<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi Jim, Karl and others.<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><b class="">From:</b> Jim Diamond via pdftex <<a href="mailto:pdftex@tug.org" class="">pdftex@tug.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Date:</b> 14 January 2022 at 12:26:27 pm AEDT<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b> Karl Berry <<a href="mailto:karl@freefriends.org" class="">karl@freefriends.org</a>>, <a href="mailto:pdftex@tug.org" class="">pdftex@tug.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b> <b class="">Re: [pdftex] Caching intermediate compilation results for near-real-time PDF re-renders during editing</b><br class="">
<b class="">Reply-To:</b> Jim Diamond <<a href="mailto:jdiamond@acadiau.ca" class="">jdiamond@acadiau.ca</a>><br class="">
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<div dir="ltr" class=""><span class="">Hi all,</span><br class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">On Thu, Jan 13, 2022 at 16:36 (-0700), Karl Berry wrote:</span><br class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">Hi Jamie - thanks for the interesting message. Thanh could say more, but</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">FWIW, here are my reactions (in short, "sounds impossible").</span><br class="">
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<span class=""></span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">My understanding of pdftex is that it operates on a per-page basis.</span><br class=""></blockquote></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>That statement may be true in one very limited sense only.</div><div>In typical real-world documents, anything that occurs anywhere</div><div>can have an effect on any other page of the final PDF.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">Plus about a million global variables representing the state of</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">the compiler. (All the TeX engines are similar in this regard, having</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">inherited their basic architecture from Knuth's tex.web.)</span><br class="">
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<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">I recognize that you are employing hyperbole for effect here. But</span><br class="">
<span class="">thinking about the OP's question, I wonder... just how many variables</span><br class="">
<span class="">are in play after a shipout?</span><br class=""></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>A shipout of a page does *not* mean that what comes afterwards is like</div><div>a whole separate stand-alone document.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>To process what comes next still relies on everything that has been setup </div><div>earlier, in terms of how macros will expand, or even what is defined.</div><div>Think about targets of cross-references, citations, hyperlinks, etc.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>There is no finite set of “variables” whose values can be saved.</div><div>You would need a snapshot of a portion of the memory,</div><div>as well as a way to sensibly make use of it.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">Suppose a small change is then made to the latex source, such that the</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">compiler determines this change would first affect page k.</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">I can't imagine how that could be determined without retypesetting the</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">entire document.</span><br class=""></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Agreed.</div><div>Theoretically, it is like the Halting problem for Turing machines.</div><div>While the output is sometimes predictable, in general</div><div>you can only know what a program will do by running it.</div><div>And will it even stop? ... allowing you to examine the complete output</div><div>that it will produce? In general, NO.</div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">
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<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">Currently, various editors and document viewers can do lookups and</span><br class="">
<span class="">reverse lookups so that one can go from a point in the source doc to</span><br class="">
<span class="">the corresponding line in the compiled document, and vice versa.</span><br class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">There is no way to predict what any given change will affect.</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">Is that really true? ***Except for multi-page paragraphs (bah!),</span><br class="">
<span class="">tables and similar***, is it possible for a change on page N of a</span><br class="">
<span class="">document to affect anything before page N-1? </span></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Absolutely.</div><div>That’s what the .aux file is typically used for.</div><div>And many packages have their own auxiliary files which write into a file, </div><div>so that extra information is available to possibly affect any page N-k </div><div>(for any value of k) on the next processing run.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><span class="">(While I can see change</span><br class="">
<span class="">to a word in a continued paragraph on page N changing the typesetting</span><br class="">
<span class="">of that paragraph, and thus possibly how page N-1 should be laid out,</span><br class="">
<span class="">can page N-2 be affected?)</span><br class=""></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>This kind of thing is simple enough; but still not always.</div><div>If the editing forces something onto the next page, </div><div>the overall effect just can get more and more complicated.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div>Besides, with pdfTeX it is not whole pages that would be best as the cached objects;</div><div>rather it would better be the individual PDF objects from which a full PDF is built.</div><div>These are already discrete objects that need a lot of book-keeping to produce</div><div>the final document. </div><div><br class=""></div><div>With “Tagged PDF” there can be hundreds (even thousands) of these that affect </div><div>any given page.</div><div>It’s not at all clear that deciding which need to be updated, and fitting them together</div><div>with others that are unchanged, would be any more efficient or reliable than rebuilding </div><div>the whole document from scratch (+ all the auxiliary files in their most-recent state).</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">I will admit I post this on a public forum recognizing that I may end</span><br class="">
<span class="">up looking like a total ignoramus. I'll look at it as a bit of</span><br class="">
<span class="">"life-long learning". :-)</span><br class=""></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div>I’ve been a TeX user since the late 1980s.</div><div>In that time the speed of processing has increased considerably – due mostly</div><div>to the speed of the (laptop or desktop) computer doing the processing.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><div>Today we do things that would have been inconceivable back last century,</div><div>precisely because of the greater speed and available memory.</div><div>This growth is known as Moore’s Law – though not due to me, nor any known relative.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">possible in principle because this is the basis of operation of BaKoMa</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">TeX, which I have used for years.</span><br class="">
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<span class=""></span><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">That is amazing. I wonder if Malyshev's heirs can somehow be contacted</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">to get the source freed. We have had no luck even finding notices</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">beyond the bare fact of his death :(.</span><br class="">
</blockquote>
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">I believe very strongly in the benefits of ultra-fast recompilation</span><br class=""></blockquote></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div><div>If your jobs are not compiling quickly enough for you, then the best option </div><div>could well be to update your hardware, rather than fiddle with </div><div>the fundamental design of the software.</div></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">I agree, but can't conceive of how Basil implemented what you describe.</span><br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" class=""><span class="">A failure of imagination on my part, no doubt. --best, karl.</span><br class=""></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">
</blockquote>
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">It does make for an interesting puzzle, don't you think?</span><br class=""></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Yes, but it is a fallacy to view the output PDF as a sequence of totally separate pages;</div><div>and to use this as the basis for document processing.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>It may be like that for on-paper printing; but electronic methods have moved on, considerably. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class="">Cheers.</span><br class="">
<span class=""></span><br class="">
<span class=""> Jim</span><br class="">
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</div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div>Hope this helps.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Ross</div><br class=""><div class="">
<br class="">Dr Ross Moore<br class="">Department of Mathematics and Statistics <br class="">12 Wally’s Walk, Level 7, Room 734<br class="">Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia<br class="">T: +61 2 9850 8955 | F: +61 2 9850 8114<br class="">M:+61 407 288 255 | E: <a href="mailto:ross.moore@mq.edu.au" class="">ross.moore@mq.edu.au</a><br class=""><a href="http://www.maths.mq.edu.au" class="">http://www.maths.mq.edu.au</a><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://mq.edu.au/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 105, 217); color: rgb(0, 105, 217); font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 105, 217); color: rgb(0, 105, 217); font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span><span><span><span><span><img apple-inline="yes" id="4207426D-09C2-4AAB-BFB9-0E539846EAB6" src="cid:image001.png@01D030BE.D37A46F0" class=""></span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">CRICOS Provider Number 00002J. Think before you</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">print. </span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Please consider the environment before printing this</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">email.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">This message is intended for the addressee named</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">and may </span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">contain confidential information. If you are not the</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">intended </span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">recipient, please delete it and notify the sender. Views</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">expressed </span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">in this message are those of the individual sender, and</span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">are not </span><br style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">necessarily the views of Macquarie University.</span>
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