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cselectfont"></span>
<p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -3178,9 +3105,9 @@
<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cusefont"></span>
<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -3194,45 +3121,41 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Layout"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Layout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Layout-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
+<span id="Layout-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
-<a name="index-layout-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-layout-commands"></span>
<p>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Floats" accesskey="6">Floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Floats" accesskey="6">Floats</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005conecolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
+<span id="index-_005conecolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -3247,17 +3170,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
-<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-multicolumn-text"></span>
+<span id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -3279,18 +3200,18 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnsep"></span><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code> You must change
it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></span><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
@@ -3298,9 +3219,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></span><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
<code>\columnsep</code>.
@@ -3315,9 +3236,9 @@
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
@@ -3340,17 +3261,17 @@
<p>You can redefine it, as with
<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a></dd>
+<span id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX’s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a></dd>
+<span id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
@@ -3358,17 +3279,17 @@
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a></dd>
+<span id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a></dd>
+<span id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopnumber</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
@@ -3402,15 +3323,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cflushbottom"></span>
<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
@@ -3432,16 +3351,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedbottom"></span>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></span>
<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -3453,54 +3370,52 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-layout-parameters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
+<span id="Page-layout-parameters-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
-<a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
-<a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>
+<span id="index-page-layout-parameters"></span>
+<span id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-running-header-and-footer"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></a><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></span><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheadheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
+<dd><span id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></span><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheadsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+<dd><span id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></span><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is ‘<samp>25pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is ‘<samp>0.25in</samp>’, and at 11pt and 12pt
@@ -3508,10 +3423,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></span><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is ‘<samp>0.35in</samp>’, while at 11pt it is
@@ -3519,10 +3434,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linewidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinewidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
+<dd><span id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></span><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(see <a href="#list">list</a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
is decreased by the sum of that list’s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
@@ -3530,18 +3445,18 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginsep"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></a><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></span><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
</p>
@@ -3567,14 +3482,14 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oddsidemargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\evensidemargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
+<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></span><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
@@ -3587,28 +3502,28 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpaperheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpaperheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></span><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpaperwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpaperwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></span><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></span><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is ‘<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>’, while for a <code>book</code> it is
‘<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>’. At a type size of 11pt the default is
@@ -3617,10 +3532,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></span><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is ‘<samp>345pt</samp>’
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘<samp>360pt</samp>’ at 11pt,
and it is ‘<samp>390pt</samp>’ at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default
@@ -3639,10 +3554,10 @@
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005chsize"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a></dd>
+<span id="index-_005chsize"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\hsize</code>
-<a name="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chsize-1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
@@ -3650,10 +3565,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopmargin"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-topmargin"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></span><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>,
@@ -3661,10 +3576,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></span><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt.
</p>
@@ -3673,13 +3588,11 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Floats"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Floats"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Floats-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.6 Floats</h3>
+<span id="Floats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 Floats</h3>
<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
@@ -3706,8 +3619,8 @@
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
-<a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
+<span id="index-placement-of-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></span>
<p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -3732,9 +3645,9 @@
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
-<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-float"></a>
-<a name="index-float-package"></a>
+<span id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-float"></span>
+<span id="index-float-package"></span>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
@@ -3743,7 +3656,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-float-page"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-float-page"></span>
<p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
@@ -3773,8 +3686,8 @@
<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
-<a name="index-flafter-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-flafter"></span>
+<span id="index-flafter-package"></span>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
@@ -3782,7 +3695,7 @@
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
-<a name="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></span>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</p>
@@ -3792,35 +3705,35 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bottomfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbottomfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-bottomfraction"></span><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-floatpagefraction"></span><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-textfraction"></span><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-topfraction"></span><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3831,27 +3744,27 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-floatsep"></span><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\intextsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cintextsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+<dd><span id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-intextsep"></span><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and ‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-textfloatsep"></span><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3862,34 +3775,34 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottomnumber</code>
-<a name="index-bottomnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-bottomnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+<dd><span id="index-bottomnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-bottomnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dbltopnumber</code>
-<a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-dbltopnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+<dd><span id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-dbltopnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>topnumber</code>
-<a name="index-topnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-topnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-topnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+<dd><span id="index-topnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-topnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalnumber</code>
-<a name="index-totalnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-totalnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+<dd><span id="index-totalnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-totalnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3904,27 +3817,25 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Sectioning"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Sectioning"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Sectioning-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
+<span id="Sectioning-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
-<a name="index-sectioning-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-part"></a>
-<a name="index-chapter"></a>
-<a name="index-section"></a>
-<a name="index-subsection"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph"></a>
-<a name="index-subparagraph"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cpart"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
+<span id="index-sectioning-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-part"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter"></span>
+<span id="index-section"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cpart"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cchapter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparagraph"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubparagraph"></span>
<p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
@@ -3954,7 +3865,7 @@
<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></span>
<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The
@@ -3984,8 +3895,8 @@
have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a
subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package"></span>
<p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
@@ -3998,11 +3909,11 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>secnumdepth</code>
-<a name="index-secnumdepth"></a>
+<span id="index-secnumdepth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
-<a name="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning commands are
+<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span>
+<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning commands are
numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than
<var>level</var> <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
@@ -4015,11 +3926,11 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>tocdepth</code>
-<a name="index-tocdepth"></a>
+<span id="index-tocdepth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tocdepth-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a>
-<a name="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
+<dd><span id="index-tocdepth-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></span>
+<span id="sectioning-tocdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the
sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
@@ -4032,37 +3943,35 @@
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of sectional units.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of sectional units.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpart"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpart"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpart-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpart-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpart-1"></a>
-<a name="index-part-1"></a>
-<a name="index-sectioning_002c-part"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpart-1"></span>
+<span id="index-part-1"></span>
+<span id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4114,31 +4023,29 @@
the table of contents, the level number of a part is -1
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package"></span>
<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-1"></span>
<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <samp>titlesec</samp>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cchapter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cchapter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\section</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\part</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cchapter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cchapter-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cchapter-1"></a>
-<a name="index-chapter-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cchapter-1"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4204,8 +4111,8 @@
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is 0
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
@@ -4222,8 +4129,8 @@
\makeatother
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package"></span>
<p>To make this change because of the primary language for
the document, see the package <samp>babel</samp>.
@@ -4233,8 +4140,8 @@
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-2"></span>
<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But
@@ -4257,16 +4164,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csection-1"></a>
-<a name="index-section-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-section-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4333,15 +4238,15 @@
the table of contents, the level number of a section is 1
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-3"></span>
<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
@@ -4364,16 +4269,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csubsection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\section</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csubsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csubsection-1"></a>
-<a name="index-subsection-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubsection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4425,15 +4328,15 @@
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-4"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
@@ -4455,21 +4358,19 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next">\appendix</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsection</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-subsubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparagraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-subparagraph-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubsubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-subsubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4533,15 +4434,15 @@
a paragraph is 4, and of a subparagraph is 5
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-5"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>).
@@ -4550,18 +4451,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cappendix"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cappendix"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cappendix-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cappendix-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendices"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cappendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendices"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4592,8 +4491,8 @@
‘<samp>Appendix A</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Appendix B</samp>’. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>
for another example.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-appendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendix-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-appendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendix-package"></span>
<p>The <samp>appendix</samp> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
@@ -4604,22 +4503,20 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@startsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\appendix</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></span><h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmainmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-main-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-back-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-end-matter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmainmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbackmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -4650,16 +4547,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
-<a name="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></span>
+<span id="index-section_002c-redefining"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4708,7 +4603,7 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-name"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
+<dd><span id="startsection-name"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></span><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in
those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command
@@ -4720,7 +4615,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>level</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-level"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
+<dd><span id="startsection-level"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></span><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> for the list of standard level numbers.
</p>
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
@@ -4739,14 +4634,14 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-indent"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
+<dd><span id="startsection-indent"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></span><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use
<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move
the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-beforeskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
+<dd><span id="startsection-beforeskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></span><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the top of a fresh
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
@@ -4773,7 +4668,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-afterskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
+<dd><span id="startsection-afterskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></span><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header. If it
is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it
becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of
@@ -4797,7 +4692,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>style</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-style"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
+<dd><span id="startsection-style"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></span><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>,
<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command
in <var>style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as
@@ -4882,17 +4777,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Cross-references"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Cross-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Cross-references-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
+<span id="Cross-references-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
-<a name="index-cross-references"></a>
+<span id="index-cross-references"></span>
-<a name="index-label"></a>
+<span id="index-label"></span>
<p>We often want something like ‘<samp>See Theorem~31</samp>’. But by-hand typing
the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em>label</em> such as
<code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em>reference</em> it, as with
@@ -4916,8 +4809,8 @@
the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
-<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
+<span id="index-forward-reference"></span>
+<span id="index-reference_002c-forward"></span>
<p>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref</code>
that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
@@ -4929,8 +4822,8 @@
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package"></span>
<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
@@ -4938,25 +4831,23 @@
having to enter the “Theorem.”
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clabel"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clabel-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clabel"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabel"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5030,17 +4921,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpageref"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpageref-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpageref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
-<a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpageref"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></span>
+<span id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5070,20 +4959,18 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cref"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cref-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cref"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
-<a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cref"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></span>
+<span id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5113,25 +5000,23 @@
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package-1"></span>
<p>The <samp>cleveref</samp> package includes text such as ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’ in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Environments"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Environments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environments-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
+<span id="Environments-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
-<a name="index-environments"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cend"></a>
+<span id="index-environments"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbegin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cend"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -5149,82 +5034,80 @@
‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
\end{table}.</samp>’
</p>
-<a name="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a>
+<span id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></span>
<p>Environments are executed within a group.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#figure">figure</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#figure">figure</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#letter">letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#letter">letter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#list">list</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#list">list</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#math">math</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#math">math</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#picture">picture</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#table">table</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#table">table</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verse">verse</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verse">verse</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="abstract"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="abstract"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="abstract-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
+<span id="abstract-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
-<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></span>
+<span id="index-abstract-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-abstracts"></a>
+<span id="index-abstracts"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5251,6 +5134,9 @@
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-package_002c-abstract"></span>
+<span id="index-abstract-package"></span>
+
<p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
</p>
@@ -5277,18 +5163,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="array"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="array"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="array-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
+<span id="array-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
-<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-array"></span>
+<span id="index-array-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>
+<span id="index-arrays_002c-math"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5344,13 +5228,13 @@
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>’s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX’s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
governed by
-<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carraycolsep"></span>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ so that between two columns comes
10pt of space.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package"></span>
<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -5361,8 +5245,8 @@
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars <code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-1"></span>
<p>The next example uses the <samp>amsmath</samp> package.
</p>
@@ -5377,11 +5261,11 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-dcolumn-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-dcolumn-package"></span>
<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <samp>array</samp> package has
many useful extensions, including more column types. The <samp>dcolumn</samp>
@@ -5390,18 +5274,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="center"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="center"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="center-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
+<span id="center-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
-<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-center"></span>
+<span id="index-center-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5416,7 +5298,7 @@
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></span>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
@@ -5457,22 +5339,20 @@
entire page.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccentering"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccentering-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
-<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccentering"></span>
+<span id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -5523,19 +5403,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="description"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="description"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="description-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
+<span id="description-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
-<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-description"></span>
+<span id="index-description-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5565,14 +5443,14 @@
<p>The labels ‘<samp>lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp>llama</samp>’ are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
-<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
+<span id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></span>
+<span id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></span>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
@@ -5601,16 +5479,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="displaymath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="displaymath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
+<span id="displaymath-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
-<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></span>
+<span id="index-displaymath-environment"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -5631,8 +5507,8 @@
</p>
<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-2"></span>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
@@ -5664,40 +5540,36 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="document"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="document"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="document-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
+<span id="document-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
-<a name="index-document-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-document"></span>
+<span id="index-document-environment"></span>
<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
-<a name="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></span>
+<span id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5716,16 +5588,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
-<a name="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></span>
+<span id="index-end-of-document-hook"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5745,18 +5615,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="enumerate"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="enumerate"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
+<span id="enumerate-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
-<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></span>
+<span id="index-enumerate-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5786,7 +5654,7 @@
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-1"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
@@ -5808,11 +5676,11 @@
</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp>A.</samp>’, ‘<samp>B.</samp>’, …
</li></ol>
-<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
-<a name="enumerate-enumi"></a><a name="enumerate-enumii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiv"></a><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
+<span id="index-_005cenumi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumiv"></span>
+<span id="enumerate-enumi"></span><span id="enumerate-enumii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiv"></span><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
@@ -5821,17 +5689,17 @@
customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is
useful for customizing lists.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
-<a name="enumerate-labelenumi"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiv"></a><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></span>
+<span id="enumerate-labelenumi"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></span><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAlph-example"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
@@ -5844,23 +5712,21 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="eqnarray"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="eqnarray"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
+<span id="eqnarray-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
-<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></span>
+<span id="index-eqnarray-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
-<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></span>
+<span id="index-aligning-equations"></span>
-<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
-<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
+<span id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></span>
+<span id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></span>
<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
@@ -5888,7 +5754,7 @@
\end{eqnarray*}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
<p>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -5896,18 +5762,18 @@
<p>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash <code>\\</code>).
-<a name="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cnonumber"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnonumber"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clefteqn"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clefteqn"></span>
<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -5925,19 +5791,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="equation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="equation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="equation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
+<span id="equation-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-equation"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5955,27 +5819,25 @@
<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-3"></span>
<p>The package <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="figure"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="figure"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="figure-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
+<span id="figure-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
-<a name="index-figure-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-figure"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
-<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>
+<span id="index-inserting-figures"></span>
+<span id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6019,7 +5881,7 @@
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
@@ -6040,22 +5902,20 @@
<hr>
-<a name="filecontents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="filecontents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="filecontents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3>
+<span id="filecontents-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
-<a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></span>
+<span id="index-filecontents-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-writing-external-files"></a>
+<span id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-writing-external-files"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6115,19 +5975,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="flushleft"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="flushleft"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
+<span id="flushleft-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
-<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></span>
+<span id="index-flushleft-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6139,7 +5997,7 @@
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></span>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
@@ -6162,24 +6020,22 @@
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedright"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedright-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005craggedright"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
-<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
-<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedright"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-right-text"></span>
+<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></span>
+<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -6221,19 +6077,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="flushright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="flushright"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="flushright-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
+<span id="flushright-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
-<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></span>
+<span id="index-flushright-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
@@ -6243,7 +6097,7 @@
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></span>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that
@@ -6254,24 +6108,22 @@
<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedleft"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
-<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedleft"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-left-text"></span>
+<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -6302,22 +6154,20 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="itemize"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="itemize"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="itemize-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
+<span id="itemize-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
-<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></span>
+<span id="index-itemize-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
-<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
-<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>
-<a name="index-bullet-lists"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-2"></span>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items"></span>
+<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span>
+<span id="index-bulleted-lists"></span>
+<span id="index-bullet-lists"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6345,7 +6195,7 @@
<p>As a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, •.
The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-3"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will
@@ -6354,11 +6204,11 @@
environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
-<a name="itemize-labelitemi"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiv"></a><p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></span>
+<span id="itemize-labelitemi"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiv"></span><p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
@@ -6380,14 +6230,14 @@
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargini"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
-<a name="itemize-leftmargin"></a><a name="itemize-leftmargini"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginvi"></a><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargini"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></span>
+<span id="itemize-leftmargin"></span><span id="itemize-leftmargini"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></span><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command
@@ -6396,8 +6246,8 @@
<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
values for more deeply nested levels.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
-<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></span>
+<span id="index-enumitem-package"></span>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about list
@@ -6412,7 +6262,7 @@
<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparskip-example"></span>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -6430,34 +6280,30 @@
<hr>
-<a name="letter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="letter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
+<span id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></span><h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
-<a name="index-letter-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-letter"></span>
+<span id="index-letter-environment"></span>
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="list"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="list"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="list-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
+<span id="list-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
-<a name="index-list-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-list"></span>
+<span id="index-list-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6519,8 +6365,8 @@
and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
-<a name="list-makelabel"></a><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
+<span id="index-_005cmakelabel"></span>
+<span id="list-makelabel"></span><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
typesets in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its
@@ -6546,16 +6392,16 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citemindent"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
+<dd><span id="list-itemindent"></span><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citemsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
+<dd><span id="list-itemsep"></span><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’,
and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
@@ -6568,17 +6414,17 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabelsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+<dd><span id="list-labelsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’,
and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabelwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+<dd><span id="list-labelwidth"></span><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
@@ -6600,9 +6446,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+<dd><span id="list-leftmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
</p>
@@ -6620,18 +6466,18 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clistparindent"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<dd><span id="list-listparindent"></span><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for the first three levels in
+<dd><span id="list-parsep"></span><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for the first three levels in
LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10
point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are:
@@ -6641,9 +6487,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpartopsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+<dd><span id="list-partopsep"></span><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
@@ -6659,17 +6505,17 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightmargin"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+<dd><span id="list-rightmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+<dd><span id="list-topsep"></span><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>). The defaults for
the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and
‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
@@ -6756,27 +6602,27 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-beginparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-itempenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-endparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></a>
-<a name="index-enumitem-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></span>
+<span id="index-enumitem-package-1"></span>
<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
@@ -6803,21 +6649,19 @@
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005citem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005citem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6862,13 +6706,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="trivlist"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="trivlist"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
+<span id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6881,7 +6723,7 @@
<p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment’s definition. For
+the <code>\item</code> command is part of the environment’s definition. For
instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
this:
</p>
@@ -6915,18 +6757,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="math"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="math"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="math-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
+<span id="math-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-math-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>
+<span id="index-in_002dline-formulas"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6942,18 +6782,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="minipage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="minipage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="minipage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
+<span id="minipage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-minipage-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
+<span id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -7078,15 +6916,15 @@
Text after
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
+<span id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent"></span>
<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
the start of <var>contents</var>.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
-<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></span>
+<span id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></span>
<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -7140,19 +6978,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="picture"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="picture"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation & quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="picture-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
+<span id="picture-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
-<a name="index-picture-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-picture"></span>
+<span id="index-picture-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
-<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-creating-pictures"></span>
+<span id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p><div class="example">
@@ -7177,7 +7013,7 @@
</p>
<p>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunitlength"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
@@ -7239,7 +7075,7 @@
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
+<span id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></span>
<p>Each <var>picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by
naming its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length,
@@ -7271,7 +7107,7 @@
<p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
<em>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<a name="index-LR-box"></a>
+<span id="index-LR-box"></span>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
@@ -7311,51 +7147,49 @@
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic Bezier curve.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic Bezier curve.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7379,15 +7213,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmultiput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmultiput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7415,15 +7247,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cqbezier"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cqbezier"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next">\graphpaper</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cqbezier"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cqbezier"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7455,15 +7285,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\qbezier</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -7491,15 +7319,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphpaper</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7538,22 +7364,22 @@
<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</p>
-<a name="index-pict2e-package"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-packages"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-pict2e"></a>
-<a name="index-pict2e-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-packages"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></span>
+<span id="index-pict2e-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></a>
-<a name="index-PSTricks-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></span>
+<span id="index-PSTricks-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package"></span>
<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
@@ -7569,15 +7395,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clinethickness"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinethickness"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7593,15 +7417,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthinlines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthinlines"></span>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default
@@ -7610,15 +7432,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthicklines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\circle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthicklines"></span>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also
@@ -7627,15 +7447,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccircle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccircle-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccircle"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7659,15 +7477,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005coval"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005coval-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005coval"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coval"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7714,15 +7530,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cshortstack"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cshortstack"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7759,7 +7573,7 @@
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></span>
<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
@@ -7775,15 +7589,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvector"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cvector-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cvector"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvector"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7809,15 +7621,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vector</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7866,15 +7676,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cframebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7906,8 +7714,8 @@
<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></span>
<p>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</p>
@@ -7917,15 +7725,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cframe"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cframe-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cframe"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7940,15 +7746,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cdashbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdashbox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7984,26 +7788,24 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="quotation-_0026-quote"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="quotation-_0026-quote"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></h3>
+<span id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
-<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></span>
+<span id="index-quotation-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
-<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-quote-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
+<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-quote-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
-<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>
+<span id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
+<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8040,20 +7842,18 @@
<hr>
-<a name="tabbing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tabbing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation & quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
+<span id="tabbing-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
-<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></span>
+<span id="index-tabbing-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
-<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>
+<span id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></span>
+<span id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8101,7 +7901,7 @@
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
<code>\linewidth</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<span id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></span>
<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed
rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
@@ -8126,33 +7926,33 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003e"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e"></span>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\<</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003c"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003c"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\+</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_002b"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002b"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
@@ -8160,7 +7960,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\-</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_002d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
@@ -8168,7 +7968,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>,
@@ -8177,7 +7977,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last
@@ -8190,18 +7990,18 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead,
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kill</code>
-<a name="index-_005ckill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ckill"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
@@ -8210,21 +8010,21 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpoptabs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpoptabs"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></span>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pushtabs</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpushtabs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpushtabs"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctabbingsep"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
@@ -8257,15 +8057,15 @@
end;
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a>
-<a name="index-algorithm2e-package"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></span>
+<span id="index-algorithm2e-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyvrb-package"></span>
<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
@@ -8275,19 +8075,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="table"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="table"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="table-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
+<span id="table-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
-<a name="index-table-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-table"></span>
+<span id="index-table-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>
+<span id="index-tables_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-creating-tables"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8330,7 +8128,7 @@
It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span>
The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
@@ -8354,19 +8152,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="tabular"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tabular"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tabular-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
+<span id="tabular-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
-<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></span>
+<span id="index-tabular-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>
+<span id="index-lines-in-tables"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8402,12 +8198,12 @@
<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument
<code>{l|l}</code>.
-<a name="index-_0026"></a>
+<span id="index-_0026"></span>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></span>
After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</p>
@@ -8490,7 +8286,7 @@
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cextracolsep"></span>
<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
@@ -8553,33 +8349,33 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
+<dd><span id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></span><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is ‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’. Change it as in
<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
-<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carraystretch"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<dd><span id="tabular-arraystrech"></span><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is ‘<samp>1</samp>’, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
+<dd><span id="tabular-doublerulesep"></span><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is ‘<samp>2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctabcolsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
+<dd><span id="tabular-tabcolsep"></span><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
‘<samp>6pt</samp>’. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8590,27 +8386,25 @@
lines:
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8705,15 +8499,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cvline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cvline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvline"></span>
<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be
used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -8743,15 +8535,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8778,15 +8568,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005chline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005chline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chline"></span>
<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -8807,18 +8595,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="thebibliography"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="thebibliography"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
+<span id="thebibliography-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
-<a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></span>
+<span id="index-thebibliography-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8872,35 +8658,33 @@
as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code> after
<code>\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-1"></span>
<p>Language support packages such as <samp>babel</samp> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbibitem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbibitem"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8916,7 +8700,7 @@
<p>Generate an entry labeled by <var>label</var>. The default is for LaTeX to
generates a number using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em>
-<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
+<span id="index-citation-key"></span>
<var>cite_key</var> is a string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</p>
@@ -8969,15 +8753,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9034,15 +8816,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnocite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnocite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnocite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9060,19 +8840,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Using-BibTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
+<span id="Using-BibTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
-<a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
-<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
+<span id="index-using-BibTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></span>
+<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span>
<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
@@ -9143,18 +8921,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="theorem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="theorem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="theorem-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
+<span id="theorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
-<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></span>
+<span id="index-theorem-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>
+<span id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9182,11 +8958,11 @@
\end{thm}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-4"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a>
-<a name="index-amsthm-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></span>
+<span id="index-amsthm-package"></span>
<p>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
@@ -9195,19 +8971,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="titlepage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="titlepage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
+<span id="titlepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-titlepage-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
-<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-making-a-title-page"></span>
+<span id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9251,22 +9025,20 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="verbatim"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="verbatim"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
+<span id="verbatim-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatim-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
-<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
-<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
-<a name="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a>
-<a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>
+<span id="index-verbatim-text"></span>
+<span id="index-simulating-typed-text"></span>
+<span id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></span>
+<span id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></span>
+<span id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9292,19 +9064,19 @@
<p>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect"></a>
-<a name="index-cprotect-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></span>
+<span id="index-cprotect-package"></span>
<p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot appear
there. (But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings-1"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package-1"></span>
<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
@@ -9312,11 +9084,11 @@
files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
and <code>minted</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatimbox-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatimbox-package"></span>
<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
@@ -9324,22 +9096,20 @@
<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cverb"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cverb-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cverb"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cverb"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9371,7 +9141,7 @@
delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The <var>literal-text</var>
cannot include a line break.
</p>
-<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
+<span id="index-visible-space"></span>
<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
</p>
@@ -9381,24 +9151,24 @@
<pre class="example">The commands's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-url"></a>
-<a name="index-url-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-url"></span>
+<span id="index-url-package"></span>
<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
provides an option that is better than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package-2"></span>
<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
<code>\verb</code>. One is <samp>listings</samp>, another is <samp>minted</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a>
-<a name="index-cprotect-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></span>
+<span id="index-cprotect-package-1"></span>
<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
@@ -9407,18 +9177,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="verse"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="verse"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="verse-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
+<span id="verse-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
-<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-verse"></span>
+<span id="index-verse-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9439,7 +9207,7 @@
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></span>
<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</p>
@@ -9462,16 +9230,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Line-breaking"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
+<span id="Line-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
-<a name="index-line-breaking"></a>
-<a name="index-breaking-lines"></a>
+<span id="index-line-breaking"></span>
+<span id="index-breaking-lines"></span>
<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -9488,37 +9254,35 @@
fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy & \sloppy</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_005c"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_005c-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_005c-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -9594,17 +9358,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cobeycr"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crestorecr"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></span>
<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (‘<samp>^^M</samp>’,
internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
@@ -9649,16 +9411,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewline-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewline"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></span>
<p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
@@ -9686,16 +9446,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
@@ -9733,15 +9491,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy & \sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9769,17 +9525,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfussy"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csloppy"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></span>
<p>Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line
breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
@@ -9794,22 +9548,20 @@
the command.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="sloppypar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="sloppypar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy & \sloppy</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="sloppypar-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
+<span id="sloppypar-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
-<a name="index-sloppypar"></a>
-<a name="index-sloppypar-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-sloppypar"></span>
+<span id="index-sloppypar-environment"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9841,16 +9593,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chyphenation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy & \sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chyphenation"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9873,18 +9623,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -9924,16 +9672,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-breaking"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
+<span id="Page-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
-<a name="index-page-breaking"></a>
-<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a>
+<span id="index-page-breaking"></span>
+<span id="index-breaking-pages"></span>
<p>Ordinarily LaTeX automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -9965,31 +9711,29 @@
<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a> for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
-<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclearpage"></span>
+<span id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10038,17 +9782,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewpage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
-<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewpage"></span>
+<span id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-a-new-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10081,22 +9823,20 @@
proposition that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp>continent,</samp>’ and the cut-off line is
+<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, and the cut-off line is
not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically
stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
-<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></span>
+<span id="index-enlarge-current-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -10126,18 +9866,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a>
-<a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></span>
+<span id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -10176,8 +9914,8 @@
that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp>continent,</samp>’ but instead at
-‘<samp>nation,</samp>’ since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
+<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, but instead at
+‘<samp>nation</samp>’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
@@ -10187,15 +9925,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
+<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
-<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
@@ -10217,31 +9953,29 @@
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnote"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnote"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -10265,9 +9999,9 @@
the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></span>
<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
@@ -10277,14 +10011,14 @@
</p>
<p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
-<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote-parameters"></span>
+<span id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnoterule"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s
+<dd><span id="footnote-footnoterule"></span><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
@@ -10299,9 +10033,9 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotesep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="footnote-footnotesep"></a><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
+<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’,
@@ -10319,8 +10053,8 @@
paragraph mode; see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</p>
-<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a>
+<span id="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></span>
<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
@@ -10329,15 +10063,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -10390,11 +10122,11 @@
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package"></span>
<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <samp>cleveref</samp>.
</p>
@@ -10407,22 +10139,20 @@
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-1"></span>
<p>It will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -10442,16 +10172,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></span>
<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
@@ -10475,15 +10203,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></span>
<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
@@ -10560,18 +10286,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></a>
-<a name="index-bigfoot-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></span>
+<span id="index-bigfoot-package"></span>
<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
@@ -10590,60 +10314,56 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Definitions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
+<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
-<a name="index-definitions"></a>
+<span id="index-definitions"></span>
<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-redefining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
-<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewcommand"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-a-new-command"></span>
+<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -10669,8 +10389,8 @@
<p>Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>.
-<a name="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms that it not be
<code>\long</code>).
@@ -10700,7 +10420,7 @@
(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present
then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-positional-parameter"></a>
+<span id="index-positional-parameter"></span>
<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in
<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the
parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the
@@ -10796,18 +10516,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a>
-<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></span>
+<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -10840,13 +10558,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@ifstar</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10863,9 +10579,9 @@
category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value.
</p>
<p>As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<a name="index-catcode"></a>
-<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
-<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
+<span id="index-catcode"></span>
+<span id="index-character-category-code"></span>
+<span id="index-category-code_002c-character"></span>
<em>catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
character ‘<samp><code>\</code></samp>’ the catcode 0. Command names
consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
@@ -10887,8 +10603,8 @@
<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already arrange
that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode 11.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
-<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></span>
+<span id="index-macros2e-package"></span>
<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
@@ -10906,17 +10622,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
-<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></span>
+<span id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10985,16 +10699,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@ifstar</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></span><h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewcounter"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -11043,19 +10755,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewlength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
-<a name="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a>
-<a name="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewlength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></span>
+<span id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></span>
+<span id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11083,16 +10793,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11125,19 +10833,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
-<a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
-<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></span>
+<span id="index-environments_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-environments"></span>
+<span id="index-redefining-environments"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -11164,7 +10870,7 @@
<p>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></span>
<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -11297,20 +11003,18 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
-<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></span>
+<span id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-theorems"></span>
-<a name="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
+<span id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -11441,17 +11145,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewfont"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewfont"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-fonts"></span>
<p>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
documents. New documents should define fonts in families through the
@@ -11468,8 +11170,8 @@
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
-<a name="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
+<span id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
+<span id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
<p>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<em>at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either
@@ -11490,17 +11192,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprotect"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cprotect-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>
-<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-robust-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprotect"></span>
+<span id="index-fragile-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-robust-commands"></span>
<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
@@ -11518,7 +11218,7 @@
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
+<span id="index-moving-arguments"></span>
<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
@@ -11561,18 +11261,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
-<a name="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cignorespaces"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span>
+<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11661,16 +11359,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Counters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Counters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Counters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
+<span id="Counters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
-<a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></span>
+<span id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></span>
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -11701,35 +11397,33 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day & \month & \year</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day & \month & \year</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></span><h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-printing"></span>
<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -11742,7 +11436,7 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’,
<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
@@ -11750,7 +11444,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
@@ -11758,13 +11452,13 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘<samp>5</samp>’ or ‘<samp>-2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
@@ -11772,7 +11466,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
@@ -11780,7 +11474,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
@@ -11809,17 +11503,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cusecounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
-<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cusecounter"></span>
+<span id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11851,16 +11543,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvalue"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvalue-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvalue-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvalue"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11900,17 +11590,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csetcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
-<a name="index-setting-counters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetcounter"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-setting"></span>
+<span id="index-setting-counters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11933,15 +11621,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtocounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11961,15 +11647,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11990,15 +11674,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day & \month & \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstepcounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12017,17 +11699,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cday"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cyear"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cday"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmonth"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cyear"></span>
<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
@@ -12049,15 +11729,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Lengths"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Lengths"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Lengths-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
+<span id="Lengths-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></span>
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
@@ -12170,101 +11848,99 @@
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Units-of-length"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Units-of-length"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Units-of-length-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
+<span id="Units-of-length-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
-<a name="index-units_002c-of-length"></a>
+<span id="index-units_002c-of-length"></span>
<p>TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pt"></a>
-<a name="index-Point"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
-places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
+<dd><span id="index-pt"></span>
+<span id="index-Point"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
+is 1point = 2.845mm = .2845cm.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pc</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pica"></a>
-<a name="index-pc"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt
+<dd><span id="index-pica"></span>
+<span id="index-pc"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-pc"></span><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>in</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-in"></a>
-<a name="index-inch"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<dd><span id="index-in"></span>
+<span id="index-inch"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bp</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bp"></a>
-<a name="index-Big-point"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
+<dd><span id="index-bp"></span>
+<span id="index-Big-point"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-bp"></span><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Centimeter"></a>
-<a name="index-cm"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter
+<dd><span id="index-Centimeter"></span>
+<span id="index-cm"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>mm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Millimeter"></a>
-<a name="index-mm"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter
+<dd><span id="index-Millimeter"></span>
+<span id="index-mm"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dd</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Didot-point"></a>
-<a name="index-dd"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
+<dd><span id="index-Didot-point"></span>
+<span id="index-dd"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-dd"></span><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cc</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Cicero"></a>
-<a name="index-cc"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd
+<dd><span id="index-Cicero"></span>
+<span id="index-cc"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-cc"></span><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sp</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Scaled-point"></a>
-<a name="index-sp"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
+<dd><span id="index-Scaled-point"></span>
+<span id="index-sp"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-sp"></span><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-ex"></a>
-<a name="index-x_002dheight"></a>
-<a name="index-ex-1"></a>
-<a name="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
-<a name="index-em"></a>
-<a name="index-em-1"></a>
-<a name="Lengths_002fem"></a><a name="Lengths_002fen"></a><a name="Lengths_002fex"></a><a name="units-of-length-em"></a><a name="units-of-length-en"></a><a name="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
+<span id="index-ex"></span>
+<span id="index-x_002dheight"></span>
+<span id="index-ex-1"></span>
+<span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span>
+<span id="index-em"></span>
+<span id="index-em-1"></span>
+<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="Lengths_002fen"></span><span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><span id="units-of-length-en"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
@@ -12276,24 +11952,22 @@
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</p>
-<a name="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a>
-<a name="index-mu"></a>
+<span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span>
+<span id="index-mu"></span>
<p>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csetlength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetlength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csetlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetlength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12326,16 +12000,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtolength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtolength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12369,15 +12041,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettodepth"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettodepth"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12406,15 +12076,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettoheight"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettoheight"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12444,15 +12112,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettowidth"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettowidth"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12481,16 +12147,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Making-paragraphs"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
+<span id="Making-paragraphs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
-<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>
+<span id="index-making-paragraphs"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraphs"></span>
<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
@@ -12541,28 +12205,26 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent & \noindent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent & \noindent</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent & \parskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent & \parskip</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\indent & \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpar-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpar-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpar"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpar"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span>
<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
@@ -12620,18 +12282,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parindent & \parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\par</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cindent"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnoindent"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent-1"></span>
+<span id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12683,8 +12343,8 @@
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></span>
<p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
@@ -12692,18 +12352,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent & \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparskip"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -12740,18 +12398,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Marginal-notes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parindent & \parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
+<span id="Marginal-notes-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
-<a name="index-marginal-notes"></a>
-<a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
-<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>
+<span id="index-marginal-notes"></span>
+<span id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></span>
+<span id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginpar"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -12772,8 +12428,8 @@
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></span>
<p>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
@@ -12791,23 +12447,23 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></span><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></span><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document
is ‘<samp>90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>68pt</samp>’ for
‘<samp>12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp>17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document.
In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp>48pt</samp>’.
@@ -12820,25 +12476,23 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-formulas"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
+<span id="Math-formulas-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
-<a name="index-math-formulas"></a>
-<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
-<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-math-formulas"></span>
+<span id="index-formulas_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></span>
+<span id="index-math-environment-1"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-environment-1"></span>
<p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
@@ -12907,7 +12561,7 @@
\end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span>
<p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
@@ -12935,14 +12589,14 @@
the ‘<samp>Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with
characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-5"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a>
-<a name="index-amsfonts-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></span>
+<span id="index-amsfonts-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package"></span>
<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
@@ -12953,37 +12607,35 @@
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3>
+<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3>
-<a name="index-superscript"></a>
-<a name="index-subscript"></a>
-<a name="index-exponent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005f"></a>
-<a name="index-_005e"></a>
+<span id="index-superscript"></span>
+<span id="index-subscript"></span>
+<span id="index-exponent"></span>
+<span id="index-_005f"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e"></span>
<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
@@ -13052,8 +12704,8 @@
display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a>
-<a name="index-mhchem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></span>
+<span id="index-mhchem-package"></span>
<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
@@ -13061,20 +12713,18 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-symbols"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
+<span id="Math-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
-<a name="index-math-symbols"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-greek-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-math-symbols"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-greek-letters"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></a>
-<a name="index-comprehensive-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></span>
+<span id="index-comprehensive-package"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
@@ -13093,44 +12743,44 @@
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_007c"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\aleph</code>
-<a name="index-_005caleph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caleph"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
-<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
+<span id="index-_005calpha"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
-<a name="index-_005camalg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005camalg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨿ Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\angle</code>
-<a name="index-_005cangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign <code><</code> and angle bracket <code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\approx</code>
-<a name="index-_005capprox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005capprox"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≈ Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ast</code>
-<a name="index-_005cast"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cast"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym: <code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
@@ -13140,281 +12790,281 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\asymp</code>
-<a name="index-_005casymp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005casymp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\backslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbackslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbackslash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\beta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbeta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection <code>\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcirc</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcirc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcirc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition <code>\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union <code>\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigodot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigodot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigodot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigoplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigoplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigoplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigotimes</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigotimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigotimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigsqcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biguplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbiguplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbiguplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigvee</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigvee"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigvee"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigwedge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigwedge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigwedge"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⊥ Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+<dd><p>⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code>\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbowtie"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbowtie"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Box</code>
-<a name="index-_005cBox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cBox"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bullet</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbullet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbullet"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bullet-symbol"></span>
<p>• Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot <code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cap</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator <code>\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdot</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccdot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccdot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot <code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\chi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cchi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccirc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccirc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator <code>\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\clubsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cclubsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclubsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♣ Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\complement</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccomplement"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccomplement"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>∁ Set complement, used as a superscript as in
+<dd><p>∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also used:
<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cong</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccong"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccong"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≅ Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coprod</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccoprod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccoprod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∐ Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cup</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator <code>\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdagger"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>† Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dashv</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdashv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdashv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile <code>\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddagger"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>‡ Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDelta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdelta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDiamond"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiamond"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond <code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\div</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>÷ Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdoteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdoteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to <code>\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ell</code>
-<a name="index-_005cell"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cell"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
-<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cemptyset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cepsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
@@ -13423,127 +13073,127 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\equiv</code>
-<a name="index-_005cequiv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cequiv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≡ Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eta</code>
-<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ceta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
-<a name="index-_005cexists"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cexists"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\flat</code>
-<a name="index-_005cflat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cflat"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♭ Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\forall</code>
-<a name="index-_005cforall"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cforall"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfrown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cGamma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgamma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cge"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for <code>\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\geq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgeq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgeq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for <code>\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gets</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgets"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgets"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>← Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym: <code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than <code>\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hbar</code>
-<a name="index-_005chbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chbar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\heartsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheartsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheartsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♡ Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chookleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↩ Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chookrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↪ Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iff</code>
-<a name="index-_005ciff"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ciff"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟷ If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Im</code>
-<a name="index-_005cIm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cIm"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code>\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\imath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cimath"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\in</code>
-<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon <code>\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script
@@ -13551,99 +13201,99 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\infty</code>
-<a name="index-_005cinfty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinfty"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∞ Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\int</code>
-<a name="index-_005cint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∫ Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iota</code>
-<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ciota"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
-<a name="index-_005cJoin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cJoin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\jmath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cjmath"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
-<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ckappa"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLambda"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
-<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clambda"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
-<a name="index-_005cland"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cland"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical or <code>\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\langle</code>
-<a name="index-_005clangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than <code><</code>. Matches <code>\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrace</code>
-<a name="index-_005clbrace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clbrace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>{ Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym: <code>\{</code>. Matches <code>\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrack</code>
-<a name="index-_005clbrack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clbrack"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>[ Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym: <code>[</code>. Matches <code>\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lceil</code>
-<a name="index-_005clceil"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clceil"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches <code>\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\le</code>
-<a name="index-_005cle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for <code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleadsto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
@@ -13652,14 +13302,14 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLeftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow <code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>← Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym: <code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
@@ -13667,46 +13317,46 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow <code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for <code>\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
-<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clfloor"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code>\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005clhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
@@ -13715,54 +13365,54 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ll</code>
-<a name="index-_005cll"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cll"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than <code>\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lnot</code>
-<a name="index-_005clnot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clnot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow <code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longmapsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongmapsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongmapsto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version <code>\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow <code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lor</code>
-<a name="index-_005clor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clor"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge <code>\wedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmapsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmapsto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
@@ -13770,13 +13420,13 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mho</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mid</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmid"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmid"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
@@ -13789,50 +13439,50 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\models</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmodels"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmodels"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash <code>\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∓ Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mu</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmu"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnabla"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnabla"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\natural</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnatural"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnatural"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ne</code>
-<a name="index-_005cne"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cne"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nearrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnearrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnearrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↗ North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cneg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cneg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym: <code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
@@ -13840,13 +13490,13 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cneq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cneq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ni</code>
-<a name="index-_005cni"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cni"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym: <code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
@@ -13854,7 +13504,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\not</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>  Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
@@ -13865,78 +13515,78 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\notin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnotin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnotin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of <code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nu</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnu"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnwarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnwarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↖ North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\odot</code>
-<a name="index-_005codot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005codot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator <code>\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oint</code>
-<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
-<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cOmega"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
-<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
+<span id="index-_005comega"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cominus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cominus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005coplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator <code>\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005coslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coslash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\otimes</code>
-<a name="index-_005cotimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cotimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator <code>\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\owns</code>
-<a name="index-_005cowns"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cowns"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym: <code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
@@ -13944,19 +13594,19 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parallel</code>
-<a name="index-_005cparallel"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparallel"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partial</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpartial"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpartial"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∂ Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\perp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cperp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cperp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
@@ -13964,52 +13614,52 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Phi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPhi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPhi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\phi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cphi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code> φ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code> ϖ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pm</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpm"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>± Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prec</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprec"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code><</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\preceq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpreceq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals <code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prime</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprime"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprime"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
@@ -14022,58 +13672,58 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∏ Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\propto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpropto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpropto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∝ Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPsi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpsi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
-<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
-<a name="index-_005crbrace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crbrace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>} Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym: <code>\}</code>. Matches <code>\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrack</code>
-<a name="index-_005crbrack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crbrack"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>] Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym: <code>]</code>. Matches <code>\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rceil</code>
-<a name="index-_005crceil"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crceil"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code>\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Re</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRe"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
@@ -14081,28 +13731,28 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\restriction</code>
-<a name="index-_005crestriction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crestriction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>↾ Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
+<dd><p>↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
-<a name="index-_005crevemptyset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crevemptyset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⦰ Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+<dd><p>⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
-<a name="index-_005crfloor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crfloor"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches <code>\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005crhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
@@ -14111,21 +13761,21 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rho</code>
-<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code> ϱ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
@@ -14133,34 +13783,34 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightharpoondown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightharpoonup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005csearrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csearrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
-<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetminus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also
@@ -14168,64 +13818,64 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sharp</code>
-<a name="index-_005csharp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csharp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♯ Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cSigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code> ς.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sim</code>
-<a name="index-_005csim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∼ Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\simeq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csimeq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csimeq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallint</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmallint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmallint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smile</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmile"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmile"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cspadesuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cspadesuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>♠ Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcap</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqcap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqcap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection <code>cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union <code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
@@ -14233,35 +13883,35 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsubset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⊏ Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
+<dd><p>⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset <code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsubseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to <code>\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsupset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⊐ Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
+<dd><p>⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset <code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsupseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal <code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
-<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
@@ -14271,52 +13921,52 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csubset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csubseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊆ Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succ</code>
-<a name="index-_005csucc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csucc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than <code>></code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succeq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csucceq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csucceq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to <code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sum</code>
-<a name="index-_005csum"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csum"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma <code>\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csupset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csupset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊃ Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csupseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csupseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊇ Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\surd</code>
-<a name="index-_005csurd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csurd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
@@ -14324,53 +13974,53 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\swarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cswarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cswarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tau</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctau"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctheta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code> ϑ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\times</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>× Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also <code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\to</code>
-<a name="index-_005cto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym: <code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\top</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctop"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctop"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also <code>\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>△ Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleleft</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangleleft"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar: <code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
@@ -14379,7 +14029,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangleright"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
@@ -14388,7 +14038,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunlhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
@@ -14398,7 +14048,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunrhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
@@ -14408,7 +14058,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUparrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
@@ -14416,7 +14066,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cuparrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
@@ -14424,7 +14074,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
@@ -14432,7 +14082,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
@@ -14440,15 +14090,15 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupharpoonright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>↾ Up harpoon, with barb on right side
+<dd><p>↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym: <code>\restriction</code>.
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cuplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union <code>\cup</code>. Related:
@@ -14456,19 +14106,19 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUpsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarepsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
@@ -14477,35 +14127,35 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvanothing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvanothing"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>∅ Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
+<dd><p>∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarphi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> ϕ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarpi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> π.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarrho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> ρ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarsigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
@@ -14513,7 +14163,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvartheta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
@@ -14521,7 +14171,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdash</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvdash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
@@ -14529,7 +14179,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vee</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvee"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvee"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and <code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
@@ -14537,47 +14187,24 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Vert</code>
-<a name="index-_005cVert"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cVert"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
-bar <code>\vert</code>.
+<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
+for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package to create flexibly-sized
+norm symbols.
</p>
-<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and put in
-your preamble
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code>. This creates
-three command variants for double-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code> then the height of the vertical bars
-will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
-command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
-</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvert"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvert"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
-vertical bar <code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
-set, use <code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
+<dd><p>| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such
+that”, as in the definition of a set, use <code>\mid</code> because it
+is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp>
+package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</p>
-<p>For absolute value you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and in your
-preamble put
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code>. This creates
-three command variants for single-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the height of the
-vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of
-the argument but instead are the default height, and
-<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars that
-do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
-e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
-</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wedge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwedge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwedge"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
@@ -14585,31 +14212,31 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wr</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>≀ Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cXi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cxi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
-<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005czeta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
@@ -14621,31 +14248,31 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathdollar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathparagraph"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathsection"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Section sign in math mode §.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathsterling"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: £.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathunderscore"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
@@ -14653,41 +14280,39 @@
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of arrows.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of arrows.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Parentheses, braces, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Parentheses, braces, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Dots" accesskey="6">Dots</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Dots" accesskey="6">Dots</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of Greek letters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of Greek letters.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Arrows"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Arrows"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Arrows-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
+<span id="Arrows-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
-<a name="index-arrows"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></a>
-<a name="index-math_002c-arrows"></a>
+<span id="index-arrows"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></span>
+<span id="index-math_002c-arrows"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsfonts-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-latexsym"></a>
-<a name="index-latexsym-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></span>
+<span id="index-latexsym-package"></span>
<p>These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The
<samp>latexsym</samp> and <samp>amsfonts</samp> packages contain many more.
@@ -14725,29 +14350,27 @@
<p>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amscd"></a>
-<a name="index-amscd-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amscd"></span>
+<span id="index-amscd-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></a>
-<a name="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></span>
+<span id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></span>
<p>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
<samp>tikz-cd</samp> and <samp>amscd</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
-<a name="index-boldface-mathematics"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+<span id="index-boldface-mathematics"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cboldmath"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cunboldmath"></span>
<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
</p>
@@ -14761,8 +14384,8 @@
<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></span>
<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
@@ -14786,8 +14409,8 @@
Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
11</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
-<a name="index-bm-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-bm"></span>
+<span id="index-bm-package"></span>
<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
@@ -14804,16 +14427,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Blackboard-bold"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Blackboard-bold"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Blackboard-bold-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
+<span id="Blackboard-bold-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
-<a name="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
-<a name="index-doublestruck"></a>
+<span id="index-blackboard-bold"></span>
+<span id="index-doublestruck"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14833,7 +14454,7 @@
<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
</pre></div>
-<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ
+<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ,
representing the natural numbers.
</p>
<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
@@ -14844,17 +14465,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Calligraphic"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Calligraphic"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Calligraphic-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
+<span id="Calligraphic-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
-<a name="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-script-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts_002c-script"></a>
+<span id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-script-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts_002c-script"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14876,19 +14495,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Delimiters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Delimiters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Delimiters-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
+<span id="Delimiters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
-<a name="index-Delimiters"></a>
-<a name="index-parentheses"></a>
-<a name="index-braces"></a>
-<a name="index-curly-braces"></a>
-<a name="index-brackets"></a>
+<span id="index-Delimiters"></span>
+<span id="index-parentheses"></span>
+<span id="index-braces"></span>
+<span id="index-curly-braces"></span>
+<span id="index-brackets"></span>
<p>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
@@ -14900,30 +14517,30 @@
<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code>\( [0,1) \)</code>.
</p>
-<p>These are the common delimiters.
+<p>Here are the common delimiters:
</p>
<table>
-<thead><tr><th width="10%">Delimiter</th><th width="20%">Command</th><th width="40%">Name</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="10%">(</td><td width="20%"><code>(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">)</td><td width="20%"><code>)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">[</td><td width="20%"><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">]</td><td width="20%"><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code>\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code>\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code>\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code>\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code>\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code>\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">/</td><td width="20%"><code>/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">\</td><td width="20%"><code>\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">|</td><td width="20%"><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr>
+<thead><tr><th width="11%">Delimiter</th><th width="20%">Command</th><th width="40%">Name</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code>(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code>)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code>\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code>\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code>\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code>\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code>\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code>\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code>/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code>\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-1"></span>
<p>The <samp>mathtools</samp> package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
@@ -14935,32 +14552,32 @@
<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
This version accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
-<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>.
+<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using <code>\lVert</code> and
+<code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
+behavior.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1">\left & \right</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatically sized delimiters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1">\left & \right</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatically sized delimiters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc" accesskey="2">\bigl & \bigr etc</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manually sized delimiters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Manually sized delimiters.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigl & \bigr etc</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></h4>
-<a name="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></a>
-<a name="index-paired-delimiters"></a>
-<a name="index-matching-parentheses"></a>
-<a name="index-matching-brackets"></a>
-<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleft"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cright"></a>
+<span id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></span>
+<span id="index-paired-delimiters"></span>
+<span id="index-matching-parentheses"></span>
+<span id="index-matching-brackets"></span>
+<span id="index-null-delimiter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleft"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cright"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -14992,11 +14609,11 @@
‘<samp>Extra \right</samp>’. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets ‘<samp>You
can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-6"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-6"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-2"></span>
<p>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
@@ -15093,17 +14710,15 @@
delimiter; you can’t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
</p>
-<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc">\bigl & \bigr etc</a>.
+<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\left & \right</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -15179,8 +14794,8 @@
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-7"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-7"></span>
<p>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
from the <samp>amsmath</samp> package), and as with this larger slash.
@@ -15214,16 +14829,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Dots"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Dots"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
+<span id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
-<a name="index-ellipses"></a>
-<a name="index-dots"></a>
+<span id="index-ellipses"></span>
+<span id="index-dots"></span>
<p>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
@@ -15239,24 +14852,24 @@
<p>LaTeX provides these.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="ellipses-cdots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\cdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccdots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in ⋯. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\)</code>.
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-ddots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\ddots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, ⋱. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-ldots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cldots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
@@ -15267,9 +14880,9 @@
<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph
mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-vdots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvdots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a
usage.
@@ -15277,8 +14890,8 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-8"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
@@ -15306,15 +14919,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Greek-letters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Greek-letters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Greek-letters-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
+<span id="Greek-letters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
-<a name="index-Greek-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-Greek-letters"></span>
<p>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
differ from Roman upper case letters.
@@ -15345,8 +14956,8 @@
<tr><td width="10%">ω, Ω</td><td width="30%"><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></a>
-<a name="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></span>
+<span id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></span>
<p>For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as ‘<samp>o</samp>’ or ‘<samp>O</samp>’. If you like having the
@@ -15360,229 +14971,227 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-functions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-functions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-functions-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
+<span id="Math-functions-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
-<a name="index-math-functions"></a>
-<a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a>
+<span id="index-math-functions"></span>
+<span id="index-functions_002c-math"></span>
<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
-<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carccos"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
-<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carcsin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
-<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carctan"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
-<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbmod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccos"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccosh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccoth"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccsc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdeg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdet"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cexp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgcd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
-<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chom"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
-<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinf"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Infinum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
-<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cker"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
-<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
-<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
-<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005climinf"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
-<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005climsup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
-<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cln"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
-<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clog"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmax"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpmod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
-<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csec"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
-<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
-<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csinh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
-<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>sup
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctan"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctanh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-9"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
@@ -15594,16 +15203,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-accents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-accents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
+<span id="Math-accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
-<a name="index-math-accents"></a>
-<a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>
+<span id="index-math-accents"></span>
+<span id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
@@ -15611,96 +15218,96 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\acute</code>
-<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cacute"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbar"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbreve"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccheck"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccheck"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math háček (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgrave"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
-<a name="index-_005chat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chat"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathring"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvec"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwidehat"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwidetilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwidetilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
@@ -15711,31 +15318,29 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
+<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
-<a name="index-overlining"></a>
-<a name="index-underlining"></a>
+<span id="index-overlining"></span>
+<span id="index-underlining"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
putting braces over or under some material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
-<a name="index-ulem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-ulem"></span>
+<span id="index-ulem-package"></span>
<p>Note that the package <samp>ulem</samp> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
@@ -15744,7 +15349,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
@@ -15752,7 +15357,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
@@ -15771,7 +15376,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
@@ -15780,24 +15385,22 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-3"></span>
<p>The package <samp>mathtools</samp> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
-<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
+<span id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></span>
<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
@@ -15821,26 +15424,26 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003b"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
<dt><code>\></code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003a"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmedspace"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space"></a>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_002c"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space"></span>
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></span><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>).
</p>
<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
@@ -15856,49 +15459,47 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0021"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is
math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code> command is available for
text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quad</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quad"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cquad"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
+<dd><span id="index-quad"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cquad"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></span><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\qquad</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cqquad"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
+<dd><span id="index-_005cqquad"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csmash"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csmash"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csmash-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005csmash-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
-<a name="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a>
+<span id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15964,28 +15565,26 @@
\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-4"></span>
<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-spacing"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-spacing"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-invisible-character"></a>
-<a name="index-character_002c-invisible"></a>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-spacing"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-spacing"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-invisible-character"></span>
+<span id="index-character_002c-invisible"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16027,8 +15626,8 @@
<p>These commands often are combined with <code>\smash</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a>
for another example of the use of <code>\vphantom</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-5"></span>
<p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
@@ -16038,8 +15637,8 @@
In addition, the <samp>mathtools</samp> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-10"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span>
<p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
@@ -16053,46 +15652,42 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-miscellany"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
+<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
-<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a>
+<span id="index-math-miscellany"></span>
<p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don’t fit into other categories.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character & \colon</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character & \colon</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4">\sqrt</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4">\sqrt</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5">\stackrel</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5">\stackrel</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></h4>
+<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_003a"></a>
-<a name="index-colon-character"></a>
-<a name="index-_003a-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolon"></a>
+<span id="index-_003a"></span>
+<span id="index-colon-character"></span>
+<span id="index-_003a-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolon"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16107,15 +15702,15 @@
<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-11"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span>
<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-12"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span>
<p>But the widely-used <samp>amsmath</samp> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
@@ -16123,19 +15718,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002a"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002a"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frac</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character & \colon</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002a-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
-<a name="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
+<span id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_002a"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16155,16 +15748,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrac"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrac"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sqrt</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrac-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
-<a name="index-fraction"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
+<span id="index-fraction"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfrac"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16179,18 +15770,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csqrt"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csqrt"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stackrel</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frac</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csqrt-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
-<a name="index-square-root"></a>
-<a name="index-roots"></a>
-<a name="index-radical"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csqrt"></a>
+<span id="index-square-root"></span>
+<span id="index-roots"></span>
+<span id="index-radical"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csqrt"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16210,17 +15799,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstackrel"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstackrel"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sqrt</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
-<a name="index-stack-math"></a>
-<a name="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cstackrel"></a>
+<span id="index-stack-math"></span>
+<span id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cstackrel"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16233,15 +15820,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Modes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Modes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Modes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
+<span id="Modes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
-<a name="index-modes"></a>
+<span id="index-modes"></span>
<p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -16250,14 +15835,14 @@
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="modes-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span>
<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
-<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-lr-mode"></a><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-LR-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-lr-mode"></span><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
LaTeX’s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
@@ -16267,23 +15852,23 @@
that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
box won’t fit there.)
</p>
-</li><li> <a name="index-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-math-mode"></a><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
+</li><li> <span id="index-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-math-mode"></span><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
-<a name="index-display-math-mode"></a>
+<span id="index-display-math-mode"></span>
<p><em>Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</p>
-</li><li> <a name="index-vertical-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-vertical-mode"></a><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
when it starts a document.
-<a name="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></a><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
</li></ul>
@@ -16295,9 +15880,9 @@
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</p>
-<a name="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
+<span id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></span><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
@@ -16305,18 +15890,16 @@
(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005censuremath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005censuremath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005censuremath-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005censuremath-1"></span><h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16346,16 +15929,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Page-styles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-styles"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-styles-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
+<span id="Page-styles-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
-<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
-<a name="index-page-styles"></a>
+<span id="index-styles_002c-page"></span>
+<span id="index-page-styles"></span>
<p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -16363,35 +15944,33 @@
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyhdr-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyhdr-package"></span>
<p>The package <samp>fancyhdr</samp> is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
+<span id="index-titles_002c-making"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmaketitle"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16435,11 +16014,11 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></span>
<p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s
@@ -16449,9 +16028,9 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document’s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
@@ -16459,10 +16038,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-credit-footnote"></span>
<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
@@ -16471,10 +16050,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></span>
<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No
@@ -16491,16 +16070,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
-<a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></span>
+<span id="index-page-numbering-style"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16551,8 +16128,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>gobble</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span>
<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
work with the popular package <samp>hyperref</samp> so to have the page number
@@ -16573,18 +16150,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
-<a name="index-header-style"></a>
-<a name="index-footer-style"></a>
-<a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagestyle"></span>
+<span id="index-header-style"></span>
+<span id="index-footer-style"></span>
+<span id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16595,8 +16170,8 @@
<p>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></span>
<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
<samp>fancyhdr</samp> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
@@ -16673,7 +16248,7 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
@@ -16685,7 +16260,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
@@ -16694,16 +16269,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>
-<a name="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></span>
+<span id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16737,16 +16310,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Spaces"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Spaces"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Spaces-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
+<span id="Spaces-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
-<a name="index-spaces"></a>
-<a name="index-white-space"></a>
+<span id="index-spaces"></span>
+<span id="index-white-space"></span>
<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
these are best suited to mathematical text; see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text
@@ -16755,56 +16326,54 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005censpace"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cquad-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cqquad-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005censpace"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cquad-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cqquad-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16836,15 +16405,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chspace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chspace"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16900,18 +16467,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hss</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chfill"></span>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
-<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></span>
+<span id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16929,7 +16494,7 @@
<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfill"></span>
<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
@@ -16952,18 +16517,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chss"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chss"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chss-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chss-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chss"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-space"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chss"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-space"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16990,13 +16553,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hss</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17004,7 +16565,7 @@
<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cspacefactor"></span>
<p>Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
</p>
@@ -17062,30 +16623,28 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
-<a name="index-at_002dsign"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
-<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040"></span>
+<span id="index-at_002dsign"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></span>
+<span id="g_t_005cAT"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -17139,17 +16698,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></span>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17172,16 +16729,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></span>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17194,19 +16749,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next">~</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
+<span id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></span><h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cSPACE-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSPACE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cTAB"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></span>
<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
@@ -17253,19 +16806,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_007e"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_007e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE)</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_007e-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_007e-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_007e"></a>
-<a name="index-tie"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-hard"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a>
-<a name="index-NBSP"></a>
+<span id="index-_007e"></span>
+<span id="index-tie"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-hard"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></span>
+<span id="index-NBSP"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17299,8 +16850,8 @@
<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. When cases are enumerated inline:
<code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
-<a name="index-package_002c-siunitx"></a>
-<a name="index-siunitx-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></span>
+<span id="index-siunitx-package"></span>
</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
<samp>siunitx</samp> package has a special facility for this) or
@@ -17334,20 +16885,18 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">~</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-thin"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-thin"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17376,16 +16925,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002f"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002f-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
-<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002f"></span>
+<span id="index-italic-correction"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17425,16 +16972,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chrulefill"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cdotfill"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17496,13 +17041,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17531,29 +17074,29 @@
file.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="bigskip"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="bigskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="medskip"></a></dd>
+<span id="medskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmedskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="smallskip"></a></dd>
+<span id="smallskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmallskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
@@ -17572,13 +17115,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17610,16 +17151,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstrut"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstrut"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstrut-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cstrut-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cstrut"></a>
-<a name="index-strut"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstrut"></span>
+<span id="index-strut"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17683,10 +17222,10 @@
the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
extra below-baseline space.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package-1"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></span>
<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
<samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>. For instance, you may have a command
@@ -17718,17 +17257,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\strut</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvspace"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-vertical"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17788,18 +17325,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvfill"></span>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a>
-<a name="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></span>
+<span id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17834,17 +17369,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddvspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddvspace"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17898,15 +17431,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Boxes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
+<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
-<a name="index-boxes"></a>
+<span id="index-boxes"></span>
<p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
@@ -17915,37 +17446,35 @@
One useful adjunct to the commands here is <samp>adjustbox</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox & \makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox & \makebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox & \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox & \framebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox & \savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox & \savebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox & \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box"></a>
-<a name="index-make-a-box"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmakebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box"></span>
+<span id="index-make-a-box"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17985,7 +17514,7 @@
<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
</p>
-<a name="mbox-makebox-depth"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-height"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-width"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
+<span id="mbox-makebox-depth"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-height"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-width"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>,
<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For
@@ -18032,11 +17561,11 @@
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</pre></div>
-<p><a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package-2"></a>
+<p><span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package-2"></span>
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></span>
<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp>10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space)
will be just before the ‘<samp>What</samp>’ (note the space after
@@ -18060,16 +17589,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox & \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cframebox-1"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -18110,23 +17637,23 @@
<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
-<a name="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></span>
+<span id="index-frame-rule-width"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule"></span>
<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
</p>
-<a name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd>
+<span id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep"></span>
<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
@@ -18162,17 +17689,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cparbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox & \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cparbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparbox"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -18212,10 +17737,10 @@
</p>
<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
-<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+<em>parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported
values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
-<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line (this is the
-default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the <code>parbox</code> with
+parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the
+default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with
the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
bottom line.
</p>
@@ -18231,15 +17756,13 @@
stretchable space).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craisebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox & \savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005craisebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craisebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -18269,7 +17792,7 @@
they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the
box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>.
</p>
-<a name="raisebox-depth"></a><a name="raisebox-height"></a><a name="raisebox-width"></a><a name="raisebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
+<span id="raisebox-depth"></span><span id="raisebox-height"></span><span id="raisebox-width"></span><span id="raisebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that
LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>,
<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its
@@ -18294,17 +17817,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-save"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csavebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-save"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -18394,15 +17915,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="lrbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="lrbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox & \savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
+<span id="lrbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-lrbox"></a>
+<span id="index-lrbox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -18435,16 +17954,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cusebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cusebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cusebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -18460,15 +17977,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Color"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Color-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
+<span id="Color-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
-<a name="index-color"></a>
+<span id="index-color"></span>
<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
@@ -18483,26 +17998,24 @@
‘<samp>HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Hsb</samp>’ color models.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Color-package-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color-package-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="color-package-options"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
+<span id="color-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
-<a name="index-color-package-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
+<span id="index-color-package-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-color-package"></span>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
@@ -18551,15 +18064,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Color-models"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color-models"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Color-models-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
+<span id="Color-models-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
-<a name="index-color-models"></a>
+<span id="index-color-models"></span>
<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s
capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>,
@@ -18575,7 +18086,7 @@
and yellow makes black.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="color-models-cmyk"></span></dd>
<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
@@ -18583,12 +18094,12 @@
minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-gray"></span></dd>
<dt><code>gray</code></dt>
<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-rgb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>rgb</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
@@ -18596,7 +18107,7 @@
none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
This is an additive model.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-RGB"></span></dd>
<dt><code>RGB</code></dt>
<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
@@ -18605,7 +18116,7 @@
The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
dividing by 255.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-named"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-named"></span></dd>
<dt><code>named</code></dt>
<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of
names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp>black</samp>’,
@@ -18618,42 +18129,38 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Commands-for-color"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Commands-for-color"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
+<span id="Commands-for-color-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
-<a name="index-color-package-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-color-package-commands"></span>
<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Define-colors"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Define-colors"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Define-colors-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
+<span id="Define-colors-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
-<a name="index-color-1"></a>
-<a name="index-define-color"></a>
-<a name="index-color_002c-define"></a>
+<span id="index-color-1"></span>
+<span id="index-define-color"></span>
+<span id="index-color_002c-define"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -18683,16 +18190,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-text"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-text"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-text-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
+<span id="Colored-text-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
-<a name="index-color-2"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-text"></a>
+<span id="index-color-2"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-text"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18785,17 +18290,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-boxes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
+<span id="Colored-boxes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
-<a name="index-color-3"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-boxes"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
+<span id="index-color-3"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-boxes"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-colored"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18844,18 +18347,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-pages"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-pages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
+<span id="Colored-pages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
-<a name="index-color-4"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-page"></a>
-<a name="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
-<a name="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
+<span id="index-color-4"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-page"></span>
+<span id="index-page_002c-colored"></span>
+<span id="index-background_002c-colored"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18881,16 +18382,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Graphics-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
+<span id="Graphics-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
-<a name="index-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package"></span>
<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX.
@@ -18930,26 +18429,24 @@
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics-package-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="graphics-package-options"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
+<span id="graphics-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></span>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
@@ -19029,22 +18526,20 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics-package-configuration"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="graphics-package-configuration"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
+<span id="graphics-package-configuration"></span><h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-1"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
-<a name="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a>
-<a name="index-EPS-files"></a>
-<a name="index-JPEG-files"></a>
-<a name="index-JPG-files"></a>
-<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a>
-<a name="index-PNG-files"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-1"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-1"></span>
+<span id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></span>
+<span id="index-EPS-files"></span>
+<span id="index-JPEG-files"></span>
+<span id="index-JPG-files"></span>
+<span id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></span>
+<span id="index-PNG-files"></span>
<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -19056,30 +18551,28 @@
TeX distribution’s documentation.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>}
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of directories inside curly braces</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
@@ -19147,15 +18640,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -19203,15 +18694,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -19296,51 +18785,47 @@
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Commands-for-graphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+<span id="Commands-for-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></span>
<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and
<samp>graphicx</samp> packages.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics-2"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
-<a name="index-including-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-importing-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-EPS-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-JPEG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-JPG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-PNG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-2"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-2"></span>
+<span id="index-including-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-importing-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-EPS-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-JPEG-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-JPG-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-PNG-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></span>
<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
</p>
@@ -19480,7 +18965,7 @@
graphic.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-width"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-width"></span></dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
@@ -19493,7 +18978,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-height"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-height"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
@@ -19501,14 +18986,14 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-totalheght"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheght"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></a><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></span><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>
@@ -19555,7 +19040,7 @@
<p>These are lesser-used options.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-viewport"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-viewport"></span></dd>
<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
@@ -19564,7 +19049,7 @@
relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
<code>trim</code> option.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-trim"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd>
<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
@@ -19574,7 +19059,7 @@
the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the
top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-clip"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-clip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
@@ -19586,12 +19071,12 @@
using the starred form of the command,
<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-page"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-page"></span></dd>
<dt><code>page</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
<code>page=1</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-pagebox"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-pagebox"></span></dd>
<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
@@ -19606,7 +19091,7 @@
present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-interpolate"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-interpolate"></span></dd>
<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
@@ -19615,13 +19100,13 @@
<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
</pre></div>
-<a name="includegraphics-quiet"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-quiet"></span></dd>
<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-draft"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with
</p>
@@ -19647,7 +19132,7 @@
60/72 inch tall.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-bb"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-bb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
@@ -19656,12 +19141,12 @@
only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
to change it.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-bbllx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bblly"></a><a name="includegraphics-bburx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bbury"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-bbllx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bblly"></span><span id="includegraphics-bburx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bbury"></span></dd>
<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
compatibility with old packages.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-natwidth"></a><a name="includegraphics-natheight"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-natwidth"></span><span id="includegraphics-natheight"></span></dd>
<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
</p>
@@ -19671,7 +19156,7 @@
<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-hiresbb"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
</p>
@@ -19695,21 +19180,21 @@
<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-type"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-type"></span></dd>
<dt><code>type</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-ext"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-ext"></span></dd>
<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-read"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-read"></span></dd>
<dt><code>read</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-command"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd>
<dt><code>command</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>
@@ -19721,18 +19206,16 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005crotatebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-rotation"></a>
-<a name="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-rotating-text"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
+<span id="index-rotation"></span>
+<span id="index-rotating-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-rotating-text"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crotatebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis if you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package:
</p>
@@ -19819,22 +19302,20 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cscalebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscalebox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005creflectbox"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscalebox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005creflectbox"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -19873,21 +19354,19 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cresizebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cresizebox"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cresizebox"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -19921,53 +19400,49 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Special-insertions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
+<span id="Special-insertions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
-<a name="index-special-insertions"></a>
-<a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
+<span id="index-special-insertions"></span>
+<span id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting ‘<samp># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>’
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting ‘<samp># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>’
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="7">\rule</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="7">\rule</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="8">\today</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today’s date.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="8">\today</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today’s date.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Reserved-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<span id="Reserved-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
-<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
-<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
+<span id="index-reserved-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></span>
+<span id="index-special-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are
called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
@@ -19976,21 +19451,21 @@
<pre class="example"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0024"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0025"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0026"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0023"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0024"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0025"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0026"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005f"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_007b"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_007d"></span>
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_007e"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005e"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></span>
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
@@ -20010,17 +19485,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Upper-and-lower-case"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<span id="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
-<a name="index-uppercase"></a>
-<a name="index-lowercase"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a>
+<span id="index-uppercase"></span>
+<span id="index-lowercase"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20063,32 +19536,30 @@
<!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-textcase"></a>
-<a name="index-textcase-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-textcase"></span>
+<span id="index-textcase-package"></span>
<p>The <samp>textcase</samp> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a>
-<a name="index-mfirstuc-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></span>
+<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span>
<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Symbols-by-font-position"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Symbols-by-font-position"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<span id="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
-<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
-<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
-<a name="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csymbol"></span>
+<span id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></span>
+<span id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></span>
<p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
@@ -20102,18 +19573,16 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Text-symbols"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<span id="Text-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
-<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
+<span id="index-text-symbols"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-text"></span>
-<a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-textcomp-package-1"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
available in OT1. Unless you are using XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX then
@@ -20121,250 +19590,250 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\copyright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccopyright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccopyright"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcopyright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcopyright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-copyright-symbol"></span>
<p>© The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dag</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdag"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdag"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>† The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddag</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddag"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddag"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>‡ The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLaTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLaTeX"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-LaTeX-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeXe</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLaTeXe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLaTeXe"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></span>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-guillemets"></a>
-<a name="index-single-guillemets"></a>
-<a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-guillemets"></span>
+<span id="index-single-guillemets"></span>
+<span id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-French-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></span>
<p>«, », ‹, ›
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cldots-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cldots-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\dots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdots"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textellipsis</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextellipsis"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ellipsis"></span>
<p>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lq</code>
-<a name="index-_005clq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clq"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-opening-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-opening-quote"></span>
<p>‘ Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\P</code>
-<a name="index-_005cP"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cP"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textparagraph</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextparagraph"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-paragraph-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-pilcrow"></span>
<p>¶ Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpounds"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpounds"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsterling</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextsterling"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextsterling"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-pounds-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-sterling-symbol"></span>
<p>£ English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
-<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
-<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
+<span id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
+<span id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></span>
<p>„ and ‚
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rq</code>
-<a name="index-_005crq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crq"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-closing-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-closing-quote"></span>
<p>’ Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\S</code>
-<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cS"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextsection"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextsection"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-section-symbol"></span>
<p>§ Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
-<a name="index-_005cTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cTeX"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-TeX-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-TeX-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></span>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>\ Backslash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbar</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbar"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbardbl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>⏸ Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>◯ Big circle symbol.
+<dd><span id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>◯, Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>{ Left brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbraceright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>} Right brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbullet"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>• Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>Ⓐ Circle around <var>letter</var>.
+<dd><span id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>Ⓐ, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
-<a name="index-ascender-height"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-cap-height"></span>
+<span id="index-ascender-height"></span>
<p>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces ‘<samp>fi</samp>’ without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
@@ -20373,51 +19842,51 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdagger"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>† Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>‡ Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
-<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dollar-sign"></span>
+<span id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></span>
<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-em_002ddash"></span>
<p>— Em-dash (used for punctuation, as in
<code>The playoffs --- if you are fortunate enough to make the playoffs ---
is more like a sprint.</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-e_002ddash"></span>
<p>– En-dash (used for ranges, as in <code>See pages 12--14</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexteuro"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexteuro"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a>
-<a name="index-eurosym-package"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-euro-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-currency_002c-euro"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></span>
+<span id="index-eurosym-package"></span>
<p>The Euro symbol: €. For an alternative glyph design, try the
<samp>eurosym</samp> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
@@ -20425,191 +19894,189 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>¡ Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextgreater"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>> Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textless</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextless"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>< Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>← Left arrow.
+<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>←, Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
-<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
+<span id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
<p>ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>· Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>¿ Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
-<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></span>
+<span id="index-double-left-quote"></span>
<p>“ Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
-<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></span>
+<span id="index-double-right-quote"></span>
<p>” Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
-<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></span>
+<span id="index-single-left-quote"></span>
<p>‘ Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
-<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></span>
+<span id="index-single-right-quote"></span>
<p>’ Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
-<p>' Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-single-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></span>
+<p>', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
-<a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></span>
+<span id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></span>
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textregistered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextregistered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-registered-symbol"></span>
<p>® Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>→ Right arrow.
+<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>→, Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
-<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
-<p>﹘ “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<dd><span id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></span>
+<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></span>
+<p>﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexttrademark"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-trademark-symbol"></span>
<p>™ Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
-<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
-<p>﹘ “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<dd><span id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></span>
+<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></span>
+<p>﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextunderscore"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>␣ Visible space symbol.
+<dd><span id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>␣, Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Accents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Accents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
+<span id="Accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
-<a name="index-accents"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
+<span id="index-accents"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-accented"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-accented"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-2"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package"></span>
-<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
+<span id="index-multilingual-support"></span>
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages,
through the <code>babel</code> package and related support if you are using
pdfLaTeX, or <samp>polyglossia</samp> if you are using XeLaTeX or
@@ -20621,11 +20088,11 @@
<p>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
lowercase ‘<samp>o</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dotless-i"></span>
<p>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
-<a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dotless-j"></span>
and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
@@ -20633,70 +20100,70 @@
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\"</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
-<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span>
+<span id="index-umlaut-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-dieresis-accent"></span>
<p>ö Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
-<a name="index-acute-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span>
+<span id="index-acute-accent"></span>
<p>ó Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dot-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dot-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>ȯ Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
-<a name="index-macron-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span>
+<span id="index-macron-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-overbar-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>ō Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
-<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-hat-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span>
+<span id="index-circumflex-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-hat-accent"></span>
<p>ô Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
-<a name="index-grave-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span>
+<span id="index-grave-accent"></span>
<p>ò Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
-<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span>
+<span id="index-tilde-accent"></span>
<p>ñ Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>o_ Bar accent underneath.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
-<a name="index-underbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderbar"></span>
+<span id="index-underbar"></span>
<p>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under
<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
@@ -20706,41 +20173,41 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
-<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span>
+<span id="index-cedilla-accent"></span>
<p>ç Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
-<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span>
+<span id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>ọ Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
-<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span>
+<span id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></span>
<p>ő Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
-<a name="index-ogonek"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span>
+<span id="index-ogonek"></span>
<p>ǫ Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
-<a name="index-ring-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span>
+<span id="index-ring-accent"></span>
<p>o* Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -20748,50 +20215,48 @@
<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
-<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnewtie"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></span>
+<span id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></span>
<p>oo[ Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
its box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
-<a name="index-breve-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span>
+<span id="index-breve-accent"></span>
<p>ŏ Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
-<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-check-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-caron-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span>
+<span id="index-hacek-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-check-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-caron-accent"></span>
<p>ǒ Háček (check, caron) accent.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1">\accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Low level command to produce an accented character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1">\accent</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Low level command to produce an accented character.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caccent"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caccent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caccent-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caccent"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005caccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></h4>
+<span id="index-_005caccent"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20840,20 +20305,18 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Additional-Latin-letters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Additional-Latin-letters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<span id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
-<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
-<a name="index-extended-Latin"></a>
-<a name="index-special-characters-1"></a>
-<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
+<span id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></span><span id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></span>
+<span id="index-extended-Latin"></span>
+<span id="index-special-characters-1"></span>
+<span id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></span>
<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond
A–Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -20862,26 +20325,26 @@
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AA</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-aring"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-aring"></span>
<p>å and Å.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ae</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AE</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-ae-ligature"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-ae-ligature"></span>
<p>æ and Æ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dh</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DH</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
-<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-Icelandic-eth"></span>
+<span id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -20889,8 +20352,8 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cdj"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDJ"></span>
<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -20898,58 +20361,58 @@
</dd>
<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></span>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
<dt><code>\L</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-polish-l"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-polish-l"></span>
<p>ł and Ł.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ng</code></dt>
<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cNG"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cng"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cNG"></span>
<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
<dt><code>\O</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-oslash"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-oslash"></span>
<p>ø and Ø.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oe</code></dt>
<dt><code>\OE</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-oe-ligature"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-oe-ligature"></span>
<p>œ and Œ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ss</code></dt>
<dt><code>\SS</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
-<a name="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></span>
+<span id="index-sharp-S-letters"></span>
<p>ß and SS.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\th</code></dt>
<dt><code>\TH</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
-<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></span>
+<span id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -20959,15 +20422,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005crule"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005crule-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crule"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -20978,8 +20439,8 @@
<p>Produce a <em>rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle.
</p>
-<a name="index-Halmos-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-tombstone"></a>
+<span id="index-Halmos-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-tombstone"></span>
<p>This produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
often used to mark the end of a proof.
</p>
@@ -20987,8 +20448,8 @@
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsthm-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsthm-package-1"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsthm</samp> package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
@@ -21014,17 +20475,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctoday"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctoday-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
-<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
-<a name="index-today_0027s-date"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctoday"></span>
+<span id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></span>
+<span id="index-today_0027s-date"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21036,11 +20495,11 @@
<var>yyyy</var></samp>’. An example of a date in that format is ‘<samp>July 4,
1976</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-3"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-3"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></span>
<p>Multilingual packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>, or
classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
@@ -21058,8 +20517,8 @@
<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
-<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-datetime"></span>
+<span id="index-datetime-package"></span>
<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <samp>datetime</samp> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
@@ -21069,24 +20528,22 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Splitting-the-input"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
+<span id="Splitting-the-input-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
-<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
-<a name="index-input-file"></a>
+<span id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></span>
+<span id="index-input-file"></span>
<p>LaTeX lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
document. It can also speed processing.
</p>
<p>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<a name="index-root-file"></a>
-<a name="index-file_002c-root"></a>
+<span id="index-root-file"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-root"></span>
<em>root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</p>
@@ -21115,7 +20572,7 @@
<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>,
<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
-<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1,</code> and compile again,
+<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1</code>, and compile again,
then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter.
Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
@@ -21126,26 +20583,24 @@
<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include & \includeonly</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include & \includeonly</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cendinput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cendinput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\include & \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cendinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cendinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cendinput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cendinput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21183,16 +20638,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\endinput</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinclude"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cincludeonly"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21309,7 +20762,7 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
+<span id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></span>
<p>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>’ The
<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
@@ -21328,15 +20781,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cinput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include & \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21382,41 +20833,37 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Front_002fback-matter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
+<span id="Front_002fback-matter-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
+<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></span>
-<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elof-file-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elot-file-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoffigures"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoftables"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elof-file-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elot-file-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -21499,11 +20946,11 @@
contents commands; for instance, these work with information stored in
<samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp> files.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-4"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
<p>To change the header for the table of contents page do something like
the first line here.
@@ -21518,11 +20965,11 @@
Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
will change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-tocloft"></a>
-<a name="index-tocloft-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></span>
+<span id="index-tocloft-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></a>
-<a name="index-tocbibbind-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></span>
+<span id="index-tocbibbind-package"></span>
<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
and tables. One convenient one for adjusting some aspects of the
@@ -21531,26 +20978,24 @@
contents.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="3">\nofiles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="3">\nofiles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21558,7 +21003,7 @@
<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccontentsline"></span>
<p>Add an entry to the file specified by <var>ext</var>. Usually <var>ext</var> is
one of <code>toc</code> for the table of contents, <code>lof</code> for the list of
figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of tables.
@@ -21651,15 +21096,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21710,15 +21153,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnofiles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnofiles"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnofiles"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21749,19 +21190,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Indexes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Indexes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
+<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
-<a name="index-indexes"></a>
+<span id="index-indexes"></span>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeindex"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cindex"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span>
<p>This document has an index.
</p>
@@ -21792,11 +21231,11 @@
information back into your document and typeset it with the
<code>\printindex</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
-<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span>
+<span id="index-showidx-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
-<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-multind"></span>
+<span id="index-multind-package"></span>
<p>There are many packages that apply to indexing commands. The
<code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the
@@ -21806,26 +21245,24 @@
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index-entry"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cindex-1"></a>
+<span id="index-index-entry"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cindex-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21866,7 +21303,7 @@
instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
<code>\index{Ackermann}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-index_002c-page-range"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-page-range"></span>
<p>Get a page range in the output, like ‘<samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>’, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -21886,14 +21323,14 @@
followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp>program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp>results,
51</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a>
-<a name="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cseename"></a>
-<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-5"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-5"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></span>
+<span id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cseename"></span>
+<span id="index-_005calsoname"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-5"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></span>
<p>Generate a index entry that says ‘<samp>See</samp>’ by using a vertical bar
@@ -21948,8 +21385,8 @@
entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>"</code>. (The double quote
gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-index"></a>
-<a name="index-index-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-index"></span>
+<span id="index-index-package"></span>
<p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
provided by <samp>makeidx</samp>. One is <samp>index</samp>, which allows for
@@ -21957,8 +21394,8 @@
<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
-<a name="index-idx-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cindexentry"></span>
+<span id="index-idx-file"></span>
<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
@@ -21977,19 +21414,17 @@
<hr>
-<a name="makeindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="makeindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">\printindex</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="makeindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
+<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index_002c-processing"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eidx-file-1"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-processing"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex-program"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eind-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -22005,9 +21440,9 @@
actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_002eisty-file"></a>
-<a name="index-index_002c-style-file"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_002eisty-file"></span>
+<span id="index-index_002c-style-file"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></span>
<p>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
you to format the index by using an <em>index style file</em>, a
<samp>.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
@@ -22044,33 +21479,33 @@
comment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="makeindex-preamble"></span></dd>
<dt><code>preamble</code>
-<a name="index-preamble"></a>
+<span id="index-preamble"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-postamble"></span></dd>
<dt><code>postamble</code>
-<a name="index-postamble"></a>
+<span id="index-postamble"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-group-skip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>group_skip</code>
-<a name="index-group_005fskip"></a>
+<span id="index-group_005fskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span>
<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
entries starting with ‘<samp>a</samp>’, etc. This specifier gives what is
inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>"\n\n \\indexspace\n"</code>
-(<code>\indexspace</code> is a rubber length with default value <code>10pt
-plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+(<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
+<code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-letheadflag"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_flag</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fflag"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fflag"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
@@ -22080,129 +21515,129 @@
then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is 0.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_prefix</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fprefix"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fprefix"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_suffix</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-0"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_0</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f0"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f0"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code>"\n \\item
"</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_1</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f1"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_2</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f2"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-01"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_01</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f01"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f01"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item.
Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-x1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_x1</code>
-<a name="index-item_005fx1"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005fx1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the
case that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-12"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_12</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f12"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f12"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item.
Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-x2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_x2</code>
-<a name="index-item_005fx2"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005fx2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the
level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: <code>"\n
\\subsubitem "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-0"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_0</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f0"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f0"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_1</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f1"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_2</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f2"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-n"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_n</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005fn"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005fn"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-r"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_r</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005fr"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005fr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>"--"</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-line-max"></span></dd>
<dt><code>line_max</code>
-<a name="index-line_005fmax"></a>
+<span id="index-line_005fmax"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-indent-space"></span></dd>
<dt><code>indent_space</code>
-<a name="index-indent_005fspace"></a>
+<span id="index-indent_005fspace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>"\t\t"</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-indent-length"></span></dd>
<dt><code>indent_length</code>
-<a name="index-indent_005flength"></a>
+<span id="index-indent_005flength"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-page-precedence"></span></dd>
<dt><code>page_precedence</code>
-<a name="index-page_005fprecedence"></a>
+<span id="index-page_005fprecedence"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
@@ -22216,8 +21651,8 @@
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-xindy"></a>
-<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
+<span id="index-xindy"></span>
+<span id="index-xindy-program"></span>
<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job
<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>, which does
internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up
@@ -22227,16 +21662,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprintindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprintindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index_002c-printing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-printing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintindex"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22244,7 +21677,7 @@
<pre class="example">\printindex
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cprintindex-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprintindex-1"></span>
<p>Place the index into the output.
</p>
<p>To get an index you must first include
@@ -22255,19 +21688,17 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Glossaries"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Glossaries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
+<span id="Glossaries-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
-<a name="index-glossary"></a>
-<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
-<a name="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary"></span>
+<span id="index-glossaries"></span>
+<span id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22310,9 +21741,9 @@
‘<samp>Turing machine</samp>’ and the rest of the item says in normal type
‘<samp>A model of a machine … Computer Science</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eglo-file"></span>
<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
entry information, <samp><var>root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the
<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
@@ -22324,24 +21755,22 @@
CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next">\gls</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
-<a name="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -22369,7 +21798,7 @@
the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>.
</p>
-<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ in the
+<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ, in the
glossary.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -22388,13 +21817,13 @@
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code>
-<a name="index-name"></a>
+<span id="index-name"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>description</code>
-<a name="index-description"></a>
+<span id="index-description"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
@@ -22402,20 +21831,20 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>plural</code>
-<a name="index-plural"></a>
+<span id="index-plural"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sort</code>
-<a name="index-sort"></a>
+<span id="index-sort"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>symbol</code>
-<a name="index-symbol"></a>
+<span id="index-symbol"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</p>
@@ -22424,16 +21853,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgls"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgls"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newglossaryentry</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgls-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgls-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
-<a name="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cgls"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cgls"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -22468,16 +21895,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Letters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Letters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Letters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
+<span id="Letters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-writing-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-writing-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22527,7 +21952,7 @@
Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></span>
<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There’s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -22564,41 +21989,39 @@
<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s return address.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s return address.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s organizational location.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s organizational location.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s name, for the return address.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s name, for the return address.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s signature.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s signature.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s phone number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender’s phone number.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddress"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddress-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddress"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22628,16 +22051,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccc"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ccc-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
-<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccc"></span>
+<span id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22658,17 +22079,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cclosing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cclosing-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
-<a name="index-closing-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclosing"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-ending"></span>
+<span id="index-closing-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22685,16 +22104,14 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cencl"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cencl-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
-<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cencl"></span>
+<span id="index-enclosure-list"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22714,15 +22131,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clocation"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22735,15 +22150,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakelabels"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22799,8 +22212,8 @@
<p>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-envlab"></a>
-<a name="index-envlab-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-envlab"></span>
+<span id="index-envlab-package"></span>
<p>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
@@ -22809,15 +22222,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cname"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cname-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cname"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cname"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22830,16 +22241,14 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005copening"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005copening-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005copening"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-starting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22856,15 +22265,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cps"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
-<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005cps-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
+<span id="index-_005cps"></span>
+<span id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22881,13 +22288,11 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csignature"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csignature-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22896,7 +22301,7 @@
... }
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005csignature"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csignature"></span>
<p>The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -22933,15 +22338,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctelephone"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctelephone"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -22956,17 +22359,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Input_002foutput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Input_002foutput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Input_002foutput-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2>
+<span id="Input_002foutput-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2>
-<a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
-<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
-<a name="index-input_002foutput"></a>
+<span id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></span>
+<span id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></span>
+<span id="index-input_002foutput"></span>
<p>LaTeX uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
@@ -22975,35 +22376,33 @@
And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1">\openin & \openout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Open a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1">\openin & \openout</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Open a file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2">\read</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2">\read</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from a file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3">\typein</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3">\typein</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4">\typeout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4">\typeout</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5">\write</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to a file or terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5">\write</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to a file or terminal.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005copenin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005copenout"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cclosein"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccloseout"></a>
-<a name="index-file_002c-opening"></a>
-<a name="index-file_002c-closing"></a>
-<a name="index-open-a-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005copenin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005copenout"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cclosein"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccloseout"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-opening"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-closing"></span>
+<span id="index-open-a-file"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23080,17 +22479,15 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cread"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cread"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typein</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\openin & \openout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cread-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cread-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cread"></a>
-<a name="index-file_002c-reading"></a>
-<a name="index-read-a-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cread"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-reading"></span>
+<span id="index-read-a-file"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23121,23 +22518,21 @@
<p>To read in an entire file at once use <code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>) or
<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-datatool"></a>
-<a name="index-datatool-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span>
+<span id="index-datatool-package"></span>
<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merge.
CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <samp>datatool</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctypein"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypein-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctypein-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctypein"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -23193,15 +22588,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctypeout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctypeout"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23241,15 +22634,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cwrite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cwrite-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cwrite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23370,8 +22761,8 @@
solution is to put the included files in the same directory as the
master file, or in subdirectories.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-answers"></a>
-<a name="index-answers-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-answers"></span>
+<span id="index-answers-package"></span>
<p>A common case where authors want to write a file not already provided by
LaTeX is for answers to exercises, or some other situation where you
@@ -23379,25 +22770,23 @@
number of packages for this; one is <samp>answers</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="1">\message</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write part of a line to log file and terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="1">\message</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write part of a line to log file and terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="2">\wlog</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the log file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="2">\wlog</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the log file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="3">\write18</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the operating system.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="3">\write18</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write to the operating system.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmessage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmessage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmessage-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\message</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmessage"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmessage"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23453,15 +22842,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cwlog"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cwlog"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write18</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cwlog-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cwlog"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwlog"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23486,17 +22873,15 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cwrite18"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite18"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\write18</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cwrite18"></a>
-<a name="index-external-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-external-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -23508,8 +22893,8 @@
runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that
finishes.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></span>
<p>This
</p>
@@ -23571,15 +22956,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Command-line"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
+<span id="Command-line-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
-<a name="index-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-command-line"></span>
<p>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</p>
@@ -23598,7 +22981,7 @@
<pre class="example">pdflatex thesis
</pre></div>
-<p><a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
+<p><span id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></span>
Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file extension.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX is a development of the original TeX program, as are
@@ -23629,25 +23012,23 @@
to do.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="3">Recovering from errors</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="3">Recovering from errors</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Command-line-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
+<span id="Command-line-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
-<a name="index-options_002c-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-options_002c-command-line"></span>
<p>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
authoring. For a full list, try running ‘<samp>latex --help</samp>’ from the
@@ -23659,19 +23040,19 @@
conventions interchangeably.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-version</code></dt>
<dd><p>Show the current version, like ‘<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp>’ along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-help</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
@@ -23693,7 +23074,7 @@
<p>eliminates most terminal output.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <code>jobname</code> to the string. The log file
@@ -23708,15 +23089,15 @@
<code>jobname</code> option overrides that process and directly specifies the
name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
@@ -23726,8 +23107,8 @@
(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>). The first two options are for with TeX Live or
MacTeX while the second two are for MiKTeX.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-sagetex"></a>
-<a name="index-sagetex-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-sagetex"></span>
+<span id="index-sagetex-package"></span>
<p>Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
LaTeX file. For instance the package <samp>sagetex</samp> allows you to
@@ -23745,13 +23126,13 @@
your document you call <code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an
error but the log file says ‘<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-halt-on-error</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-file-line-error</code></dt>
<dt><code>-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
@@ -23762,23 +23143,21 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line-input"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Command-line-input"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-input-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
+<span id="Command-line-input-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
-<a name="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></span>
<p>As part of the command line invocation <code>pdflatex <var>options</var>
<var>argument</var></code> you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting
<var>argument</var> with a backslash. This allows you to do some special
effects.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span>
<p>For example, this file (which uses the <samp>hyperref</samp> package for
hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one for paper and one for a
@@ -23828,13 +23207,11 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Recovering-from-errors"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Recovering-from-errors"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Recovering-from-errors-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.3 Recovering from errors</h3>
+<span id="Recovering-from-errors-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.3 Recovering from errors</h3>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
message and prompts you with a question mark, <code>?</code>. For instance,
@@ -23858,9 +23235,9 @@
typo. You could instead enter ‘<samp>?</samp>’ and <code><return></code> to see other
options.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
-<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cstop"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a-prompt"></span>
+<span id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cstop"></span>
<p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command
@@ -23882,46 +23259,42 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-templates"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-templates"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-templates-1"></a>
-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
+<span id="Document-templates-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
-<a name="index-document-templates"></a>
-<a name="index-templates_002c-document"></a>
+<span id="index-document-templates"></span>
+<span id="index-templates_002c-document"></span>
<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="5">tugboat template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="5">tugboat template</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="beamer-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="beamer-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="beamer-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
+<span id="beamer-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a>
-<a name="index-template_002c-beamer"></a>
+<span id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></span>
+<span id="index-template_002c-beamer"></span>
<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -23953,15 +23326,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="article-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="article-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="article-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
+<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-article"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-article"></span>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
@@ -23982,15 +23353,13 @@
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="book-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="book-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="book-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<span id="book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-book"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span>
<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for a more elaborate one.
</p>
@@ -24013,15 +23382,13 @@
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="Larger-book-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Larger-book-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Larger-book-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-book-1"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span>
<p>This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
<code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and <code>\backmatter</code> to
@@ -24073,17 +23440,15 @@
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tugboat-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Larger book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
+<span id="tugboat-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></a>
-<a name="index-TUGboat-template"></a>
-<a name="index-ltugboat-class"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></span>
+<span id="index-TUGboat-template"></span>
+<span id="index-ltugboat-class"></span>
<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
@@ -24170,15 +23535,13 @@
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="Index"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Index-1"></a>
-<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
+<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
-<a name="Command-Index"></a>
+<span id="Command-Index"></span>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
@@ -24258,16 +23621,16 @@
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-1">&</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">&</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-2">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -24281,7 +23644,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
@@ -24300,19 +23663,19 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-6">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-1"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-7">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029">\ (backslash-space)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -25254,25 +24617,26 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-10">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-11">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">`</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-12">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Accents_002c-defining">Accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
@@ -25302,7 +24666,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc">\bigl & \bigr etc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
@@ -25336,7 +24700,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
@@ -25397,7 +24761,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25499,7 +24863,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25573,7 +24937,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
@@ -25657,7 +25021,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
@@ -25730,7 +25094,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -25761,7 +25125,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
@@ -25785,7 +25149,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
@@ -25836,7 +25200,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
@@ -25844,10 +25208,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
@@ -25933,7 +25297,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -25992,7 +25356,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
@@ -26012,7 +25376,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -26044,10 +25408,11 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>abstract</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amscd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
@@ -26059,7 +25424,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc">\bigl & \bigr etc</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr>
@@ -26232,7 +25597,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code>PSTricks</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -26243,7 +25608,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
@@ -26284,7 +25649,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sagetex-package"><code>sagetex</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
@@ -26376,7 +25741,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -26463,7 +25828,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -26481,7 +25846,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-1">UTF-8</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
@@ -26500,7 +25865,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -26509,7 +25874,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2019-05-30 21:25:01 UTC (rev 749)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2019-06-04 17:40:53 UTC (rev 750)
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from
+This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.6 from
latex2e.texi.
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of November 2018.
+preparation system, version of June 2019.
This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of November
-2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of June 2019)
+for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
* Menu:
@@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@
*Note fontenc package:: for a list of common encodings. The
SIMPLE_OBJECT should be a single character or a single command. The
SLOT argument is usually a positive integer represented in decimal
-(although octal or hexidecimal are possible). Normally CMD has already
+(although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally CMD has already
been declared for this encoding, either with '\DeclareTextAccent' or
with a one-argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. In 't1enc.def', the above
line follows the '\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}' command.
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@
Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics.
For example, this line from 't1enc.def' declares the number of the
-glyph to use for U+00AB the left guillemot.
+glyph to use for U+00AB, the left guillemet.
\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
@@ -1486,28 +1486,29 @@
Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
In general, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not
-defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it as
-here:
+defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it like
+this:
\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
-which is equivalent to this (note the braces forming a group so LaTeX
-reverts back to the prior encoding after the '\ss').
+which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so
+LaTeX reverts back to the prior encoding after the '\ss'):
- { \fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss }
+ {\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
Similarly, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not
-defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it as here:
+defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
-which is equivalent to this (again note the braces forming a group).
+which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a
+group):
- { fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{ENC_IN_USE}\selectfont a} }
+ {fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{ENC_IN_USE}\selectfont a}}
-Here, the encoding in force before this sequence of commands is
-END_IN_USE so that 'a' is typeset using the current encoding and only
-the accent is taken from 'OT1'.
+Here, ENC_IN_USE is the encoding in force before this sequence of
+commands, so that 'a' is typeset using the current encoding and only the
+accent is taken from 'OT1'.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Prev: fontenc package, Up: Fonts
@@ -4484,7 +4485,7 @@
A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are
not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For
+the '\item' command is part of the environment's definition. For
instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this:
\newenvironment{center}
@@ -6791,7 +6792,7 @@
\noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
-makes a new page start after 'continent,' and the cut-off line is not
+makes a new page start after 'continent', and the cut-off line is not
right justified. In addition, '\newpage' does not vertically stretch
out the page, as '\pagebreak' does.
@@ -6859,7 +6860,7 @@
a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal.
-does not give a page break at 'continent,' but instead at 'nation,'
+does not give a page break at 'continent', but instead at 'nation',
since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In addition, with
'\pagebreak' the vertical space on the page is stretched out where
possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. This can look
@@ -8358,8 +8359,8 @@
mode.
'pt'
- Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two
- decimal places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
+ Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units is 1point =
+ 2.845mm = .2845cm.
'pc'
Pica, 12 pt
@@ -9058,7 +9059,7 @@
U+22C0 Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
'\bot'
- U+22A5 Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set,
+ U+22A5, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set,
or a contradiction (ordinary). See also '\top'.
'\bowtie'
@@ -9090,7 +9091,7 @@
U+2663 Club card suit (ordinary).
'\complement'
- U+2201 Set complement, used as a superscript as in
+ U+2201, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
'$S^\complement$' (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In
LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. Also used:
'$S^{\mathsf{c}}$' or '$\bar{S}$'.
@@ -9521,12 +9522,12 @@
this, load the 'amsfonts' package.
'\restriction'
- U+21BE Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
+ U+21BE, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
'\upharpoonright'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
to load the 'amssymb' package.
'\revemptyset'
- U+29B0 Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+ U+29B0, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
'\varnothing'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
load the 'stix' package.
@@ -9604,16 +9605,16 @@
Related: variable-sized operator '\bigsqcup'.
'\sqsubset'
- U+228F Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset '\subset'.
- Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
- 'amssymb' package.
+ U+228F, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
+ subset '\subset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
+ to load the 'amssymb' package.
'\sqsubseteq'
U+2291 Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to '\subseteq'.
'\sqsupset'
- U+2290 Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
+ U+2290, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset '\supset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
to load the 'amssymb' package.
@@ -9725,7 +9726,7 @@
arrow '\Updownarrow'.
'\upharpoonright'
- U+21BE Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation).
+ U+21BE, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation).
Synonym: '\restriction'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you
need to load the 'amssymb' package.
@@ -9746,7 +9747,7 @@
'\epsilon' U+03F5. Related: set membership '\in'.
'\vanothing'
- U+2205 Empty set symbol. Similar: '\emptyset'. Related:
+ U+2205, Empty set symbol. Similar: '\emptyset'. Related:
'\revemptyset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
load the 'amssymb' package.
@@ -9779,36 +9780,16 @@
and '\wedge'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigvee'.
'\Vert'
- U+2016 Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
- bar '\vert'.
+ U+2016 Vertical double bar (ordinary). *Note Delimiters::, for how
+ to use the 'mathtools' package to create flexibly-sized norm
+ symbols.
- For a norm symbol, you can use the 'mathtools' package and put in
- your preamble '\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}'. This
- creates three command variants for double-line vertical bars that
- are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
- write the starred version '$\norm*{M^\perp}$' then the height of
- the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas
- with '\norm{M^\perp}' the bars do not grow with the height of the
- argument but instead are the default height, and '\norm[SIZE
- COMMAND]{M^\perp}' also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
- the size given in the SIZE COMMAND, e.g., '\Bigg'.
-
'\vert'
- U+007C Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
- vertical bar '\Vert'. For such that, as in the definition of a
- set, use '\mid' because it is a relation.
+ U+007C Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For "such that", as in
+ the definition of a set, use '\mid' because it is a relation.
+ *Note Delimiters::, for how to use the 'mathtools' package to
+ create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
- For absolute value you can use the 'mathtools' package and in your
- preamble put '\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}'. This
- creates three command variants for single-line vertical bars that
- are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
- write the starred version '$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$' then the height
- of the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas
- with '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}' the bars do not grow with the height of
- the argument but instead are the default height, and '\abs[SIZE
- COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}' also gives bars that do not grow but are
- set to the size given in the SIZE COMMAND, e.g., '\Bigg'.
-
'\wedge'
U+2227 Logical and (binary). Synonym: '\land'. See also logical
or '\vee'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigwedge'.
@@ -9963,7 +9944,7 @@
\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
-the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol U+2115 representing the
+the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol U+2115, representing the
natural numbers.
If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an
@@ -10006,32 +9987,32 @@
The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter '\( [0,1) \)'.
- These are the common delimiters.
+ Here are the common delimiters:
-DelimiterCommand Name
------------------------------------------------------
-( '(' Left parenthesis
-) ')' Right parenthesis
-\} '{' or Left brace
- '\lbrace'
-\{ '}' or Right brace
- '\rbrace'
-[ '[' or Left bracket
- '\lbrack'
-] ']' or Right bracket
- '\rbrack'
-U+230A '\lfloor' Left floor bracket
-U+230B '\rfloor' Right floor bracket
-U+2308 '\lceil' Left ceiling bracket
-U+2309 '\rceil' Right ceiling bracket
-U+27E8 '\langle' Left angle bracket
-U+27E9 '\rangle' Right angle bracket
-/ '/' Slash, or forward slash
-\ '\backslash' Reverse slash, or backslash
-| '|' or Vertical bar
- '\vert'
-U+2016 '\|' or Double vertical bar
- '\Vert'
+DelimiterCommand Name
+------------------------------------------------------
+( '(' Left parenthesis
+) ')' Right parenthesis
+\} '{' or Left brace
+ '\lbrace'
+\{ '}' or Right brace
+ '\rbrace'
+[ '[' or Left bracket
+ '\lbrack'
+] ']' or Right bracket
+ '\rbrack'
+U+230A '\lfloor' Left floor bracket
+U+230B '\rfloor' Right floor bracket
+U+2308 '\lceil' Left ceiling bracket
+U+2309 '\rceil' Right ceiling bracket
+U+27E8 '\langle' Left angle bracket
+U+27E9 '\rangle' Right angle bracket
+/ '/' Slash, or forward slash
+\ '\backslash' Reverse slash, or backslash
+| '|' or Vertical bar
+ '\vert'
+U+2016 '\|' or Double vertical bar
+ '\Vert'
The 'mathtools' package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
@@ -10042,15 +10023,16 @@
unstarred version, such as '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}', has the bars fixed at a
default height. This version accepts an optional argument, as in
'\abs[SIZE COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}', where the height of the bars is
-given in SIZE COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'.
+given in SIZE COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'. Using '\lVert' and '\rVert' as
+the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior.
* Menu:
-* \left & \right:: Automatically sized delimiters.
-* \bigl & \bigr etc:: Manually sized delimiters.
+* \left & \right:: Automatically sized delimiters.
+* \bigl & \bigr etc.:: Manually sized delimiters.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \left & \right, Next: \bigl & \bigr etc, Up: Delimiters
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \left & \right, Next: \bigl & \bigr etc., Up: Delimiters
16.2.5.1 '\left' & '\right'
...........................
@@ -10157,10 +10139,10 @@
delimiter; you can't use '\left' on the first line and '\right' on the
last because they must be paired.
- To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc::.
+ To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc.::.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigl & \bigr etc, Prev: \left & \right, Up: Delimiters
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigl & \bigr etc., Prev: \left & \right, Up: Delimiters
16.2.5.2 '\bigl', '\bigr', etc.
...............................
@@ -12305,12 +12287,12 @@
should not have any paragraph-making components.
There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS.
-The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the 'parbox' with respect
-to the surrounding material. The possible values are 'c' or 'm' to make
-the vertical center of the 'parbox' lines up with the center of the
-adjacent line (this is the default), or 't' to match the top line of the
-'parbox' with the baseline of the surrounding material, or 'b' to match
-the bottom line.
+The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the "parbox" with respect
+to the surrounding material. The supported values are 'c' or 'm' to
+make the vertical center of the parbox lines up with the center of the
+adjacent text line (this is the default), or 't' to match the top line
+of the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding material, or 'b' to
+match the bottom line.
The optional argument HEIGHT overrides the natural height of the box.
@@ -12932,7 +12914,7 @@
Synopsis:
- \graphicspath{LIST OF DIR NAMES INSIDE CURLY BRACKETS}
+ \graphicspath{LIST OF DIRECTORIES INSIDE CURLY BRACES}
Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This
allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}'
@@ -13776,7 +13758,7 @@
U+23F8 Double vertical bar.
'\textbigcircle'
- U+25EF Big circle symbol.
+ U+25EF, Big circle symbol.
'\textbraceleft'
{ Left brace.
@@ -13788,7 +13770,7 @@
* Bullet.
'\textcircled{LETTER}'
- U+24B6 Circle around LETTER.
+ U+24B6, Circle around LETTER.
'\textcompwordmark'
'\textcapitalcompwordmark'
@@ -13832,7 +13814,7 @@
< Less than symbol.
'\textleftarrow'
- U+2190 Left arrow.
+ U+2190, Left arrow.
'\textordfeminine'
'\textordmasculine'
@@ -13857,7 +13839,7 @@
' Single right quote.
'\textquotesingle'
- U+0027 Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+ U+0027, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
'\textquotestraightbase'
'\textquotestraightdblbase'
@@ -13867,22 +13849,22 @@
(R) Registered symbol.
'\textrightarrow'
- U+2192 Right arrow.
+ U+2192, Right arrow.
'\textthreequartersemdash'
- U+FE58 "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ U+FE58, "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
'\texttrademark'
U+2122 Trademark symbol.
'\texttwelveudash'
- U+FE58 "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+ U+FE58, "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
'\textunderscore'
_ Underscore.
'\textvisiblespace'
- U+2423 Visible space symbol.
+ U+2423, Visible space symbol.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
@@ -14194,7 +14176,7 @@
This will bring in material from 'pref.tex', 'chap1.tex', 'chap2.tex',
'append.tex', and 'bib.tex'. If you compile this file, and then comment
-out all of the lines inside '\includeonly{...}' except for 'chap1,' and
+out all of the lines inside '\includeonly{...}' except for 'chap1', and
compile again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first
chapter. Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to
print. However, the advantage of the '\includeonly' command is that
@@ -14889,8 +14871,8 @@
Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group
for entries starting with 'a', etc. This specifier gives what is
inserted when a new group begins. Default: '"\n\n \\indexspace\n"'
- ('\indexspace' is a rubber length with default value '10pt plus5pt
- minus3pt').
+ ('\indexspace' is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
+ '10pt plus5pt minus3pt').
'lethead_flag'
An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter.
@@ -15087,7 +15069,7 @@
document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
'KEY=VALUE'.
- This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers U+211D in
+ This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers U+211D, in
the glossary.
\newglossaryentry{R}
@@ -17081,16 +17063,16 @@
* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 84)
* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 110)
* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 126)
-* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 906)
+* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 884)
* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 123)
-* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 909)
+* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 887)
* \mathring: Math accents. (line 34)
* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 107)
-* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 912)
+* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 890)
* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 113)
-* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 915)
+* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 893)
* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 116)
-* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 918)
+* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 896)
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 128)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
@@ -17598,23 +17580,23 @@
* \vee: Math symbols. (line 845)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 850)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 866)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 855)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 884)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 862)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 43)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 46)
* \wlog: \wlog. (line 6)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 888)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 891)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 866)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 869)
* \write: \write. (line 6)
* \write18: \write18. (line 6)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 894)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 897)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 872)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 875)
* \year: \day & \month & \year.
(line 6)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 900)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 878)
* \\ (for center): center. (line 16)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
@@ -17651,6 +17633,7 @@
* a5paper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6)
+* abstract package: abstract. (line 27)
* abstracts: abstract. (line 6)
* accents: Accents. (line 6)
* Accents, defining: \DeclareFontEncoding.
@@ -17687,7 +17670,7 @@
* amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 28)
* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 86)
* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 30)
-* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc. (line 68)
+* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 68)
* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 37)
* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 111)
* amsmath package <10>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
@@ -18551,6 +18534,7 @@
(line 6)
* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
+* package, abstract: abstract. (line 27)
* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 146)
* package, amscd: Arrows. (line 41)
* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 86)
@@ -18562,7 +18546,7 @@
* package, amsmath <4>: theorem. (line 28)
* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 86)
* package, amsmath <6>: \left & \right. (line 30)
-* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc. (line 68)
+* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 68)
* package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 37)
* package, amsmath <9>: Math functions. (line 111)
* package, amsmath <10>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
@@ -19094,528 +19078,528 @@
Tag Table:
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-Node: About this document3659
-Node: Overview5880
-Node: Starting and ending7503
-Ref: Starting & ending7638
-Node: Output files8815
-Ref: output files dvi9094
-Ref: output files pdf9605
-Ref: output files log9928
-Ref: output files aux10125
-Node: TeX engines11094
-Ref: tex engines latex11443
-Ref: tex engines lualatex12275
-Ref: tex engines xelatex12760
-Node: LaTeX command syntax13564
-Node: Environment15490
-Node: CTAN16696
-Node: Document classes18097
-Ref: document classes article18537
-Ref: document classes book18625
-Ref: document classes letter18810
-Ref: document classes report18886
-Ref: document classes slides19038
-Node: Document class options19420
-Node: Additional packages22502
-Node: Class and package construction23133
-Node: Class and package structure24583
-Node: Class and package commands26877
-Node: Fonts44491
-Ref: Typefaces44594
-Node: fontenc package46589
-Node: \DeclareFontEncoding50906
-Node: \DeclareTextAccent52324
-Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault53181
-Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand54252
-Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault56486
-Node: \DeclareTextComposite57793
-Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand58879
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbol59553
-Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault60660
-Node: \LastDeclaredEncoding61614
-Node: \UseTextAccent & \UseTextSymbol62238
-Node: Font styles63435
-Node: Font sizes67724
-Node: Low-level font commands69343
-Ref: low level font commands fontencoding69627
-Ref: low level font commands fontfamily70183
-Ref: low level font commands fontseries70948
-Ref: low level font commands fontshape72100
-Ref: low level font commands fontsize72397
-Ref: low level font commands baselinestretch72922
-Ref: low level font commands linespread73631
-Ref: low level font commands selectfont73881
-Ref: low level font commands usefont74207
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-Node: \onecolumn74948
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-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction77984
-Ref: twocolumn dblfloatsep78231
-Ref: twocolumn dbltextfloatsep78536
-Ref: twocolumn dbltopnumber78719
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-Node: Page layout parameters81320
-Ref: page layout parameters columnsep81523
-Ref: page layout parameters columnseprule81523
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-Ref: page layout parameters headheight81777
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-Ref: page layout parameters footskip82257
-Ref: page layout parameters linewidth82591
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-Ref: page layout parameters oddsidemargin83984
-Ref: page layout parameters evensidemargin83984
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-Ref: page layout parameters paperwidth84747
-Ref: page layout parameters textheight84971
-Ref: page layout parameters textwidth85360
-Ref: page layout parameters hsize86289
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-Ref: floats intextsep92185
-Ref: floats textfloatsep92400
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-Ref: Sectioning/tocdepth97202
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-Node: \subsection107464
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-Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter114125
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-Node: center137140
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-Node: equation150884
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-Node: \item175833
-Node: trivlist177081
-Node: math178609
-Node: minipage178915
-Node: picture184192
-Node: \put190661
-Node: \multiput191226
-Node: \qbezier191965
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-Node: \line193684
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-Node: \thicklines196508
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-Node: \vector199805
-Node: \makebox (picture)200721
-Node: \framebox (picture)201903
-Node: \frame203376
-Node: \dashbox203816
-Node: quotation & quote204951
-Node: tabbing205847
-Node: table211840
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+Node: Front/back matter522258
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End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2019-05-30 21:25:01 UTC (rev 749)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2019-06-04 17:40:53 UTC (rev 750)
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
@c $Id$
@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@setfilename latex2e.info
- at set UPDATED February 2019
+ at set UPDATED June 2019
@include common.texi
@settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED})
@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
@@ -136,11 +136,13 @@
@set NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.
@set NeedsSTIX @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.
+ at ifnottex
@node Top
@top @LaTeX{}2e: An unofficial reference manual
This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
@value{UPDATED}) for @LaTeX{}2e, a document preparation system.
+ at end ifnottex
@menu
* About this document:: Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -175,7 +177,6 @@
* Index:: General index.
@end menu
-
@node About this document
@chapter About this document
@@ -1971,39 +1972,38 @@
Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
In general, to use a @file{fontenc} command in an encoding where it is
-not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it as
-here:
+not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it
+like this:
@example
\UseTextSymbol@{OT1@}@{\ss@}
@end example
@noindent
-which is equivalent to this (note the braces forming a group so @LaTeX{}
-reverts back to the prior encoding after the @code{\ss}).
+which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so @LaTeX{}
+reverts back to the prior encoding after the @code{\ss}):
@example
-@{ \fontencoding@{OT1@}\selectfont\ss @}
+@{\fontencoding@{OT1@}\selectfont\ss@}
@end example
Similarly, to use a @file{fontenc} command in an encoding where it is
-not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it as
-here:
+not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
@example
\UseTextAccent@{OT1@}@{\'@}@{a@}
@end example
@noindent
-which is equivalent to this (again note the braces forming a group).
+which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group):
@example
-@{ fontencoding@{OT1@}\selectfont\'@{\fontencoding@{@var{enc_in_use}@}\selectfont a@} @}
+@{fontencoding@{OT1@}\selectfont\'@{\fontencoding@{@var{enc_in_use}@}\selectfont a@}@}
@end example
@noindent
-Here, the encoding in force before this sequence of commands is
- at var{end_in_use} so that @samp{a} is typeset using the current encoding
+Here, @var{enc_in_use} is the encoding in force before this sequence
+of commands, so that @samp{a} is typeset using the current encoding
and only the accent is taken from @code{OT1}.
@@ -4320,6 +4320,7 @@
\end@{abstract@}
@end example
+ at PkgIndex abstract
The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package @file{abstract}).
@@ -10430,8 +10431,8 @@
@findex pt
@cindex Point
@anchor{units of length pt}
-Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
-places, is 1 at dmn{point} = 2.85 at dmn{mm} = 28.45 at dmn{cm}.
+Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
+is 1 at dmn{point} = 2.845 at dmn{mm} = .2845 at dmn{cm}.
@item pc
@cindex pica
@@ -12058,39 +12059,16 @@
operator at tie{}@code{\bigvee}.
@item \Vert
- at BES{2016,\Vert} Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
-bar at tie{}@code{\vert}.
+ at BES{2016,\Vert} Vertical double bar (ordinary). @xref{Delimiters},
+for how to use the @file{mathtools} package to create flexibly-sized
+norm symbols.
-For a norm symbol, you can use the @file{mathtools} package and put in
-your preamble
- at code{\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm@{\lVert@}@{\rVert@}}. This creates
-three command variants for double-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version @code{$\norm*@{M^\perp@}$} then the height of the vertical bars
-will match the height of the argument, whereas with
- at code{\norm@{M^\perp@}} the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and @code{\norm[@var{size
-command}]@{M^\perp@}} also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the @var{size command}, e.g., @code{\Bigg}.
-
@item \vert
- at BES{007C,\vert} Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
-vertical bar at tie{}@code{\Vert}. For such that, as in the definition of a
-set, use at tie{}@code{\mid} because it is a relation.
+ at BES{007C,\vert} Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For ``such
+that'', as in the definition of a set, use at tie{}@code{\mid} because it
+is a relation. @xref{Delimiters}, for how to use the @file{mathtools}
+package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
-For absolute value you can use the @file{mathtools} package and in your
-preamble put
- at code{\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs@{\lvert@}@{\rvert@}}. This creates
-three command variants for single-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version @code{$\abs*@{\frac@{22@}@{7@}@}$} then the height of the
-vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
- at code{\abs@{\frac@{22@}@{7@}@}} the bars do not grow with the height of
-the argument but instead are the default height, and
- at code{\abs[@var{size command}]@{\frac@{22@}@{7@}@}} also gives bars that
-do not grow but are set to the size given in the @var{size command},
-e.g., @code{\Bigg}.
-
@item \wedge
@BES{2227,\wedge} Logical and (binary). Synonym:@tie{}@code{\land}. See also
logical or @code{\vee}. Similar: variable-sized
@@ -12366,9 +12344,9 @@
@noindent
The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter @code{\( [0,1) \)}.
-These are the common delimiters.
+Here are the common delimiters:
- at multitable @columnfractions .10 .20 .40 .30
+ at multitable @columnfractions .11 .20 .40 .29
@headitem Delimiter at tab Command at tab Name
@item
( @tab @code{(} @tab Left parenthesis
@@ -12415,7 +12393,9 @@
@code{\abs@{\frac@{22@}@{7@}@}}, has the bars fixed at a default height.
This version accepts an optional argument, as in @code{\abs[@var{size
command}]@{\frac@{22@}@{7@}@}}, where the height of the bars is given in
- at var{size command}, such as @code{\Bigg}.
+ at var{size command}, such as @code{\Bigg}. Using @code{\lVert} and
+ at code{\rVert} as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
+behavior.
@menu
* \left & \right:: Automatically sized delimiters.
@@ -16162,7 +16142,7 @@
Synopsis:
@example
-\graphicspath@{@var{list of dir names inside curly brackets}@}
+\graphicspath@{@var{list of directories inside curly braces}@}
@end example
Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
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