pdftex[953] branches/stable/tests: Add test files for change:
commits+thanh at tug.org
commits+thanh at tug.org
Sun Feb 16 21:04:38 CET 2025
Revision: 953
https://tug.org/svn/pdftex?view=revision&revision=953
Author: thanh
Date: 2025-02-16 21:04:38 +0100 (Sun, 16 Feb 2025)
Log Message:
-----------
Add test files for change: interword spacing at font switch
Modified Paths:
--------------
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/Makefile
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f.tex
Added Paths:
-----------
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/a1.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/compare_pdfs.rb
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex5.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6a.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6b.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6c.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f2.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.05361v1.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.09965v1.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bbl
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bib
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/postpdf.sh
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/sample2e.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/test-plain.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tex-live.sty
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.tex
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.toc
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png
branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png
Removed Paths:
-------------
branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:ignore
## -0,0 +1 ##
+diff_output
Modified: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/Makefile
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/Makefile 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/Makefile 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -1,7 +1,73 @@
include ../Common.mak
+pdftex21 = /opt/texlive/2020/bin/local/pdftex-tl21
+pdftex22 = /opt/texlive/2020/bin/local/pdftex-tl22
+pdftex23 = /opt/texlive/2020/bin/local/pdftex-tl23
+pdftex24 = /opt/texlive/2020/bin/local/pdftex-tl24
+pdftex25 = /opt/texlive/2020/bin/local/pdftex2
+pdflatex24 = $(pdftex24) -fmt pdflatex-24
+pdflatex25 = $(pdftex25) -fmt pdflatex-25
+
test:
- $(pdftex2) -ini f.tex
+ # $(pdftex21) -ini f.tex && mv f.pdf f-21.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f-21.pdf
+ # $(pdftex22) -ini f.tex && mv f.pdf f-22.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f-22.pdf
+ # $(pdftex23) -ini f.tex && mv f.pdf f-23.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f-23.pdf
+ $(pdftex24) -ini f.tex && mv f.pdf f-24.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f-24.pdf
+ $(pdftex25) -ini f.tex && mv f.pdf f-25.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f-25.pdf
+ ./compare_pdfs.rb f-2[45].pdf --res=300
+ vimdiff -R f-2[45]--pp.pdf
+test2:
+ # $(pdftex21) -fmt pdflatex-21 f2.tex && mv f2.pdf f2-21.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f2-21.pdf
+ # $(pdftex22) -fmt pdflatex-22 f2.tex && mv f2.pdf f2-22.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f2-22.pdf
+ # $(pdftex23) -fmt pdflatex-23 f2.tex && mv f2.pdf f2-23.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f2-23.pdf
+ $(pdflatex24) f2.tex && mv f2.pdf f2-24.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f2-24.pdf
+ $(pdflatex25) f2.tex && mv f2.pdf f2-25.pdf && ./postpdf.sh f2-25.pdf
+ # ./compare_pdfs.rb f2-2[45].pdf --res=300
+ vimdiff -R f2-2[45]--pp.pdf
+
+sample2e:
+ make fmt
+ # $(pdftex21) -fmt pdflatex-21 sample2e.tex && mv sample2e.pdf sample2e-21.pdf && ./postpdf.sh sample2e-21.pdf
+ # $(pdftex22) -fmt pdflatex-22 sample2e.tex && mv sample2e.pdf sample2e-22.pdf && ./postpdf.sh sample2e-22.pdf
+ # $(pdftex23) -fmt pdflatex-23 sample2e.tex && mv sample2e.pdf sample2e-23.pdf && ./postpdf.sh sample2e-23.pdf
+ $(pdflatex24) sample2e.tex && mv sample2e.pdf sample2e-24.pdf && ./postpdf.sh sample2e-24.pdf
+ $(pdflatex25) sample2e.tex && mv sample2e.pdf sample2e-25.pdf && ./postpdf.sh sample2e-25.pdf
+ vimdiff -f -R sample2e-2[45]--pp.pdf
+
+a1:
+ $(pdflatex24) a1.tex
+ $(pdflatex24) a1.tex
+ $(pdflatex24) a1.tex
+ mv a1.pdf a1-24.pdf && ./postpdf.sh a1-24.pdf
+ $(pdflatex25) a1.tex
+ $(pdflatex25) a1.tex
+ $(pdflatex25) a1.tex
+ mv a1.pdf a1-25.pdf && ./postpdf.sh a1-25.pdf
+ ./compare_pdfs.rb a1-24.pdf a1-25.pdf --fuzz=10 --threshold=10 --res=300
+ vimdiff -R a1-24--pp.pdf a1-25--pp.pdf
+
+texlive-en:
+ $(pdflatex24) texlive-en.tex
+ # $(pdflatex24) texlive-en.tex
+ # $(pdflatex24) texlive-en.tex
+ mv texlive-en.pdf texlive-en-24.pdf && ./postpdf.sh texlive-en-24.pdf
+ $(pdflatex25) texlive-en.tex
+ # $(pdflatex25) texlive-en.tex
+ # $(pdflatex25) texlive-en.tex
+ mv texlive-en.pdf texlive-en-25.pdf && ./postpdf.sh texlive-en-25.pdf
+ ./compare_pdfs.rb texlive-en-24.pdf texlive-en-25.pdf --fuzz=10 --threshold=10 --res=150
+ vimdiff -R texlive-en-24--pp.pdf texlive-en-25--pp.pdf
+
+fmt:
+ # $(pdftex21) -ini -etex -env pdflatex.ini && mv pdflatex.fmt pdflatex-21.fmt
+ # $(pdftex22) -ini -etex -env pdflatex.ini && mv pdflatex.fmt pdflatex-22.fmt
+ # $(pdftex23) -ini -etex -env pdflatex.ini && mv pdflatex.fmt pdflatex-23.fmt
+ $(pdftex24) -ini -etex -env pdflatex.ini && mv pdflatex.fmt pdflatex-24.fmt
+ $(pdftex25) -ini -etex -env pdflatex.ini && mv pdflatex.fmt pdflatex-25.fmt
+
+cmp:
+ ./compare_pdfs.rb sample2e-2[45].pdf --fuzz=10 --threshold=10 --res=300
+
clean:
$(clean)
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/a1.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/a1.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/a1.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+link from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.09965v1.tex
\ No newline at end of file
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/a1.tex
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:special
## -0,0 +1 ##
+*
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/advanced-lnx.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/basic-w32.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/compare_pdfs.rb
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/compare_pdfs.rb (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/compare_pdfs.rb 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'tmpdir'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+def parse_options(args)
+ options = { resolution: 150, threshold: 100, fuzz: 5 }
+
+ args.each do |arg|
+ case arg
+ when /^--res=(\d+)$/
+ options[:resolution] = $1.to_i
+ when /^--threshold=(\d+)$/
+ options[:threshold] = $1.to_i
+ when /^--fuzz=(\d+)$/
+ options[:fuzz] = $1.to_i
+ end
+ end
+
+ options
+end
+
+def usage
+ puts "Usage: #{$0} <pdf1> <pdf2> [options]"
+ puts "Compares two PDF files by converting to PNG and analyzing differences"
+ puts "\nOptions:"
+ puts " --res=N DPI value for conversion (default: 150)"
+ puts " --threshold=N Difference threshold in pixels (default: 100)"
+ puts " --fuzz=N Fuzz factor percentage (default: 5)"
+ exit 1
+end
+
+def convert_pdf_to_png(pdf_path, output_prefix, resolution=150)
+ system("magick -density #{resolution} \"#{pdf_path}\" \"#{output_prefix}-%d.png\"")
+ unless $?.success?
+ puts "Error converting #{pdf_path} to PNG"
+ exit 1
+ end
+ # Return the number of pages (count PNG files created)
+ Dir["#{output_prefix}-*.png"].length
+end
+
+def create_diff_visualization(image1, image2, diff_output)
+ system("magick '(' \"#{image1}\" -flatten -grayscale Rec709Luminance ')' " \
+ "'(' \"#{image2}\" -flatten -grayscale Rec709Luminance ')' " \
+ "'(' -clone 0-1 -compose darken -composite ')' " \
+ "-channel RGB -combine \"#{diff_output}\"")
+end
+
+def compare_images(image1, image2, diff_output, fuzz=5)
+ # First create both types of difference visualizations
+ base_name = File.join(File.dirname(diff_output),
+ File.basename(diff_output, ".png"))
+
+ compare_output = "#{base_name}-compare.png"
+ visual_output = "#{base_name}-visual.png"
+
+ # Generate standard comparison diff
+ result = `magick compare -fuzz #{fuzz}% -metric AE "#{image1}" "#{image2}" "#{compare_output}" 2>&1`
+
+ # Generate alternative visualization
+ create_diff_visualization(image1, image2, visual_output)
+
+ difference = result.to_i
+ return difference
+rescue
+ return -1 # Return -1 if comparison fails (e.g., different image sizes)
+end
+
+def compare_all_pages(dir1, dir2, diff_dir, threshold=100, fuzz=5)
+ differences = {}
+ total_differences = 0
+
+ # Get all pages from first PDF
+ Dir["#{dir1}/*.png"].sort.each_with_index do |page1, idx|
+ page_num = idx + 1
+ page2 = File.join(dir2, File.basename(page1))
+
+ if File.exist?(page2)
+ diff_output = File.join(diff_dir, "diff-page-#{page_num}.png")
+ diff = compare_images(page1, page2, diff_output)
+
+ if diff == -1
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Error comparing pages (possibly different dimensions)"
+ differences[page_num] = "error"
+ elsif diff == 0
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Identical"
+ File.delete(diff_output) if File.exist?(diff_output)
+ differences[page_num] = 0
+ elsif diff <= threshold
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Minor differences (#{diff} pixels) - below threshold"
+ Dir["#{diff_output}-*.png"].each { |f| File.delete(f) if File.exist?(f) }
+ differences[page_num] = 0
+ else
+ base_name = File.join(File.dirname(diff_output),
+ File.basename(diff_output, ".png"))
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Significant differences (#{diff} pixels)"
+ puts "Difference images saved as:"
+ puts " - Compare method: #{base_name}-compare.png"
+ puts " - Visual method: #{base_name}-visual.png"
+ differences[page_num] = diff
+ total_differences += diff
+ end
+ else
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Missing in second PDF"
+ differences[page_num] = "missing"
+ end
+ end
+
+ # Check for extra pages in second PDF
+ Dir["#{dir2}/*.png"].each_with_index do |page2, idx|
+ page_num = idx + 1
+ unless File.exist?(File.join(dir1, File.basename(page2)))
+ puts "Page #{page_num}: Extra page in second PDF"
+ differences[page_num] = "extra"
+ end
+ end
+
+ [differences, total_differences]
+end
+
+# Main execution
+usage if ARGV.length < 2
+
+pdf1_path = ARGV.shift
+pdf2_path = ARGV.shift
+options = parse_options(ARGV)
+
+unless File.exist?(pdf1_path) && File.exist?(pdf2_path)
+ puts "Error: One or both PDF files do not exist"
+ exit 1
+end
+
+Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp_dir|
+ # Create subdirectories for each PDF's pages
+ pdf1_dir = File.join(tmp_dir, "pdf1")
+ pdf2_dir = File.join(tmp_dir, "pdf2")
+ diff_dir = "diff_output"
+
+ FileUtils.rm_rf(diff_dir)
+ FileUtils.mkdir_p([pdf1_dir, pdf2_dir, diff_dir])
+
+ puts "Converting PDFs to PNGs (#{options[:resolution]} DPI)..."
+ pages1 = convert_pdf_to_png(pdf1_path, File.join(pdf1_dir, "page"), options[:resolution])
+ pages2 = convert_pdf_to_png(pdf2_path, File.join(pdf2_dir, "page"), options[:resolution])
+
+ puts "\nPDF 1 has #{pages1} pages"
+ puts "PDF 2 has #{pages2} pages"
+
+ puts "\nComparing pages..."
+ differences, total_diff = compare_all_pages(pdf1_dir, pdf2_dir, diff_dir,
+ options[:threshold], options[:fuzz])
+
+ puts "\nSummary:"
+ if differences.all? { |_, v| v == 0 }
+ puts "The PDFs are identical"
+ FileUtils.rm_rf(diff_dir)
+ else
+ puts "The PDFs are different"
+ puts "Total pixels different across all pages: #{total_diff}"
+ puts "Difference images saved in: #{diff_dir}/"
+ end
+end
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/compare_pdfs.rb
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:executable
## -0,0 +1 ##
+*
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex5.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex5.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex5.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+TEXMF = {$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
+TEXINPUTS.latex = .;$TEXMF/tex/{latex,generic;}//
+TEXINPUTS.fontinst = .;$TEXMF/tex//;$TEXMF/fonts/afm//
+% e-TeX related files
+TEXINPUTS.elatex = .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{latex,generic;}//
+TEXINPUTS.etex = .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{eplain,plain,generic;}//
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+\begin{figure*}[tp]
+\centering
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+debug:start search(file=texmf.cnf, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=.:/usr/local/bin/texlive:/usr/local/bin:
+ /usr/local/bin/texmf/web2c:/usr/local:
+ /usr/local/texmf/web2c:/.:/./teTeX/TeX/texmf/web2c:).
+kdebug:start search(file=ls-R, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).
+kdebug:search(ls-R) =>/usr/local/texmf/ls-R
+kdebug:start search(file=aliases, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).
+kdebug:search(aliases) => /usr/local/texmf/aliases
+kdebug:start search(file=config.ps, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search(config.ps) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
+kdebug:start search(file=/root/.dvipsrc, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+search(file=/home/goossens/.dvipsrc, must_exist=1, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search($HOME/.dvipsrc) =>
+kdebug:start search(file=config.cms, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search(config.cms)
+=>/usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms
+\end{BVerbatim}
+\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}
+
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
+\end{BVerbatim}
+\caption{Finding the prolog file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgb}
+
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
+ /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
+kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ ...
+<texps.pro>
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
+<cmr10.pfb>[1]
+\end{BVerbatim}
+\caption{Finding the font file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgc}
+\end{figure*}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6a.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6a.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6a.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+debug:start search(file=texmf.cnf, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=.:/usr/local/bin/texlive:/usr/local/bin:
+ /usr/local/bin/texmf/web2c:/usr/local:
+ /usr/local/texmf/web2c:/.:/./teTeX/TeX/texmf/web2c:).
+kdebug:start search(file=ls-R, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).
+kdebug:search(ls-R) =>/usr/local/texmf/ls-R
+kdebug:start search(file=aliases, must_exist=1, find_all=1,
+ path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).
+kdebug:search(aliases) => /usr/local/texmf/aliases
+kdebug:start search(file=config.ps, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search(config.ps) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
+kdebug:start search(file=/root/.dvipsrc, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+search(file=/home/goossens/.dvipsrc, must_exist=1, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search($HOME/.dvipsrc) =>
+kdebug:start search(file=config.cms, must_exist=0, find_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).
+kdebug:search(config.cms)
+=>/usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms
+\end{BVerbatim}
\ No newline at end of file
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6b.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6b.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6b.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
+\end{BVerbatim}
\ No newline at end of file
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6c.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6c.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/examples/ex6c.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{BVerbatim}[fontsize=\small]
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
+ /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
+kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ ...
+<texps.pro>
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
+<cmr10.pfb>[1]
+\end{BVerbatim}
\ No newline at end of file
Modified: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/f.tex 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -5,9 +5,19 @@
\pdfobjcompresslevel=0
\pdftracingfonts=1
-\font\f=cmb10
\pdfinterwordspaceon
-text text {\f abc def} text text
+% \font\f=cmr10 at 10pt
+% \pdffontexpand\f 20 20 10 autoexpand
+% \pdfadjustspacing=2
+% \f
+text {\bf text} text
+% Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit
+% Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit
+
+
+% {\bf \TeX{} Web Resources} The web page
+% {\tt https://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-
+
\bye
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f2.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f2.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/f2.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+\RequirePackage[a4paper,lines=47,hmargin=2.6cm,vmarginratio=5:4]{geometry}
+\usepackage{microtype}
+
+\begin{document}
+\pdfcompresslevel=0
+\pdfobjcompresslevel=0
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
+\texttt{https://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-
+%related links, in
+%particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
+%the system.
+\end{description}
+
+\loggingall
+\end{document}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.05361v1.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.05361v1.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.05361v1.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amsthm}
+\usepackage{amsfonts}
+\usepackage{amsfonts,amsthm,latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amscd,epsfig,psfrag,enumerate}
+\usepackage{graphics,graphicx, bezier, float, color, hyperref}
+\usepackage{amssymb,url}
+\usepackage{multienum}
+\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
+\usepackage{multicol,multirow}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{fancyvrb}
+\usepackage{parskip}
+\usepackage[toc,page]{appendix}
+\sloppy
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+\setlength\parskip{0.1in}
+\usepackage[top=2.7cm, bottom=2.7cm, left=1.5cm, right=1.5cm]{geometry}
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+
+\usepackage{blkarray}
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
+\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section]
+\newtheorem{cor}{Corollary}[section]
+\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}[section]
+\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}[section]
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section]
+\newcommand\numberthis{\addtocounter{equation}{1}\tag{\theequation}}
+\numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\numberwithin{table}{section}
+\numberwithin{figure}{section}
+
+\title{Lucas numbers that are palindromic concatenations of
+ two distinct repdigits}
+\author{Herbert Batte$^{1,*} $}
+\date{}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\abstract{ Let $ \{L_n\}_{n\geq 0} $ be the sequence of Lucas numbers. In this paper, we determine all Lucas numbers that are palindromic concatenations of two distinct repdigits. }
+
+{\bf Keywords and phrases}: Lucas numbers; linear forms in logarithms; Repdigits; Baker--Davenport reduction method.
+
+{\bf 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification}: 11B39, 11D61, 11J86
+
+\thanks{$ ^{*} $ Corresponding author}
+
+\section{Introduction}\label{intro}
+\subsection{Background}
+\label{sec:1.1}
+Consider the Lucas number sequence $\{L_n\}_{n\ge 0}$, which starts with $L_0=2$, $L_1=1$, and follows the pattern $L_{n+2}=L_{n+1}+L_{n}$ for all $n \geq 0$. The initial numbers in this sequence are
+$$
+2,\;1,\;3,\;4,\;7,\;11,\;18,\;29,\;47,\;76,\;123,\;199,\ldots.
+$$
+A \textit{repdigit} in base 10 is a positive number $N$ made up of a single repeating digit. Specifically, $N$ is written as
+\[
+N = \underbrace{\overline{d\cdots d}}_{\ell \text{ times}} = d \left( \frac{10^\ell - 1}{9} \right),
+\]
+with positive integers \(d\) and \( \ell \), where \(0 \leq d \leq 9\) and \( \ell \geq 1\). Our study adds to the extensive research on the Diophantine characteristics of certain sequences defined by recurrence relations. Particularly, we explore how the terms of these sequences can be expressed as sequences within themselves or as combinations thereof. The work of Luca and Banks \cite{banks}, despite its broad scope, yielded some limited results regarding the count of such sequence terms. The case of Fibonacci numbers composed of two repdigits was addressed in \cite{ala}, with the largest identified as \(F_{14} = 377\).
+
+Recent work has also looked into the relationship between linear recurrence numbers and repdigits. For example, all repdigits formed by the addition of two Padovan numbers were identified in \cite{gar}. This was expanded upon by the Ddamulira in \cite{dda}, who also looked at Padovan numbers that are the concatenation of two different repdigits, finding the largest to be \(P_{21} = 200\) in \cite{dda2}.
+
+Further contributions to this field of research have been made by Bedn\xE1\v rik and Trojovsk\xE1 \cite{bed}, Boussayoud et al. \cite{bou}, Bravo and Luca \cite{bravo}, and others \cite{ddam, erd, raya, tro, troj, qu}. The specific findings in \cite{qu} were revisited in \cite{er}, which confirmed that the only Lucas numbers that can be formed by combining two repdigits are
+$$ 11,~18, ~29, ~47,~76, ~199, ~322.$$
+This finding, also reported in \cite{qu}, was derived through different methods. An interesting follow-up to this work \cite{er} would be to identify Lucas numbers that are \textit{palindromic}. In this context, a number is a \textit{palindrome} if it reads the same backwards as forwards. To begin exploring this, we currently examine a more constrained Diophantine equation:
+\begin{align}\label{eq1.1l}
+ L_n = \overline{\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}\underbrace{d_2 \ldots d_2}_{m \text{ times}}\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}},
+\end{align}
+where \( d_1, d_2 \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 9\}, \) with \( d_1 > 0 \) and \(d_1\ne d_2\). Similar work has been done in \cite{chal} proving that $151$ and $616$ are the only Padovan numbers that are palindromic concatenations of two distinct repdigits.
+\newpage
+Here, we present the following result.
+\subsection{Main Results}\label{sec:1.2l}
+\begin{theorem}\label{thm1.1l}
+ There is no Lucas number which is a palindromic concatenation of two distinct repdigits.
+\end{theorem}
+
+\section{Methods}
+\subsection{Preliminaries}
+Here, we start with the well-known Binet formula for the sequence of Lucas numbers. It is given by
+\begin{align}\label{eq2.1l}
+ L_n = \alpha^n +\beta^n,~~~\text{where}~~\alpha=\dfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}, ~~\beta=\dfrac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}.
+\end{align}
+Note that $\beta=-\alpha^{-1}$ and $|\beta|<1$. It was shown in \cite{BRL} that
+\begin{align}\label{eq2.2l}
+ \alpha^{n-1} \le L_n \le2\alpha^n, \quad \text{holds for all} \quad n\ge0.
+\end{align}
+We go back and rewrite relation \eqref{eq1.1l} as
+\begin{align}\label{eq2.3l}
+ L_n &= \overline{\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}\underbrace{d_2 \ldots d_2}_{m \text{ times}}\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}}\nonumber\\
+ &=\overline{\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}\cdot 10^{\ell+m}+\underbrace{d_2 \ldots d_2}_{m \text{ times}}\cdot 10^{\ell}+\underbrace{d_1 \ldots d_1}_{\ell \text{ times}}}\nonumber\\
+ &=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1 \right),
+\end{align}
+where \( d_1, d_2 \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 9\}\), \( d_1 > 0 \) and \(d_1\ne d_2\).
+
+By equation \eqref{eq2.2l}, assume for a moment that $n>1000$, then equation \eqref{eq2.2l} together with \eqref{eq2.3l} imply that
+\begin{align*}
+ 2\alpha^n\ge L_n >10^{2\ell +m-1},
+\end{align*}
+and taking logarithms both sides yields $(2\ell+m-1)\log 10<n\log \alpha+\log 2$, which simplifies as
+\begin{align*}
+ (2\ell+m)\log 10<n\log \alpha+3<n,
+\end{align*}
+so that
+\begin{align}\label{eq2.4l}
+ 2\ell+m<n,
+\end{align}
+holds for all $n>1000$.
+
+\subsection{Linear forms in logarithms}
+We use three times Baker--type lower bounds for nonzero linear forms in three logarithms of algebraic numbers. There are many such bounds mentioned in the literature like that of Baker and W{\"u}stholz from \cite{BW} or Matveev from \cite{matl}. Before we can formulate such inequalities we need the notion of height of an algebraic number recalled below.
+
+
+\begin{definition}\label{def2.1l}
+ Let $ \gamma $ be an algebraic number of degree $ d $ with minimal primitive polynomial over the integers $$ a_{0}x^{d}+a_{1}x^{d-1}+\cdots+a_{d}=a_{0}\prod_{i=1}^{d}(x-\gamma^{(i)}), $$ where the leading coefficient $ a_{0} $ is positive. Then, the logarithmic height of $ \gamma$ is given by $$ h(\gamma):= \dfrac{1}{d}\Big(\log a_{0}+\sum_{i=1}^{d}\log \max\{|\gamma^{(i)}|,1\} \Big). $$
+\end{definition}
+ In particular, if $ \gamma$ is a rational number represented as $\gamma:=p/q$ with coprime integers $p$ and $ q\ge 1$, then $ h(\gamma ) = \log \max\{|p|, q\} $.
+The following properties of the logarithmic height function $ h(\cdot) $ will be used in the rest of the paper without further reference:
+\begin{equation}\nonumber
+ \begin{aligned}
+ h(\gamma_{1}\pm\gamma_{2}) &\leq h(\gamma_{1})+h(\gamma_{2})+\log 2;\\
+ h(\gamma_{1}\gamma_{2}^{\pm 1} ) &\leq h(\gamma_{1})+h(\gamma_{2});\\
+ h(\gamma^{s}) &= |s|h(\gamma) \quad {\text{\rm valid for}}\quad s\in \mathbb{Z}.
+ \end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+
+A linear form in logarithms is an expression
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{eq:Lambdal}
+ \Lambda:=b_1\log \gamma_1+\cdots+b_t\log \gamma_t,
+\end{equation}
+where for us $\gamma_1,\ldots,\gamma_t$ are positive real algebraic numbers and $b_1,\ldots,b_t$ are nonzero integers. We assume, $\Lambda\ne 0$. We need lower bounds
+for $|\Lambda|$. We write ${\mathbb K}:={\mathbb Q}(\gamma_1,\ldots,\gamma_t)$ and $D$ for the degree of ${\mathbb K}$.
+We start with the general form due to Matveev \cite{matl}.
+
+\begin{theorem}[Matveev, \cite{matl}]
+ \label{thm:Matl}
+ Put $\Gamma:=\gamma_1^{b_1}\cdots \gamma_t^{b_t}-1=e^{\Lambda}-1$. Assume $\Gamma\ne 0$. Then
+ $$
+ \log |\Gamma|>-1.4\cdot 30^{t+3}\cdot t^{4.5} \cdot D^2 (1+\log D)(1+\log B)A_1\cdots A_t,
+ $$
+ where $B\ge \max\{|b_1|,\ldots,|b_t|\}$ and $A_i\ge \max\{Dh(\gamma_i),|\log \gamma_i|,0.16\}$ for $i=1,\ldots,t$.
+\end{theorem}
+
+
+\subsection{Reduction methods}
+Typically, the estimates from Matveev's theorem are excessively large to be practical in computations. To refine these estimates, we employ a modified approach based on the Baker--Davenport reduction method. Our adaptation follows the method introduced by Dujella and Peth\xF6 (\cite{duj}, Lemma 5a). When considering a real number \( r \), we use \( \| r \| \) to represent the smallest distance between \( r \) and any integer, which is formally written as \( \min\{|r - n| : n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \).
+\begin{lemma}[Dujella \& Peth\xF6, \cite{duj}]\label{dujl}
+ Let \( \tau \neq 0 \), and \( A, B, \mu \) be real numbers with \( A > 0 \) and \( B > 1 \). Let \( M > 1 \) be a positive integer and suppose that \( p/q \) is a convergent of the continued fraction expansion of \( \tau \) with \( q > 6M \). Let
+ \[
+ \varepsilon := \| \mu q \| - M \| \tau q \|.
+ \]
+ If \( \varepsilon > 0 \), then there is no solution of the inequality
+ \[
+ 0 < |m\tau - n + \mu| < AB^{-k}
+ \]
+ in positive integers \( m, n, k \) with
+ \[
+ \frac{\log(Aq/\varepsilon)}{\log B} \leq k \quad \text{and} \quad m \leq M.
+ \]
+\end{lemma}
+
+
+Finally, we present an analytic argument which is Lemma 7 in \cite{guz}.
+\begin{lemma}[Lemma 7 in \cite{guz}]\label{guzl} If $ s \geq 1 $, $T > (4s^2)^s$ and $T > \displaystyle \frac{z}{(\log z)^s}$, then $$z < 2^s T (\log T)^s.$$
+\end{lemma}
+SageMath 9.5 is used to perform all the computations in this work.
+
+\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm1.1l}}
+\subsection{The low range $n\le 1000$}
+Using a basic SageMath script, we investigated all possible solutions to the Diophantine equation \eqref{eq1.1l}. The parameters $d_1, d_2$ were taken from the set $\{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 9\}$ with the conditions that $d_1 > 0$ and $d_1 \neq d_2$, and we restricted our search to $1 \leq \ell, m \leq n \leq 1000$. This search did not result in any solutions, see Appendix 1. From this point, we will only consider cases where $n > 1000$.
+
+\subsection{The case $n> 1000$}
+In this subsection, we proceed to examine \eqref{eq2.3l} in three different ways. We first prove the following result.
+\begin{lemma}\label{lem3.1l}
+ Let $\ell$, $m$ and $n>1000$ be solutions to the Diophantine equation \eqref{eq1.1l}, then
+ $$\ell<5\cdot 10^{12}\log n.$$
+\end{lemma}
+\begin{proof}
+We go back to \eqref{eq2.3l} and rewrite it using \eqref{eq2.1l} as
+\begin{align*}
+ L_n
+ &=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1 \right),\\
+ 9(\alpha^n+\beta^n)
+ &=d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1, \\
+ 9\alpha^n-d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m} &=-9\beta^n-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1.
+\end{align*}
+Therefore, we have that
+\begin{align*}
+ \left|9\alpha^n-d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}\right| &=\left|-9\beta^n-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1\right|\\
+ &\le 9\alpha^{-n}+27\cdot 10^{\ell+m},\quad\text{since}\quad \beta=-\alpha^{-1},\\
+ &<28\cdot 10^{\ell+m},
+\end{align*}
+where in the last inequality we have used the fact that $n>1000$. Now, dividing both sides by $d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}$, we get
+\begin{align}\label{eq3.1l}
+ \left|\dfrac{9}{d_1}\cdot\alpha^n\cdot 10^{-2\ell-m}-1\right|
+ &<28\cdot 10^{-\ell}.
+\end{align}
+Let
+$$
+\Gamma=\dfrac{9}{d_1}\cdot\alpha^n\cdot 10^{-2\ell-m}-1=e^{\Lambda}-1.
+$$
+Notice that $\Lambda\ne 0$, otherwise we would have
+\begin{align*}
+ \alpha^n=\dfrac{d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}}{9},
+\end{align*}
+which is impossible since the left--hand side is irrational and the right--hand side is rational. The algebraic number field containing the following $\gamma_i$'s is $\mathbb{K} := \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$. We have $D = 2$, $t :=3$,
+\begin{equation}\nonumber
+ \begin{aligned}
+ \gamma_{1}&:=9/d_1,\quad\gamma_{2}:=\alpha,\quad\gamma_{3}:=10,\\
+ b_{1}&:=1,\quad \quad~~ b_{2}:=n,\quad b_{3}:=-2\ell-m.
+ \end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+Since $h(\gamma_{1})=h(9/d_1)\le \log 9 <2.2$, $h(\gamma_{2})=h(\alpha)=0.5\log \alpha <0.25$ and $h(\gamma_{3})=h(10)= \log 10 <2.31$, we take $A_1:=4.4$, $A_2:=0.5$ and $A_3:=4.62$. Next, $B \geq \max\{|b_i|:i=1,2,3\}$. By equation \eqref{eq2.4l}, $2\ell+m<n$, so we take $B:=n$. Now, by Theorem \ref{thm:Matl},
+\begin{align}\label{eq3.2l}
+ \log |\Gamma| &> -1.4\cdot 30^{6} \cdot 3^{4.5}\cdot 2^2 (1+\log 2)(1+\log n)\cdot 4.4\cdot 0.5\cdot 4.62\nonumber\\
+ &> -9.9\cdot 10^{12}(1+\log n).
+\end{align}
+Comparing \eqref{eq3.1l} and \eqref{eq3.2l}, we get
+\begin{align*}
+ \ell\log 10-\log 28&<9.9\cdot 10^{12}(1+\log n),\\
+ \ell&<4.3\cdot 10^{12}(1+\log n)+1.5\\
+ &=4.3\cdot 10^{12}\log n\left(\dfrac{1}{\log n}+1+\dfrac{1.5}{4.3\cdot 10^{12}\log n}\right),
+\end{align*}
+which leads to $\ell<5\cdot 10^{12}\log n$, for all $n>1000$.
+\end{proof}
+Next, we prove the following.
+\begin{lemma}\label{lem3.2l}
+ Let $\ell$, $m$ and $n>1000$ be solutions to the Diophantine equation \eqref{eq1.1l}, then
+ $$m<3\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2.$$
+\end{lemma}
+\begin{proof}
+Again, we go back to \eqref{eq2.3l} and rewrite it using \eqref{eq2.1l} as
+\begin{align*}
+ L_n
+ &=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1 \right),\\
+ 9(\alpha^n+\beta^n)
+ &=d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1, \\
+ 9\alpha^n-d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m}&=-9\beta^n +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1.
+\end{align*}
+Therefore, we have that
+\begin{align*}
+ \left|9\alpha^n-(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))\cdot 10^{\ell+m}\right| &=\left|-9\beta^n +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}-d_1\right|\\
+ &\le 9\alpha^{-n}+18\cdot 10^{\ell},\quad\text{since}\quad \beta=-\alpha^{-1},\\
+ &<19\cdot 10^{\ell},
+\end{align*}
+where in the last inequality we have used the fact that $n>1000$.
+
+Now, dividing both sides by $(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))\cdot 10^{\ell+m}$, we get
+\begin{align}\label{eq3.3l}
+ \left|\dfrac{9}{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))}\cdot\alpha^n\cdot 10^{-\ell-m}-1\right|
+ &<\dfrac{19}{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))}\cdot 10^{-m}<19\cdot 10^{-m}.
+\end{align}
+Let
+$$
+\Gamma_1=\dfrac{9}{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))}\cdot\alpha^n\cdot 10^{-\ell-m}-1=e^{\Lambda_1}-1.
+$$
+Notice that $\Lambda_1\ne 0$, otherwise we would have
+\begin{align*}
+ \alpha^n=\dfrac{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))\cdot 10^{\ell+m}}{9},
+\end{align*}
+which is impossible since $ \alpha^n$ is irrational and the right--hand side is rational. The algebraic number field containing the following $\gamma_i$'s is $\mathbb{K} := \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$. Again, we have $D = 2$, $t :=3$,
+\begin{equation}\nonumber
+ \begin{aligned}
+ \gamma_{1}&:=\dfrac{9}{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))},\quad\gamma_{2}:=\alpha,\quad\gamma_{3}:=10,\\
+ b_{1}&:=1,\quad \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad b_{2}:=n,~~~ b_{3}:=-\ell-m.
+ \end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+In order to determine what $A_1$ will be, we need to find the find the maximum of the quantities $h(\gamma_{1} )$ and $|\log \gamma_1 |$. We note that
+\begin{align*}
+ h(\gamma_{1})&=h\left(\dfrac{9}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2)}\right) \le h(9)+h(d_1)+\ell h(10)+h(d_1-d_2)+\log 2 \le 4\log 9+\ell \log 10\\
+ &<4\log 9+(5\cdot 10^{12}\log n)\log 10<1.2\cdot 10^{13}\log n,
+\end{align*}
+where we used Lemma \ref{lem3.1l} and the fact that $n>1000$. On the other note,
+\begin{align*}
+ |\log \gamma_1 |&=\left|\log\left(\dfrac{9}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2)}\right)\right| \le \log 9+\left|\log (d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}-(d_1-d_2))\right|\\
+ &\le \log 9+\log \left(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}\right)+\left|\log \left(1-\dfrac{(d_1-d_2)}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell}}\right)\right|\\
+ &\leq \log 9 + \log d_1+\ell \log 10 + \left| \frac{|d_1 - d_2|}{d_1 \cdot 10^\ell} + \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{|d_1 - d_2|}{d_1 \cdot 10^\ell} \right)^2 + \cdots \right| \\
+ &\leq 2\log 9+\ell \log 10 + \frac{1}{10^\ell} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 10^{2\ell}} + \cdots \\
+ &< 2\log 9+ (5 \cdot 10^{12} \log n)\log 10 + \frac{1}{10^\ell - 1} < 1.16 \cdot 10^{13} \log n,
+\end{align*}
+where still we used Lemma \ref{lem3.1l} and the fact that $n>1000$. Since $Dh(\gamma_{1})>|\log \gamma_1 |$, we can take $A_1:=2.4 \cdot 10^{13} \log n$. As before in the proof of Lemma \ref{lem3.1l}, we can still take $A_2:=0.5$, $A_3:=4.62$ and $B:=n$. Now, by Theorem \ref{thm:Matl},
+\begin{align}\label{eq3.4l}
+ \log |\Gamma| &> -1.4\cdot 30^{6} \cdot 3^{4.5}\cdot 2^2 (1+\log 2)(1+\log n)\cdot 0.5\cdot 4.62\cdot 2.4 \cdot 10^{13} \log n\nonumber\\
+ &> -6.2\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2.
+\end{align}
+Comparing \eqref{eq3.3l} and \eqref{eq3.4l}, we get
+\begin{align*}
+ m\log 10-\log 19&<6.2\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2,\\
+ m&<2.7\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2+1.3
+ =2.7\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2\left(1+\dfrac{1.3}{2.7\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2}\right),
+\end{align*}
+which leads to $m<3\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2$, for all $n>1000$.
+\end{proof}
+Lastly in this subsection, we prove the following.
+\begin{lemma}\label{lem3.3l}
+ Let $\ell$, $m$ and $n>1000$ be solutions to the Diophantine equation \eqref{eq1.1l}, then
+ $$\ell< 5.3\cdot 10^{14},\quad m<3.4\cdot 10^{29}\quad\text{and}\quad n<9\cdot 10^{45}.$$
+\end{lemma}
+
+\begin{proof}
+ Once more, we revisit equation \eqref{eq2.3l} and rewrite it using \eqref{eq2.1l} as
+ \begin{align*}
+ 9\alpha^n-d_1\cdot 10^{2\ell+m} +(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{\ell}&=-9\beta^n -d_1.
+ \end{align*}
+ Therefore, we have that
+ \begin{align*}
+ \left|9\alpha^n-(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))\cdot 10^{\ell}\right| &=\left|-9\beta^n -d_1\right|\le 9\alpha^{-n}+9<10,
+ \end{align*}
+ where we have used the fact that $\beta=-\alpha^{-1}$ and $n>1000$. Now, dividing sides both by $9\alpha^n$, we get
+ \begin{align}\label{eq3.5l}
+ \left|\dfrac{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))}{9}\cdot \alpha^{-n}\cdot 10^{\ell}-1\right|
+ &<\dfrac{10}{9\alpha^{n}}.
+ \end{align}
+ Let
+ $$
+ \Gamma_2=\dfrac{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))}{9}\cdot \alpha^{-n}\cdot 10^{\ell}-1=e^{\Lambda_2}-1.
+ $$
+ Notice that $\Lambda_2\ne 0$, otherwise we would have
+ \begin{align*}
+ \alpha^n=\dfrac{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))}{9}\cdot 10^{\ell},
+ \end{align*}
+ which is impossible since $ \alpha^n$ is irrational and the right--hand side is rational. The algebraic number field containing the following $\gamma_i$'s is $\mathbb{K} := \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$. Again, we have $D = 2$, $t :=3$,
+ \begin{equation}\nonumber
+ \begin{aligned}
+ \gamma_{1}&:=\dfrac{(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))}{9},\quad\gamma_{2}:=\alpha,\quad\gamma_{3}:=10,\\
+ b_{1}&:=1,\quad \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad~~ b_{2}:=-n,~~ b_{3}:=-\ell.
+ \end{aligned}
+ \end{equation}
+Again, in order to determine what $A_1$ will be here, we need to find the find the maximum of the quantities $h(\gamma_{1} )$ and $|\log \gamma_1 |$. We note that
+ \begin{align*}
+ h(\gamma_{1})&=h\left(\dfrac{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2)}{9}\right) \\
+ &\le h(9)+h(d_1)+(\ell+m) h(10)+h(d_1-d_2)+mh(10)+h(d_1-d_2)+3\log 2 \\
+ &\le 7\log 9+(\ell+m) \log 10+m \log 10\\
+ &<7\log 9+\left(3.1\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2\right)\log 10+\left(3\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2\right)\log 10
+ <1.41\cdot 10^{26}(\log n)^2,
+ \end{align*}
+ where we used Lemmas \ref{lem3.1l}, \ref{lem3.2l} and the fact that $n>1000$.
+
+ On the other note,
+ \begin{align*}
+ |\log \gamma_1 |&=\left|\log\left(\dfrac{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2)}{9}\right)\right| \\
+ &\le \log 9+\left|\log (d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}-(d_1-d_2)\cdot 10^{m}+(d_1-d_2))\right|\\
+ &\le \log 9+\log \left(d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}\right)+\left|\log \left(1-\dfrac{(d_1-d_2)(10^m-1)}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}}\right)\right|\\
+ &\leq \log 9 + \log d_1+(\ell+m) \log 10 + \left| \dfrac{(d_1-d_2)(10^m-1)}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}} + \frac{1}{2} \left( \dfrac{(d_1-d_2)(10^m-1)}{d_1\cdot 10^{\ell+m}} \right)^2 + \cdots \right| \\
+ &\leq 2\log 9+(\ell+m) \log 10 + \frac{1}{10^\ell} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 10^{2\ell}} + \cdots \\
+ &< 2\log 9+ \left(3.1\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2\right)\log 10 + \frac{1}{10^\ell - 1} < 7.2 \cdot 10^{25} (\log n)^2,
+ \end{align*}
+ where still we used Lemmas \ref{lem3.1l}, \ref{lem3.2l} and the fact that $n>1000$. Since $Dh(\gamma_{1})>|\log \gamma_1 |$, we can take $A_1:=2.82\cdot 10^{26}(\log n)^2$. As before in the proof of Lemma \ref{lem3.1l}, we can still take $A_2:=0.5$, $A_3:=4.62$ and $B:=n$. Now, by Theorem \ref{thm:Matl},
+ \begin{align}\label{eq3.6l}
+ \log |\Gamma| &> -1.4\cdot 30^{6} \cdot 3^{4.5}\cdot 2^2 (1+\log 2)(1+\log n)\cdot 0.5\cdot 4.62\cdot 2.82\cdot 10^{26}(\log n)^2\nonumber\\
+ &> -7.24\cdot 10^{38}(\log n)^3.
+ \end{align}
+ Comparing \eqref{eq3.5l} and \eqref{eq3.6l}, we get
+ \begin{align*}
+ n\log\alpha-\log (10/9)&<7.24\cdot 10^{38}(\log n)^3,\\
+ n&<1.51\cdot 10^{39}(\log n)^3+0.22
+ =1.51\cdot 10^{39}(\log n)^3\left(1+\dfrac{0.22}{1.51\cdot 10^{39}(\log n)^3}\right),
+ \end{align*}
+ which leads to $n<1.52\cdot 10^{39}(\log n)^3$, for all $n>1000$. To proceed from here, let $ s =3\geq 1 $, $T =1.52\cdot 10^{39}> (4s^2)^s=46656$ and $z=n$, then Lemma \ref{guzl} implies that $n < 2^3 \cdot 1.52\cdot 10^{39} (\log 1.52\cdot 10^{39})^3$, or $n<9\cdot 10^{45}$.
+
+Moreover, Lemma \ref{lem3.1l} gives $\ell<5\cdot 10^{12}\log n<5\cdot 10^{12}\log (9\cdot 10^{45})<5.3\cdot 10^{14}$ and Lemma \ref{lem3.2l} gives $m<3\cdot 10^{25}(\log n)^2<3\cdot 10^{25}(\log (9\cdot 10^{45}))^2<3.4\cdot 10^{29}$.
+\end{proof}
+The bounds established in Lemma \ref{lem3.3l} exceed practical computational utility and require reduction. This process is detailed in Subsection \ref{subsecl}.
+
+\subsection{The reduction process}\label{subsecl}
+Here, we apply Lemma \ref{dujl} as follows. First, we return to the inequality \eqref{eq3.1l} and put
+\[
+\Lambda_1 := (2\ell + m) \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1}{9} \right).
+\]
+Inequality \eqref{eq3.1l} can be rewritten as
+$|\Gamma_1| = |e^{\Lambda_1} - 1| < 28\cdot10^{-\ell}$. If we assume that \(\ell \geq 2\), then the right--hand side of this inequality is at most \(0.28 < 1/2\). The inequality \(|e^{\Lambda_1} - 1| < x\) for real values of \(x\) and \({\Lambda_1}\) implies that \(|{\Lambda_1}| < 2x\). Thus,
+$|\Lambda_1| < 56\cdot10^{-\ell}$. This implies that
+\[
+\left| (2\ell + m) \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1}{9}\right) \right| < 56\cdot10^{-\ell}.
+\]
+Dividing through the above inequality by \(\log \alpha\) gives
+\[
+\left| (2\ell + m) \frac{\log 10}{\log \alpha} - n + \left( \frac{\log(d_1/9)}{\log \alpha} \right) \right| < \frac{56}{\log \alpha}\cdot 10^{-\ell}.
+\]
+So, we apply Lemma \ref{dujl} with the quantities:
+\[
+\tau := \frac{\log 10}{\log \alpha}, \quad \mu(d_1) := \frac{\log(d_1/9)}{\log \alpha}, \quad 1 \leq d_1 \leq 9, \quad A := \frac{56}{\log \alpha}, \quad B := 10.
+\]
+Let \(\tau = [a_0; a_1, a_2, \ldots] = [4; 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 6, 4, 2, 1, 10, 1, 4, 46, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, \ldots]\) be the continued fraction expansion of \(\tau\). We set \(M := 10^{46}\) which is an upper bound of \(2\ell + m\). With the help of SageMath in Appendix 2, we find that the convergent
+\[
+\dfrac{p}{q} = \dfrac{p_{98}}{q_{98}} = \dfrac{1645685064668785741047746957258993430046006088389}{343927838259763182336125476035118084206130771252} ,
+\]
+is such that \(q = q_{98} > 6M\). Furthermore, it gives \(\varepsilon > 0.4614141430\), and thus,
+\[
+\ell \leq \frac{\log((56/\log \alpha)q/\varepsilon)}{\log 10} < 52.
+\]
+Therefore, we have that \(\ell < 52\). The case \(\ell < 2\) also holds because \(\ell < 2 < 52\).
+
+Next, for fixed \( d_1, d_2 \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 9\} \), \( d_1 > 0 \), \(d_1 \neq d_2\) and \( 1 \leq \ell < 52 \), we return to inequality \eqref{eq3.3l} and put
+\[
+\Lambda_2 := (\ell + m) \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1 \cdot 10^\ell - (d_1 - d_2)}{9} \right).
+\]
+From inequality \eqref{eq3.3l}, we have that
+\(
+|\Gamma_2| = |e^{\Lambda_2} - 1| < 19\cdot10^{-m}.
+\)
+Assume that \( m \geq 2 \), then the right--hand side of this inequality is at most \( 0.19 < 1/2 \). Thus,
+$|\Lambda_2| < 38\cdot10^{-m}$,
+which implies that
+\[
+\left| (\ell + m) \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1 \cdot 10^\ell - (d_1 - d_2)}{9} \right) \right| < 38\cdot10^{-m}.
+\]
+Dividing through the above inequality by \( \log \alpha \) gives
+\[
+\left| (\ell + m) \frac{\log 10}{\log \alpha} - n + \frac{\log ((d_1 \cdot 10^\ell - (d_1 - d_2))/9)}{\log \alpha} \right| < \frac{38}{ \log \alpha}\cdot 10^{-m}.
+\]
+Thus, we apply Lemma \ref{dujl} with the quantities:
+\[
+\mu(d_1, d_2) := \frac{\log ((d_1 \cdot 10^\ell - (d_1 - d_2))/9)}{\log \alpha}, \quad A := \frac{38}{\log \alpha}, \quad B := 10.
+\]
+We take the same \( \tau \) as before and its convergent \( p/q = p_{98}/q_{98} \). Since \( \ell + m < 2\ell + m \), we set \( M := 10^{46} \) as an upper bound on \( \ell + m \). With the help of a simple computer program in SageMath (Appendix 3), we get that \( \varepsilon > 0.4906425804 \), and therefore,
+\[
+m \leq \frac{\log((38/\log \alpha)/\varepsilon)}{\log 10} < 54.
+\]
+Hence, we have that \( m < 54 \). The case \( m < 2 \) holds as well since \( m < 2 < 54 \).
+
+Lastly, for fixed \( d_1, d_2 \in \{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 9\} \), \( d_1 > 0 \), \(d_1 \neq d_2\), \( 1 \leq \ell <52 \) and \( 1 \leq m < 54 \), we return to inequality \eqref{eq3.5l} and put
+\[
+\Lambda_3 := \ell \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1 \cdot 10^{\ell+m} - (d_1 - d_2) \cdot 10^m + (d_1 - d_2)}{9} \right).
+\]
+From inequality \eqref{eq3.5l}, we have that $
+|\Gamma_3| = |e^{\Lambda_3} - 1| < 10/9\alpha^n$. Since \( n > 1000 \), the right--hand side of this inequality is less than \( 1/2 \). Thus, the above inequality implies that
+$
+|\Lambda_3| < 20/9\alpha^n,
+$
+which leads to
+\[
+\left| \ell \log 10 - n \log \alpha + \log \left( \frac{d_1 \cdot 10^{\ell+m} - (d_1 - d_2) \cdot 10^m + (d_1 - d_2)}{9} \right) \right| < \frac{20}{9\alpha^n}.
+\]
+Dividing through the above inequality by \( \log \alpha \) gives,
+\[
+\left| \ell\frac{ \log 10}{\log \alpha} - n + \frac{\log \left( (d_1 \cdot 10^{\ell+m} - (d_1 - d_2) \cdot 10^m + (d_1 - d_2))/9 \right)}{\log \alpha} \right| < \frac{20}{ 9\log \alpha}\cdot \alpha^{-n}.
+\]
+Again, we apply Lemma \ref{dujl} with the quantities:
+\[
+\mu(d_1, d_2) := \frac{\log \left( (d_1 \cdot 10^{\ell+m} - (d_1 - d_2) \cdot 10^m + (d_1 - d_2))/9 \right)}{\log \alpha}, \quad A := \frac{20}{9\log \alpha}, \quad B := \alpha.
+\]
+We can still take the same \( \tau \) and its convergent \( p/q = p_{98}/q_{98} \) as before. Since \( \ell < 2\ell + m \), we choose \( M := 10^{46} \) as an upper bound for \( \ell \). With the help of a simple computer program in SageMath (Appendix 4), we get that \( \varepsilon > 0.4929934686 \), and thus,
+\[
+n \leq \frac{\log((20/9\log \alpha)/\varepsilon)}{\log \alpha} < 269,
+\]
+contradicting our working assumption that \( n > 1000 \), hence Theorem \ref{thm1.1l} holds.\qed
+
+\section*{Conclusion}
+In this work, we showed that there is no Lucas numbers that is a palindromic concatenation of two distinct repdigits. It remains an open problem to determine such palindromes in generalized $k-$Lucas numbers.
+\section*{Acknowledgments}
+The author thanks the Eastern Africa Universities Mathematics Programme (EAUMP) for funding his doctoral studies.
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+ \bibitem{ala}
+ Alahmadi, A., Altassan, A., Luca, F., Shoaib, H.: Fibonacci numbers which are concatenations of two repdigits. Quaest. Math. \textbf{44}(2), 281--290 (2021).
+
+ \bibitem{BW}
+ Baker, A., \& W\xFCstholz, G.: Logarithmic forms and group varieties, 19--62 (1993).
+
+ \bibitem{banks}
+ Banks, W.D., Luca, F.: Concatenations with binary recurrent sequences. J. Integer Seq. \textbf{8}(5), Art. 05.1.3 (2005).
+
+ \bibitem{bed}
+ Bedn\xE1\v rik, D., Trojovsk\xE1, E.: Repdigits as product of Fibonacci and Tribonacci numbers. Mathematics \textbf{8}(10), 1720 (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{bou}
+ Boussayoud, A., Boughaba, S., Kerada, M., Araci, S., Acikgoz, M.: Generating functions of binary products of \( k \)-Fibonacci and orthogonal polynomials. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas F\xEDs. Nat. Ser. A Mat. RACSAM \textbf{113}(3), 2575--2586 (2019).
+
+ \bibitem{BRL}
+ Bravo, J. J., \& Luca, F. (2014). Repdigits in $k$--Lucas sequences. {\it Proceedings-Mathematical Sciences\/} {\bf 124}, 141--154.
+
+ \bibitem{bravo}
+ Bravo, J.J., Luca, F.: On a conjecture about repdigits in \( k \)-generalized Fibonacci sequences. Publ. Math. Debrecen \textbf{82}(3--4), 623--639 (2013).
+
+ \bibitem{chal}
+ Chalebgwa, Taboka P., Mahadi Ddamulira.: Padovan numbers which are palindromic concatenations of two distinct repdigits. \textit{Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, F\xEDsicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matem\xE1ticas} \textbf{115}(3) (2021): 108.
+
+ \bibitem{ddam}
+ Ddamulira, M.: Tribonacci numbers that are concatenations of two repdigits. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas F\xEDs. Nat. Ser. A Mat. RACSAM \textbf{114}(4), Paper No. 203, 10 pp (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{dda}
+ Ddamulira, M.: Repdigits as sums of three Padovan numbers. Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex. \textbf{26}(2), 247--261 (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{dda2}
+ Ddamulira, M.: Padovan numbers that are concatenations of two distinct repdigits. Math. Slovaca \textbf{71}(2), 275--284 (2021).
+
+ \bibitem{duj}
+ Dujella, A., Peth\"o, A.: A generalization of a theorem of Baker and Davenport. Q. J. Math. Oxford Ser. 2 \textbf{49}(195), 291--306 (1998).
+
+ \bibitem{er}
+ Erduvan, F., Keskin, R.: Lucas numbers which are concatenations of two repdigits. Bolet\xEDn de la Sociedad Matem\xE1tica Mexicana, 27, pp.1-11 (2021).
+
+ \bibitem{erd}
+ Erduvan, F., Keskin, R.: Lucas numbers which are concatenations of three repdigits. Results Math. \textbf{76}(1), 13 (2021).
+
+ \bibitem{gar}
+ Garc\xEDa Lomel\xED, A.C., Hern\xE1ndez Hern\xE1ndez, S.: Repdigits as sums of two Padovan numbers. J. Integer Seq. \textbf{22}(2), Art. 19.2.3 (2019)
+
+ \bibitem{guz}
+ G\xFAzman S\xE1nchez, S., Luca, F.: Linear combinations of factorials and \( s \)--units in a binary recurrence sequence. Ann. Math. Qu\xE9. \textbf{38}(2), 169--188 (2014).
+
+ \bibitem{matl}
+ Matveev, E. M.: An explicit lower bound for a homogeneous rational linear form in the logarithms of algebraic numbers. II. Izvestiya: Mathematics, \textbf{64}(6), 1217 (2000).
+
+ \bibitem{qu}
+ Qu, Y., Zeng, J.: Lucas numbers which are concatenations of two repdigits. Mathematics \textbf{8}(8), 1360 (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{raya}
+ Rayaguru, S.G., Panda, G.K.: Balancing numbers which are concatenations of two repdigits. Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex. \textbf{26}(3), 911--919 (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{tro}
+ Trojovsk\xFD, P.: Fibonacci numbers with a prescribed block of digits. Mathematics \textbf{8}(4), 639 (2020).
+
+ \bibitem{troj}
+ Trojovsk\xFD, P.: On repdigits as sums of Fibonacci and Tribonacci numbers. Symmetry \textbf{12}(11), 1774 (2020).
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+
+
+\section*{Address}
+$ ^{1} $ Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
+
+Email: \url{hbatte91 at gmail.com}
+\pagebreak
+\section*{Appendices}
+\subsection*{Appendix 1}\label{app1}
+\begin{verbatim}
+def generate_lucas_numbers(limit):
+ lucas = [2, 1] # Initial Lucas numbers
+ while len(lucas) < limit:
+ lucas.append(lucas[-1] + lucas[-2])
+ return set(lucas) # Use a set for efficient membership checking
+
+def construct_palindromic_numbers():
+ palindromic_numbers = set()
+ for d1 in range(1, 10): # d1 is a nonzero digit
+ for d2 in range(10): # d2 can be any digit, including zero
+ if d1 != d2:
+ for length in range(1, 100): # Reasonable lengths for repdigits
+ first_part = str(d1) * length
+ second_part = str(d2) * length
+ palindromic_number = int(first_part + second_part + first_part)
+ palindromic_numbers.add(palindromic_number)
+ return palindromic_numbers
+
+# Generate Lucas numbers and palindromic numbers
+lucas_numbers = generate_lucas_numbers(1001)
+palindromic_numbers = construct_palindromic_numbers()
+
+# Find the intersection of the two sets
+palindromic_lucas = lucas_numbers.intersection(palindromic_numbers)
+
+print("Lucas numbers which are palindromic concatenations of two distinct repdigits:")
+print(sorted(palindromic_lucas))
+
+\end{verbatim}
+\subsection*{Appendix 2}\label{app2}
+\begin{verbatim}
+from sage.all import *
+
+# Constants
+a = golden_ratio.n(digits=1000) # Using the golden ratio as an approximation for the
+ # root of x^2 - x - 1
+tau = (log(10) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+A = (56 / log(a))
+B = 10
+M = 1 * 10^46
+
+# Continued Fraction and Convergents
+cf_tau = continued_fraction(tau)
+convergents = cf_tau.convergents()
+
+for d1 in range(1, 10): # Iterate through d1 from 1 to 9
+ mu = (log(d1/9) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+
+ DD = [] # Initialize empty list for results for each d1
+
+ # Dujella and Peth\xF6 Reduction Method
+ for i, convergent in enumerate(convergents):
+ p, q = convergent.numerator(), convergent.denominator()
+ ep = abs(mu * q - round(mu * q)) - M * abs(tau * q - round(tau * q))
+
+ if q > 6 * M and ep > 0:
+ log_expr_a = (log(A * q / ep) / log(B)).n(digits=10)
+ DD.append((i, ep.n(digits=10), log_expr_a))
+ print(f"d1 = {d1}, p_{i}/q_{i} = {p}/{q}")
+ break # Stop after finding the first suitable convergent for this d1
+
+ # Results for each d1
+ if DD:
+ print(f"Results for d1 = {d1}:")
+ print("First few elements of DD:", DD[:1])
+ else:
+ print(f"No suitable convergent found for d1 = {d1}.")
+print("Continued fraction expansion of tau:", cf_tau[:20])
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection*{Appendix 3}\label{app3}
+\begin{verbatim}
+from sage.all import *
+
+# Constants
+a = golden_ratio.n(digits=1000) # Using the golden ratio
+tau = (log(10) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+A = (38 / log(a))
+B = 10
+M = 1 * 10^46
+
+# Continued Fraction and Convergents
+cf_tau = continued_fraction(tau)
+convergents = cf_tau.convergents()
+
+# Variables to store maximum values
+max_ep = -Infinity
+max_log_expr_a = -Infinity
+
+for d1 in range(1, 10):
+ for d2 in range(0, 10):
+ if d1 == d2:
+ continue # d1 should not be equal to d2
+ for l in range(1, 52):
+ mu = (log((d1 * 10^l - (d1 - d2)) / 9) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+
+ # Dujella and Peth\xF6 Reduction Method
+ for i, convergent in enumerate(convergents):
+ p, q = convergent.numerator(), convergent.denominator()
+ ep = abs(mu * q - round(mu * q)) - M * abs(tau * q - round(tau * q))
+
+ if q > 6 * M and ep > 0:
+ log_expr_a = (log(A * q / ep) / log(B)).n(digits=10)
+ if ep > max_ep:
+ max_ep = ep.n(digits=10)
+ if log_expr_a > max_log_expr_a:
+ max_log_expr_a = log_expr_a
+ break # Stop after finding the first suitable convergent
+
+# Print maximum values
+print("Maximum ep across all combinations:", max_ep)
+print("Maximum log_expr_a across all combinations:", max_log_expr_a)
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection*{Appendix 4}\label{app4}
+\begin{verbatim}
+from sage.all import *
+
+# Constants
+a = golden_ratio.n(digits=1000) # Using the golden ratio
+tau = (log(10) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+A = (20 / (9 * log(a)))
+B = a
+M = 1 * 10^46
+
+# Continued Fraction and Convergents
+cf_tau = continued_fraction(tau)
+convergents = cf_tau.convergents()
+
+# Variables to store maximum values
+max_ep = -Infinity
+max_log_expr_a = -Infinity
+
+# Iterate through combinations of d1, d2, l, and m
+for d1 in range(1, 10):
+ for d2 in range(0, 10):
+ if d1 == d2:
+ continue # d1 should not be equal to d2
+ for l in range(1, 52):
+ for m in range(1, 54):
+ mu = (log((d1 * 10^(l+m) - (d1 - d2) * 10^m +
+ (d1 - d2)) / 9) / log(a)).n(digits=1000)
+
+ # Dujella and Peth\xF6 Reduction Method
+ for convergent in convergents:
+ p, q = convergent.numerator(), convergent.denominator()
+ ep = abs(mu * q - round(mu * q)) - M * abs(tau * q - round(tau * q))
+
+ if q > 6 * M and ep > 0:
+ log_expr_a = (log(A * q / ep) / log(B)).n(digits=10)
+ if ep > max_ep:
+ max_ep = ep.n(digits=10)
+ if log_expr_a > max_log_expr_a:
+ max_log_expr_a = log_expr_a
+ break # Stop after finding the first suitable convergent
+
+# Print maximum values
+print("Maximum ep across all combinations:", max_ep)
+print("Maximum log_expr_a across all combinations:", max_log_expr_a)
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{document}
\ No newline at end of file
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.09965v1.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.09965v1.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/arXiv-2401.09965v1.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,1345 @@
+\documentclass[12pt,reqno]{amsart}
+
+\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amscd,amsfonts,amssymb,graphicx,color}
+
+\usepackage[bookmarksnumbered,colorlinks,plainpages]{hyperref}
+\hypersetup{colorlinks=true,linkcolor=red,anchorcolor=green,citecolor=cyan,urlcolor=red,filecolor=magenta,pdftoolbar=true}
+
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}
+
+% ----------------------------------------
+
+\textheight 22.5truecm
+\textwidth 14.5truecm
+\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.35in}
+\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.35in}
+\setlength{\topmargin}{-.5cm}
+
+% ----------------------------------------
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
+\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
+\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
+\theoremstyle{definition}
+\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
+\theoremstyle{remark}
+\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
+\newtheorem{notation}[theorem]{Notation}
+\numberwithin{equation}{section}
+
+% -------------------------------------------
+
+\usepackage{microtype}
+\begin{document}
+\pdfcompresslevel=0
+\pdfobjcompresslevel=0
+\pdfinterwordspaceon
+
+\setcounter{page}{1}
+
+\title[A phase space localization operator in negative binomial states]{
+A phase space localization operator in negative binomial states}
+
+\author[Zouha\"{\i}r Mouayn, Soumia Touhami ]{
+ Zouha\"{\i}r Mouayn $^{1,2,3}$, Soumia Touhami $^4$}
+
+
+% -----
+\address{\footnotesize $^1$ Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and
+Technics (M'Ghila), {\scriptsize Sultan Moulay Slimane University, B\'{e}ni Mellal, Morocco.}}
+\address{\footnotesize $^2$ Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Paris Saclay University
+Le Bois-Marie, {\scriptsize 35 route de Chartres CS 40001 91893 Bures-sur-Yvette, France.}}
+\address{\footnotesize $^3$ Institut Henri Poincaré - UAR 839 Sorbonne University, / CNRS, {\scriptsize 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie
+75231 Paris Cedex 05 France.}}
+\address{\footnotesize $^4$ Department of Mathematics, KTH Royal Institute
+of Technology, {\scriptsize Stockholm, Sweden.}}
+\email{\textcolor[rgb]{0.00,0.00,0.84}{mouayn at gmail.com $^{1}$; touhami16soumia at gmail.com $^{2}$}}
+
+
+% -----------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+
+\keywords{}
+
+% -----------------------------------
+
+\begin{abstract}
+We are dealing with some spectral properties of a phase space localization
+operator $P_{R}$ corresponding to the indicator function of a disk of radius
+$R<1.$ The localization procedure is achieved with respect to a set of
+negative binomial states (NBS) labeled by points of the complex unit disk\ $%
+\mathbb{D}$ and depending on a parameter $B>%
+%TCIMACRO{\U{bd}}%
+%BeginExpansion
+{\frac12}%
+%EndExpansion
+$ $.$ We derive a formula expressing $P_{R}$ as function of the
+pseudo-harmonic oscillator whose potential function depends on $B$. The
+phase space content outside the localization domain is estimated in terms of
+the photon-counting probability distribution associated with the NBS. By
+using the coherent states transform attached to NBS, we transfer the action
+of the operator $P_{R}$ to a Bergman space\ $\mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}%
+\right) $ of analytic functions on\ $\mathbb{D}$ satisfying a growth
+condition depending on $B$ and we explicitly give its integral kernel whose
+limit\ as $R\rightarrow 1$ coincides with the reproducing kernel of \ $%
+\mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}\right) $. This leads to a natural
+generalization of this Hilbert space with respect to the parameter $R$.
+
+.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% -------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{\ \textbf{Introduction}}
+
+The problem of localization in time and frequency has always been of serious
+concern in modern physics because one of the major issues in applications is
+to analyze signals on different time-frequency domains and therefore to
+concentrate and localize signals on these domains. To be able to represent
+the frequency behavior of a signal locally in time, one has to consider the
+so called time-frequency localization operators. A variety of methods have
+been invented to construct such class of operators \cite{W}.
+Coherent states (CS) are the natural tool in constructing phase space
+localization operators \ and have been extensively encountered in
+theoretical physics, in quantum mechanics and in many different areas of
+mathematical physics. Precisely, CS provide a close connection between
+classical and quantum formalisms so as to play a central role in the semi
+classical analysis. In general, they may be defined as an overcomplete
+family of normalized ket vectors $|\zeta \rangle $ which are labeled by
+points $\zeta $ of a phase-space domain $X$, belonging to a Hilbert space $%
+\mathcal{H}$ that corresponds to a specific quantum model and provide $%
+\mathcal{H}$ with a resolution of its identity operator as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r1}
+\mathbf{1}_{\mathcal{H}}=\int_{X}|\zeta \rangle \langle \zeta |d\mu (\zeta ).
+\end{equation}
+with respect to a suitable integration measure $d\mu (\zeta )$ on $X$. These
+states are constructed in different ways. For an overview of all aspects of
+the theory of coherent states and their genesis, we refer to the \cite{V,TP}.
+
+\smallskip
+
+Equation $\eqref{r1} $ allows to implement a CS frame quantization \cite{G} of the set of parameters $\zeta \in X$ by associating to a
+complex-valued function $\zeta \mapsto F(\zeta )$, satisfying appropriate
+conditions, the following operator on $\mathcal{H}$ :
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r2}
+F(\zeta )\mapsto P_{F}:=\int\limits_{X}|\zeta \rangle \langle \zeta |F(\zeta
+)d\mu (\zeta ).
+\end{equation}
+If $F(\zeta )$ is semi-bounded real-valued function, the Friedrich extension
+\cite{RS} allows us to define $P_{F}$ as a self-adjoint operator.
+In particular, when $F=\chi _{\Omega }$ is the indicator function for some
+domain $\Omega $ in the phase space $X$, the resulting operator $P_{\chi
+_{\Omega }}$ is called a localization operator.
+
+\smallskip \smallskip
+
+By using the CS of the harmonic oscillator, Daubechies \cite{Daub}
+has discussed the localization operator $P_{\chi _{\Omega }}$ with $\Omega
+\subset \mathbb{C}$ being a disk of radius $\rho >0$ by giving its
+eigenfunctions in terms of Hermite polynomials, and by expressing its
+discrete eigenvalues $\left\{ \lambda _{k}^{\rho }\right\} $ in term of
+incomplete Gamma functions. She also has established the asymptotic behavior
+of these eigenvalues for varying $k=0,1,2,...,$ and $\rho >0$, and has given
+an estimate for the phase-content outside the localization domain $\Omega $.
+
+\smallskip
+
+In this paper, we deal with similar questions for the pseudo-harmonic
+oscillator
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \label{r3}
+H_{B}=\frac{1}{2}\left[ -\frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}+x^{2}+\frac{(2B-1)^{2}-\frac{1%
+}{4}}{x^{2}}\right] +\left( 1-B\right) ,\text{ \ \ \ \ \ }2B>1
+\end{equation}
+acting on the Hilbert space $L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) $, whose
+importance consists in the fact that it is a solvable model and being, in a
+certain sense, an intermediate potential between the three dimensional
+harmonic oscillator potential and other anharmonic potentials such as
+Poschl-Teller or Morse potential \cite{PD1, PD2}. The $L^{2}$
+eigenfunctions (number states) of $H_{B}$, which here are denoted by the ket
+vectors $\left\vert \ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle ,$ \ may be superposed to
+perform a set of coherent states within the so-called \textit{Hilbertian
+probabilistic scheme} (see \cite{G}for the general theory) by
+choosing a set of analytic coefficients $C_{j}^{B}\left( z\right) $ on the
+complex unit disk $\mathbb{D=}\left\{ z\in \mathbb{C},\left\vert
+z\right\vert <1\right\} $ such that the associated photon-counting
+statistics follows a negative probability distribution. Such a CS are known
+as the negative binomials states (NBS) \cite{Mou1}.\ One interest on
+them is that they intermediate between pure coherent states and pure thermal
+states \cite{GJT}and reduce to Susskind-Glogower phases states for
+a particular limit of the parameter \cite{FS} Beside, such
+coefficients $C_{j}^{B}\left( z\right) $, turn out to be basis elements of
+the weighted Bergman space, here denoted $\mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}%
+\right) $, of analytic functions $g$ on $\mathbb{D}$, satisfying the growth
+condition $\int_{\mathbb{D}}|g(z)|^{2}(1-\bar{z}z)^{2B-2}d\eta (z)<+\infty $%
+, where $d\eta $ denotes the Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb{D}$.
+
+Our aim is, firstly, to show that these NBS which are labeled by points of
+the disk $\mathbb{D}$ can be retreived from the affine CS via the Cayley
+transform. We also link them to the Landau problem in the Poincar\'{e} upper
+half-plane. This connection may be exploited to generalize the obtained
+results to higher hyperbolic Landau levels. Secondly, we proceed by a
+quantization method based on these NBS in order to construct a phase space
+localization operator $P_{R}$ corresponding to the disk $D_{R}=\left\{ z\in
+\mathbb{C},\left\vert z\right\vert <R\right\} $ with $R<1$, which stands for
+the quantum counterpart of the classical observable defined as the indicator
+function of the disk $D_{R}$. Precisely, we discuss some spectral properties
+of the operator $P_{R}$ such as its eigenvalues and their associated
+eigenfunctions in $L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) $. The expression of
+these eigenvalues together with the discrete spectral resolution of $P_{R}$
+amount to a formula expressing this operator as a function of the
+Hamiltonian operator $H_{B}$ in $\eqref{r3} $. We also give an
+estimate for the phase space content of $P_{R}$ outside the domain $D_{R}$
+in terms of the photon-counting probability distribution associated with the
+NBS. Moreover, this operator may be unitarly intertwined as $W\circ
+P_{R}\circ W^{-1}$=$\widetilde{P}_{R}$ via the second Bargmann transform $W$
+associated with the NBS. This allows us to obtain the integral kernel of $%
+\widetilde{P}_{R}$ when acting on the space $\mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}%
+\right) $ by using calculations based on properties of some different
+hypergeometric functions.
+
+\smallskip
+
+The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we recall the affine
+coherent states from which we derive the NBS.The connection with the Landau
+problem on the Poincar\'{e} upper half-plane is also pointed out. Section 3
+deals with the coherent states quantization method. In particular,
+eigenvalues of the quantum counterpart with radial classical observables are
+obtained.\ For the indicator function of the disk $D_{R}$ we also provide
+these eigenvalues with a probabilistic interpretation and we discuss their
+extensions to hyperbolic higher Landau levels. In section 4, we give an
+estimate of the phase space content of the localization operator outside the
+disk $D_{R}$ in terms of the photon-counting probablity distribution.
+Section 5, we deal with the transfer of the localization operator to the
+weigthed Bergman space $\mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}\right) $ and to the
+calculation of its integral kernel.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{ {\ \textbf{Negative binomial states and the $B$-weight Maass Laplacian}}}
+
+\subsection{Affine coherent states}
+
+We recall that the affine group is the set $\mathbf{G}=\mathbb{R}\times
+\mathbb{R}^{+}$, endowed with group law $\left( x,y\right) \cdot \left(
+x^{\prime },y^{\prime }\right) =\left( x+yx^{\prime },yy^{\prime }\right) $.
+$\mathbf{G}$ is a locally compact group with the left Haar measure $d\nu
+\left( x,y\right) =y^{-2}dxdy$. We shall consider one of the two
+inequivalent infinite dimensional irreducible unitary representations of the
+affine group $\mathbf{G}$, denoted $\pi _{+}$, realized on the Hilbert space
+$\mathcal{H}:=$ $L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}^{+},\xi ^{-1}d\xi \right) $ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r4}
+\pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) \left[ \varphi \right] \left( \xi \right) :=e^{%
+\frac{1}{2}ix\xi }\varphi \left( y\xi \right) ,\qquad \varphi \in \mathcal{\
+H},\quad \xi >0\text{.}
+\end{equation}
+This representation is square integrable since it is easy to find a vector $%
+\phi _{0}\in \mathcal{H}$ such that the function $\left( x,y\right) \mapsto
+\left\langle \pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) \left[ \phi _{0}\right] ,\phi
+_{0}\right\rangle _{\mathcal{H}}$ belongs to $L^{2}\left( \mathbf{G},d\nu
+\right) $. This condition can also be expressed by saying that the
+self-adjoint operator $\delta :\mathcal{H\rightarrow H}$ defined as $\delta %
+\left[ \varphi \right] (\xi )=\xi ^{-\frac{1}{2}}\varphi \left( \xi \right) $
+gives
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5}
+\int\limits_{\mathbf{G}}\left\langle \varphi _{1},\pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) %
+\left[ \psi _{1}\right] \right\rangle \left\langle \pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) %
+\left[ \varphi _{2}\right] ,\psi _{2}\right\rangle d\nu \left( x,y\right)
+=\left\langle \varphi _{1},\varphi _{2}\right\rangle \left\langle \delta ^{%
+\frac{1}{2}}\left[ \varphi _{1}\right] ,\delta ^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[ \varphi
+_{2}\right] \right\rangle
+\end{equation}
+for all $\psi _{1},\psi _{2},\varphi _{1},\varphi _{2}\in \mathcal{H}$. The
+operator $\delta $ is unbounded because $\mathbf{G}$ is not unimodular \cite{DMo}.
+
+\smallskip
+
+Keeping the condition $2B>1,$ we consider a set of CS labeled by elements $%
+(x,y)\in \mathbf{G}$, which are obtained by acting, via the representation
+operator $\pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) $, on the admissible vector
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r6}
+\phi _{B}\left( \xi \right) :=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2B}}\xi ^{B}e^{-\frac{1}{2}\xi
+},\text{ \ \ }\xi >0.
+\end{equation}
+Precisely,
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r7}
+\left\vert \tau _{(x,y),B}\right\rangle :=\pi _{+}\left( x,y\right) \left[
+\phi _{B}\right]
+\end{equation}
+and satisfy the resolution of the identity operator
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r8}
+\mathbf{1}_{\mathcal{H}}=c_{B}\int\limits_{\mathbf{G}}d\mu \left( x,y\right)
+\left\vert \tau _{(x,y),B}\right\rangle \left\langle \tau
+_{(x,y),B}\right\vert
+\end{equation}%
+where $c_{B}:=2B-1$ and the Dirac's bra-ket notation $|\Phi \rangle \langle
+\Phi |$ means the rank-one operator $\phi \longmapsto \langle \Phi ,\phi
+\rangle _{\mathcal{H}}.\Phi $ with $\Phi ,\phi \in \mathcal{H}$. In the $\xi
+$-coordinate, wavefunctions of CS defined by Eq. $\eqref{r7} $ read
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r9}
+\left\langle \xi \right\vert \tau _{(x,y),B}\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2B}}%
+\left( \xi y\right) ^{B}e^{-\frac{1}{2}\xi \left( y-ix\right) }\text{, }%
+\qquad \xi >0,
+\end{equation}
+and are known as the affine CS \cite{AK}.
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Connection with the $B$-weight Maass Laplacian}
+
+To describe the connection of CS $\eqref{r9} $ with the lowest
+hyperbolic Landau level, we may first identify the affine group $\mathbf{G}$
+with the Poincar\'{e} upper half-plane $\mathbb{H}^{2}=\left\{ x+iy,x\in
+\mathbb{R},y>0\right\} $. Then, to these CS we may attach, as usual, the CS
+transform $\mathcal{B}_{0}:\mathcal{H}\rightarrow L^{2}\left( \mathbb{H}%
+^{2},d\nu \right) $ defined by \cite{Mou2}:
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r10}
+\mathcal{B}_{0}[\phi ]\left( x,y\right) =\sqrt{c_{B}}\int\limits_{0}^{+%
+\infty }\overline{\left\langle \xi \right\vert \tau _{(x,y),B}\rangle }\phi
+(\xi )\xi ^{-1}d\xi
+\end{equation}
+whose range is the eigenspace of the $B$-weight Maass Laplacian
+\begin{equation}
+\Delta _{B}=y^{2}\left( \partial _{x}^{2}+\partial _{y}^{2}\right)
+-2iBy\partial _{x},
+\end{equation}
+associated with the eigenvalue
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r11}
+\epsilon _{m}^{B}=(B-m)\left( 1-B+m\right) ,\quad m=0,1,...,\left\lfloor B-%
+%TCIMACRO{\U{bd}}%
+%BeginExpansion
+{\frac12}%
+%EndExpansion
+\right\rfloor ,
+\end{equation}
+where $\left\lfloor a\right\rfloor $ denotes the greatest integer not
+exceeding $a.$ We precisely have
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r12}
+\mathcal{B}_{0}[\mathcal{H}]\equiv \left\{ f\in L^{2}\left( \mathbb{H}%
+^{2},d\nu \right) ,\;\Delta _{B}f=\epsilon _{0}^{B}f\right\} .
+\end{equation}
+The operator $\Delta _{B}$ also stands (in suitable units and up to an
+additive constant) for the Schr\"{o}dinger operator describing the dynamics
+of a charged particle moving on $\mathbb{H}^{2}$ under the action of a
+magnetic field of strength proportional to $B.$ This is an elliptic densely
+defined operator on the Hilbert space $L^{2}(\mathbb{H}^{2},d\nu )$, with a
+unique self-adjoint realization also denoted by $\Delta _{B}$. Its spectrum
+consists of two parts:\textit{\ }a continuous part $\left[
+%TCIMACRO{\U{bc}}%
+%BeginExpansion
+{\frac14}%
+%EndExpansion
+\theta ,+\infty \right[ $, corresponding to scattering states and the finite
+number of eigenvalues $\epsilon _{m}^{B}$ each one with infinite
+degeneracy,\ called hyperbolic Landau levels . Finally, the reproducing
+kernel of the Hilbert space $\mathcal{B}_{0}[\mathcal{H}]$ can be obtained
+from the overlapping function $\langle \tau _{w,B},\tau _{\zeta ,B}\rangle _{%
+\mathcal{H}}$ between two CS as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r13}
+K_{0}^{B}\left( w,\zeta \right) =\left( \frac{\left\vert w-\bar{\zeta}\right\vert ^{2}}{4\rm{Im}w\rm{Im}\zeta }\right) ^{-B}\left( \frac{\zeta-\bar{w}}{w-\bar{\zeta}}\right) ^{B}{},\text{ \ }w,\zeta \in \mathbb{H}^{2}.
+\end{equation}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Negative binomial states}
+
+\smallskip We can write a version of these CS as states labeled by points $z$
+of the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ by using the inverse Cayley transform $%
+\mathcal{C}^{-1}:\mathbb{D}\rightarrow \mathbf{G}$ given by
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r14}
+\mathcal{C}^{-1}\left( z\right) =\left( -2\frac{\rm{Im}z}{\left\vert
+1-z\right\vert ^{2}},\frac{1-\left\vert z\right\vert ^{2}}{\left\vert
+1-z\right\vert ^{2}}\right) ,\text{ \ }z\in \mathbb{D}.
+\end{equation}
+Indeed, we may still define this version as states in $\mathcal{H}$ as%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r15}
+\kappa _{z,B}:=\left( \frac{1-\bar{z}}{1-z}\right) ^{B}\pi _{+}\left(
+\mathcal{C}^{-1}\left( z\right) \right) \left[ \phi _{B}\right] .
+\end{equation}
+Direct calculations lead to their wave functions in the $\xi $-coordinate as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r16}
+\left\langle \xi \right\vert \kappa _{z,B}\rangle =\frac{1}{\sqrt{\Gamma
+\left( 2B\right) }}\left( \frac{\left( 1-z\bar{z}\right) }{\left( 1-z\right)
+^{2}}\xi \right) ^{B}\exp \left( -\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{1+z}{1-z}\right)
+\xi \right) ,\qquad \xi >0.
+\end{equation}
+The latter ones may slightly be modified in order to perform them as vectors
+of $L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+},d\xi )$ labeled by points of the disk $\mathbb{D}$
+as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r17}
+\left\langle \xi \right\vert \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle :=\sqrt{\frac{2%
+}{\xi }}\,\langle \xi ^{2}|\kappa _{z,B}\rangle
+\end{equation}
+These states obey the normalization condition $\langle \widetilde{\kappa }%
+_{z,B},\widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})}=1$ and
+satisfy the resolution of the identity operator as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r18}
+1_{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})}=\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}\left\vert \widetilde{%
+\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle \left\langle \widetilde{\kappa }%
+_{z,B}\right\vert d\eta _{B}(z),
+\end{equation}
+with respect to the measure
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r19}
+d\eta _{B}(z):=\frac{(2B-1)}{\pi \left( 1-z\overline{z}\right) ^{2}}d\eta
+(z).
+\end{equation}
+
+Now, as for the canonical CS of the harmonic oscillator, we seek for a
+number states expansion of the CS $\left\vert \widetilde{\kappa }%
+_{z,B}\right\rangle $ in terms of the analytic coefficients
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r20}
+C_{j}^{B}(z):=(2B-1)^{1/2}\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}}z^{j},%
+\text{ \ \ }j=0,1,2,...,
+\end{equation}
+which constitute an orthonormal basis of the weighted Bergman space $%
+\mathcal{A}^{B}(\mathbb{D})$. For that, we start from the expression of the
+CS, $\left\vert \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle $ as given by $\eqref{r17}-\eqref{r16}$ and we make use of the generating function
+for the Laguerre polynomials (\cite{MaOb}, p.239):
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r21}
+\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }t^{j}L_{j}^{(\alpha )}(x)=\frac{1}{(1-t)^{\alpha +1}}%
+\exp \left( \frac{-t}{1-t}x\right) ,\ \ \alpha >-1.
+\end{equation}
+We obtain, after some calculations, the series expansion
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r22}
+\langle \xi \left\vert \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle =\left( \frac{%
+2B-1}{(1-z\bar{z})^{2B}}\right) ^{-1/2}\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }C_{j}^{B}(z)\ell
+_{j}^{B}(\xi )
+\end{equation}
+where $\ell _{j}^{B}(\xi )$ are the Laguerre functions
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r23}
+\ell _{j}^{B}(\xi ):=\left( \frac{2j!}{\Gamma (2B+j)}\right) ^{1/2}\xi ^{2B-%
+\frac{1}{2}}e^{-\frac{1}{2}\xi ^{2}}L_{j}^{(2B-1)}(\xi ^{2}),\text{ \ \ }%
+j=0,1,2,...,
+\end{equation}
+which are known to constitute a complete orthonormal system in $L^{2}(%
+\mathbb{R}_{+},d\xi )$.
+
+\smallskip
+
+ \begin{remark}
+
+The CS $\eqref{r16} $ also coincide with those
+constructed by Molanar \textit{et al} \cite{BMMB} for the Morse
+potential \cite{MP} by an algebraic way based on supersymetry and
+shape invariance properties where the shape parameter may be taken as our $%
+B>0$. For this potential, they first were were introduced by Nieto \textit{%
+et al} \cite{NMSL} as generalized minimal uncertainty
+states.
+\end{remark}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{{\ \textbf{Quantization via $\ $NBS $\left\vert \widetilde{\protect\kappa }%
+_{z,B}\right\rangle $}}}
+
+The resolution of the identity $\eqref{r18}$ allows to implement a
+CS or frame quantization \cite{TP} of the set of parameters $%
+\mathbb{D}$ by associating to a function $\mathbb{D}\ni z\mapsto F(z,%
+\overline{z})\in \mathbb{C}$ that satisfies appropriate conditions, the
+following operator in $L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+},d\xi ):$
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r24}
+F\mapsto \wp _{F}^{B}:=\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}\left\vert \widetilde{\kappa }%
+_{z,B}\right\rangle \left\langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\right\vert F(z,%
+\overline{z})\frac{(2B-1)}{\pi (1-z\bar{z})^{2}}d\eta (z).
+\end{equation}
+The Friedrich extension \cite{RS} allows to define $\wp _{F}^{B}$
+as a self-adjoint operator if $F$ is a semi-bounded real-valued function.%
+\newline
+
+\bigskip \smallskip
+
+In order to proceed with the quantization through the CS $\left\vert
+\widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle $ along the linear map $\eqref{r24} $, we may substitute the expression $\eqref{r22}$ into
+the integral form in $\eqref{r24} .$ This gives the expression%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r25}
+\wp _{F}^{B}=\sum_{j,k=0}^{+\infty }\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{\pi j!\Gamma
+(2B)}}\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma (2B+k)}{\pi k!\Gamma (2B)}}\left[
+(2B-1)\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}z^{k}\bar{z}^{j}(1-z\bar{z})^{2B-2}F(z,\bar{z}%
+)d\eta (z)\right] \left\vert \ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle \left\langle \ell
+_{k}^{B}\right\vert
+\end{equation}
+which represents its disrete spectral resolution\textit{\ }%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r26}
+\wp _{F}^{B}=\sum_{j,k=0}^{+\infty }\left[ \gamma _{F}^{B}\right]
+_{j,k}\left\vert \ell _{k}^{B}\rangle \langle \ell _{j}^{B}\right\vert
+\end{equation}
+where the matrix elements are (at least formally) given by\textit{\ }%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r27}
+\left[ \gamma _{F}^{B}\right] _{j,k}=\frac{1}{\pi \Gamma (2B-1)}\left( \frac{%
+\Gamma (2B+j)\Gamma (2B+k)}{j!k!}\right) ^{1/2}\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}\bar{z%
+}^{j}z^{k}(1-z\bar{z})^{2B-2}F(z,\bar{z})d\eta (z)
+\end{equation}
+and\ $\left\{ \ell _{j}^{B}\right\} $ is the orthonormal basis of $L^{2}(%
+\mathbb{R}_{+},d\xi ),$\ which is given in $\eqref{r23}.$
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Radial classical observables}
+
+For a radial weight function $F$, the above discrete spectral resolution of $%
+\wp _{F}^{B}$ leads to more precise expressions for its eigenvalues. Indeed,
+by setting $F(z,\bar{z})=F(r^{2})$, $r=\left\vert z\right\vert $ and using
+polar coordinates in the expression $\eqref{r27} $ of matrix elements,
+we get that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r28}
+\left[ \gamma _{F}^{B}\right] _{j,k}=\frac{1}{\pi \Gamma (2B-1)}\left( \frac{%
+\Gamma (2B+j)\Gamma (2B+k)}{j!k!}\right) ^{1/2}\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi
+}\int\limits_{0}^{1}r^{k}r^{j}e^{ik\theta }e^{-ij\theta
+}(1-r^{2})^{2B-2}F(r^{2})rdrd\theta .
+\end{equation}
+By the fact that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r29}
+\int\limits_{0}^{2\pi }e^{i(k-j)\theta }d\theta =2\pi \delta _{k,j},\text{ \
+}j,k=0,1,2,...,
+\end{equation}
+on can easily see that only the case $j=k$ produces a non zero matrix
+element as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r30}
+\left[ \gamma _{F}^{B}\right] _{j,j}=\frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{\Gamma
+(2B-1)\Gamma (j+1)}\int_{0}^{1}\rho ^{j}(1-\rho )^{2B-2}F(\rho )d\rho .
+\end{equation}
+By writing the prefactor as $\left( \mathcal{B}(j+1,2B-1)\right) ^{-1}$, we
+obtain the expression of the $\lambda _{j}^{B,F}$ as
+
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r31}
+\lambda _{j}^{B,F}=\frac{1}{\mathcal{B}(j+1,2B-1)}\int\limits_{0}^{1}\rho
+^{j}(1-\rho )^{2B-2}F(\rho )d\rho ,
+\end{equation}
+where $\mathcal{B}(a,b)$ denotes the Beta function with $a,b>0$. The
+operator $\wp _{F}^{B}$ has the following discrete spectral resolution with
+respect to the orthonormal basis $\{\ell _{j}^{B}\}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r32}
+\wp _{F}^{B}=\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{j}^{B,F}\left\vert \ell
+_{j}^{B}\right\rangle \left\langle \ell _{j}^{B}\right\vert ,
+\end{equation}
+and it's not difficult to check that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r33}
+\wp _{F}^{B}\left[ \ell _{j}^{B}\right] =\lambda _{j}^{B,F}\ell _{j}^{B}.
+\end{equation}
+Note that $\eqref{r33} $ means that the operators $\wp _{F}^{B}$ and $%
+H_{B}$ have $\{\ell _{j}^{B}\}$ as a commun set of eigenfunctions.
+
+\smallskip
+
+In particular, we here consider the disk $D_{R}:=\{z\in \mathbb{C},\ |z|<R\}$
+with $0<R<1$ and we choose as classical observable the indicator function of
+this domain. By putting $F(r^{2})=1$ if $r<R$ and $F(r^{2})=0$ if $r\geq R$,
+the formula $\eqref{r31} $ takes the form
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r34}
+\lambda _{j}^{B,R}=\frac{1}{\mathcal{B}(j+1,2B-1)}\int\limits_{0}^{R^{2}}%
+\rho ^{j}(1-\rho )^{2B-2}d\rho =\mathcal{I}_{R^{2}}(j+1,2B-1)
+\end{equation}
+where
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r35}
+\mathcal{I}_{x}(a,b)=\frac{1}{\mathcal{B}(a,b)}\int%
+\limits_{0}^{x}t^{a-1}(1-t)^{b-1}dt,\quad 0<x<1,\text{ }
+\end{equation}
+is the regularized incomplete Beta function. In view of $\eqref{r32}$, the discrete spectral resolution of $\wp _{\digamma }^{B}$
+reads
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r36}
+\wp _{R}^{B}=\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\mathcal{I}_{R^{2}}(j+1,2B-1)\left\vert
+\ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle \left\langle \ell _{j}^{B}\right\vert .
+\end{equation}
+By another side, the vector basis $\ell _{j}^{B}$ are eigenfunctions of $%
+H_{B}$ while acting on $L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+},d\xi \right) $.
+Precisely,
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r37}
+H_{B}\left[ \ell _{j}^{B}\right] =(j+1)\ell _{j}^{B},\ j=0,1,2,...\text{ .}
+\end{equation}
+Therefore, we may write $\wp _{R}^{B}$ as a function of $H_{B}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r38}
+\wp _{R}^{B}=\mathcal{I}_{R^{2}}(j+1,2B-1).
+\end{equation}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{A probabilistic representation for eigenvalues $\protect\lambda %
+_{j}^{B,R}$}
+
+We note that the eigenvalues $\eqref{r34} $ may also be written as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r39}
+\lambda _{j}^{B,R}=\parallel C_{j}^{B}1_{\mathbb{D}_{R}}\parallel _{L^{2}(%
+\mathbb{D},(1-z\bar{z})^{2B-2}d\eta )}^{2}=\int_{0}^{R^{2}}\mathfrak{g}%
+_{j,B}(\rho )d\rho
+\end{equation}
+where
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r39}
+\mathfrak{g}_{j,B}(\rho )=\frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{\Gamma (2B-1)\Gamma (j+1)}%
+(1-\rho )^{2B-2}\rho ^{j},\quad 0\leq \rho <1
+\end{equation}
+which turns out to be the identity function of the Beta distribution $%
+\mathcal{Y}_{j,B}^{\left( 0\right) }\sim \mathcal{B}e(j+1,2B-1)$ whose
+characteristic function is known to be given by the confluent hypergeometric
+series as $u\mapsto {\ }_{1}F_{1}\left( j+1,2B+1;iu\right) $ with $i^{2}=-1.$%
+Therefore,
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r40}
+\lambda _{j}^{B,R}=\Pr (\mathcal{Y}_{j,B}^{\left( 0\right) }\leq R^{2})
+\end{equation}
+would provide us with a probabilistic representation of these eigenvalues.
+
+\smallskip
+
+For higher hyperbolic Landau levels$,$ the generalized form of the density
+function $\eqref{r39}$ is given by
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r41}
+\mathfrak{g}_{B,j}^{\left( m\right) }(\rho ):=\left( 2B-2m-1\right) \frac{%
+\left( m\wedge j\right) !}{\left( m\vee j\right) !}\frac{\Gamma (2B-2m+m\vee
+j)}{\Gamma (2B-2m+m\wedge j)}(1-\rho )^{2B-2m-2}\rho ^{\left\vert
+m-j\right\vert }
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation*}
+\times \left( P_{m\wedge j}^{\left( \left\vert m-j\right\vert ,2\left(
+B-m\right) -1\right) }\left( 1-2\rho \right) \right) ^{2}
+\end{equation*}%
+where $P_{k}^{\left( \alpha ,\beta \right) }$ $\left( .\right) $ $\ $is a
+Jacobi polynomial \cite{MaOb} $\ $and $m=0,1,...,\left\lfloor B-%
+%TCIMACRO{\U{bd}}%
+%BeginExpansion
+{\frac12}%
+%EndExpansion
+\right\rfloor .$ Let us denote by $\mathcal{Y}_{j,B}^{\left( m\right) }$ the
+random variable having $\rho \mapsto \mathfrak{g}_{j,B}^{\left( m\right)
+}(\rho )$ as its density, then
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r42}
+\lambda _{j}^{B,R,m}:=\Pr \left( \mathcal{Y}_{j,B}^{\left( m\right) }\leq
+R^{2}\right) =\int\limits_{0}^{R^{2}}\mathfrak{g}_{j,B}^{\left( m\right)
+}(\rho )d\rho
+\end{equation}
+would provide us with the probabilistic representation of eigenvalues $%
+\lambda _{j}^{B,R,m}$ of the restricted operator $\mathfrak{K}_{B,m}\mid
+_{D_{R}}$to the disk $D_{R},$ where $\mathfrak{K}_{B,m}$ is the projection
+operator onto the eigenspace
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r43}
+\mathcal{E}_{B,m}\left( \mathbb{D}\right) =\left\{ f\in L^{2}\left( \mathbb{D%
+},\left( 1-z\overline{z}\right) ^{2B-2}d\eta \left( z\right) \right) ,%
+\widetilde{\Delta }_{B}f=\sigma _{B,m}f\right\}
+\end{equation}
+of the $B$-weight Maass Laplacian
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r44}
+\widetilde{\Delta }_{B}=-4\left( 1-z\overline{z}\right) \left( \left( 1-z%
+\overline{z}\right) \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial z\partial \overline{z}}-2B%
+\overline{z}\frac{\partial }{\partial \overline{z}}\right) ,
+\end{equation}
+associated with the hyperbolic Landau level%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r45}
+\sigma _{B,m}=4m\left( 2B-m-1\right) ,\text{ \ \ }m=0,1,...,\left\lfloor B-%
+%TCIMACRO{\U{bd}}%
+%BeginExpansion
+{\frac12}%
+%EndExpansion
+\right\rfloor .
+\end{equation}
+So that the integral kernel of operator $\mathfrak{K}_{B,m}$ is the
+reproducing kernel
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r46}
+K_{B,m}\left( z,w\right) =\pi \left( 2B-2m-1\right) \left( 1-z\overline{w}%
+\right) ^{-2B}\left( \frac{\left\vert 1-z\overline{w}\right\vert ^{2}}{%
+\left( 1-z\overline{z}\right) \left( 1-w\overline{w}\right) }\right) ^{m}
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation*}
+\times P_{m}^{\left( 0,2\left( B-m\right) -1\right) }\left( 2\frac{\left( 1-z%
+\overline{z}\right) \left( 1-w\overline{w}\right) }{\left\vert 1-z\overline{w%
+}\right\vert ^{2}}-1\right)
+\end{equation*}
+of the eigenspace $\eqref{r46}.$ Note that for $2B>1$ and $m=0$ this
+eigenspace reduces to the weighted Bergman space of analytic functions $g$
+on $\mathbb{D}$, satisfying the growth condition $\int_{\mathbb{D}%
+}|g(z)|^{2}(1-\bar{z}z)^{2B-2}d\eta (z)<+\infty $. In other words, $\mathcal{%
+E}_{B,0}\left( \mathbb{D}\right) \equiv \mathcal{A}^{B}\left( \mathbb{D}%
+\right) .$ This remark makes possible to extend our analysis to the above
+higher hyperbolic Landau levels $\sigma _{B,m}.$ In this respect the
+connection with the results in \cite{CDM} may be useful.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{{\ \textbf{Phase space content of $\wp _{R}^{B}$ outside $D_{R}$}}}
+
+Note that the phase space cutoff by the operator $\wp _{R}^{B}$ is not sharp
+in the sense that it will have some phase space content outside the
+localization domain $D_{R}$. This is illustrated by the fact that at least
+for some coherence point $z_{0}\in \mathbb{D}\setminus D_{R}$ we have
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r47}
+\langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B}\left\vert \wp _{R}^{B}[f]\right\rangle
+_{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})}\neq 0,\quad f\in L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+}).
+\end{equation}
+Precisely, we have the following estimate involving the photon counting
+statistics which obey the negative binomial probability distribution $%
+\mathcal{X}$ $\sim \mathcal{NB}(2B,z_{0}\bar{z}_{0})$\textit{\ }with\textit{%
+\ }parameters $2B$\ and $z_{0}\bar{z}_{0}$
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r48}
+\left\vert \langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B}\left\vert \wp
+_{R}^{B}[f]\right\rangle _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }\right\vert
+\leq \sqrt{\mathbb{E}\left( \left( \mathcal{I}_{R^{2}}\left( \mathcal{X+}%
+1,2B-1\right) \right) ^{2}\right) }\Vert f\Vert _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}%
+_{+}\right) } .
+\end{equation}
+To prove $\eqref{r48}$ we start by replacing in the scalar product
+$\eqref{r47}$ the operator $\wp _{R}^{B}$ by its discrete spectral
+resolution $\eqref{r36}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r49}
+\left\langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B},\left( \sum_{j=0}^{+\infty
+}\lambda _{j}^{B,R}\left\vert \ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle \left\langle \ell
+_{j}^{B}\right\vert \right) [f]\right\rangle _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}%
+_{+})}=\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{j}^{B,R}\left\langle \widetilde{\kappa
+}_{z_{0},B}|\ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right)
+}\left\langle \ell _{j}^{B}|f\right\rangle _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}%
+_{+}\right) }.
+\end{equation}
+Recalling the number states expansion $\eqref{r22} $ of $\left\vert
+\widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle $, we may write
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r50}
+\left\langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B}|\ell _{j}^{B}\right\rangle
+_{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }=(1-z_{0}\bar{z}_{0})^{B}\sqrt{\frac{%
+\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}}z_{0}^{j}.
+\end{equation}
+Therefore $\eqref{r49} $ reads
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r51}
+\langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B}\left\vert \wp _{R}^{B}[f]\right\rangle
+_{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }=(1-z_{0}\bar{z_{0}})^{B}\sum_{j=0}^{+%
+\infty }\lambda _{j}^{B,R}\left( \frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}\right)
+^{1/2}\left\langle \ell _{j}^{B}|f\right\rangle _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}%
+_{+}\right) }z_{0}^{j}.
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r52}
+=(1-z_{0}\bar{z_{0}})^{B}\left\langle \sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\lambda
+_{j}^{B,R}\left( \frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}\right)
+^{1/2}z_{0}^{j}\ell _{j}^{B}|f\right\rangle _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})}.
+\end{equation}
+Setting
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r53}
+\vartheta :=\sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{j}^{B,R}\left( \frac{\Gamma (2B+j)%
+}{j!\Gamma (2B)}\right) ^{1/2}z_{0}^{j}\ell _{j}^{B},
+\end{equation}
+and using the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r54}
+\left\vert \langle \widetilde{\kappa }_{z_{0},B}|\wp _{R}^{B}[f]\rangle
+_{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }\right\vert \leq |1-z_{0}\bar{z_{0}}%
+|^{B}\Vert \vartheta \Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})}\left\Vert f\right\Vert
+_{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }.
+\end{equation}
+Now, the $L^{2}$ norm of $\vartheta $ may be written
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r54}
+|1-z_{0}\bar{z_{0}}|^{B}\Vert \vartheta \Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}%
+_{+})}=\left( \sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\left( \lambda _{j}^{B,R}\right) ^{2}%
+\left[ \frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}(z_{0}\bar{z_{0}})^{j}(1-z_{0}\bar{%
+z_{0}})^{2B}\right] \right) ^{1/2}.
+\end{equation}
+By recognizing in $\eqref{r54} $ the probability distribution of $%
+\mathcal{X}\sim \mathcal{N}\mathcal{B}(2B,z_{0}\overline{z_{0}})$ :
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r55}
+\Pr \left( \mathcal{X}=j\right) =\frac{\Gamma (2B+j)}{j!\Gamma (2B)}\left(
+z_{0}\overline{z_{0}}\right) ^{j}(1-z_{0}\overline{z_{0}})^{2B},\ \
+j=0,1,2,\cdots ,
+\end{equation}
+and using the expression of the eigenvalues $\lambda _{j}^{B,R}$, Eq.$\eqref{r54} $ takes the form
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r56}
+|1-z_{0}\bar{z_{0}}|^{B}\Vert \vartheta \Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}%
+_{+})}=\left( \sum_{j=0}^{+\infty }\left( \mathcal{I}_{R^{2}}(j+1,2B-1)%
+\right) ^{2}\Pr \left( \mathcal{X}=j\right) \right) ^{1/2}.
+\end{equation}
+Finally, the right hand side of $\eqref{r56} $ can be viewed as the
+square root of an expectation value as $\mathbb{E}\left( \left( \mathcal{I}%
+_{R^{2}}(\mathcal{X}+1,2B-1)\right) ^{2}\right) $.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{\textbf{Integral kernel of $\widetilde{\wp }_{R}^{B}$ \ on the Bergman
+space $\mathcal{A}^{B}(\mathbb{D})$}}
+
+The CS transform associated with $\left\vert \widetilde{\kappa }%
+_{z,B}\right\rangle $ is the isometric isomorphism $W_{B}:L^{2}(\mathbb{R}%
+_{+})\rightarrow \mathcal{A}^{B}(\mathbb{D})$ defined by $\varphi \mapsto
+W_{B}[\varphi ](z):=(1-z\bar{z})^{-B}\langle \varphi \left\vert \widetilde{%
+\kappa }_{z,B}\right\rangle _{L^{2}\left( \mathbb{R}_{+}\right) }$, which
+may also be called the second Bargmann transform \cite{IWGM}.
+Explicitly,
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.1}
+W_{B}[f](z)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\Gamma (2B)}}(1-z)^{-2B}\int_{0}^{+\infty }\xi
+^{2B-\frac{1}{2}}\exp \left( -\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{1+z}{1-z}\right) \xi
+^{2}\right) d\xi ,\ z\in \mathbb{D}.
+\end{equation}
+Now, to transfer the operator $\wp _{R}^{B}$ to be acting on functions $f$ $%
+\in $ $\mathcal{A}^{B}(\mathbb{D}),$ we use the relation $W_{B}\circ \wp
+_{R}^{B}\circ W_{B}^{-1}\equiv \widetilde{\wp }_{R}^{B}$. \ We, precisely,
+obtain that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.2}
+\widetilde{\wp }_{R}^{B}[f](w)=\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}P_{R}^{B}(z,w)f(z)(1-z%
+\bar{z})^{2B-2}d\eta (z)
+\end{equation}
+where the integral kernel is given by
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.3}
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=\frac{(2B-1)^{2}R}{(1-R\bar{z}w)^{2B}}F_{1}\left(
+2-2B,1-2B,2B,2,R,\frac{R-R\bar{z}w}{1-R\bar{z}w}\right)
+\end{equation}
+In particular, at the limit $R\rightarrow 1$,
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.4}
+\lim_{R\rightarrow 1}P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=\frac{(2B-1)}{\left( 1-\bar{z}w\right)
+^{2B}},
+\end{equation}
+which is the reproducing kernel of the Bergman space $\mathcal{A}^{B}(%
+\mathbb{D}).$ Here, $F_{1}$ denotes the Appel hypergeometric double series%
+\begin{equation*}
+F_{1}\left( \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ;\omega ;u,v\right)
+=\sum\limits_{j,k=0}^{\infty }\frac{\left( \alpha \right) _{j+k}\left( \beta
+\right) _{j}\left( \gamma \right) _{k}}{j!k!\left( \omega \right) _{j+k}}%
+u^{j}v^{k},\left\vert u\right\vert <1,\left\vert v\right\vert <1.
+\end{equation*}
+
+\bigskip \smallskip
+
+To prove $\eqref{r5.2} ,$ let us take $f\in \mathcal{A}^{B}(\mathbb{D})$
+and apply the inverse of $W_{B}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.5}
+W_{B}^{-1}[f](\xi )=\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)\left\langle \xi \right\vert
+\widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle (1-z\bar{z})^{-B}d\eta _{B}(z),\text{ }\xi
+>0.
+\end{equation}
+Next, we proceed by the action of $\wp _{R}^{B}$ on $W_{B}^{-1}[f],$ which
+successively gives
+
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.6}
+\wp _{R}^{B}\left[ W_{B}^{-1}[f]\right] (y)=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda
+_{k}^{B,R}\left\langle \ell _{k}^{B}|\int\limits_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)|\widetilde{%
+\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle (1-z\bar{z})^{-B}d\eta _{B}(z)\right\rangle
+\left\langle y|\ell _{k}^{B}\right\rangle
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.7}
+=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{k}^{B,R}\left( \int_{\mathbb{R}_{+}}%
+\overline{\ell _{k}^{B}(\xi )}\left( \int_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)\left\langle
+x\right\vert \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle (1-z\bar{z})^{-B}d\eta
+_{B}(z)\right) d\xi \right) \ell _{k}^{B}(y)
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.8}
+=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{k}^{B,R}\int_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)\left( (1-z\bar{%
+z})^{-B}\overline{\int_{\mathbb{R}_{+}}\ell _{k}^{B}(\xi )\overline{%
+\left\langle \xi \right\vert \widetilde{\kappa }_{z,B}\rangle }}dx\right)
+d\eta _{B}\left( z\right) \ell _{k}^{B}(y).
+\end{equation}
+Note that the last equation may be rewritten as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.9}
+\wp _{R}^{B}\left[ W_{B}^{-1}[f]\right] (y)=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda
+_{k}^{B,R}\left[ \int_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)\overline{W_{B}[\ell _{k}^{B}](z)}%
+d\eta _{B}(z)\right] \ell _{k}^{B}(y).
+\end{equation}
+We again apply $W_{B}$ to $\eqref{r5.9}:$
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.10}
+W_{B}\left[ \wp _{R}^{B}\left[ W_{B}^{-1}[f]\right] \right]
+(w)=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{k}^{B,R}\left[ \int_{\mathbb{D}}f(z)%
+\overline{W_{B}[\ell _{k}^{B}](z)}d\eta _{B}(z)\right] W_{B}[\ell
+_{k}^{B}](w).
+\end{equation}
+Since $W_{B}[\ell _{k}^{B}](w)=C_{k}^{B}(w),$ then we obtain
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.11}
+\widetilde{\wp }_{R}^{B}[f](w)=\int_{\mathbb{D}}\left[ \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty
+}\lambda _{k}^{B,R}\overline{C_{k}^{B}(z)}C_{k}^{B}(w)\right] d\eta _{B}(z).
+\end{equation}
+Hence, the kernel integral function is given by
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.12}
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\lambda _{k}^{B,R}\overline{C_{k}^{B}(z)}%
+C_{k}^{B}(w).
+\end{equation}
+To write this kernel in a closed form, we recall $\eqref{r34} $ and $\eqref{r20} $, then $\eqref{r5.12} $ becomes%
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.13}
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=(2B-1)\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\left[ \frac{1}{B(k+1,2B-1)}%
+\int_{0}^{R}\rho ^{k}(1-\rho )^{2B-2}d\rho \right] \frac{\Gamma (2B+k)}{%
+k!\Gamma (2B)}\bar{z}^{k}w^{k}
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.14}
+=(2B-1)^{2}\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\frac{\Gamma (2B+k)\Gamma (2B+k)}{\Gamma
+(2B)\Gamma (2B)}\frac{1}{k!}\frac{(\bar{z}w)^{k}}{k!}\left(
+\int_{0}^{R}t^{k}(1-t)^{2B-2}dt\right)
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.15}
+=(2B-1)^{2}\int_{0}^{R}(1-t)^{2B-2}\left( \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\frac{%
+(2B)_{k}(2B)_{k}}{(1)_{k}}\frac{(t\bar{z}w)^{k}}{k!}\right) dt
+\end{equation}
+The sum inside the integral can be presented as the Gauss hypergeometric
+function ${}_{2}F_{1}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.16}
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=(2B-1)^{2}\int_{0}^{R}(1-t)^{2B-2}{}_{2}F_{1}(2B,2B,1,t\bar{z}%
+w)dt.
+\end{equation}
+By setting $2B=\alpha $, $\bar{z}w=\omega $ and
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.17}
+I_{R}=\int_{0}^{R}{}_{2}F_{1}(\alpha ,\alpha ,1;\omega t)(1-t)^{\alpha -2}dt.
+\end{equation}
+By making use of the formula \cite[p.316]{PBM}
+:
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.18}
+\int_{0}^{y}x^{c-1}(y-x)^{\beta -1}(1-xz)^{-\tau }{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b,c;wx)dx=%
+\mathcal{B}(c,\beta )y^{c+\beta -1}(1-yz)^{-\tau }F_{3}(\tau ,a,\beta
+,b,c+\beta ,\frac{yz}{yz-1};wy),
+\end{equation}
+$y,Re(c),Re(\beta )>0;|arg(1-wy)|,|arg(1-z)|<\pi $, for parameters $%
+y=R,x=t,c=1,\beta =1,z=1,\tau =2-2B,a=2B,b=2B$, the integral $\eqref{r5.17} $ takes the form
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.19}
+I_{R}=R(1-R)^{\alpha -2}F_{3}(2-\alpha ,\alpha ,1,\alpha ,2;\frac{R}{R-1}%
+,\omega R)
+\end{equation}
+Next, we may apply the transformation \cite[p.450]{PBM}:
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.20}
+F_{3}\left( a,a^{\prime },b,b^{\prime };a+a^{\prime },w,z\right)
+=(1-z)^{-b^{\prime }}F_{1}\left( a,b,b^{\prime };a+a^{\prime };w,\frac{z}{z-1%
+}\right)
+\end{equation}
+to rewrite the $F_{3}$ hypergeometric function in $\eqref{r5.19} $ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.21}
+F_{3}\left( 2-\alpha ,\alpha ,1,\alpha ,\frac{R}{R-1},\omega R\right)
+=(1-\omega R)^{-\alpha }F_{1}\left( 2-\alpha ,1,\alpha ,2,\frac{R}{R-1},%
+\frac{R\omega }{R\omega -1}\right) .
+\end{equation}%
+Therefore, Eq.$\eqref{r5.19} $ reads
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.22}
+I_{R}=R(1-R)^{\alpha -2}(1-\omega R)^{-\alpha }F_{1}\left( 2-\alpha
+,1,\alpha ,2,\frac{R}{R-1},\frac{R\omega }{R\omega -1}\right) .
+\end{equation}
+By applying the transformation
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.23}
+F_{1}\left( a,b_{1},b_{2},c;X;Y\right)
+=(1-X)^{-b_{1}}(1-Y)^{-b_{2}}F_{1}\left( c-a,b_{1},b_{2};c,\frac{X}{X-1},%
+\frac{Y}{Y-1}\right)
+\end{equation}
+we may reduce $I_{R}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.24}
+I_{R}=R(1-R)^{\alpha -1}F_{1}\left( \alpha ,1,\alpha ,2;R,R\omega \right) .
+\end{equation}
+Next, by using the symmetry relation
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.25}
+F_{1}\left( a,b,b^{\prime };c,z,u\right) =F_{1}\left( a,b^{\prime
+},b;c,u,z\right)
+\end{equation}
+together with the identity \cite[p.449]{PBM}
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.26}
+F_{1}\left( a,b,b^{\prime };c,u,z\right) =(1-u)^{c-a-b}(1-z)^{-b^{\prime
+}}F_{1}\left( c-a,c-b-b^{\prime },b^{\prime },c,u,\frac{u-z}{1-z}\right)
+\end{equation}
+enable us to rewrite $I_{R}$ as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.27}
+I_{R}=\frac{R}{(1-R\omega )^{2B}}F_{1}\left( 2-2B,1-2B,2B,2,R,\frac{%
+R-R\omega }{1-R\omega }\right)
+\end{equation}
+Therefore, the kernel function $\eqref{r5.16} $ reads
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.28}
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=\frac{(2B-1)^{2}R}{(1-R\bar{z}w)^{2B}}F_{1}\left(
+2-2B,1-2B,2B,2,R,\frac{R-R\bar{z}w}{1-R\bar{z}w}\right) .
+\end{equation}
+To check the limit of this kernel as $R\rightarrow 1$, we first observe that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.29}
+F_{1}\left( 2-2B,1-2B,2B,2;R,\frac{R-R\bar{z}w}{1-R\bar{z}w}\right)
+\rightarrow F_{1}\left( 2-2B,1-2B,2B,2,1,1\right) \text{ as \ }R\rightarrow
+1.
+\end{equation}
+By using the identity \cite[p.452]{PBM}
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.30}
+F_{1}\left( a,b,b^{\prime },c;Z;Z\right) ={}_{2}F_{1}\left( a,b+b^{\prime
+},c;Z\right) ,
+\end{equation}
+the obtained expression limit in $\eqref{r5.29}$ reduces as
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.31}
+F_{1}\left( 2-2B,1-2B,2B,2B,2;1,1\right) ={}_{2}F_{1}\left(
+2-2B,1,2;1\right) .
+\end{equation}
+Finally, we use the Gauss theorem \cite[p.489]{PBM}:
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.32}
+{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b,c;1)=\frac{\Gamma (c)\Gamma (c-a-b)}{\Gamma (c-a)\Gamma (c-b)%
+}, \quad \rm{Re}(c-a-b)>0
+\end{equation}
+for parameters $a=2-2B,b=1$ and $c=2$ to get that
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.33}
+{}_{2}F_{1}\left( 2-2B,1,2;1\right) =\frac{1}{2B-1}.
+\end{equation}
+This, leads to the limit
+\begin{equation}
+\label{r5.34}
+\lim_{R\rightarrow 1}P_{R}^{B}(z,w)=\frac{(2B-1)}{(1-\bar{z}w)^{2B}}
+\end{equation}
+This completes the proof.
+
+\smallskip
+
+We end this section by observing that $\eqref{r5.8} $ may provides us
+with a family of Hilbert spaces $\left( \text{RKHS}\right) $ indexed by the
+continuous parameter $R\in \left] 0,1\right[ ,$ where each one would have $%
+P_{R}^{B}(z,w)$ as its reproducing kernel for which the Eq. $\eqref{r5.12} $ will represent a Zaremba expansion \cite{SFH}. These
+RKHS are natural generalizations of the Bergman space $\mathcal{A}^{B}(%
+\mathbb{D})$ and deserve to be investigated in details in a futur work.
+
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+\bibitem{W} \bigskip M.W. Wong, Wavelet Transform and Localisation
+Operators, Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, Vol. 136, (2002) Birkh%
+\"{a}user, Basel
+
+\bibitem{V} V.V. Dodonov, 'Nonclassical` states in quantum optics: a
+squeezed review of the first 75 years, J.Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4
+(2002) R1-R33.
+
+\bibitem{G} J.P. Gazeau, Coherent states in quantum physics, WILEY-VCH
+Verlag GMBH \& Co. KGaA Weinheim (2009)
+
+\bibitem{TP} S. T. Ali, J. P. Antoine and J. P. Gazeau, Coherent States,
+Wavelets and Their Generalizations, second edition, Springer
+Science+Business Media New York (2014)
+
+\bibitem{RS} M. Reed and B. Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics,
+Vols. I--IV \symbol{126}Academic, New York (1978)
+
+\bibitem{Daub} I. Daubechies, Time-frequency localization operators: a
+geometric phase space approach, \textit{IEEE transactions on information
+theory}, Vol 34, N4 (1998)
+
+\bibitem{PD1} D. Popov, Barut-Girardello coherent states for the
+pseudo-harmonic oscillator, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34, 5283-5296 \ (2001)
+
+\bibitem{PD2} D. Popov, Gazeau-Klauder quasi-coherent states for the Morse
+oscillator, Phys. Lett. A. vol 316 (6) "69-381 (2003)
+
+\bibitem{Mou1} Z. Mouayn, Husimi's Q-function of the isotonic oscillator in a
+generalized Binomial states representation, \textit{Math. Phys. Anal. Geom}.
+17(3-4):289-303, (2014)
+
+\bibitem{GJT} Ts Gantsog, A. Joshi and R. Tanas, Quantum Opt. vol 6 , 517-526
+(1994$)$
+
+\bibitem{FS} H-C. Fu and R. Sasaki, Negative binomial states of quantized
+Radiation fields, arXiv:quant-ph/9610024v1
+
+\bibitem{DMo} Duflo M. and Moore C.C., On the regular representation of a
+Nonunimodular locally compact group, \textit{J. Funct. Anal,} \textbf{21},
+2, pp.209-243 (1976)
+
+\bibitem{AK} Aslaken E W and Klauder J R , J.Math.Phys 10, p.2267 (1969).
+
+\bibitem{Mou2} Z. Mouayn, Characterization of hyperbolic Landau states by
+coherent state transform, J. Phys. A: Math \& Gen vol 36 (29) 8071 (2003$)$
+
+\bibitem{MaOb} {W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, R.P. Soni}, \textit{\ Formulas
+and Theorems for the special Functions of Mathematical Physics}, 3rd edn.
+Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 52. Springer, New
+York(1966)
+
+\bibitem{BMMB} M. G. Benedict and B. Molnar, An algebraic construction of the
+coherent states of the Morse potential based on supersymmetric quantum
+mechanics,\textit{\ Phys. Rev}. 60 R 1737 (1999)
+
+\bibitem{MP} P. M. Morse, Diatomic molecules according to the wave
+mechanics.II. Vibrational levels, Phys. Rev. D. 57 (1929)
+
+\bibitem{NMSL} M. M. Nieto and L. M. Simmons Jr: Coherent states for general
+potentials. I Formalism, II. Confining one-dimensional examples; III Non
+confining one-diemensional examples, Phys. Rev. D. Vol 20, 1321,1332,1342 \
+(1979)
+
+\bibitem{CDM} H. Chhaiba, N. Demni and Z. Mouayn, Analysis of generalized
+negative binomial distributions attached to hyperbolic Landau levels, \emph{%
+J. Math. Phys},\textbf{\ 57}, 072103 (2016)
+
+\bibitem{IWGM} A. Intissar, F. El Wassouli, A. Ghanmi and Z. Mouayn.
+Generalized second bargmann transforms associated with the hyperbolic landau
+levels on the poincar disk. Annales Henri Poincar, 13 (4):513-524, 2012.
+
+\bibitem{PBM} A. P. Prudnikov, Yu. A. Brychkov and O. I. Marichev. Integrals
+and Series-More special functions. Volume \textbf{3}. 1986.
+
+\bibitem{SFH} F. H. Szafraniec, Reproducing kernel propoerty and its space :
+The basics , in D. Alpay (eds) Operator Theory, Springer, Basel (2015)
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bbl
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bbl (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bbl 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+
+\bibitem{foster2019complexity}
+Dylan~J Foster, Ayush Sekhari, Ohad Shamir, Nathan Srebro, Karthik Sridharan,
+ and Blake Woodworth.
+\newblock The complexity of making the gradient small in stochastic convex
+ optimization.
+\newblock In {\em Conference on Learning Theory}, pages 1319--1345. PMLR, 2019.
+
+\bibitem{globook}
+R.~Horst and H.~Tuy.
+\newblock {\em Global Optimization: Deterministic Approaches}.
+\newblock Springer-Verlag.
+
+\bibitem{nest}
+Y.~Nesterov.
+\newblock {\em Introductory Lectures on Convex Optimization A Basic Course}.
+\newblock Kluwer Academic Publishers.
+
+\bibitem{pour}
+M.~Pour-El and J.~Richards.
+\newblock {\em Computability in analysis and physics}.
+\newblock Springer, Heidelberg, 1989.
+
+\bibitem{sorbook}
+R.I. Soare.
+\newblock {\em Turing Computability: Theory and Applications}.
+\newblock Springer-Verlag.
+
+\bibitem{zhang2020complexity}
+Jingzhao Zhang, Hongzhou Lin, Stefanie Jegelka, Suvrit Sra, and Ali Jadbabaie.
+\newblock Complexity of finding stationary points of nonconvex nonsmooth
+ functions.
+\newblock In {\em International Conference on Machine Learning}, pages
+ 11173--11182. PMLR, 2020.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bib
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bib (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.bib 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+ at book{bishop,
+ AUTHOR = {C.M. Bishop},
+ TITLE = {Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning},
+ PUBLISHER = {Springer},
+ %ADDRESS = {Chicago},
+ YEAR = {2006},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
+
+ at inproceedings{foster2019complexity,
+ title={The complexity of making the gradient small in stochastic convex optimization},
+ author={Foster, Dylan J and Sekhari, Ayush and Shamir, Ohad and Srebro, Nathan and Sridharan, Karthik and Woodworth, Blake},
+ booktitle={Conference on Learning Theory},
+ pages={1319--1345},
+ year={2019},
+ organization={PMLR}
+}
+
+ at inproceedings{zhang2020complexity,
+ title={Complexity of finding stationary points of nonconvex nonsmooth functions},
+ author={Zhang, Jingzhao and Lin, Hongzhou and Jegelka, Stefanie and Sra, Suvrit and Jadbabaie, Ali},
+ booktitle={International Conference on Machine Learning},
+ pages={11173--11182},
+ year={2020},
+ organization={PMLR}
+}
+
+ at book{chembook,
+ AUTHOR = {T.F. Edgar and D.M. Himmelblau},
+ TITLE = {Optimization of Chemical Processes},
+ PUBLISHER = {McGraw Hill},
+ %ADDRESS = {Chicago},
+ YEAR = {1988},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
+
+ at book{globook,
+ AUTHOR = {R. Horst and H. Tuy},
+ TITLE = {Global Optimization: Deterministic Approaches},
+ PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
+ %ADDRESS = {Chicago},
+ YEAR = {1996},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
+
+ at book{sorbook,
+ AUTHOR = {R.I. Soare},
+ TITLE = {Turing Computability: Theory and Applications},
+ PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
+ %ADDRESS = {Chicago},
+ YEAR = {2016},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
+
+ at book{nest,
+ AUTHOR = {Y. Nesterov},
+ TITLE = {Introductory Lectures on Convex Optimization A Basic Course},
+ PUBLISHER = { Kluwer Academic Publishers},
+ %ADDRESS = {Chicago},
+ YEAR = {2003},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
+
+ at book{pour,
+ AUTHOR = {M. Pour-El and J. Richards},
+ TITLE = {Computability in analysis and physics},
+ PUBLISHER = {Springer},
+ ADDRESS = { Heidelberg},
+ YEAR = {1989},
+ %EDITION = {16th}
+}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/from-latex-tagged-pdf/glosuba.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
+
+%\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{amsthm,amsmath,amssymb}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+\usepackage{graphicx,subcaption,caption}
+\usepackage{algorithm,algorithmic}
+\usepackage{pgfplots}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% If your tex system is less than 2 years old (in 2012) the following
+%% font options are available. If not comment them out.
+\usepackage{tgtermes}
+% otherwise use alternative journal fonts
+%\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} % system default Times font
+\usepackage{mathptmx}
+%%% additional fonts
+\usepackage[scaled=.92]{helvet}
+%\setoptfont{enc={T1},fam={pop}} % if You have Optima font, uncomment this line
+%%% MATH
+%\usepackage{amsthm,amsmath,amssymb}
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}
+%%% BIBLIOGRAPHY
+%\usepackage{natbib} %% numbers is required.
+%%% LINKS
+\usepackage[colorlinks,citecolor=blue,urlcolor=blue]{hyperref} %%check
+
+\usepackage{enumerate}
+
+%\artstatus{am} %%% leave this alone!! That means you, too!!
+%%%%%%%%theorems%%%%%
+
+%%%% feel free to changes these%%%%%%%
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
+\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{problem}[theorem]{Problem}
+\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture}
+\newtheorem{condition}[theorem]{Condition}
+\newtheorem{claim}[theorem]{Claim}
+\newtheorem{question}[theorem]{Question}
+\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
+\theoremstyle{definition}
+\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
+\newtheorem{statement}[theorem]{Statement}
+\newtheorem{notation}[theorem]{Notation}
+\theoremstyle{remark}
+\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
+
+
+%\tikzexternalize
+%\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+%\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
+%\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
+%\newtheorem{assumption}{Assumption}
+%\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}
+%\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
+%\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+%\usepackage{hyperref}
+%\providecommand{\keywords}[1]{\textbf{\textit{Keywords---}} #1}
+
+%\firstpageno{1}
+
+\begin{document}
+% \begin{frontmatter}
+ \title{Computability of Approximate Optima of Nonconvex Functions}
+ \author{K. Lakshmanan \\ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, \\ Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, 221005 India. \\ Email: lakshmanank.cse at iitbhu.ac.in}
+ \date{}
+
+ \maketitle
+
+ \begin{abstract}
+ It is known that finding approximate optima of non-convex functions is intractable. We give a simple proof to show that this problem is not even computable. \\
+ \textbf{Keywords:} Computablity of Approximate Optima, Non-convex functions
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ \section{Introduction and Preliminaries}
+ We consider the problem of finding the global minima of a non-convex continuous function $f: C \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, where $ C \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ is a closed, compact subset. Global minima is the point $x^* \in C$ which satisfies the following property: $f(x^*) \leq f(x)$ for all $x \in C$. The function $f$ attains this minimum at least once by extreme value theorem. Our goal is to find one such point. This problem is well-studied with many books written on the subject, see for example \cite{globook}.
+
+ We note that we consider an oracle setting, where the function values are given by an oracle. This is different from the computablity of optima computable real functions studied for example in \cite{pour}. It is easy to see that a simple grid search will output a sequence of points converging to the global optima. And for a Lipschitz continuous function, it requires an exponential number of oracle calls \cite{nest} if the Lipschitz constant is known. % that the approximations to optima are not computable too. %This is also the case if we are looking for points close to approximate optima.
+
+ Let us define $S = \{x||f(x)-f(x^*)|\leq \epsilon\}$ and term the members of $S$ as $\epsilon$-optima. In optimization literature \cite{foster2019complexity,zhang2020complexity}, it is known that finding approximations to optima is not tractable for non-convex functions. For non-convex functions, $\epsilon$-stationary point which is weaker than $\epsilon$-optima is also known to be not tractable \cite{zhang2020complexity}. We show more in this paper, that this set $S$ is not computable. This is much stronger than saying they it is intractable. We assume for formality finite-precision numbers. This assumption of finite-precision numbers is useful to model real-world systems and we show is not restrictive.
+
+ %and $T = \{y|\exists x \mbox{ s.t., } |x-y| \leq \delta \mbox{ and } |f(x)-f(x^*)|\leq \epsilon \}$.
+ % and that of $T$ as $(\epsilon,\epsilon)$-optima.
+ %Our proof is through simple reductions.
+
+ %\begin{table}[ht]\label{table1}
+ % \centering
+ % \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|c c|}
+ % \hline
+ % \multirow{2}{*}{Function Type} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Function Oracle} \\
+ % & Yes & No \\
+ % \hline
+ % Computable-Real & No & No \\
+ % Computable-Real (Isolated minimum) & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes}\\
+ % Lipschitz Continuous & Yes & No \\
+ % Differentiable/Smooth & No & No \\
+ % Continuous & No & No \\
+ % \hline
+ % \end{tabular}
+ % \caption{Computable Convergence to Global Minimum }
+ % \label{tab1}
+ %\end{table}
+
+ \subsection{Finite Precision Reals}
+ We now briefly explain what we mean by this.
+ Consider any real number $x \in \mathbb{R}$. Let $r_0$ be the largest integer such that $r_0 \leq x$. Having chosen $r_0,r_1,\ldots,r_{k-1}$ choose largest positive integer $r_k$ such that
+ \[ r_0 + \frac{r_1}{10} + \frac{r_2}{10^2} + \ldots \frac{r_k}{10^k} \leq x. \]
+
+ This is the decimal expansion of the number. We can check that this expansion is unique. We define precision length to be the number $k$.
+ Now for finite precision representaion of a real we need to specify this precision length $k$. And we say for any real $x \in \mathbb{R}$, the numbers $r_0,r_1,\ldots,r_k$ is its finite precision representation. Note that $r_i, 0\leq i \leq k$ can be zero. %We can consider this finite-precision real number as a natural number by representing it as $r_0*10^k+r_1*10^{k-1}+\ldots+r_k$. For $x \in \mathbb{R}^d$,%all finite-precision lengths of its coordinates.
+ For a point $x \in \mathbb{R}^d$, given a precision length $k$ we can have decimal expansions for all it's co-ordinates.
+ Note that though we give binary representations to the Turing machine, for simplicity we assume precisions denote the decimal precisions.
+
+ \begin{remark}\label{gaprem}
+ Suppose $r_1,\ldots,r_k$ is the finite precision representation with length $k$ of some real $x$. Let $\bar x$ be the number with decimal expansion $r_1,\ldots,r_k$ as $x$ and $r_{l}=9$ for $l \geq k+1$. And let $\underline x$ be the number with decimal expansion $r_1,\ldots,r_k$ as $x$ and $r_{l}=0$ for $l \geq k+1$. %We can see that for all reals in $[\underline x,\bar x]$ we have the same finite length representation.
+ And the length of this interval $[\underline x,\bar x]$ is $\epsilon = 10^{-k}$. We then say with precision length $k$ we can represent consecutive numbers with gap greater than or equal to $\epsilon$.
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \subsection{The Problem}
+ We assume there is an oracle for our continuous function $f$. This oracle gives the value $f(x)$ up to any finite-precision for an given finite-precision $x$. The Turing-machine has access to this function oracle. We give also give a value $\epsilon > 0$ as input to the Turing machine. Our main problem is to write any point $x_{o}$ of the finite precision length such that $|f(x_{o})-f(x*)| < \epsilon$ i.e., it should find $\epsilon-$ approximation of the global optima. We show that this problem is not computable.
+
+ Let us assume we have a three-tape Turing machine, one is used for calculations, second is for the giving the finite precision real and the precision length required to the function oracle and third one has the value returned from the oracle \cite{sorbook}. Note that the third tape can also store the previous values. That is suppose we start with $x_0$ and find $x_1,\ldots,x_{k}$ this tape can store all these and also the corresponding function values obtained from the function oracle $f(x_0),\ldots,f(x_k)$ for finding $x_{k+1}$. We now give definition of the standard Turing machine here:
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Turing machine has a three infinite tapes divided into cells, a reading head which scans one cell of the tape at a time, and a finite set of internal states $Q=\{q_0,q_1,\ldots,q_n\}, \, n \geq 1$. Each cell is either blank or has symbol 1 written on it. In a single step the machine may simultaneously (1) change the from one state to another; (2) change the scanned symbol $s$ to another symbol $s'\in S = \{1,B\}$; (3) move the reading head one cell to the right (R) or left (L). This operation of machine is controlled by a partial map $\Gamma : Q \times S^3 \rightarrow Q \times (S \times \{R,L\})^3$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ The map $\Gamma$ viewed as a finite set of quintuples is called a Turing program. The interpretation is that if $(q,s_1,s_2,s_3,q',s'_1,X_1,s'_2,X_2,s'_3,X_3) \in \Gamma$, in state $q$, scanning symbols $s_1, s_2, s_3$ changes state to $q'$ and in the tape $i$ input symbol to $s'_i$ and moves to scan one square to the right if $X_i=R$ (or left if $X_i=L$.) in the tape $i$.
+ \end{remark}
+
+ We consider this problem in the paper.
+
+ \begin{problem}
+ Given a continuous, nonconvex function $f$, is there a Turing machine with access to the function oracle which can find a $\epsilon-$ approximation to the global optima of the function $f$ ?
+ \end{problem}
+
+ \section{Main Theorem}
+
+ %Given a input $x$ of finite precision length $n$, the oracle can return $f(x)$ to any specified precision.
+ Given the objective function $f$, let the set of global minima be denoted by $G^f$. Now consider $\epsilon$-approximation to the global minima. %We consider finite length approximation of the set $G'_{\epsilon}$.
+
+ \begin{lemma}\label{preclem}
+ For all $\epsilon > 0$ there exists a point $x_n^*$ of finite precision length $n$ such that $|f(x^*)-f(x_n^*)| < \epsilon$.
+ \end{lemma}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Let $\delta > 0$ be such that $|x-y| < \delta$ implies $|f(x)-f(y)| < \epsilon$. Such an $\delta > 0$ exists for all $\epsilon > 0$ because the function $f$ is continuous. Let $n$ be the precision length required to represent numbers with gap $\epsilon/10$ between consecutive numbers (Remark \ref{gaprem}). Then we see for the global minima $x^*$ (like for all other points) it's finite precision representation $x_n^*$ with precision length $n$ is such that $|x_n^*-x^*|<\epsilon$.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ Let $G^f_{\epsilon,k}$ be the set of points with given finite precision length $k \geq 1$ where the function value is $\epsilon > 0$ close to the global minima. And $G^f_{\epsilon}$ be the union of all such sets.
+ \end{definition} % We show that this set $G'_{\epsilon}$ is not limit computable.
+ We consider only finite-precision numbers. %As the domain is a compact set, this can be regarded as a subset of natural numbers by multiplying by an appropriate constant. And in particular
+ As there are only finite number of points with precision length $k$, the set $G^f_{\epsilon,k}$ is finite.
+ Since we would like an algorithm to computably converge to a single point, for simplicity we assume the global optima is unique i.e., $G^f$ is a singleton. This is not uncommon in optimization literature as strict convexity gives unique local (global) minima and is assumed for objective functions. Now we state the main theorem.
+
+ \begin{lemma}\label{checklem}
+ There is no algorithm to check if a point $x_k$ is a $\epsilon-$ approximation to the global optima.
+ \end{lemma}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ We consider an equivalent problem. We define
+ \begin{equation*}
+ h_{x_k}^{\epsilon}(x) := \max \{0,f(x_k)-f(x)-\epsilon\}.
+ \end{equation*}
+ Since our objective function $f$ is continuous, $h_{x_k}^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is also continuous.
+ This function is identically zero if and only if $|f(x_k) - f(x)| < \epsilon$, for all $x$. This happens only if $x_k$ is a $\epsilon-$ approximation to the optimum (See Figure \ref{illusfig}). Note that $x_k$ and $x$ are represented with some finite precision. % then $h_{x_k}^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is identically zero. %Or to find a finite-precision point $y$ which is $\epsilon-$ approximation to the optimum is same as finding a function $h_y^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ which is identically zero for some $y$. But this cannot be checked for any particular value of $y$.
+ \begin{figure}[!ht]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics{fig1-crop.pdf}
+ \caption{The figure on the right shows a sample objective function. The figure of the left is the function $ \max \{0,f(60)-f(x) \}$. This function is not identically zero as $x=60$ is not the global minima of $f(x)$.}
+ \label{illusfig}
+ \end{figure}
+
+
+ Thus the set $G^f_{\epsilon}$ of all points with finite precision that are $\epsilon$ close to the global minima, is precisely the set of all points $x_k$ where the function $h_{x_k}^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is identically zero.
+ That is,
+ \[ x_k \in G^f_{\epsilon} \Leftrightarrow h_{x_k}^{\epsilon}(x) = 0 \mbox{ for all } x \in C \]
+ But this cannot be checked for a particular $x_k$ unless it is checked for all $x$ of any finite precision length. As there are infinitely many such points, there is no Turing machine which can compute (halt) if a function is zero at infinitely many points.
+ So given any point $x_k$, it is not possible to say if it is an $\epsilon-$ approximation to the global optima or not.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{theorem}\label{mainthm}
+ We assume the objective function we wish to minimize is known by its oracle. There is no algorithm which can compute the $\epsilon$-approximate optima of a continuous, non-convex objective function on a compact domain.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}
+ Let $x'_k$ be any point of some finite precision length $n_k$ such that $|f(x^*)-f(x'_k)| < \epsilon$. Such a point exists by Lemma \ref{preclem} i.e., the set $G^f_{\epsilon,n_k}$ is non-empty for $\epsilon > 0$. Suppose that we have an algorithm to find a $\epsilon/2-$ approximation point $x'_k$.% This length $n_k$ can increase with $k$.
+
+ Now for any point $x_k \in C$ we can say it is $\epsilon$ close to optimum if $|f(x_k)-f(x'_k)| < \epsilon/2$ else it is not. Thus we have an algorithm to check if a point is an $\epsilon-$ approximation to the global optima or not. This is a contradiction to Lemma \ref{checklem}. Thus for a $\epsilon > 0$, there is no algorithm to find a $\epsilon-$ approximation to the global optima.
+
+ %we can not compute any $N$ such that for all $n \geq N$ with $\{x_n\}$ having finite precision, $|f(x_n) - f(x^*)| < \epsilon$.
+ %In other words, we see that there is no computable sequence with finite precision length $\{ x_k \}$ converging to the global optimum (Definition \ref{ccdef}). Thus we have shown the theorem.
+ %there is no sequence of computable $\{x_k\}$ with finite-precision length converging to the global minima.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{corollary}
+ The finite-precision assumption is not restrictive. If there is an algorithm to find a general real number which is $\epsilon-$ approximation, we can take the first $k$ digits which gives $\epsilon-$ approximation to get a finite precision approximation. %If an algorithm outputs real vectors $\{x_k\}$ converging to the global minimum, then by taking the first $k$ digits of each co-ordinate in $x_k$ it can output a sequence of real vectors with finite-precision length converging to the same point. By contra-positive, if there is no algorithm which can output finite-precision points then there can be no algorithm which outputs any sequence of points converging to the global minimum.
+ \end{corollary}
+
+ %\begin{corollary}
+ % The problem of approximating the global minima of a continuous function by an arbitrary $\epsilon > 0$ is not computable.
+ %\end{corollary}
+
+ \begin{corollary}
+ The problem of checking whether local minima $z$ is global is not computable as this also involves checking whether $h_z^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is identically zero.
+ \end{corollary}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ Even in presence of higher order oracles, i.,e oracles which give derivatives of the function, the equivalent problem of checking if $h_z^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is identically zero remains. Hence global optima even in presence of these higher-order function oracle is not computable. %(\#\#\# if bound on gradient is not known \~ Lipschitz)
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ As we mentioned before, our result is for algorithms having access to the function oracle. This is different from the setting of computable function and reals studied in computable analysis. \cite{pour}
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ As we can find an ball of some radius $\omega$ where the continuous function $h_z^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is non-zero around a local optima. The same proof does not hold for converging to local optima as we can check if $h_z^{\epsilon}(\cdot)$ is identically zero in steps of size less than $\omega$.
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \section{Global Optima Property}
+ In this section, we see a simple property a function satisfies if the global optima is computable. For this let us first define the set $G^f$ of global optima of the function $f:C\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, $C\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ as
+ \[ G^f := \{x\,| \, \mbox{ for all } y, \, f(x) \leq f(y), \, x \in C \}.\]
+
+ This set $G^f$ is a subset of $C$. As we are interested in finding only one optima, we call $G^f$ computable if atleast one of it's member is. %We now claim that if the global optima is computable then function must satisfy a property of a particular form.
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ A function $f$ satisfies global property if there is a first order (3-ary) predicate $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ and a $\zeta \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ is True for all $y,x$ in the domain $C$ of the function $f$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ We say a property $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ can be computed if $\zeta$ in the definition can be computed.
+
+ \begin{definition}
+ A set of functions $\mathcal{F}$ satisfies a global property if there is a first order predicate $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ satisfied by all the functions $\mathcal{F}$.% such that the predicate is True for all $y, x$ in the domain $C$ of the function $f$.
+ \end{definition}
+
+ %We represent True by 1 and False by 0. For example if we let
+ %We can see that this property $Q^f_{x^*}(y)$ defines the global minima and is satisfied by all continuous functions on compact domain.
+
+ %\begin{theorem}[Global Optima Property]
+ % There is a algorithm to converge to the global optima of a set of functions $\mathcal{F}$ if and only if there exists a computable global property $P_{\zeta} (y,x)$ that is satisfied by all the functions in $\mathcal{F}$.% for some computable $\zeta \in \mathbb{R}$. %satisfies the property $P_\zeta (y,x)$.% for all $y$ and $x$ in the domain $C$. Note that here the property $P^f_\zeta (y,x)$ need to be satisfied for all $x \in C$ not just the set $G^f$ of global optima.
+ %\end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ %Here we assume we are finding minima. There could be more than one global minima and we need to find one.
+ If the global minima is computable for a function $f$, we can easily define the $\zeta$ to be the norm of a member of $G^f$ which is computable, say $x^*$ and the global property to be
+ \[ P_{\zeta}(y,x) \mbox{ is True for all } x, \, y \mbox{ if there exists a } x \mbox{ s.t. } \parallel x \parallel = \zeta.\]
+ %\begin{table}[h]
+ % \centering
+ % \begin{tabular}{cl}
+ % \multirow{2}{1.4cm}{$P^f_{\zeta}(y,x) =$} &1 if $\parallel x \parallel = \zeta$ \\ %, \mbox{for some } x^* \in G^f, $ \\
+ % &0 o.w.
+ % \end{tabular}
+ %\end{table}
+ It is clear that if global optima is computable then this $P_{\parallel x^* \parallel}(y,x)$ is satisfied by the function $f$ and $\parallel x^* \parallel$ can be computed.
+
+ %Now for the other direction, assume that global minima is not computable. But there is some property $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ where one can find a computable $\zeta \in \mathbb{R}$ such that the property is satisfied by the function $f$. Now we look at the definition of global minima and define another global property for $f$ as
+
+ %\[P_{\zeta}(y,x) \mbox{ is True for all } x, y, \zeta \mbox{ if there exists a } x \mbox{ s.t. for all } y, f(x) \leq f(y). \]
+
+ %\begin{table}[h]
+ % \centering
+ % \begin{tabular}{cl}
+ % \multirow{2}{1.1cm}{$P^f_{\varepsilon}(y,x)=$} & 1 if $f(x) \leq f(y), \forall y$ \\
+ % &0 o.w.
+ % \end{tabular}
+ %\end{table}
+
+ %And by assumption we can not find a computable $\zeta$, such that $P_{\zeta}(y,x)$ is satisfied by $f$. But this is a contradiction to the existence of global optima $x^*$, as $P_{\zeta}(y,x^*)$ is satisfied by $f$ for all $\zeta$ and this property can be computed if $x^*$ is computable. Thus we have shown the structure of the global property which must be satisfied for the global optima to be computable.
+ %independent of the value of $\varepsilon$
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \begin{remark}
+ Lipschitz continuity is another example of such a global property. Let $P_L(y,x)$ be
+ \[|f(x)-f(y)| \leq L \parallel x - y \parallel, \, \mbox{ for all } x,y \, \in C.\]
+ And here the number $\zeta$ is the Lipschitz constant $L$. Let the set of functions on some compact domain $C$ satisfying the Lipschitz property be denoted by $\mathcal{L}$. It is known that if the Lipschitz constant or an upper bound to it is known then the global optima for this class of functions $\mathcal{L}$ is computable. (For example refer to Theorem 1.1.2 of \cite{nest}). Another example of a global property is bounded derivatives. If a bound on the gradient is known then the global minima can be computed.
+ \end{remark}
+
+ \section{Conclusion}
+ We have proved that there is no algorithm which finds a $\epsilon-$ approximation to the optima of nonconvex function $f$. This result holds even if the function has higher-order derivatives.
+
+ \bibliographystyle{plain}
+ \bibliography{glosub}
+
+ %\begin{thebibliography}{}
+ %\bibitem{bishop} C.M. Bishop., Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer (2006).
+
+ %\bibitem{chembook} T.F. Edgar and D.M. Himmelblau., Optimization of Chemical Processes, McGraw Hill (1988).
+
+ %\bibitem{globook} R. Horst and H. Tuy., Global Optimization: Deterministic Approaches, Springer-Verlag (1996).
+
+ %\bibitem{sorbook} R.I. Soare., Turing Computability: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag (2016).
+
+ %\bibitem{nest} Y. Nesterov., Introductory Lectures on Convex Optimization A Basic Course, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003).
+
+ %\bibitem{pour} M. Pour-El and J. Richards., Computability in analysis and physics, Springer, Heidelberg (1989).
+ %\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/nsis_installer.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/postpdf.sh
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/postpdf.sh (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/postpdf.sh 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -u
+input=$1
+output=$(basename $input .pdf)--pp.pdf
+sed -e '/ Tf \| Td /s/\(Tf\|Td\|Tm\|TJ\)\b */\1\n/g' $input > $output
+
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/postpdf.sh
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:executable
## -0,0 +1 ##
+*
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/sample2e.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/sample2e.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/sample2e.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+% This is a sample LaTeX input file. (Version of 12 August 2004.)
+%
+% A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line,
+% and is used for comments like this one.
+
+\documentclass{article} % Specifies the document class
+\usepackage{microtype}
+
+ % The preamble begins here.
+\title{An Example Document} % Declares the document's title.
+\author{Leslie Lamport} % Declares the author's name.
+\date{January 21, 1994} % Deleting this command produces today's date.
+
+\newcommand{\ip}[2]{(#1, #2)}
+ % Defines \ip{arg1}{arg2} to mean
+ % (arg1, arg2).
+
+%\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1 | #2\rangle}
+ % This is an alternative definition of
+ % \ip that is commented out.
+
+\begin{document} % End of preamble and beginning of text.
+\pdfcompresslevel=0
+\pdfobjcompresslevel=0
+\pdfinterwordspaceon
+
+\maketitle % Produces the title.
+
+This is an example input file. Comparing it with
+the output it generates can show you how to
+produce a simple document of your own.
+
+\section{Ordinary Text} % Produces section heading. Lower-level
+ % sections are begun with similar
+ % \subsection and \subsubsection commands.
+
+The ends of words and sentences are marked
+ by spaces. It doesn't matter how many
+spaces you type; one is as good as 100. The
+end of a line counts as a space.
+
+One or more blank lines denote the end
+of a paragraph.
+
+Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated
+like a single one, the formatting of the input
+file makes no difference to
+ \LaTeX, % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.
+but it makes a difference to you. When you use
+\LaTeX, making your input file as easy to read
+as possible will be a great help as you write
+your document and when you change it. This sample
+file shows how you can add comments to your own input
+file.
+
+Because printing is different from typewriting,
+there are a number of things that you have to do
+differently when preparing an input file than if
+you were just typing the document directly.
+Quotation marks like
+ ``this''
+have to be handled specially, as do quotes within
+quotes:
+ ``\,`this' % \, separates the double and single quote.
+ is what I just
+ wrote, not `that'\,''.
+
+Dashes come in three sizes: an
+ intra-word
+dash, a medium dash for number ranges like
+ 1--2,
+and a punctuation
+ dash---like
+this.
+
+A sentence-ending space should be larger than the
+space between words within a sentence. You
+sometimes have to type special commands in
+conjunction with punctuation characters to get
+this right, as in the following sentence.
+ Gnats, gnus, etc.\ all % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.
+ begin with G\@. % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.
+You should check the spaces after periods when
+reading your output to make sure you haven't
+forgotten any special cases. Generating an
+ellipsis
+ \ldots\ % `\ ' is needed after `\ldots' because TeX
+ % ignores spaces after command names like \ldots
+ % made from \ + letters.
+ %
+ % Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore
+ % the end of the input line, so these blank lines
+ % do not start a new paragraph.
+ %
+with the right spacing around the periods requires
+a special command.
+
+\LaTeX\ interprets some common characters as
+commands, so you must type special commands to
+generate them. These characters include the
+following:
+ \$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.
+
+In printing, text is usually emphasized with an
+ \emph{italic}
+type style.
+
+\begin{em}
+ A long segment of text can also be emphasized
+ in this way. Text within such a segment can be
+ given \emph{additional} emphasis.
+\end{em}
+
+It is sometimes necessary to prevent \LaTeX\ from
+breaking a line where it might otherwise do so.
+This may be at a space, as between the ``Mr.''\ and
+``Jones'' in
+ ``Mr.~Jones'', % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.
+or within a word---especially when the word is a
+symbol like
+ \mbox{\emph{itemnum}}
+that makes little sense when hyphenated across
+lines.
+
+Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.}
+pose no problem.
+
+\LaTeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas
+like
+ \( x-3y + z = 7 \)
+or
+ \( a_{1} > x^{2n} + y^{2n} > x' \)
+or
+ \( \ip{A}{B} = \sum_{i} a_{i} b_{i} \).
+The spaces you type in a formula are
+ignored. Remember that a letter like
+ $x$ % $ ... $ and \( ... \) are equivalent
+is a formula when it denotes a mathematical
+symbol, and it should be typed as one.
+
+\section{Displayed Text}
+
+Text is displayed by indenting it from the left
+margin. Quotations are commonly displayed. There
+are short quotations
+\begin{quote}
+ This is a short quotation. It consists of a
+ single paragraph of text. See how it is formatted.
+\end{quote}
+and longer ones.
+\begin{quotation}
+ This is a longer quotation. It consists of two
+ paragraphs of text, neither of which are
+ particularly interesting.
+
+ This is the second paragraph of the quotation. It
+ is just as dull as the first paragraph.
+\end{quotation}
+Another frequently-displayed structure is a list.
+The following is an example of an \emph{itemized}
+list.
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item This is the first item of an itemized list.
+ Each item in the list is marked with a ``tick''.
+ You don't have to worry about what kind of tick
+ mark is used.
+
+ \item This is the second item of the list. It
+ contains another list nested inside it. The inner
+ list is an \emph{enumerated} list.
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item This is the first item of an enumerated
+ list that is nested within the itemized list.
+
+ \item This is the second item of the inner list.
+ \LaTeX\ allows you to nest lists deeper than
+ you really should.
+ \end{enumerate}
+ This is the rest of the second item of the outer
+ list. It is no more interesting than any other
+ part of the item.
+ \item This is the third item of the list.
+\end{itemize}
+You can even display poetry.
+\begin{verse}
+ There is an environment
+ for verse \\ % The \\ command separates lines
+ Whose features some poets % within a stanza.
+ will curse.
+
+ % One or more blank lines separate stanzas.
+
+ For instead of making\\
+ Them do \emph{all} line breaking, \\
+ It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd rather be
+ forced to be terse.
+\end{verse}
+
+Mathematical formulas may also be displayed. A
+displayed formula
+is
+one-line long; multiline
+formulas require special formatting instructions.
+ \[ \ip{\Gamma}{\psi'} = x'' + y^{2} + z_{i}^{n}\]
+Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation,
+nor make one a paragraph by itself.
+
+\end{document} % End of document.
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/stdcoll.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/test-plain.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/test-plain.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/test-plain.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+\input plain % Load Plain TeX macros
+\font\tt=cmtt10 % Define a monospace font
+
+% Title
+\centerline{\bf Extended Plain TeX Testing Document}
+\bigskip
+\centerline{\it Test User}
+\bigskip
+\centerline{Date: \the\year-\the\month-\the\day}
+\bigskip
+
+% Table of Contents (simulated with simple text alignment)
+\centerline{\bf Contents}
+\vskip 10pt
+\halign{\hskip 2em #\hfill & \hskip 1em #\hfil\cr
+1. Introduction & \dotfill\ Page 2\cr
+2. Text Formatting & \dotfill\ Page 2\cr
+3. Mathematics & \dotfill\ Page 3\cr
+4. Tables & \dotfill\ Page 3\cr
+5. Figures & \dotfill\ Page 4\cr
+6. Conclusion & \dotfill\ Page 5\cr
+}
+\eject
+
+% ---------------------- SECTIONS BEGIN -------------------------
+
+\section Introduction
+This is an extended test file written in Plain TeX. The intention is to test fundamental typesetting capabilities like text formatting, math equations, tables, and figures in a lightweight and basic TeX environment.
+
+\medskip
+
+\section Text Formatting
+You can apply different text styles:
+
+\smallskip
+{\bf Bold text}: Produced with {\tt\char`\\bf}. For example, {\bf This is bold text.}\\
+{\it Italic text}: Produced with {\tt\char`\\it}. For example, {\it This is italic text.}\\
+{\tt Monospaced text}: Produced with {\tt\char`\\tt}. For example, {\tt This is monospaced text.}\\
+
+\medskip
+\centerline{\bf Example of Aligning Text:}
+\smallskip
+\halign{#\hfill\quad&#\cr
+Left-aligned text: & This text is aligned to the left.\cr
+Center-aligned text: &\hfil This text is centered.\hfil\cr
+Right-aligned text: &\hfil This text is aligned to the right.\cr}
+
+\section Mathematics
+Inline expressions: \( E = mc^2 \)\\
+Displayed equations:
+$$
+\int_{a}^{b} x^2 \, dx = \frac{b^3}{3} - \frac{a^3}{3}
+$$
+
+You can also write matrices and arrays:
+$$
+\pmatrix{
+ a & b \cr
+ c & d \cr
+}
+$$
+
+Mathematical operators look like this:
+$$
+\sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}, \quad
+\sqrt{x+y}, \quad
+x^2 + y^2 = z^2
+$$
+
+\section Tables
+Tables are implemented manually in Plain TeX. For example:
+
+\smallskip
+\hbox{\vbox{
+\hrule
+\halign{
+\vrule#\quad & #\hfill\quad & \hfil#\quad\vrule\cr
+\noalign{\hrule}
+\bf Item & \bf Quantity & \bf Price (\$)\cr
+\noalign{\hrule}
+Apple & 5 & 3.50\cr
+Orange & 3 & 2.25\cr
+Banana & 6 & 4.10\cr
+\noalign{\hrule}
+}
+\hrule
+}}
+
+\smallskip
+
+For more advanced tables, use external tools or macros.
+
+\section Figures
+Including figures in Plain TeX requires external tools like `epsf` or `pdftex` for direct image embedding.
+
+Here’s how you might include an image with a caption:
+
+% \centerline{\hbox{\epsfbox{example-image.eps}}} \centerline{\it Figure 1: Example placeholder image.}
+
+To test without images, you can use placeholders instead:
+\medskip
+\hbox to \hsize{\hfil \vrule height 2in width 3in \hfil}
+\centerline{\it Placeholder for a figure.}
+
+\section Conclusion
+This Plain TeX test file demonstrates basic text formatting, math typesetting, tables, and figures. Unlike LaTeX, Plain TeX doesn’t include higher-level structures like environments, so everything is done manually or with custom macros.
+
+% End of test document
+\bye
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tex-live.sty
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tex-live.sty (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tex-live.sty 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+% $Id: tex-live.sty 67184 2023-05-22 17:31:16Z karl $
+% TeX Live documentation style. Written by many people over many years.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+\ProvidesPackage{tex-live}[2023-05-22 TeX Live Guide style]
+%
+% the bottom margin still ends up larger than the top margin;
+% maybe one of our other packages is interfering?
+\RequirePackage[a4paper,lines=47,hmargin=2.6cm,vmarginratio=5:4]{geometry}
+%
+\RequirePackage{alltt}
+\RequirePackage{array}
+\RequirePackage{colortbl}
+\RequirePackage{comment}
+\RequirePackage{float}
+\RequirePackage{graphicx}
+\RequirePackage{longtable}
+\RequirePackage{shortvrb}
+\RequirePackage[normalem]{ulem}
+\RequirePackage[obeyspaces]{url}
+\RequirePackage{xspace}
+%
+% for a proper \acro command.
+\RequirePackage{relsize}
+%\DeclareRobustCommand{\acro}[1]{\textscale{.9}{#1}\@}
+\def\acro#1{\texorpdfstring{\textscale{.9}{#1}}{#1}\@}
+%
+%% No lmodern for Russian; LM doesn't have cyrillic.
+\ifx\tldocrussion\undefined \RequirePackage{lmodern}\fi
+%
+\usepackage{textcomp}% including \textbullet
+\def\p.{p.\,}
+
+\RequirePackage{fancyvrb}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{sverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{fverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\footnotesize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{boxedverbatim}
+ {Verbatim}{fontsize=\footnotesize,frame=single}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\def\verbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\small]{#1}}
+\def\boxedverbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[frame=single,fontsize=\footnotesize]{#1}}
+\def\listinginput#1#2{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\scriptsize,firstnumber=#1,numbers=left]{#2}}
+\MakeShortVerb\|
+%
+%
+\pagestyle{headings}
+%
+% LaTeX parameters.
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85}
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.86}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.1}
+\renewcommand{\abovecaptionskip}{4pt}
+\renewcommand{\belowcaptionskip}{4pt}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{topnumber}{5}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}
+%
+% linebreaking, etc.
+\hbadness=4000
+\vbadness=4000
+\emergencystretch=.1\hsize
+\relpenalty=500
+%
+\def\slash{/\penalty\z@\hskip\z at skip }
+%
+% various sorts of names
+\newcommand*{\pkgname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% package name
+\newcommand*{\optname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% (package,class) option name
+\newcommand*{\cmdname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% command name
+\newcommand*{\colname}[1]{\emph{#1}}% collection name
+\newcommand*{\dirname}[1]{\path{#1}}% directory name
+\def\filename#1{\path{#1}}% file name
+\newcommand*{\envname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% environment variable name
+\newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\file}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\prog}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% same as \cmdname
+\newcommand{\samp}[1]{`\texttt{#1}'\@}
+\newcommand{\var}[1]{{\sl #1}}% not \textsl, for roman not typewriter slanted.
+\newcommand{\ttvar}[1]{\texttt{\var{#1}}}
+%
+% underlined command input.
+%\def\Ucom#1{%
+% \uline{\rule[-.2\baselineskip]{0pt}{.9\baselineskip}\ttfamily #1}}
+% bold command input
+\def\Ucom#1{{\bfseries\ttfamily #1}}
+%
+% \CDref is for url's with a #, where we need to write the target url and
+% displayed url separately in the input, due to catcode madness.
+% (We could simplify/remove this next time, I think.)
+\def\CDref#1#2{\texttt{#1}}
+%
+% \OnCD no longer has any use at all, since we don't have unpacked files
+% on the DVD and it has never worked when reading the PDF online.
+\def\OnCD#1{\path{#1}}
+%
+% \OnCD is currently for any other reference to a file or directory in
+% the distribution. PDF readers only open .pdf files, though, so we
+% should change this to only use \href for those. Or more likely use
+% different macros in the source.
+%\def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{\path{#1}}}
+%
+% \href incorrectly appends .pdf to anything without an extension; these
+% definitions using \hyper at linkurl do not, but they fail for .pdf
+% references -- which are the only ones that work anyway. So this is
+% useless, in practice.
+%\def\CDref#1#2{\hyper at linkurl{#2}{../../../../#1}}
+%\def\OnCD#1{\hyper at linkurl{\path{#1}}{../../../../#1}}
+
+% GUI menu/button/tab sequence:
+\def\guiseq#1{\textsf{#1}}
+\def\arw{\unskip$\rightarrow$\ignorespaces}
+%
+% Special names.
+\def\dpi{$\,$dpi\xspace}
+\def\bs{{\protect\normalfont\ttfamily\char'134}}
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\cs}[1]{{\normalfont\ttfamily\char`\\#1}}
+\def\Q#1{\par\vskip6pt\leftline{#1}\par}
+\def\hyph{-}
+%
+% many abbreviations.
+\def\AllTeX{(\La\kern-.075em)\kern-.075em\TeX}
+\def\AFMtoTFM{\cmdname{AFM2TFM}\null}
+\def\bv{\emph{Baskerville}}
+\let\BV=\bv
+\newcommand{\CS}{$\mathcal{C}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex%
+ \hbox{$\mathcal{S}$}\kern-.075em $}
+\def\Dash{\unskip\nobreak\thinspace---\thinspace\ignorespaces}
+\def\dvicopy{\cmdname{dvicopy}}
+\def\dvidvi{\cmdname{dvidvi}}
+\def\dvips{\cmdname{dvips}}
+\def\eTeX{$\varepsilon$-\TeX}
+\def\fpTeX{\textrm{fp}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\GFtoDVI{\cmdname{GFtoDVI}\null}
+\def\GFtoPK{\cmdname{GFtoPK}\null}
+\def\GFtype{\cmdname{GFtype}}
+\def\GUI{GUI\xspace}
+\def\KPS{Kpathsea}
+% This code % is hacked from its definition of \cs{LaTeX}; it allows
+% slants (for example) to propagate into the raised (small) `A':
+\newcommand{\La}%
+ {L\kern-.36em
+ {\setbox0\hbox{T}%
+ \vbox to\ht0{\hbox{$\m at th$%
+ \csname S@\f at size\endcsname
+ \fontsize\sf at size\z@
+ \math at fontsfalse\selectfont
+ A}%
+ \vss}%
+ }}
+\def\OMEGA{$\Omega$}
+\def\OzMF{OzMF}
+\def\OzMP{OzMP}
+\def\OzTeX{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX}
+\def\PKtype{\cmdname{PKtype}}
+\def\PLtoTF{\cmdname{PLtoTF}\null}
+\def\ProTeXt{pro\TeX t}
+\def\teTeX{\textrm{te}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\TeXLive{\TeX{} Live\xspace}
+\def\TFtoPL{\cmdname{TFtoPL}\null}
+\def\TK{\TeX\ Collection}
+\let\TL=\TeXLive
+\def\TypeI{Type~1}
+\def\VFtoVP{\cmdname{VFtoVP}\null}
+\def\VPtoVF{\cmdname{VPtoVF}\null}
+\def\Thanh{H\`an~Th\ifx % get Unicode char in tex4ht's HTML output
+ \HCode\UnDef\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}\else
+ \HCode{\string&\#x1EBF;}\fi~Th\`anh}
+\def\XEmTeX{\textrm{XEm}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\XEmacs{\textrm{XEmacs}\xspace}
+\def\XeTeX{Xe\TeX}
+\def\Webc{Web2C}
+\providecommand*{\CD}{CD\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\CTAN}{CTAN\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\DVD}{DVD\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\GNU}{GNU\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\HTML}{HTML\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\ISO}{ISO\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\MacOSX}{\texorpdfstring{Mac\,OS\,X}{MacOSX}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\macOS}{macOS\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\PS}{Post\-Script\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\TDS}{TDS\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\USB}{USB\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\dvi}{DVI\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\web}{\texttt{WEB}\xspace}
+
+% Include a png image.
+% #1 - basename of image file in ../texlive-common/, always .png
+% #2 - width for TeX
+% #3 - alt text for image; used only in html
+\def\tlpng#1#2#3{%
+ \ifnum \Status=2 % html, have to have explicit relative path in output
+ \includegraphics[alt={#3}]{../texlive-common/#1.png}%
+ %
+ % We intentionally are not specifying the size, so that the natural
+ % size of the graphic is used in the HTML output. Thus we do not
+ % get a graphics.sty warning about "cannot determine size of graphic
+ % (no BoundingBox)" on every image. Unfortunately there is no good
+ % way to eliminate that except by eliminating all LaTeX errors
+ % (\@latex at error), which does not seem like a good idea.
+ \else % not html, handled by TEXINPUTS in Makefile
+ \par
+ \centerline{\includegraphics[width=#2]{#1.png}}%
+ \fi
+}
+
+% description-like environment that uses tt instead of bf, and doesn't
+% go to the left margin. Without the \hfil, get an underfull box.
+% Don't know why \descriptionlabel doesn't.
+%
+\newenvironment{ttdescription}
+ {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+ \itemsep=0pt % these lists tend to have short descriptions
+ \parindent=0pt
+ \let\makelabel=\ttdescriptionlabel}}%
+ {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\ttdescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+ \normalfont\ttfamily #1\hfil}
+%
+% Likewise, for commands using sans serif.
+\newenvironment{cmddescription}
+ {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+ \itemsep=0pt
+ \let\makelabel=\cmddescriptionlabel}}%
+ {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\cmddescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+ \normalfont\sffamily #1\hfil}
+
+% General squeezed itemize/enumerate; no extra space at top or between items.
+\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+ {\begin{itemize}%
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\partopsep}{0pt}%
+ }%
+ {\end{itemize}}
+
+\newenvironment{enumerate*}%
+ {\begin{enumerate}%
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ {\end{enumerate}}
+
+\newsavebox{\wbox}
+\newenvironment{warningbox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\wbox}
+ \begin{minipage}{.95\textwidth}}
+ {\end{minipage}\end{lrbox}\fbox{\usebox{\wbox}}}
+%
+% lrbox is used as a representation marking. I changed it to
+% lrBox in tne source file, to get closer to logical marking
+\newsavebox{\mylrbox}
+\newenvironment{lrBox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\mylrbox}}
+ {\end{lrbox}}
+
+
+% emacs-page output setup
+%
+\ifx \HCode\UnDef
+ \providecommand{\Status}{0}% running TeX
+\else
+ \providecommand{\Status}{2}% running TeX4ht
+\fi
+%\typeout{Status is \Status}
+%
+\newif\ifSingleColumn
+%
+% By default, we won't be creating hyperlinks.
+\def\href#1#2{#2}
+\def\hypertarget#1#2{}
+\def\email#1{\href{mailto:#1}{\path{#1}}} % \path comes from url
+\def\htmlanchor#1{}
+%
+\definecolor{hypercolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.0,0.5} % purplish external links.
+%
+%
+\ifcase\Status
+ % \Status = 0
+ \typeout{TeX Live documentation in DVI format}
+ \SingleColumntrue
+ \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+ % \Status = 1
+ \typeout{TeX Live documentation in PDF format}
+ \RequirePackage[breaklinks,
+ colorlinks,linkcolor=hypercolor,citecolor=hypercolor,
+ urlcolor=hypercolor,filecolor=hypercolor,
+ bookmarksopen,
+ %pdfstartview={FitBH -320000}, % fails with acrobat7
+ hyperindex]
+ {hyperref}
+ \SingleColumntrue
+ \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+ % \Status = 2
+ \typeout{TeX Live documentation in HTML format}
+ \SingleColumntrue
+ \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ % Our config file, live4ht.cfg, is read from the htlatex call
+ % in the Makefile.
+ \RequirePackage[tex4ht]{hyperref} \hyperlinkfileprefix{}
+ % definitions need simplifying for TeX4ht to make relative paths work.
+ \def\CDref#1#2{\href{../../../../#1}{#2}}
+ \def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{#1}}
+ \def\htmlanchor#1{\HCode{<a id="#1"></a>}}
+ \or
+ % \Status = 3
+ \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a Baskerville issue}
+ \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+ {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+ {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+ \RequirePackage{bvoutln}% outline of baskerville
+ \SingleColumnfalse
+ \RequirePackage{multicol}
+ \or
+ % \Status = 4
+ \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a TUB article}
+ \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+ {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+ {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+ \SingleColumnfalse
+ \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+\fi
+%
+\ifnum \Status=4
+\else
+ \RequirePackage{texnames}
+ \providecommand\TeXXeT{\TeX-{}-%
+ \kern-.1emX\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT\@}
+ \def\MP{MetaPost}
+ \let\mf\MF
+ \newcommand\ConTeXt{C\kern-.0333emon\-\kern-.0667em\TeX\kern-.0333emt}
+ \newcommand\MIKTEX{MiK\kern-.025em \TeX}% per www.miktex.org
+ % from pictex.tex:
+ \ifx\PiC\undefined \def\PiC{P\kern-.12em\lower.5ex\hbox{I}\kern-.075emC} \fi
+ \ifx\PiCTeX\undefined \def\PiCTeX{\PiC\kern-.11em\TeX} \fi
+\fi
+%
+% hacking at sections etc., to pay attention to baskerville status
+\newcommand{\@condend at multicols}{%
+ \ifSingleColumn
+ \else
+ \def\@tempa{multicols}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@currenvir
+ \end{multicols}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+}
+\let\Section\section
+\renewcommand{\section}{%
+ \@ifstar
+ {\Section*}%
+ {%
+ \@condend at multicols
+ \@dblarg\@full at section
+ }%
+}
+\def\@full at section[#1]#2{%
+ \Section[#1]{#2}%
+ \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+\let\SubSection\subsection
+\renewcommand{\subsection}{%
+ \@ifstar{\SubSection*}%
+ {%
+ \@condend at multicols
+ \@dblarg\@full at subsection
+ }
+}
+\def\@full at subsection[#1]#2{%
+ \SubSection[#1]{#2}%
+ \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+
+% Reduce list spacing.
+\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+}
+\let\@listi\@listI
+\@listi
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+}
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 1\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \partopsep \z@
+ \itemsep \topsep
+}
+\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
+\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
+\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
+%
+% array package stuff
+\def\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
+\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
+%
+% shaded rows (using facilities of colortbl)
+%
+\definecolor{pale}{gray}{.9}
+\newcount\colrow
+\gdef\RowColor{pale}
+\def\SetRowColor{%
+ \rowcolor{\RowColor}%
+ \global\advance\colrow by1\relax
+ \ifodd\colrow
+ \gdef\RowColor{pale}%
+ \else
+ \gdef\RowColor{white}%
+ \fi
+}
+% redefine to hack up a reference even though we don't need it...
+\renewcommand\@bibitem[1]{\if at filesw \immediate\write\@auxout
+ {\string\bibcite{#1}{?}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+%
+% \unknownTeXlive is a dummy texlive entry for the biblio
+\newcommand\unknownTeXlive[2][\relax]{\textbf{\textsc{unknown}}%
+ \global\@all at unknown\expandafter{\the\@all at unknown{#2}}%
+}
+\newtoks\@all at unknown
+\global\@all at unknown{}
+\AtEndDocument{\@message at unknowns}
+\def\@message at unknowns{\edef\@tempa{\the\@all at unknown}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@empty
+ \else
+ \def\@tempa{*** TeX Live package location of }%
+ \expandafter\@output at unknowns\the\@all at unknown\@empty
+ \fi
+}
+\def\@output at unknowns#1{\edef\@tempb{#1}%
+ \ifx\@tempb\@empty
+ \typeout{ unknown}%
+ \else
+ \message{\@tempa#1,}%
+ \def\@tempa{}%
+ \expandafter\@output at unknowns
+ \fi
+}
+
+
+% Silence font warnings about no bold typewriter in LM.
+\def\@font at warning#1{}%
+
+% Silence hyperref warnings about \kern.
+\def\HyPsd at Warning#1{}%
+
+\endinput
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.tex
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.tex (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.tex 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,4399 @@
+% $Id: texlive-en.tex 70568 2024-03-10 20:17:51Z karl $
+% TeX Live documentation. Originally written by Sebastian Rahtz and
+% Michel Goossens, now maintained by Karl Berry and others.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+\let\tldocenglish=1 % for live4ht.cfg
+\usepackage{tex-live}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} % translators: use your preferred encodings.
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+\title{%
+ {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide---2024}}
+}
+
+\author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
+ \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}
+ }
+
+\date{March 2024}
+
+\usepackage{microtype}
+\begin{document}
+\pdfcompresslevel=0
+\pdfobjcompresslevel=0
+\pdfinterwordspaceon
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\tableofcontents
+%\listoftables
+\end{multicols}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+
+\subsection{\protect\TeX\protect\ Live and the \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection}
+
+This document describes the main features of the \TL{} software
+distribution\Dash \TeX{} and related programs for \GNU/Linux
+and other Unix flavors, \macOS, and Windows systems.
+
+You may have acquired \TL{} by downloading, or on the \TK{} \DVD, which
+\TeX{} user groups distribute among their members, or in other ways.
+Section \ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} briefly describes the contents of the
+\DVD. Both \TL{} and the \TK{} are cooperative efforts by the \TeX{}
+user groups. This document mainly describes \TL{} itself.
+
+\TL{} includes executables for \TeX{}, \LaTeXe{}, \ConTeXt,
+\MF, \MP, \BibTeX{} and many other programs; an extensive collection
+of macros, fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in
+many different scripts from around the world.
+
+For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of \TL{},
+see the end of the document, section~\ref{sec:history}
+(\p.\pageref{sec:history}).
+
+
+\htmlanchor{platforms}
+\subsection{Operating system support}
+\label{sec:os-support}
+
+\TL{} contains binaries for many Unix-based platforms, including
+\GNU/Linux, \macOS, and Cygwin. The included sources can be compiled
+on platforms for which we do not provide binaries.
+
+As to Windows: Windows~7 and later are supported. Windows Vista
+\emph{may} still mostly work, but \TL{} will no longer even install
+on Windows XP or earlier. \TL{} includes 64-bit executables for
+Windows.
+
+See section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} for alternate solutions
+for Windows and \macOS.
+
+\subsection{Basic installation of \protect\TL{}}
+\label{sec:basic}
+
+You can install \TL{} either from \DVD{} or over the Internet
+(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html}). The net installer itself is
+small, and downloads everything requested from the Internet.
+
+The \DVD{} installer lets you install to a local disk, but you cannot
+run \TL{} directly from the \TK{} \DVD{} (or the \TK{} or \TL{}
+\code{.iso} images). You \emph{can} prepare a runnable installation on,
+e.g., a \USB{} stick (see section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}). Installation
+is described in later sections (\p.\pageref{sec:install}), but here is a
+quick start:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item For Unix, the installation script is \filename{install-tl}; on
+ Windows, one should instead invoke \filename{install-tl-windows}.
+ The installer will operate in a graphical mode given the option
+ \code{-gui} (default for Windows), or a text mode given
+ the option \code{-gui=text} (default for everything else).
+
+\item One of the installed items is the `\TL\ Manager' program,
+ named \prog{tlmgr}. Like the installer, it can be used in both \GUI{}
+ mode and in text mode. You can use it to install and uninstall
+ packages and do various configuration tasks.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{security}
+\subsection{Security considerations}
+\label{sec:security}
+
+To the best of our knowledge, the core \TeX\ programs themselves are
+(and always have been) extremely robust. However, the contributed
+programs in \TL\ may not reach the same level, despite everyone's
+best efforts. As always, you should be careful when running programs on
+untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new subdirectory or chroot.
+
+This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general
+Windows finds programs in the current directory before anything else,
+regardless of the search path. This opens up a wide variety of possible
+attacks. We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some remain,
+especially with third-party programs. Thus, we recommend checking for
+suspicious files in the current directory, especially executables
+(binaries or scripts). Ordinarily they should not be present, and
+definitely should not normally be created by merely processing a document.
+
+Finally, \TeX\ (and its companion programs) are able to write files when
+processing documents, a feature that can also be abused in a wide
+variety of ways. Again, processing unknown documents in a new
+subdirectory is the safest bet.
+
+Another aspect of security is ensuring that downloaded material has not
+been changed from what was created. The \prog{tlmgr} program
+(section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) will automatically perform cryptographic
+verification on downloads if the \prog{gpg} (GNU Privacy Guard) program
+is available. It is not distributed as part of \TL, but see
+\url{https://texlive.info/tlgpg/} for information about \prog{gpg} if
+need be.
+
+\subsection{Getting help}
+\label{sec:help}
+
+The \TeX{} community is active and friendly, and most serious questions
+end up getting answered. However, the support is informal, done by
+volunteers and casual users, so it's especially important that you do
+your homework before asking. (If you prefer guaranteed commercial
+support, you can forgo \TL{} completely and purchase a vendor's system;
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors} has a list.)
+
+Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend
+using them:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Getting started] If you are new to \TeX, the web page
+\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} gives a brief introduction to the system.
+
+\item [CTAN] If you are looking for a particular package, font, program,
+etc., \CTAN{} is the place to start looking. It is a huge collection of
+all \TeX{}-related items. The catalog entries also tell you whether a
+package is available for \TL{} or MiK\TeX. See \url{https://ctan.org}.
+
+\item [\TeX{} FAQ] The \TeX{} FAQ is a compendium of answers to all
+sorts of questions, from the most basic to the most arcane. It is
+available on the Internet through \url{https://texfaq.org}.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-related links, in
+particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
+the system.
+
+\item [support sites] A general web search never hurts. Principal
+support sites for \TeX\ include the \LaTeX{}
+community site at \url{https://latex.org}, the q\&a site
+\url{https://tex.stackexchange.com}, and the mailing list
+\url{https://lists.tug.org/texhax}. Their archives have years of past
+questions and answers for your searching pleasure.
+
+\item [asking questions] If you cannot find an answer, you can post to
+\url{http://latex.org/} and \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/} through
+their web interfaces, to \email{texhax at tug.org} through email (it's not
+necessary to subscribe in order to post). But before you post anywhere,
+please read this FAQ entry, to maximize your chances of getting a useful
+answer: \url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion}.
+
+\item [\TL{} support] If you want to report a bug or have
+suggestions or comments on the \TL{} distribution, installation, or
+documentation, the mailing list is \email{tex-live at tug.org}. However,
+if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
+\TL{}, please write to that program's maintainer or
+mailing list. Often running a program with the \code{-{}-help} option
+will provide a bug reporting address.
+
+\end{description}
+
+The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions. All
+the above resources are open to anyone, so feel free to join, start
+reading, and help out where you can.
+
+
+% don't use \TL so the \uppercase in the headline works. Also so
+% tex4ht ends up with the right TeX. Likewise the \protect's.
+\section{Overview of \protect\TeX\protect\ Live}
+\label{sec:overview-tl}
+
+This section describes the contents of \TL{}, as well as the \TK{} of
+which it is a part.
+
+\subsection{The \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection: \protect\TL,
+ Mac\protect\TeX, MiK\protect\TeX, CTAN}
+\label{sec:tl-coll-dists}
+
+The \TK{} \DVD{} comprises the following:
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\TL] A comprehensive cross-platform \TeX{} system to be installed
+to disk. Home page: \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}.
+
+\item [Mac\TeX] for \macOS. This adds a native \macOS\ installer and
+other Mac applications to \TL{}. Home page: \url{https://tug.org/mactex/}.
+
+\item [\MIKTEX] Another comprehensive cross-platform \TeX\ distribution
+for Windows, GNU/Linux and \macOS\ (but only Windows binaries are
+included on the DVD). It has an integrated package manager which
+installs missing components from the Internet, as needed. Home page:
+\url{https://miktex.org/}.
+
+\item [CTAN] A snapshot of the \CTAN{} repository (\url{https://ctan.org/}).
+\CTAN{} does not follow the same copying conditions as \TL{}, so be
+careful when redistributing or modifying.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Top level \protect\TL{} directories}
+\label{sec:tld}
+
+Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in a
+\TL{} installation.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[bin] The \TeX{} system programs, arranged by platform.
+%
+\item[readme-*.dir] Quick overview and useful links for \TL{},
+in various languages, in both \HTML{} and plain text.
+%
+\item[source] The source to all included programs, including the main
+ \Webc{}-based \TeX{} distributions.
+%
+\item[texmf-dist] The principal tree; see \dirname{TEXMFDIST} below.
+%
+\item[tlpkg] Scripts, programs and data for managing the
+ installation, and special support for Windows.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+For documentation, the comprehensive links in the top-level file
+\OnCD{doc.html} may be helpful. The documentation for nearly everything
+(packages, formats, fonts, program manuals, man pages, Info files) is in
+\dirname{texmf-dist/doc}. You can use the \cmdname{texdoc} program to
+find documentation wherever it is located.
+
+This \TL\ documentation itself is in \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/texlive},
+available in several languages:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item{Czech/Slovak:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz}
+\item{German:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de}
+\item{English:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en}
+\item{French:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr}
+\item{Italian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it}
+\item{Japanese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja}
+\item{Polish:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl}
+\item{Russian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru}
+\item{Serbian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr}
+\item{Spanish:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-es}
+\item{Simplified Chinese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn}
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
+\label{sec:texmftrees}
+
+This section lists the predefined variables specifying the texmf trees
+used by the system, and their intended purpose, and the default layout
+of \TL{}. The command \texttt{tlmgr~conf} shows the values of these
+variables, so that you can easily find out how they map to particular
+directories in your installation.
+
+All of the trees, including the personal ones, should follow the \TeX\
+Directory Structure (\TDS, \url{https://tug.org/tds}), with all its
+myriad subdirectories, or files may not be found. Section
+\ref{sec:local-personal-macros} (\p.\pageref{sec:local-personal-macros})
+describes this in more detail. The order here is the reverse order in
+which the trees are searched, that is, later trees in the list override
+earlier ones.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [TEXMFDIST] The tree which holds nearly all of the files in the original
+ distribution---configuration files, scripts, packages, fonts, etc.
+ (The main exceptions are the per-platform executables, which are stored
+ in a sibling directory \code{bin/}.)
+\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] The (site-wide) tree used by \verb+texconfig-sys+,
+ \verb+updmap-sys+, \verb+fmtutil-sys+, and \verb+tlmgr+, to store
+ (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
+\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The (site-wide) tree used by
+ \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
+ store modified configuration data.
+\item [TEXMFLOCAL] The tree which administrators can use for system-wide
+ installation of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+\item [TEXMFHOME] The tree which users can use for their own individual
+ installations of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+ For each user, this variable points to
+ their own individual directory.
+\item [TEXMFVAR] The (personal) tree used by \verb+texconfig+,
+ \verb+updmap-user+ and \verb+fmtutil-user+ to store (cached) runtime data such
+ as format files and generated map files.
+\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The (personal) tree used by the utilities
+ \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to store modified
+ configuration data.
+\item [TEXMFCACHE] The tree(s) used by \ConTeXt\ MkIV and Lua\LaTeX\
+ to store (cached) runtime data; defaults to \code{TEXMFSYSVAR},
+ or (if that's not writable), \code{TEXMFVAR}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent
+The default layout is:
+\begin{description}
+ \item[system-wide root] can span multiple \TL{} releases
+ (\texttt{/usr/local/texlive} by default on Unix):
+ \begin{ttdescription}
+ \item[2023] A previous release.
+ \item[2024] The current release.
+ \begin{ttdescription}
+ \item [bin] ~
+ \begin{ttdescription}
+ \item [i386-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (32-bit)
+ \item [...]
+ \item [universal-darwin] \macOS\ binaries
+ \item [x86\_64-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (64-bit)
+ \item [windows] Windows binaries (64-bit)
+ \end{ttdescription}
+ \item [texmf-dist\ \ ] \envname{TEXMFDIST} and \envname{TEXMFMAIN}
+ \item [texmf-var \ \ ] \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
+ \item [texmf-config] \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+ \end{ttdescription}
+ \item [texmf-local] \envname{TEXMFLOCAL}, intended to be
+ retained from release to release.
+ \end{ttdescription}
+ \item[user's home directory] (\texttt{\$HOME} or
+ \texttt{\%USERPROFILE\%})
+ \begin{ttdescription}
+ \item[.texlive2023] Privately generated and configuration data
+ for a previous release.
+ \item[.texlive2024] Privately generated and configuration data
+ for the current release.
+ \begin{ttdescription}
+ \item [texmf-var\ \ \ ] \envname{TEXMFVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
+ \item [texmf-config] \envname{TEXMFCONFIG}
+ \end{ttdescription}
+ \item[texmf] \envname{TEXMFHOME} Personal macros, etc.
+ \end{ttdescription}
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Extensions to \protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:tex-extensions}
+
+Knuth's original \TeX{} itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It
+is present in \TL\ as the program \prog{tex}, and will remain so
+for the foreseeable future. \TL{} also contains several extended versions of
+\TeX\ (also known as \TeX\ engines):
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\eTeX] adds a set of new primitives
+\label{text:etex} (related to macro expansion, character scanning,
+classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
+\TeXXeT{} extensions for bidirectional typesetting. In default mode,
+\eTeX{} is 100\% compatible with ordinary \TeX. See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf}.
+
+\item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for
+writing PDF output as well as \dvi{}, and many non-output-related
+extensions. This is the program invoked for many common formats, e.g.,
+\prog{etex}, \prog{latex}, \prog{pdflatex}. Its web site is
+\url{http://www.pdftex.org/}. See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf} for the manual, and
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex} for example
+usage of some of its features.
+
+\item [Lua\TeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
+TrueType- and system fonts. It also incorporates a Lua interpreter
+(\url{https://lua.org/}), enabling solutions for many thorny \TeX{}
+problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it functions as a standalone
+Lua interpreter. Its web site is \url{http://www.luatex.org/}, and the
+reference manual is \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.
+
+\item [(e)(u)p\TeX] have native support for Japanese typesetting
+requirements; p\TeX\ is the basic engine, while the e- variants add
+\eTeX\ functionality and u- add Unicode support.
+
+\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
+TrueType- and system fonts, implemented using standard third-party
+libraries. See \url{https://tug.org/xetex}.
+
+\item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
+supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
+also supports so-called `\OMEGA{} Translation Processes' (OTPs),
+for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input. Omega is no
+longer included in \TL{} as a separate program; only Aleph is provided:
+
+\item [Aleph] combines the \OMEGA\ and \eTeX\ extensions.
+See \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}.
+
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Other notable programs in \protect\TL}
+
+Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in \TL{}:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+
+\item [bibtex, biber] bibliography support.
+
+\item [makeindex, upmendex, xindex, xindy] index support.
+
+\item [dvips] convert \dvi{} to \PS{}.
+
+\item [dvipdfmx] convert \dvi{} to PDF, an alternative approach
+to pdf\TeX\ (mentioned above).
+
+\item [xdvi] \dvi{} previewer for the X Window System.
+
+\item [dviconcat, dviselect] cut and paste pages
+from \dvi{} files.
+
+\item [psselect, psnup, \ldots] \PS{} utilities.
+
+\item [pdfjam, pdfjoin, \ldots] PDF utilities.
+
+\item [context, mtxrun] \ConTeXt\ and PDF processor.
+
+\item [htlatex, \ldots] \cmdname{tex4ht}: \AllTeX{} to HTML (and
+XML and DocX and more) converter.
+
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{installation}
+\section{Installation}
+\label{sec:install}
+
+\subsection{Starting the installer}
+\label{sec:inst-start}
+
+To begin, get the \TK{} \DVD{} or download the \TL{} net installer. See
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html} for more information and other
+methods of getting the software.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:] Download the archive from \CTAN,
+under \dirname{systems/texlive/tlnet}; the url
+\url{https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet} should redirect to a
+nearby, up-to-date, mirror. You can retrieve either
+\filename{install-tl.zip} which can be used under Unix and Windows, or
+the considerably smaller \filename{install-unx.tar.gz} for Unix
+only. After unpacking, \filename{install-tl} and
+\filename{install-tl-windows.bat} will be in the \dirname{install-tl}
+subdirectory.
+
+\item[Net installer, Windows .exe:] Download from \CTAN{} as above,
+and double-click. This starts up a first-stage installer and unpacker;
+see figure~\ref{fig:nsis}. It gives two choices: `Install'
+and `Unpack only'.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Collection \DVD:] go to the \DVD's \dirname{texlive}
+subdirectory. Under Windows, the installer normally starts automatically
+when you insert the \DVD. You can get the \DVD\ by becoming a member of
+a \TeX\ user group (highly recommended,
+\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}), or purchasing it separately
+(\url{https://tug.org/store}). You can burn your own \DVD\ for \TL\ from the
+\ISO\ image downloaded from \CTAN.
+You can also mount the \ISO\ directly on most systems. After installing
+from \DVD\ or \ISO, if you want to get continuing updates from the
+Internet, please see section~\ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\def\figdesc{First stage of Windows \code{.exe} installer}
+\tlpng{nsis_installer}{.6\linewidth}{\figdesc}
+\caption{\figdesc. Pressing the Install button will give you the
+ window displayed in figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32}.}\label{fig:nsis}
+\end{figure}
+
+The same installer program is run, whatever the source. The most
+notable difference between the two is that with the net installer, what
+you end up with is the packages that are currently available. This is
+in contrast to the \DVD\ and \ISO\ images, which are not updated between
+the major public releases.
+
+If you need to download through proxies, use a \filename{~/.wgetrc} file
+or environment variables with the proxy settings for Wget
+(\url{https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html}),
+or the equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does
+not matter if you are installing from the \DVD\ or \ISO\ image.
+
+The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
+
+\subsubsection{Unix}
+
+Below, \texttt{>} denotes the shell prompt; user input is
+\Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.
+The \filename{install-tl} program is a Perl script. The simplest way
+to start it on a Unix-compatible system is as follows:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl /path/to/installer/install-tl}
+\end{alltt}
+(Or you can invoke \Ucom{/path/to/installer/install-tl} if it stayed
+executable, or \texttt{cd} to the directory first, etc.; we won't repeat
+all the variations.) You may have to enlarge your terminal window so
+that it shows the full text installer screen
+(figure~\ref{fig:text-main}).
+
+To install in \GUI\ mode (figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}), you'll need to
+have Tcl/Tk installed. Given that, you can run:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+The old \code{-wizard} and \code{-perltk}/\code{-expert} options
+now do the same thing as \code{-gui}. For
+a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\textbf{About Unix permissions:} Your \code{umask} at the time
+of installation will be respected by the \TL{} installer. Therefore, if
+you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make
+sure your setting is sufficiently permissive, for instance, \code{umask
+002}. For more information about \code{umask}, consult your system
+documentation.
+
+\textbf{Special considerations for Cygwin:} Unlike other
+Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin does not by default include all of the
+prerequisite programs needed by the \TL{} installer. See
+section~\ref{sec:cygwin}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{\macOS}
+\label{sec:macosx}
+
+As mentioned in section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, a separate distribution
+is prepared for \macOS, named Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex}).
+We recommend using the native Mac\TeX\ installer instead of the \TL\
+installer on \macOS, because the native installer makes a few
+Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to allow easily switching
+between different \TL\ releases on Macs, using the so-called \TeX{}Dist
+data structure.
+
+Mac\TeX\ is firmly based on \TL, and the main \TeX\ trees and binaries
+are precisely the same. It adds a few extra folders with Mac-specific
+documentation and applications.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Windows}\label{sec:wininst}
+
+If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the \DVD\
+installer failed to start automatically, double-click
+\filename{install-tl-windows.bat}.
+
+You can also start the installer from the command-prompt. Below,
+\texttt{>} denotes the prompt; user input is \Ucom{\texttt{bold}}. If
+you are in the installer directory, run just:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows}
+\end{alltt}
+
+Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{D:\bs{}texlive\bs{}install-tl-windows}
+\end{alltt}
+for the \TK\ \DVD, supposing that \dirname{D:} is the optical
+drive. Figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32} displays the initial basic screen
+of the \GUI\ installer, which is the default for Windows.
+
+To install in text mode, use:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -no-gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+For a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+Add a \texttt{.bat} extension to the invocations if the same directory
+also contains \texttt{install-tl-windows.exe}. This will not
+normally be the case, unless you've mirrored the \dirname{tlnet} directory
+locally.
+
+Non-ASCII characters in the path for the \TL\ installation must be
+avoided. This may be a problem particularly under Windows 11, where
+users are forced to use a Microsoft network account. See
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html\#nonascii} for some
+workarounds.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Installing TeX Live 2024 from: ...
+Platform: x86_64-linux => 'GNU/Linux on x86_64'
+Distribution: inst (compressed)
+Directory for temporary files: /tmp
+...
+ Detected platform: GNU/Linux on Intel x86_64
+
+ <B> binary platforms: 1 out of 16
+
+ <S> set installation scheme: scheme-full
+
+ <C> customizing installation collections
+ 40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 8296 MB (free: 138718 MB)
+
+ <D> directories:
+ TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
+ /usr/local/texlive/2024
+ ...
+
+ <O> options:
+ [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
+ ...
+
+ <V> set up for portable installation
+
+Actions:
+ <I> start installation to hard disk
+ <P> save installation profile to 'texlive.profile' and exit
+ <H> help
+ <Q> quit
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
+\caption{Main text installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:text-main}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{basic-w32}{.6\linewidth}{Basic installer screen (Windows)}
+\caption{Basic installer screen (Windows); the Advanced button will
+ result in something like figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}}\label{fig:basic-w32}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{advanced-lnx}{\linewidth}{Advanced installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}
+\caption{Advanced \GUI{} installer screen
+ (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:advanced-lnx}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{cygwin}
+\subsubsection{Cygwin}
+\label{sec:cygwin}
+
+Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin's \filename{setup.exe} program to
+install the \filename{perl} and \filename{wget} packages if you have
+not already done so. The following additional packages are
+recommended:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \filename{fontconfig} [needed by \XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX]
+\item \filename{ghostscript} [needed by various utilities]
+\item \filename{libXaw7} [needed by \code{xdvi}]
+\item \filename{ncurses} [provides the \code{clear} command used by the installer]
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The text installer}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:text-main} displays the main text mode screen under
+Unix. The text installer is the default on Unix.
+
+This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at
+all. For instance, you cannot tab around checkboxes or input fields.
+You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt and press the
+Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with
+adjusted content.
+
+The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run
+on as many platforms as possible, even with a minimal Perl.
+
+\subsubsection{The graphical installer}
+\label{sec:graphical-inst}
+
+The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a
+few options; see figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32}. It can be started with
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text
+installer; see figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}.
+
+The \texttt{perltk}/\texttt{expert} and \texttt{wizard} \GUI{}
+options now invoke the regular graphical installer.
+
+\subsection{Running the installer}
+\label{sec:runinstall}
+
+The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a
+few notes about the various options and submenus.
+
+\subsubsection{Binary systems menu (Unix only)}
+\label{sec:binary}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Available platforms:
+===============================================================================
+ a [ ] Cygwin on x86_64 (x86_64-cygwin)
+ b [ ] MacOSX current (10.14-) on ARM/x86_64 (universal-darwin)
+ c [ ] MacOSX legacy (10.6-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwinlegacy)
+ d [ ] FreeBSD on x86_64 (amd64-freebsd)
+ e [ ] FreeBSD on Intel x86 (i386-freebsd)
+ f [ ] GNU/Linux on ARM64 (aarch64-linux)
+ g [ ] GNU/Linux on RPi(32-bit) and ARMv7 (armhf-linux)
+ h [ ] GNU/Linux on Intel x86 (i386-linux)
+ i [X] GNU/Linux on x86_64 (x86_64-linux)
+ j [ ] GNU/Linux on x86_64 with musl (x86_64-linuxmusl)
+ k [ ] NetBSD on x86_64 (amd64-netbsd)
+ l [ ] NetBSD on Intel x86 (i386-netbsd)
+ m [ ] Solaris on Intel x86 (i386-solaris)
+ o [ ] Solaris on x86_64 (x86_64-solaris)
+ p [ ] Windows (64-bit) (windows)
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
+\caption{Binaries menu}\label{fig:bin-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} displays the text mode binaries menu. By
+default, only the binaries for your current platform will be installed.
+From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other
+platforms as well. This can be useful if you are sharing a \TeX\
+tree across a network of heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot
+system.
+
+\subsubsection{Selecting what is to be installed}
+\label{sec:components}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Select scheme:
+===============================================================================
+ a [X] full scheme (everything)
+ b [ ] medium scheme (small + more packages and languages)
+ c [ ] small scheme (basic + xetex, metapost, a few languages)
+ d [ ] basic scheme (plain and latex)
+ e [ ] minimal scheme (plain only)
+ f [ ] infrastructure-only scheme (no TeX at all)
+ g [ ] book publishing scheme (core LaTeX and add-ons)
+ h [ ] ConTeXt scheme
+ i [ ] GUST TeX Live scheme
+ j [ ] teTeX scheme (more than medium, but nowhere near full)
+ k [ ] custom selection of collections
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
+\caption{Scheme menu}\label{fig:scheme-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:scheme-text} displays the \TL\ scheme menu; from here,
+you choose a ``scheme'', which is an overall set of package collections.
+The default \optname{full} scheme installs everything available. This is
+recommended, but you can also choose the \optname{basic} scheme for
+just plain and \LaTeX, \optname{small} for a few more programs
+(equivalent to the so-called Basic\TeX\ installation of Mac\TeX),
+\optname{minimal} for testing purposes, and \optname{medium} or
+\optname{teTeX} to get something in between. There are also various
+specialized and country-specific schemes.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\def\figdesc{Collections menu}
+\centering \tlpng{stdcoll}{.7\linewidth}{\figdesc}
+\caption{\figdesc}\label{fig:collections-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+You can refine your scheme selection with the `collections' menu
+(figure~\ref{fig:collections-gui}, shown in \GUI\ mode for a change).
+
+Collections are one level more detailed than schemes\Dash in essence, a
+scheme consists of several collections, a collection consists of one or
+more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in \TL) contains
+the actual \TeX\ macro files, font files, and so on.
+
+If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use
+the \TL\ Manager (\prog{tlmgr}) program after installation (see
+section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}); using that, you can control the installation
+at the package level.
+
+\subsubsection{Directories}
+\label{sec:directories}
+
+The default layout is described in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees},
+\p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}. The default installation directory is
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2024} on Unix and
+|C:\texlive\2024| on Windows. This arrangement enables
+having many parallel \TL\ installations, such as one for each release
+(typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them merely by
+altering your search path.
+
+That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called
+\dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer. The \GUI\ screen for this and other
+options is shown in figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}. The most common reasons
+to change it are either lacking enough disk space in that partition (the
+full \TL\ needs several gigabytes), or lacking write permission for the
+default location (you don't have to be root or administrator to install
+\TL, but you do need write access to the target directory).
+
+On Windows, you normally do not need to be an administrator to
+create |C:\texlive\2024| (or, more generally,
+|%SystemDrive%\texlive\2024|).
+
+The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of
+environment variables before running the installer (most likely,
+\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_PREFIX} or
+\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXDIR}); see the documentation from
+|install-tl --help| (available online at
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html}) for the full list and
+more details.
+
+A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home,
+especially if you will be the sole user. Use `|~|' to indicate this, as
+in `|~/texlive/2024|'.
+
+We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different
+releases of \TL{} side by side. (You may wish to also maintain a
+version-independent name, such as \dirname{/usr/local/texlive-cur}, via a
+symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the new release.)
+
+Changing \dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer will also change
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL}, \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR} and
+\dirname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} is the recommended location for personal macro files
+or packages. The default value is |~/texmf| (|~/Library/texmf| on
+Macs). In contrast to \dirname{TEXDIR}, here a |~| is preserved in the
+newly-written configuration files, since it usefully refers to the home
+directory of the user running \TeX. It expands to \dirname{$HOME} on
+Unix and \verb|%USERPROFILE%| on Windows. Special redundant note:
+\envname{TEXMFHOME}, like all trees, must be organized according to the
+\TDS, or files may not be found.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFVAR} is the location for storing most cached runtime data
+specific to each user. \dirname{TEXMFCACHE} is the variable name used
+for that purpose by Lua\LaTeX\ and \ConTeXt\ MkIV (see
+section~\ref{sec:context}, \p.\pageref{sec:context}); its
+default value is \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, or (if that's not writable),
+\dirname{TEXMFVAR}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Options}
+\label{sec:options}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Options customization:
+===============================================================================
+ <P> use letter size instead of A4 by default: [ ]
+ <E> execution of restricted list of programs: [X]
+ <F> create all format files: [X]
+ <D> install font/macro doc tree: [X]
+ <S> install font/macro source tree: [X]
+ <L> create symlinks in standard directories: [ ]
+ binaries to:
+ manpages to:
+ info to:
+ <Y> after install, set CTAN as source for package updates: [X]
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
+\caption{Options menu (Unix)}\label{fig:options-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:options-text} shows the text mode options menu.
+More info on each:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[use letter size instead of A4 by default:] The default paper
+ size selection. Of course, individual documents can and should
+ specify a specific paper size, if desired.
+
+\item[execution of restricted list of programs:] As of \TL\ 2010,
+ execution of a few external programs is allowed by default. The (very
+ short) list of allowed programs is given in the \filename{texmf.cnf}.
+ See the 2010 news (section~\ref{sec:2010news}) for more details.
+
+\item[create all format files:] We recommend leaving this option
+ checked, to avoid unnecessary problems when creating formats
+ dynamically. See the \prog{fmtutil} documentation for more details.
+
+\item[install font/macro \ldots\ tree:] Download/install the
+ documentation and source files included in most packages. Unchecking
+ is not recommended.
+
+\item[create symlinks in standard directories:]
+ This option (Unix only) bypasses the need to change environment
+ variables. Without this option, \TL{} directories usually have to be
+ added to \envname{PATH}, \envname{MANPATH} and \envname{INFOPATH}. You
+ will need write permissions to the target directories. This option is
+ intended for accessing the \TeX\ system through directories that are
+ already known to users, such as \dirname{/usr/local/bin}, which don't
+ already contain any \TeX\ files. Do not overwrite existing files on
+ your system with this option, e.g., by specifying system directories.
+ The safest and recommended approach is to leave the option unchecked.
+
+\item[after install, set CTAN as source for package updates:]
+ When installing from a \DVD\ or \ISO\ image, this
+ option is enabled by default, since usually one wants to take any
+ subsequent package updates from the \CTAN\ area that is updated
+ throughout the year. The only likely reason to disable it is if you
+ install only a subset from the \DVD\ and plan to augment the
+ installation later. In any case, the package repository for the
+ installer, and for updates after installation, can be set
+ independently as needed; see section~\ref{sec:location} and
+ section~\ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.
+\end{description}
+Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced \GUI{}
+interface:
+\begin{description}
+\item[adjust searchpath] This ensures that all
+ programs will see the \TL{} binary directory on their search path.
+
+\item[add menu shortcuts] If set, there will be a \TL{} submenu of
+ the Start menu. There is a third option `Launcher entry' besides
+ `TeX Live menu' and `No shortcuts'. This option is described in
+ section \ref{sec:sharedinstall}.
+
+\item[File associations] The options are `Only new' (create
+ file associations, but do not overwrite existing ones), `All' and
+ `None'.
+
+\item[install \TeX{}works front end]
+\end{description}
+When all the settings are to your liking, you can type `I' in the
+text interface, or press the `Install' button in the
+\GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done,
+skip to section~\ref{sec:postinstall} to read what else needs to be
+done, if anything.
+
+\subsection{Command-line install-tl options}
+\label{sec:cmdline}
+
+Type
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+for a listing of command-line options. Either |-| or |--| can be used
+to introduce option names. These are the most common ones:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-gui] Use the \GUI{} installer if possible. This requires
+ Tcl/Tk version 8.5 or higher. This was distributed with older \macOS;
+ for Big Sur and later, you'll need to install Tcl/Tk yourself, if you
+ don't choose to use the Mac\TeX\ installer. Tcl/Tk is
+ distributed with \TL{} on Windows. The legacy options
+ \texttt{-gui=perltk} and \texttt{-gui=wizard} are still available
+ but invoke the same \GUI{} interface; if Tcl/Tk is not available,
+ installation continues in text mode.
+
+\item[-no-gui] Force using the text mode installer.
+
+\item[-lang {\sl LL}] Specify the installer interface
+ language as a standard (usually two-letter) code. The installer tries
+ to automatically determine the right language but if it fails, or if
+ the right language is not available, then it uses English as a
+ fallback. Run \verb|install-tl --help| to get the list of available
+ languages.
+
+\item[-portable] Install for portable use on, e.g., a \USB{} stick.
+ Also selectable from within the text installer with the \code{V}
+ command, and from the \GUI{} installer. See
+ section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}.
+
+\item[-profile {\sl file}] Load the installation profile \var{file} and
+ do the installation with no user interaction. The installer always
+ writes a file \filename{texlive.profile} to the \dirname{tlpkg}
+ subdirectory of your installation. That file can be given as the
+ argument to redo the exact same installation on a different system,
+ for example. Alternatively, you can use a custom profile, most easily
+ created by starting from a generated one and changing values, or an
+ empty file, which will take all the defaults.
+
+\item [-repository {\sl url-or-directory}] Specify package
+ repository from which to install; see following.
+
+\htmlanchor{opt-in-place}
+\item[-in-place] (Documented only for completeness: Do not use this
+ unless you know what you are doing.) If you already have an rsync, svn,
+ or other copy of \TL{} (see
+ \url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html}) then this option
+ will use what you've got, as-is, and do only the necessary
+ post-install actions. Be warned that the file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}
+ may be overwritten; saving it is your responsibility. Also, package
+ removal has to be done manually. This option cannot be toggled via the
+ installer interface.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The \optname{-repository} option}
+\label{sec:location}
+
+The default network package repository is a \CTAN{} mirror chosen
+automatically via \url{https://mirror.ctan.org}.
+
+If you want to override that, the location value can be a url
+starting with \texttt{ftp:}, \texttt{http:}, \texttt{https:},
+\texttt{file:/}, or a plain directory path. (When giving an
+\texttt{http:}, \texttt{https:} or \texttt{ftp:}\ location, trailing
+`\texttt{/}' characters and/or a trailing `\texttt{/tlpkg}'
+component are ignored.)
+
+For example, you could choose a particular \CTAN\ mirror with something
+like: \url{http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/},
+substituting a real hostname and its particular top-level \CTAN\ path
+for |ctan.example.org/tex-archive|. The list of \CTAN\ mirrors is
+maintained at \url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.
+
+If the given argument is local (either a path or a \texttt{file:/} url),
+compressed files in an \dirname{archive} subdirectory of the repository
+path are used (even if uncompressed files are available as well).
+
+\htmlanchor{postinstall}
+\subsection{Post-install actions}
+\label{sec:postinstall}
+
+Some post-installation may be required.
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables for Unix}
+\label{sec:env}
+
+If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in
+section~\ref{sec:options}), then there is no need to edit environment
+variables. Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the binaries
+for your platform must be added to the search path. (On Windows, the
+installer takes care of this.)
+
+Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under
+\dirname{TEXDIR/bin}. See figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} for the list of
+subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
+
+Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories
+to their respective search paths, if you want the system tools to find
+them. The man pages might be found automatically after the addition to
+\envname{PATH}.
+
+For Bourne-compatible shells such as \prog{bash}, and using Intel x86
+GNU/Linux and the \TL\ default directory setup as an example, the file to edit
+might be \filename{$HOME/.profile} (or another file sourced by
+\filename{.profile}), and the lines to add would look like this:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH; export PATH
+MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
+INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically \filename{$HOME/.cshrc}, and
+the lines to add might look like:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
+setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
+setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+If you're not on an \code{x86\_64-linux} platform, use the appropriate
+platform name; similarly, if you didn't install in the default
+directory, change the directory name. The \TL\ installer reports the
+full lines to use at the end of installation.
+
+If you already have \envname{PATH} settings somewhere in your startup
+files, merge in the \TL\ directories as you see fit.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables: Global configuration}
+\label{sec:envglobal}
+
+If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to
+the system, then you are on your own; there is just too much variation
+between systems in how and where these things are configured.
+
+Our two hints are: 1)~you may want to check for a file
+\filename{/etc/manpath.config} and, if present, add lines such as
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux \
+ /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+And 2)~check for a file \filename{/etc/environment} which may define the
+search path and other default environment variables.
+
+In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named
+\code{man} to the directory \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/man}. Some \code{man}
+programs, such as the standard \macOS\ \code{man}, will automatically
+find that, obviating the need for any man page setup.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Internet updates after \DVD\ installation}
+\label{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}
+
+If you installed \TL\ from \DVD\ and then wish to get updates from the
+Internet, you need to run this command---\emph{after} you've updated
+your search path (as described in the previous section):
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr option repository https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet}
+\end{alltt}
+
+This tells \cmdname{tlmgr} to use a nearby \CTAN\ mirror for future updates.
+This is done by default when installing from \DVD, via the option
+described in section~\ref{sec:options}.
+
+If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can
+specify a particular \CTAN\ mirror from the list at
+\url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}. Use the exact path to the
+\dirname{tlnet} subdir on that mirror, as shown above.
+
+
+\htmlanchor{xetexfontconfig} % keep historical anchor working
+\htmlanchor{sysfontconfig}
+\subsubsection{System font configuration for \protect\XeTeX\protect\ and Lua\protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:font-conf-sys}
+
+\XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX\ can use any font installed on the system, not just
+those in the \TeX\ trees. Such system fonts (not part of \TL) are
+usually accessed by giving the font name, e.g., `\code{Liberation
+Serif}', although the system filename can also be used.
+
+A related issue is making the fonts from the \TL\ distribution available
+as system fonts, which will in turn make them available by font name.
+
+For Lua\TeX: for access by font name, nothing special need be done. All
+fonts in \TL\ should be equally accessible by either font name or
+filename to Lua\TeX, via the \pkgname{luaotfload} package, which
+supports both \LaTeX\ and plain \TeX. The \pkgname{luaotfload} font name
+index may need to be rebuilt for new fonts; this is triggered
+automatically when trying to load a font which isn't known yet.
+
+For \XeTeX: on Windows, fonts shipped with \TL\ are automatically made
+available (by running the \cmdname{fc-cache} program provided for
+Windows as part of \TL). For the Mac, you'll need to consult other
+documentation. For Unix systems other than \macOS, the procedure is the
+following.
+
+When the \pkgname{xetex} package is installed (either at initial
+installation or later), the necessary configuration file is created in
+\filename{TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf}. To make the
+\TL\ fonts available as system fonts,
+\begin{enumerate*}
+\item Copy that \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to (typically)
+\dirname{/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf}.
+\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fsv}.
+\end{enumerate*}
+
+If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above,
+or if you want to make the \TL{} fonts available to only one user,
+you can do the following:
+\begin{enumerate*}
+\item Copy the \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to (typically)
+ \filename{~/.fonts.conf.d/09-texlive.conf}, where \filename{~} is
+ your home directory.
+\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fv}.
+\end{enumerate*}
+
+You can run \code{fc-list} to see the names of the available system
+fonts. The incantation \code{fc-list : family style file spacing} (all
+those arguments are literal strings) shows some generally interesting
+information.
+
+
+\subsubsection{\protect\ConTeXt{} LMTX and MKIV}
+\label{sec:context}
+\label{sec:context-mkiv}
+
+Both the `old' \ConTeXt{} (Mark IV or MkIV) and the `new' \ConTeXt{}
+(LMTX or MkXL) should run out of the box after \TL{} installation,
+and should need no special attention as long as you stick to
+using \verb+tlmgr+ for updates.
+
+\ConTeXt{} does not use the Kpathsea library or the system \code{ls-R}
+files; instead, \ConTeXt{} maintains a per-user filename database for
+all known trees. Running \code{mktexlsr} won't update these databases
+directly, but \ConTeXt{} will automatically rebuild them the next time
+it runs. (The \TL-specific files \code{cont-sys.mkiv} and
+\code{cont-sys.mkxl} implement this.)
+
+If you ever want to manually rebuild these databases, run either or both of:
+\begin{sverbatim}
+mtxrun --generate # LMTX
+mtxrun --luatex --generate # MkIV
+\end{sverbatim}
+The resulting files are stored under \code{TEXMFCACHE},
+whose default value in \TL\ is \verb+TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR+.
+
+\ConTeXt\ will read from all paths mentioned in \verb+TEXMFCACHE+, and
+write to the first path that is writable. While reading, the last found
+match will take precedence in the case of duplicated cache data.
+
+For more information, see \url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net/LMTX}\\
+and \url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating local and personal macros}
+\label{sec:local-personal-macros}
+
+This is already mentioned implicitly in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}:
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} (by default,
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local} or
+\verb|%SystemDrive%\texlive\texmf-local| on Windows)
+is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros; and
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} (by default, \dirname{$HOME/texmf} or
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%\texmf|), is for personal fonts and macros. These
+directories are intended to stick around from release to release, and
+have their content seen automatically by a new \TL{} release.
+Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} to be too far away from the main \TL{} directory,
+or you will need to manually change future releases.
+
+For both trees, files should be placed in their proper \TeX\ Directory
+Structure (\TDS) subdirectories; see \url{https://tug.org/tds} or consult
+\filename{texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}. For instance, a \LaTeX{} class file or
+package should be placed in \dirname{TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex} or
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME/tex/latex}, or a subdirectory thereof.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} requires an up-to-date filename database, or files
+will not be found. You can update it with the command
+\cmdname{mktexlsr} or use the `Update filename database' button on the
+`Actions' tab of the \TL\ Manager \GUI.
+
+By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory,
+as shown. This is not a hard-and-fast requirement. If you need to
+easily switch back and forth between different versions of large
+packages, for example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own
+purposes. This is done by setting \dirname{TEXMFHOME} to the
+list of directories, within braces, separated by commas:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Section~\ref{sec:brace-expansion} describes brace expansion further.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating third-party fonts}
+
+This is unfortunately a messy topic for \TeX\ and pdf\TeX. Forget about
+it unless you want to delve into many details of the \TeX{}
+installation. Many fonts are included in \TL\ already, so take a look if
+you like; the web pages under \url{https://tug.org/FontCatalogue}
+display nearly all of the text fonts included in the main \TeX\
+distributions, categorized in various ways.
+
+If you do want to install your own fonts, see
+\url{https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html} for our best effort at
+describing the procedure.
+
+Also consider using \XeTeX\ or Lua\TeX\ (see
+section~\ref{sec:tex-extensions}), which let you use operating
+system fonts without any installation in \TeX. (But beware that using
+system fonts usually makes your document sources unusable by anyone in a
+different environment.)
+
+\subsection{Testing the installation}
+\label{sec:test-install}
+
+After installing \TL{}, you naturally want to test it out, so you can
+start creating beautiful documents and\slash or fonts.
+
+One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which
+to edit files. \TL{} installs \TeX{}works
+(\url{https://tug.org/texworks}) on Windows (only), and Mac\TeX\ installs
+TeXShop (\url{https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop}). On other Unix
+systems, it's left up to you to choose an editor. There are many
+choices available, some of which are listed in the next section; see
+also \url{https://tug.org/interest.html#editors}. Any plain text editor
+will work; something \TeX-specific is not required.
+
+The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that
+the new system is functional. We give Unix commands here; under
+\macOS{} and Windows, you're more likely to run the tests through a
+graphical interface, but the principles are the same.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+
+\item Make sure that you can run the \cmdname{tex} program in the first
+place:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tex -{}-version}
+TeX 3.14159265 (TeX Live ...)
+Copyright ... D.E. Knuth.
+...
+\end{alltt}
+If this comes back with `command not found' instead of version and
+copyright information, or with an older version, most likely you don't
+have the correct \dirname{bin} subdirectory in your \envname{PATH}. See
+the environment-setting information on \p.\pageref{sec:env}.
+
+\item Process a basic \LaTeX{} file, generating PDF:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{pdflatex sample2e.tex}
+This is pdfTeX 3.14...
+...
+Output written on sample2e.pdf (3 pages, 142120 bytes).
+Transcript written on sample2e.log.
+\end{alltt}
+If this fails to find \filename{sample2e.tex} or other files,
+you may have interference from old environment variables or
+configuration files; we recommend unsetting all \TeX-related environment
+variables for a start. (For a deep analysis, you can ask \TeX{} to
+report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see ``Debugging
+actions'' on page~\pageref{sec:debugging}.)
+
+\item Preview the PDF file, for example:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xpdf sample2e.pdf}
+\end{alltt}
+You should see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the
+basics of \LaTeX{}. (It's well worth reading, by the way, if you're new
+to \TeX.)
+
+Of course there are many other PDF viewers; on Unix systems,
+\cmdname{evince} and \cmdname{okular} are commonly used. For Windows, we
+recommend trying Sumatra PDF
+(\url{https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html}). No PDF
+viewers are included in \TL{}, so you must install whatever you want to
+use separately.
+
+\item Of course you can still generate \TeX's original \dvi{} format:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{latex sample2e.tex}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item And preview the \dvi{} online:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xdvi sample2e.dvi} # Unix
+> \Ucom{dviout sample2e.dvi} # Windows
+\end{alltt}
+You do have to be running under X for \cmdname{xdvi} to work; if
+you're not, or your \envname{DISPLAY} environment variable is set
+incorrectly, you'll get an error \samp{Can't open display}.
+
+\item To create a \PS{} file from the \dvi:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.ps}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Or to create PDF from the \dvi{}, an alternate path to using
+pdf\TeX\ (or Xe\TeX\ or Lua\TeX) which can be useful sometimes:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvipdfmx sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.pdf}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Other standard test files you may find useful in addition to
+\filename{sample2e.tex}:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [small2e.tex] A simpler document than \filename{sample2e}, to
+reduce the input size if you're having troubles.
+\item [testpage.tex] Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
+\item [nfssfont.tex] For printing font tables and tests.
+\item [testfont.tex] Also for font tables, but using plain \TeX{}.
+\item [story.tex] The most canonical (plain) \TeX{} test file of all.
+You must type \samp{\bs bye} to the \code{*} prompt after \samp{tex
+story.tex}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\item If you have installed the \filename{xetex} package, you can test
+its access to system fonts as follows:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xetex opentype-info.tex}
+This is XeTeX, Version 3.14\dots
+...
+Output written on opentype-info.pdf (1 page).
+Transcript written on opentype-info.log.
+\end{alltt}
+
+If you get an error message saying ``Invalid fontname `Latin Modern
+Roman/ICU'\dots'', then you need to configure your system so that the
+fonts shipped with \TL\ can be found. See
+section~\ref{sec:font-conf-sys}.
+
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\htmlanchor{uninstall}
+\subsection{Uninstalling \TL}
+\label{sec:uninstall}
+
+To uninstall \TL\ (after a successful installation; for Windows, see
+below):
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr uninstall --all}
+\end{alltt}
+
+You will be asked for confirmation, else nothing will be done.
+(Without \code{-{}-all}, the \code{uninstall} action is used to remove
+individual packages.)
+
+This does not remove user-specific directories, namely (see also
+section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}):
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [TEXMFCONFIG] This is intended for user configuration changes.
+If you want to preserve them, be sure you know how to recreate them
+before removing.
+
+\item [TEXMFVAR] This is intended to store automatically-generated
+runtime data, such as local format files. Unless you've used it for
+other purposes, it should be safe to remove.
+
+\item[TEXMFHOME] Contains only files you yourself installed, typically
+those not available in the distributions. Unless you are completely
+stopping using \TeX, or want to start over from scratch, you probably
+don't want to remove this.
+
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent You can find the directory paths for these variables by
+running \code{kpsewhich -var-value=\ttvar{var}}.
+
+This \prog{tlmgr} uninstallation also does not undo post-install
+actions, such as \envname{PATH} changes in your shell initialization
+files and system access to the fonts in \TL\ (see
+section~\ref{sec:postinstall}). You must manually reverse such actions,
+if desired.
+
+On Windows, uninstallation can be done through the \GUI; see
+section~\ref{sec:winfeatures}.
+
+
+\subsection{Links for additional downloadable software}
+
+If you are new to \TeX{}, or otherwise need help with actually writing
+\TeX{} or \LaTeX{} documents, please visit
+\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} for some introductory resources.
+
+Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Ghostscript] \url{https://ghostscript.com/}, a free PostScript and
+ PDF interpreter.
+\item[Perl] \url{https://perl.org/} with
+ supplementary packages from CPAN, \url{https://cpan.org/}.
+\item[ImageMagick] \url{https://imagemagick.org}, for graphics
+ processing and conversion.
+\item[NetPBM] \url{http://netpbm.sourceforge.net}, also for graphics.
+
+\item[\TeX-oriented editors] There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the
+ user's taste. Here is a selection in alphabetical order (a few
+ here are for Windows only).
+ \begin{itemize*}
+ \item \cmdname{GNU Emacs} is available for all major platforms; see
+ \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs}.
+ \item \cmdname{AUC\TeX} runs under Emacs; it's available through
+ Emacs' package manager \cmdname{ELPA}. Sources are also
+ available from CTAN. The AUC\TeX\ home page is
+ \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex}.
+ \item \cmdname{SciTE} is available from
+ \url{https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html}.
+ \item \cmdname{Texmaker} is free software, available from
+ \url{https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker}.
+ \item \cmdname{TeXstudio} started as a fork of
+ \cmdname{Texmaker} and given additional features; available from
+ \url{https://texstudio.org/}.
+ \item \cmdname{TeXnicCenter} is free software, available from
+ \url{https://www.texniccenter.org}.
+ \item \cmdname{TeXworks} is free software, available from
+ \url{https://tug.org/texworks} and installed as part of \TL\ for
+ Windows (only).
+ \item \cmdname{Vim} is free software, available from
+ \url{https://www.vim.org}.
+ \item \cmdname{WinEdt} is shareware available though
+ \url{https://tug.org/winedt} or \url{https://www.winedt.com}.
+ \item \cmdname{WinShell} is available from \url{https://www.winshell.de}.
+ \end{itemize*}
+\end{description}
+For a much longer list of packages and programs, see
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html}.
+
+
+\section{Specialized installations}
+
+The previous sections described the basic installation process. Here we
+turn to some specialized cases.
+
+\htmlanchor{tlsharedinstall}
+\subsection{Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations}
+\label{sec:sharedinstall}
+
+\TL{} has been designed to be shared between different systems on a
+network. With a standard directory layout, no hard paths are
+configured: the locations for files needed by \TL{} programs are
+found relative to the programs. You can see this in the principal
+configuration file
+\filename{$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf}, which contains lines such as
+\begin{sverbatim}
+TEXMFROOT = $SELFAUTOPARENT
+...
+TEXMFDIST = $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist
+...
+TEXMFLOCAL = $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local
+\end{sverbatim}
+This means that adding the directory for \TL{} executables for their
+platform to their search path is sufficient to get a working setup.
+
+By the same token, you can also install \TL{} locally and then move
+the entire hierarchy afterwards to a network location.
+
+For Windows, \TL{} includes a launcher \filename{tlaunch}. Its main
+window contains menu entries and buttons for various \TeX-related
+programs and documentation, customizable via an \code{ini} file. On
+first use, it replicates the usual Windows-specific post-install,
+\emph{i.e.}, search path modification and file associations, but only
+for the current user. Therefore, workstations with access to \TL{} on
+the local network only need a menu shortcut for the launcher. See the
+\code{tlaunch} manual (\code{texdoc tlaunch}, or
+\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch}).
+
+
+\htmlanchor{tlportable}
+\subsection{Portable (\USB{}) installations}
+\label{sec:portable-tl}
+
+The \code{-portable} installer option (or \code{V} command in the text
+installer or corresponding \GUI{} option) creates a completely
+self-contained \TL{} installation under a common root and forgoes system
+integration. You can create such an installation directly on a \USB{}
+stick, or copy it to a \USB{} stick afterwards.
+
+Technically, the portable installation is made self-contained by setting
+the default values of \envname{TEXMFHOME}, \envname{TEXMFVAR}, and
+\envname{TEXMFCONFIG} to be the same as \envname{TEXMFLOCAL},
+\envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} respectively; thus,
+per-user configuration and caches will not be created.
+
+To run \TeX\ using this portable installation, you need to add the
+appropriate binary directory to the search path during your terminal
+session, as usual.
+
+On Windows, you can double-click \filename{tl-tray-menu} at the root
+of the installation and create a temporary `tray menu' offering a
+choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this screenshot:
+
+\medskip
+\tlpng{tray-menu}{4cm}{Windows tray menu}
+\smallskip
+
+\noindent The `More\ldots' entry explains how you can customize this menu.
+
+
+%\htmlanchor{tlisoinstall}
+%\subsection{\ISO\ (or \DVD) installations}
+%\label{sec:isoinstall}
+%
+%If you don't need to update or otherwise modify your installation often,
+%and\slash or have several systems on which to use \TL{}, it may be
+%convenient to create an \ISO\ of your \TL{} installation, because:
+%
+%\begin{itemize}
+%\item Copying an \ISO\ between different computers is much
+% faster than copying a normal installation.
+%\item If you are dual-booting between different operating systems
+% and want them to share a \TL{} installation, an \ISO
+% installation is not tied to the idiosyncrasies and limitations of
+% other mutually supported filesystems (FAT32, NTFS,
+% HFS+).
+%\item Virtual machines can simply mount such an \ISO.
+%\end{itemize}
+%
+%Of course you can also burn an \ISO\ to \DVD, if that is useful for you.
+%
+%Desktop \GNU/Linux/Unix systems, including \macOS, are able to
+%mount an \ISO. Windows 8 is the first(!) Windows version which can
+%do this. Apart from that, nothing changes compared to a normal hard
+%disk installation, see section \ref{sec:env}.
+%
+%When preparing such an \ISO\ installation, it is best to omit the
+%subdirectory for the release year, and have
+%\filename{texmf-local} at the same level as the other trees
+%(\filename{texmf-dist}, \filename{texmf-var}, etc.). You can do this with
+%the normal directory options in the installer.
+%
+%For a physical (rather than virtual) Windows system, you can burn
+%the \ISO\ to DVD. However, it may be worth your while to
+%investigate free \ISO-mounting options such as WinCDEmu at
+%\url{http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/}.
+%
+%For Windows system integration, you can include the \filename{w32client}
+%scripts described in section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall} and at
+%\url{http://tug.org/texlive/w32client.html}, which work just as well for
+%an \ISO\ as for a network installation.
+%
+%On \macOS, TeXShop will be able to use the DVD
+%installation if a symlink \filename{/usr/texbin} points to the
+%appropriate binary directory, e.g.,
+%\begin{verbatim}
+%sudo ln -s /Volumes/MyTeXLive/bin/universal-darwin /usr/texbin
+%\end{verbatim}
+%
+%Historical note: \TL{} 2010 was the first \TL{} edition which was no
+%longer distributed `live'. However, it always required some acrobatics
+%to run from \DVD\ or \ISO; in particular, there was no way around
+%setting at least one extra environment variable. If you create your
+%\ISO\ from an existing installation then there is no need for this.
+
+
+\htmlanchor{tlmgr}
+\section{\cmdname{tlmgr}: Managing your installation}
+\label{sec:tlmgr}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\def\figdesc{\prog{tlshell} \GUI, showing the Actions menu (\GNU/Linux)}
+\tlpng{tlshell-linux}{\linewidth}{\figdesc}
+\caption{\figdesc}
+\label{fig:tlshell}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\def\figdesc{\prog{tlcockpit} \GUI{} for \prog{tlmgr}}
+\tlpng{tlcockpit-packages}{.8\linewidth}{\figdesc}
+\caption{\figdesc}
+\label{fig:tlcockpit}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\def\figdesc{Legacy \prog{tlmgr} \GUI\ mode: main window, after `Load'}
+\tlpng{tlmgr-gui}{\linewidth}{\figdesc}
+\caption{\figdesc}
+\label{fig:tlmgr-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+\TL{} includes a program named \prog{tlmgr} for managing \TL{} after the
+initial installation. Its capabilities include:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item installing, updating, backing up, restoring, and uninstalling
+ individual packages, optionally taking dependencies into account;
+\item searching for and listing packages and their descriptions;
+\item listing, adding, and removing platforms;
+\item changing installation options such as paper size and source
+ location (see section~\ref{sec:location}).
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\prog{tlmgr}'s functionality completely subsumes the \prog{texconfig}
+program. We still distribute and maintain \prog{texconfig} for the sake
+of anyone used to its interface, but we recommend using \prog{tlmgr}
+nowadays.
+
+\subsection{\GUI{} interfaces for \cmdname{tlmgr}}
+
+\TL{} contains several \GUI{} front-ends for \prog{tlmgr}. Two notable
+ones: (1)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlshell} shows \cmdname{tlshell}, which is
+written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows;
+(2)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlcockpit} shows \prog{tlcockpit}, which requires
+Java version~8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate packages.
+
+\prog{tlmgr} also has a native \GUI{} mode (shown in
+figure~\ref{fig:tlmgr-gui}), which is started with:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+However, this \GUI\ extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no
+longer included in \TL's Perl distribution for Windows.
+
+\subsection{Sample \cmdname{tlmgr} command-line invocations}
+
+After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest
+versions available with:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all}
+\end{alltt}
+If this makes you nervous, first try
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all -dry-run}
+\end{alltt}
+or (less verbose):
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -list}
+\end{alltt}
+
+This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine \XeTeX, from
+a local directory:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -repository /local/mirror/tlnet install collection-xetex}
+\end{alltt}
+It generates the following output (abridged):
+\begin{fverbatim}
+install: collection-xetex
+install: arabxetex
+...
+install: xetex
+install: xetexconfig
+install: xetex.i386-linux
+running post install action for xetex
+install: xetex-def
+...
+running mktexlsr
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/ls-R...
+...
+running fmtutil-sys --missing
+...
+Transcript written on xelatex.log.
+fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
+\end{fverbatim}
+
+As you can see, \prog{tlmgr} installs dependencies, and takes care of any
+necessary post-install actions, including updating the filename database
+and (re)generating formats. In the above, we generated new formats for
+\XeTeX.
+
+To describe a package (or collection or scheme):
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr show collection-latexextra}
+\end{alltt}
+which produces output like this:
+\begin{fverbatim}
+package: collection-latexextra
+category: Collection
+shortdesc: LaTeX supplementary packages
+longdesc: A very large collection of add-on packages for LaTeX.
+installed: Yes
+revision: 46963
+sizes: 657941k
+\end{fverbatim}
+
+Last and most important, for full documentation see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html}, or:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+
+\section{Notes on Windows}
+\label{sec:windows}
+
+\subsection{Windows-specific features}
+\label{sec:winfeatures}
+
+Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Menus and shortcuts.] A new `\TL{}' submenu of the Start menu
+ is installed. This contains entries for some \GUI{} programs, such
+ as \prog{tlshell} (a \GUI\ for \prog{tlmgr}) and \prog{dviout}, and some
+ entries for documentation.
+
+\item[File associations.] If enabled, \prog{TeXworks} and \prog{Dviout}
+ become either the default program for
+ their respective filetypes, or get an entry in the `Open with'
+ right-click menus of those filetypes. However,
+ higher-priority `User Choice' file associations, which can only be
+ specified interactively, can get in the way.
+
+\item[PostScript support.] For PostScript files, a PSviewer filetype
+ now converts PostScript to a temporary PDF, which is then
+ displayed by the default PDF viewer. Various bitmapped formats get
+ an entry \cmdname{bitmap2eps} in their `Open with' right-click
+ menu for converting to EPS, letting \cmdname{sam2p} or
+ \cmdname{bmeps} do the real work.
+
+\item[Automatic path adjustment.] No manual configuration steps are required.
+
+\item[Uninstaller.] The installer creates an entry for \TL, either
+ under `Add/Remove Programs' (admin installation) or under the
+ \TL\ menu (single-user installation).
+
+\item[Write-protect.] For an admin installation, the \TL\ directories are
+ write-protected, at least if \TL\ is installed on a normal
+ NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.
+\end{description}
+
+Also, have a look at \filename{tlaunch}, described in
+section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall}, for a different approach.
+
+\subsection{Additional software included on Windows}
+
+To be complete, a \TL{} installation needs support programs that are not
+commonly found on a Windows machine. \TL{} provides the missing pieces.
+These programs are all installed as part of \TL{} only on Windows.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript.] Because of the importance of Perl and
+ Ghostscript, and because the installer and tlshell \GUI{}s are written
+ in Tcl/Tk, \TL{} includes `hidden' copies of these programs. \TL{}
+ programs that need them know where to find them, but they don't betray
+ their presence through environment variables or registry settings.
+ They aren't full-scale installations (except for Ghostscript), and
+ shouldn't interfere with any system installations of Perl, Tcl/Tk or
+ Ghostscript. See subsection \ref{sec:externalwndws} how to tell \TL{} that
+ you want to use your own external installations for contributed
+ scripts within \TL.
+
+\item[dviout.] Also installed is \prog{dviout}, a DVI viewer.
+ At first, when you preview files with \cmdname{dviout}, it will create
+ fonts, because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you
+ will have created most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see
+ the font-creation window. More information can be found in the
+ (highly recommended) on-line help.
+
+\item[\TeX{}works.] \TeX{}works is a \TeX-oriented editor with
+ an integrated PDF viewer.
+
+\item[Command-line tools.] A number of Windows ports of common Unix
+ command-line programs are installed along with the usual \TL{}
+ binaries. These include \cmdname{gzip}, \cmdname{zip},
+ \cmdname{unzip}, and the utilities from the \cmdname{poppler} suite
+ (\cmdname{pdfinfo}, \cmdname{pdffonts}, \ldots).
+
+\item[fc-list, fc-cache, \ldots] The tools from the \pkgname{fontconfig}
+ library allow \XeTeX{} to find system fonts on Windows. You can use
+ \prog{fc-list} to determine the font names to pass to \XeTeX's
+ extended \cs{font} command. If necessary, run \prog{fc-cache} first to
+ update font information.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Using external Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript
+ installations}
+\label{sec:externalwndws}
+
+Normally, \TL{} will use its built-in Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript also
+for contributed scripts within \TL. If you wish to use your own external
+versions, then you can configure that in the \file{texmf.cnf} file
+\emph{in the root of the installation}.
+
+For Perl, you need to add a line
+\begin{verbatim}
+TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_TRY_EXTERNAL_PERL = 1
+\end{verbatim}
+\TL{} (specifically, \file{bin/windows/runscript.tlu}) will then search
+for \file{perl.exe} on the search path, except for scripts which belong
+to the \TL{} infrastructure. This is the most likely setting of the
+three to be useful; although the \TL{} Perl includes many additional
+modules, it cannot support all third-party scripts.
+
+Similarly, for Tcl/Tk you need a line
+\begin{verbatim}
+TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_TRY_EXTERNAL_TCL = 1
+\end{verbatim}
+\TL{} will then search for \file{tclkit.exe}, \file{wish.exe},
+\file{wish85.exe}, \file{wish86.exe} and \file{wish87.exe} on the
+searchpath.
+
+Ghostscript is handled differently, in that you need to specify the
+filename or the full path of your command-line Ghostscript:
+\begin{alltt}
+TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_EXTERNAL_GS = \var{path of command-line ghostscript}
+\end{alltt}
+Another difference is that the Ghostscript shipped with \TL\
+is complete, with only documentation and printer drivers omitted. So
+it's unlikely you'll have any need to override it.
+
+See also section \ref{sec:configfiles} about \file{texmf.cnf}.
+
+
+\subsection{User Profile is Home}
+\label{sec:winhome}
+
+The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%| directory. Under Windows Vista and later it is
+\verb|C:\Users\<username>|. In the
+\filename{texmf.cnf} file, and \KPS{} in general, \verb|~| will
+expand appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
+
+
+\subsection{The Windows registry}
+\label{sec:registry}
+
+Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry. The
+registry contains a set of hierarchically organized keys, with several
+root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
+\path{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} and \path{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE}, \path{HKCU} and
+\path{HKLM} in short. The \path{HKCU} part of the registry is in the
+user's home directory (see section~\ref{sec:winhome}). \path{HKLM} is
+normally in a subdirectory of the Windows directory.
+
+In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment
+variables but for other information, for example the location of
+shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry. Setting environment
+variables permanently also requires registry access.
+
+
+\subsection{Windows permissions}
+\label{sec:winpermissions}
+
+In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular
+users and administrators, where only the latter have free access to almost the
+entire operating system. We have made an effort to make \TL{}
+installable without administrative privileges.
+
+If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an
+option to install for all users. If this option is chosen, shortcuts
+are created for all users, and the system search path is
+modified. Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the
+current user, and the user search path is modified.
+
+Regardless of administrator status, the default root of \TL{} proposed
+by the installer is always under \verb|%SystemDrive%|. The installer
+always tests whether the root is writable for the current user.
+
+A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and \TeX{}
+already exists in the search path. Since the effective search path
+consists of the system search path followed by the user search path, the
+new \TL{} would never get precedence. As a fallback, the installer
+creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in which the new \TL{} binary
+directory is prepended to the local search path. The new \TL{} will be
+always usable from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for
+\TeX{}works, if installed, also prepends \TL{} to the search path, so it
+should also be immune to this path problem.
+
+You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you
+need to explicitly ask for administrator privileges. In fact, there is
+not much point in logging in as administrator. Instead, right-clicking
+on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a
+choice `Run as administrator'.
+
+
+\subsection{Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin}
+\label{sec:cygwin-maxmem}
+
+Windows and Cygwin (see section~\ref{sec:cygwin} for Cygwin installation
+specifics) users may find that they run out of memory when running some
+of the programs shipped with \TL. For example, \prog{asy} might run out
+of memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and
+Lua\TeX\ might run out of memory if you try to process a document with a
+lot of big fonts.
+
+For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following
+the instructions in the Cygwin User's Guide
+(\url{https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html}).
+
+For Windows, you have to create a file, say \code{moremem.reg}, with
+these four lines:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
+
+[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]
+"heap_chunk_in_mb"=dword:ffffff00
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+\noindent and then execute the command \code{regedit /s moremem.reg} as
+administrator. (If you want to change memory only for the current user
+instead of system-wide, use \code{HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER}.)
+
+
+\section{A user's guide to Web2C}
+
+\Webc{} is an integrated collection of \TeX-related programs: \TeX{}
+itself, \MF{}, \MP, \BibTeX{}, etc. It is the heart of \TL{}. The home
+page for \Webc{}, with the current manual and more, is
+\url{https://tug.org/web2c}.
+
+A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who,
+in 1987, developed a first \TeX{}-to-C system based on change files
+under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and
+Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and
+during this period the name changed to Web-to-C\@. In 1990, Karl Berry
+took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional contributors, and
+in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
+2006.
+
+The \Webc{} system runs on Unix, Windows, \macOS{}, and other operating
+systems. It uses Knuth's original sources for \TeX{} and other basic
+programs written in the \web{} literate programming system and
+translates them into C source code. The core \TeX{} programs handled in
+this way are:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+\item[bibtex] Maintaining bibliographies.
+\item[dvicopy] Expands virtual font references in \dvi{} files.
+\item[dvitomp] \dvi{} to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
+\item[dvitype] \dvi{} to human-readable text.
+\item[gftodvi] Generic font proofsheets.
+\item[gftopk] Generic to packed fonts.
+\item[gftype] GF to human-readable text.
+\item[mf] Creating typeface families.
+\item[mft] Prettyprinting \MF{} source.
+\item[mpost] Creating technical diagrams.
+\item[patgen] Creating hyphenation patterns.
+\item[pktogf] Packed to generic fonts.
+\item[pktype] PK to human-readable text.
+\item[pltotf] Plain text property list to TFM.
+\item[pooltype] Display \web{} pool files.
+\item[tangle] \web{} to Pascal.
+\item[tex] Typesetting.
+\item[tftopl] TFM to plain text property list.
+\item[vftovp] Virtual font to virtual property list.
+\item[vptovf] Virtual property list to virtual font.
+\item[weave] \web{} to \TeX.
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+\noindent The precise functions and syntax of these programs are
+described in the documentation of the individual packages and of \Webc{}
+itself. However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of
+programs will help you take advantage of your \Webc{} installation.
+
+All programs honor these standard \GNU options:
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-{}-help] print basic usage summary.
+\item[-{}-version] print version information, then exit.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+And most also honor:
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-{}-verbose] print detailed progress report.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+For locating files the \Webc{} programs use the path searching library
+\KPS{} (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}). This library uses a combination
+of environment variables and configuration files to optimize searching
+the (huge) collection of \TeX{} files. \Webc{} can look at many
+directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining \TeX's
+standard distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct
+trees. To speed up file searches, the root of each tree has a file
+\file{ls-R}, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname
+for all files under that root.
+
+
+\subsection{Kpathsea path searching}
+\label{sec:kpathsea}
+
+Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the \KPS{}
+library.
+
+We call a \emph{search path} a colon- or semicolon\hyph sepa\-rated list
+of \emph{path elements}, which are basically directory names. A
+search path can come from (a combination of) many sources. To look up
+a file \samp{my-file} along a path \samp{.:/dir}, \KPS{} checks each
+element of the path in turn: first \file{./my-file}, then
+\file{/dir/my-file}, returning the first match (or possibly all
+matches).
+
+In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems' conventions, on
+non-Unix systems \KPS{} can use filename separators different from
+colon (\samp{:}) and slash (\samp{/}).
+
+To check a particular path element \var{p}, \KPS{} first checks if a
+prebuilt database (see ``Filename data\-base'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:filename-database}) applies to \var{p}, i.e., if the
+database is in a directory that is a prefix of \var{p}. If so, the path
+specification is matched against the contents of the database.
+
+Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory
+name, \KPS{} supports additional features in search paths: layered
+default values, environment variable names, config file values, users'
+home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say
+that \KPS{} \emph{expands} a path element, meaning it transforms all
+the specifications into basic directory name or names. This is
+described in the following sections in the same order as it takes
+place.
+
+Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly
+relative, i.e., starts with \samp{/} or \samp{./} or \samp{../},
+\KPS{} simply checks if that file exists.
+
+\ifSingleColumn
+\else
+\begin{figure*}
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0pt}
+ \caption{An illustrative configuration file sample}
+ \label{fig:config-sample}
+\end{figure*}
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path sources}
+\label{sec:path-sources}
+
+A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which
+\KPS{} uses them:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+ A user-set environment variable, for instance, \envname{TEXINPUTS}\@.
+ Environment variables with a period and a program name appended
+ override; e.g., if \samp{latex} is the name of the program being run,
+ then \envname{TEXINPUTS.latex} will override \envname{TEXINPUTS}.
+\item
+ A program-specific configuration file, for exam\-ple, a line
+ \samp{S /a:/b} in \cmdname{dvips}'s \file{config.ps}.
+\item A \KPS{} configuration file \file{texmf.cnf}, containing a line like
+ \samp{TEXINPUTS=/c:/d} (see below).
+\item The compile-time default.
+\end{enumerate}
+\noindent You can see each of these values for a given search path by
+using the debugging options (see ``Debugging actions'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:debugging}).
+
+\subsubsection{Config files}
+\label{sec:configfiles}
+
+\KPS{} reads \emph{runtime configuration files} named \file{texmf.cnf}
+for search path and other definitions. The search path
+\envname{TEXMFCNF} is used to look for these files, but we do not
+recommend setting this (or any) environment variable to override the
+system directories.
+
+Instead, normal installation results in a file
+\file{.../2024/texmf.cnf}. If you must make changes to the defaults
+(not normally necessary), this is the place to put them. The main
+configuration file is in \file{.../2024/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}.
+You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost when
+the distributed version is updated.
+
+As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a
+particular search path, setting an environment variable is a reasonable
+method:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:
+\end{verbatim}
+To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a
+trailing \samp{:} (\samp{;} on Windows) to insert the system paths,
+instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see
+section~\ref{sec:default-expansion}). Another option is to use the
+\envname{TEXMFHOME} tree (see section~\ref{sec:directories}).
+
+\emph{All} \file{texmf.cnf} files in the search path will be read and
+definitions in earlier files override those in later files. For
+example, with a search path of \verb|.:$TEXMF|, values from
+\file{./texmf.cnf} override those from \verb|$TEXMF/texmf.cnf|.
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item
+ Comments start with \code{\%}, either at the beginning of a line or
+ preceded by whitespace, and continue to the end of the line.
+\item
+ Blank lines are ignored.
+\item
+ A \bs{} at the end of a line acts as a continuation character,
+ i.e., the next line is appended. Whitespace at the beginning of
+ continuation lines is not ignored.
+\item
+ Each remaining line has the form:\\
+ \hspace*{2em}\texttt{\var{variable} \textrm{[}.\var{progname}\textrm{]}
+ \textrm{[}=\textrm{]} \var{value}}\\[1pt]
+ where the \samp{=} and surrounding whitespace are optional.
+ (But if \var{value} begins with \samp{.}, it is simplest to use the
+ \samp{=} to avoid the period being interpreted as the program name
+ qualifier.)
+\item
+ The \ttvar{variable} name may contain any character other
+ than whitespace, \samp{=}, or \samp{.}, but sticking to
+ \samp{A-Za-z\_} is safest.
+\item
+ If \samp{.\var{progname}} is present, the definition only
+ applies if the program that is running is named
+ \texttt{\var{progname}} or \texttt{\var{progname}.exe}. This allows
+ different flavors of \TeX{} to have different search paths, for
+ example.
+\item Considered as strings, \var{value} may contain any character.
+ However, in practice most \file{texmf.cnf} values are related to path
+ expansion, and since various special characters are used in expansion
+ (see section~\ref{sec:cnf-special-chars}), such as braces and commas,
+ they cannot be used in directory names.
+
+ A \samp{;} in \var{value} is translated to \samp{:} if running under
+ Unix, in order to have a single \file{texmf.cnf} that can support both
+ Unix and Windows systems. This translation happens with any value, not
+ just search paths, but fortunately in practice \samp{;} is not needed
+ in other values.
+
+ The \code{\$\var{var}.\var{prog}} feature is not available on the
+ right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable.
+
+\item
+ All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so
+ variables can be referenced before they are defined.
+\end{itemize*}
+A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is
+\ifSingleColumn
+shown below:
+
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\else
+shown in figure~\ref{fig:config-sample}.
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path expansion}
+\label{sec:path-expansion}
+
+\KPS{} recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
+search paths, similar to those available in Unix shells. As a
+general example, the path
+\verb+~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz+, expands to all subdirectories under
+directories \file{foo} and \file{bar} in \texttt{\$USER}'s home
+directory that contain a directory or file \file{baz}. These
+expansions are explained in the sections below.
+%$
+\subsubsection{Default expansion}
+\label{sec:default-expansion}
+
+If the highest-priority search path (see ``Path sources'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:path-sources}) contains an \emph{extra colon} (i.e.,
+leading, trailing, or doubled), \KPS{} inserts at that point the
+next-highest-prio\-rity search path that is defined. If that inserted
+path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest. For
+example, given an environment variable setting
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:}
+\end{alltt}
+and a \code{TEXINPUTS} value from \file{texmf.cnf} of
+
+\begin{alltt}
+ .:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+then the final value used for searching will be:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+ /home/karl:.:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+
+Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one
+place, \KPS{} changes only one extra \samp{:}\ and leaves any others in
+place. It checks first for a leading \samp{:}, then a trailing
+\samp{:}, then a doubled \samp{:}.
+
+\subsubsection{Brace expansion}
+\label{sec:brace-expansion}
+
+A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance,
+\verb+v{a,b}w+ expands to \verb+vaw:vbw+. Nesting is allowed.
+This is used to implement multiple \TeX{} hierarchies, by
+assigning a brace list to \code{\$TEXMF}.
+In the distributed \file{texmf.cnf}, a definition like this
+(simplified for this example) is made:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}
+\end{verbatim}
+We then use this to define, for example, the \TeX\ input path:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{verbatim}
+%$
+which means that, after looking in the current directory, the
+\code{\$TEXMFVAR/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFHOME/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFLOCAL/tex}
+and \code{\$TEXMFDIST/tex} trees will be searched (the
+last two using \file{ls-R} data base files).
+
+\subsubsection{Subdirectory expansion}
+\label{sec:subdirectory-expansion}
+
+Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
+\var{d} is replaced by all subdirectories of \var{d\/}: first those
+subdirectories directly under \var{d}, then the subsubdirectories under
+those, and so on. At each level, the order in which the directories are
+searched is \emph{unspecified}.
+
+If you specify any filename components after the \samp{//}, only
+subdirectories with matching components are included. For example,
+\samp{/a//b} expands into directories \file{/a/1/b}, \file{/a/2/b},
+\file{/a/1/1/b}, and so on, but not \file{/a/b/c} or \file{/a/1}.
+
+Multiple \samp{//} constructs in a path are possible, but
+\samp{//} at the beginning of a path is ignored.
+
+\subsubsection{Summary of special characters in \file{texmf.cnf} files}
+\label{sec:cnf-special-chars}
+
+The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in
+\KPS{} configuration files.
+
+% need a wider space for the item labels here.
+\newcommand{\CODE}[1]{\makebox[3em][l]{\code{#1}}}
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\CODE{:}] Separator in path specification; at the beginning or
+ the end of a path, or doubled in the middle, it substitutes the
+ default path expansion.\par
+\item[\CODE{;}] Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like \code{:}).
+\item[\CODE{\$}] Variable expansion.
+\item[\CODE{\string~}] Represents the user's home directory.
+\item[\CODE{\char`\{...\char`\}}] Brace expansion.
+\item[\CODE{,}] Separates items in brace expansion.
+\item[\CODE{//}] Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in
+ a path, except at its beginning).
+\item[\CODE{\%{\rm\ and }\#}] Start of comment.
+\item[\CODE{\bs}] At the end of a line, continuation character to allow
+ multi-line entries.
+\item[\CODE{!!}] Search \emph{only} database to locate file, \emph{do
+ not} search the disk.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself
+depends on the context in which it is used. The rules are inherent in
+the multiple levels of interpretation of the configuration (parsing,
+expansion, search, \ldots)\ and so cannot be concisely stated,
+unfortunately. There is no general escape mechanism; in particular,
+\samp{\bs} is not an ``escape character'' in \file{texmf.cnf} files.
+
+When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to
+avoid them all.
+
+\subsection{Filename databases}
+\label{sec:filename-database}
+
+\KPS{} goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches.
+Nevertheless, in the standard \TL, or at any installation with enough
+directories, searching every possible directory for a given file will
+take an excessively long time. Therefore, \KPS{} can use an
+externally-built plain text ``database'' file named \file{ls-R} that
+maps files to directories, thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search
+the disk.
+
+A second database file \file{aliases} allows you to give additional
+names to the files listed in \file{ls-R}.
+
+\subsubsection{The filename database}
+\label{sec:ls-R}
+
+As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be
+\file{ls-R}. You can put one at the root of each \TeX{} hierarchy in
+your installation that you wish to be searched (\code{\$TEXMF} by
+default). \KPS{} looks for
+\file{ls-R} files along the \code{TEXMFDBS} path.
+
+The recommended way to create and maintain \samp{ls-R} is to run the
+\code{mktexlsr} script included with the distribution. It is invoked
+by the various \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts. In principle, this script
+just runs the command
+\begin{alltt}
+cd \var{/your/texmf/root} && \path|\|ls -1LAR ./ >ls-R
+\end{alltt}
+presuming your system's \code{ls} produces the right output format
+(\GNU \code{ls} is all right). To ensure that the database is
+always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via
+\code{cron}, so that it is automatically updated when the installed
+files change, such as after installing or updating a \LaTeX{} package.
+
+If a file is not found in the database, by default \KPS{} goes ahead
+and searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with
+\samp{!!}, however, \emph{only} the database will be searched for that
+element, never the disk.
+
+
+\subsubsection{kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}
+\label{sec:invoking-kpsewhich}
+
+The \texttt{kpsewhich} program exercises path searching independent of any
+particular application. This can be useful as a sort of \code{find}
+program to locate files in \TeX{} hierarchies (this is used heavily in
+the distributed \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts).
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich \var{option}\dots{} \var{filename}\dots{}}
+\end{alltt}
+The options specified in \ttvar{option} start with either \samp{-}
+or \samp{-{}-}, and any unambiguous abbreviation is accepted.
+
+\KPS{} looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
+filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
+return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
+\samp{find} utility for that).
+
+The most common options are described next.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{-{}-dpi=\var{num}}]\mbox{}
+ Set the resolution to \ttvar{num}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+ and \samp{pk} lookups. \samp{-D} is a synonym, for compatibility
+ with \cmdname{dvips}. Default is 600.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-format=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+ Set the format for lookup to \ttvar{name}. By default, the
+ format is guessed from the filename. For formats which do not have
+ an associated unambiguous suffix, such as \MP{} support files and
+ \cmdname{dvips} configuration files, you have to specify the name as
+ known to \KPS{}, such as \texttt{tex} or \texttt{enc files}. Run
+ \texttt{kpsewhich -{}-help-formats} for a list.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-mode=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+ Set the mode name to \ttvar{string}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+ and \samp{pk} lookups. No default: any mode will be found.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-must-exist}]\mbox{}\\
+ Do everything possible to find the files, notably including
+ searching the disk. By default, only the \file{ls-R} database is
+ checked, in the interest of efficiency.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-path=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+ Search along the path \ttvar{string} (colon-separated as usual),
+ instead of guessing the search path from the filename. \samp{//} and
+ all the usual expansions are supported. The options \samp{-{}-path}
+ and \samp{-{}-format} are mutually exclusive.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-progname=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+ Set the program name to \texttt{\var{name}}.
+ This can affect the search paths via the \texttt{.\var{progname}}
+ feature.
+ The default is \cmdname{kpsewhich}.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-show-path=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+ shows the path used for file lookups of file type \texttt{\var{name}}.
+ Either a filename extension (\code{.pk}, \code{.vf}, etc.) or a
+ name can be used, just as with \samp{-{}-format} option.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-debug=\var{num}}]\mbox{}\\
+ sets the debugging options to \texttt{\var{num}}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Examples of use}
+\label{sec:examples-of-use}
+
+Let us now have a look at \KPS{} in action. Here's a straightforward search:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich article.cls}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
+\end{alltt}
+We are looking for the file \file{article.cls}. Since the \samp{.cls}
+suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that we want to look for a
+file of type \optname{tex} (\TeX{} source file directories). We find it in
+the subdirectory \file{tex/latex/base} below the \samp{texmf-dist} \TL\
+directory. Similarly, all of the following are found without problems
+thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich array.sty}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich latin1.def}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich size10.clo}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich small2e.tex}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tugboat.bib}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib
+\end{alltt}
+
+By the way, that last is a \BibTeX{} bibliography database for
+\textsl{TUGboat} articles.
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich cmr10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+Font bitmap glyph files of type \file{.pk} are used by display
+programs like \cmdname{dvips} and \cmdname{xdvi}. Nothing is returned in
+this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern \samp{.pk}
+files in \TL{}\Dash the Type~1 variants are used by default.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich wsuipa10.pk}
+\ifSingleColumn /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\else /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/
+... wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\fi\end{alltt}
+For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington)
+we had to generate \samp{.pk} files, and since the default \MF{} mode on
+our installation is \texttt{ljfour} with a base resolution of 600\dpi{}
+(dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich -dpi=300 wsuipa10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution
+of 300\dpi{} (\texttt{-dpi=300}) we see that no such font is available on
+the system. A program like \cmdname{dvips} or \cmdname{xdvi} would
+go off and actually build the required \texttt{.pk} files
+using the script \cmdname{mktexpk}.
+
+Next we turn our attention to \cmdname{dvips}'s header and configuration
+files. We first look at one of the commonly used files, the general
+prologue \file{tex.pro} for \TeX{} support, before turning our attention
+to the generic configuration file (\file{config.ps}) and the \PS{} font
+map \file{psfonts.map}\Dash as of 2004, map and encoding files have
+their own search paths and new location in \dirname{texmf} trees. As
+the \samp{.ps} suffix is ambiguous we have to specify explicitly which
+type we are considering (\optname{dvips config}) for the file
+\texttt{config.ps}.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tex.pro}
+ /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.ps}
+ /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich psfonts.map}
+ /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map
+\end{alltt}
+
+We now take a closer look at the URW Times \PS{} support
+files. The prefix for these in the standard font naming scheme is
+\samp{utm}. The first file we look at is the configuration file,
+which contains the name of the map file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.utm}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm
+\end{alltt}
+The contents of that file is
+\begin{alltt}
+ p +utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+which points to the file \file{utm.map}, which we want to
+locate next.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utm.map}
+ /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+This map file defines the file names of the Type~1 \PS{} fonts in
+the URW collection. Its contents look like (we only show part of the
+lines):
+\begin{alltt}
+utmb8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmbi8r NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal... <utmbi8a.pfb
+utmr8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu ... <utmr8a.pfb
+utmri8r NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal... <utmri8a.pfb
+utmbo8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmro8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu ... <utmr8a.pfb
+\end{alltt}
+Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance
+\file{utmr8a.pfb} and find its position in the \file{texmf} directory
+tree with a search for Type~1 font files:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utmr8a.pfb}
+\ifSingleColumn /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb
+\else /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/
+... urw/utm/utmr8a.pfb
+\fi\end{alltt}
+
+It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the
+whereabouts of a given file. This is especially important if you suspect
+that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since
+\cmdname{kpsewhich} will show you the first file encountered.
+
+\subsubsection{Debugging actions}
+\label{sec:debugging}
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file
+references. To make this practical, \KPS{} offers various levels of
+debugging output:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{\ 1}] \texttt{stat} calls (disk lookups). When running
+ with an up-to-date \file{ls-R} database this should almost give no
+ output.
+\item[\texttt{\ 2}] References to hash tables (such as \file{ls-R}
+ databases, map files, configuration files).
+\item[\texttt{\ 4}] File open and close operations.
+\item[\texttt{\ 8}] General path information for file types
+ searched by \KPS. This is useful to find out where a particular
+ path for the file was defined.
+\item[\texttt{16}] Directory list for each path element (only relevant
+ for searches on disk).
+\item[\texttt{32}] File searches.
+\item[\texttt{64}] Variable values.
+\end{ttdescription}
+A value of \texttt{-1} will set all the above options; in practice,
+this is usually the most convenient.
+
+Similarly, with the \cmdname{dvips} program, by setting a combination of
+debug switches, one can follow in detail where files are being picked up
+from. Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
+which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can
+get an indication what the problem~is.
+
+Generally speaking, as most programs call the \KPS{} library
+internally, one can select a debug option by using the
+\envname{KPATHSEA\_DEBUG} environment variable, and setting it to (a
+combination of) values as described in the above list.
+
+(Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect
+all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic purposes
+you can temporarily \texttt{SET KPATHSEA\_DEBUG\_OUTPUT=err.log}).
+
+Let us consider, as an example, a small \LaTeX{} source file,
+\file{hello-world.tex}, which contains the following input.
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \documentclass{article}
+ \begin{document}
+ Hello World!
+ \end{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+This little file only uses the font \file{cmr10}, so let us look at
+how \cmdname{dvips} prepares the \PS{} file (we want to use the Type~1
+version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option \texttt{-Pcms}).
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips -d4100 hello-world -Pcms -o}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case we have combined \cmdname{dvips}'s debug class 4 (font
+paths) with \KPS's path element expansion (see the \cmdname{dvips}
+reference manual).
+The output (slightly rearranged) appears in
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbga}.
+\begin{figure*}[tp]
+\centering
+\input{examples/ex6a.tex}
+\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}
+\end{figure*}
+
+\cmdname{dvips} starts by locating its working files. First,
+\file{texmf.cnf} is found, which gives the definitions of the search
+paths for the other files, then the file database \file{ls-R} (to
+optimize file searching) and the file \file{aliases}, which makes it
+possible to declare several names (e.g., a short DOS-like 8.3 and
+a more natural longer version) for the same file. Then \cmdname{dvips}
+goes on to find the generic configuration file \file{config.ps}
+before looking for the customization file \file{.dvipsrc} (which, in
+this case is \emph{not found}). Finally, \cmdname{dvips} locates the
+config file for the Computer Modern \PS{} fonts \file{config.cms}
+(this was initiated with the \texttt{-Pcms} option on the \cmdname{dvips}
+command). This file contains the list of the map files which
+define the relation between the \TeX{}, \PS{} and file system
+names of the fonts.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{more /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms}
+ p +ams.map
+ p +cms.map
+ p +cmbkm.map
+ p +amsbkm.map
+\end{alltt}
+\cmdname{dvips} thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic
+map file \file{psfonts.map}, which is always loaded (it contains
+declarations for commonly used \PS{} fonts; see the last part of
+section~\ref{sec:examples-of-use} for more details about \PS{} map
+file handling).
+
+At this point \cmdname{dvips} identifies itself to the user:
+\begin{alltt}
+This is dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software
+\end{alltt}
+\ifSingleColumn
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro}:
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
+\end{alltt}
+\else
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro} (see
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbgb}).
+\fi
+
+After having found the file in question, \cmdname{dvips} outputs
+the date and time, and informs us that it will generate the
+file \file{hello-world.ps}, then that it needs the font file
+\file{cmr10}, and that the latter is declared as ``resident'' (no
+bitmaps needed):
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TeX output 1998.02.26:1204' -> hello-world.ps
+Defining font () cmr10 at 10.0pt
+Font cmr10 <CMR10> is resident.
+\end{alltt}
+Now the search is on for the file \file{cmr10.tfm}, which is found,
+then a few more prolog files (not shown) are referenced, and finally
+the Type~1 instance \file{cmr10.pfb} of the font is located and
+included in the output file (see last line).
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
+ /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
+kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ ...
+<texps.pro>
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+ path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+ ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
+<cmr10.pfb>[1]
+\end{alltt}
+
+\subsection{Runtime options}
+
+Another useful feature of \Webc{} is its possibility to control a number
+of memory parameters (in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file
+\file{texmf.cnf} read by \KPS{}. The memory settings can be found in
+Part~3 of that file in the \TL{} distribution. The more important
+are:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{main\_memory}]
+ Total words of memory available, for
+ \TeX{}, \MF{} and \MP. You must make a new format file for each
+ different setting. For instance, you could generate a ``huge''
+ version of \TeX{}, and call the format file \texttt{hugetex.fmt}.
+ Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by \KPS{},
+ the particular value of the \texttt{main\_memory} variable will then
+ be read from \file{texmf.cnf}.
+\item[\texttt{extra\_mem\_bot}]
+ Extra space for ``large'' \TeX{} data structures:
+ boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc. Especially useful if you use
+ \PiCTeX{}.
+\item[\texttt{font\_mem\_size}]
+ Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
+ is more or less the total size of all TFM files read.
+\item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
+ Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names; its
+ default value is \texttt{600000}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
+arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely difficult to
+implement in the present \TeX{} source, these runtime parameters provide
+a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.
+
+\htmlanchor{texmfdotdir}
+\subsection{\texttt{\$TEXMFDOTDIR}}
+\label{sec:texmfdotdir}
+
+In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with
+\code{.} (to search the current directory first), as in
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{alltt}
+
+This is a simplification. The \code{texmf.cnf} file we distribute in
+\TL{} uses \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of just \samp{.}, as in:
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{alltt}
+(In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more
+complicated than \filename{$TEXMF/tex//}. But that's minor; here we want
+to discuss the \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} feature.)
+
+The reason to use the variable \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} in the path
+definitions instead of simply \samp{.} is purely so that it can be
+overridden. For example, a complex document may have many source files
+arranged in many subdirectories. To handle that, you can set
+\filename{TEXMFDOTDIR} to \filename{.//} (for example, in the environment when
+you build the document) and they will all get searched. (Warning: don't
+use \filename{.//} by default; it's usually highly undesirable, and
+potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an
+arbitrary document.)
+
+As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at
+all, e.g., if you have arranged for all the files to be found via
+explicit paths. You can set \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} to, say,
+\filename{/nonesuch} or any nonexistent directory for this.
+
+The default value of \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} is just \samp{.}, as set in our
+\filename{texmf.cnf}.
+
+\htmlanchor{ack}
+\section{Acknowledgements}
+
+\TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
+This edition of \TL{} was overseen by Karl Berry. The other principal
+contributors, past and present, are listed below.
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item The English, German, Dutch, and Polish \TeX{} user groups
+(TUG, DANTE e.V., NTG, and GUST,
+respectively), which provide the necessary technical and administrative
+infrastructure. Please join the \TeX\ user group near you! (See
+\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}.)
+
+\item The CTAN team (\url{https://ctan.org}), which distributes
+the \TL{} images and provides the common infrastructure for package
+updates, upon which \TL{} depends.
+
+\item Nelson Beebe, for making many platforms available to \TL\
+developers, and his own comprehensive testing and unparalleled
+bibliographic efforts.
+
+\item John Bowman, for making many changes to his advanced graphics
+program Asymptote to make it work in \TL.
+
+\item Peter Breitenlohner and the \eTeX\ team for the stable foundation
+of future \TeX's, and Peter specifically for years of stellar help with
+\GNU\ autotools and keeping sources up to date. Peter passed away in
+October 2015, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Jin-Hwan Cho and all of the DVIPDFM$x$ team, for their
+excellent driver and responsiveness to configuration issues.
+
+\item Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous \teTeX{} package \TL{}
+would have never existed.
+
+\item Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.
+
+\item Eitan Gurari, whose \TeX4ht is used to create the \HTML{}
+version of this documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve it
+at short notice, every year. Eitan prematurely passed away in June
+2009, and we dedicate this documentation to his memory.
+
+\item Hans Hagen, for much testing and making his \ConTeXt\ package
+(\url{https://pragma-ade.com}) work within \TL's framework, and
+continually driving \TeX\ development.
+
+\item \Thanh, Martin Schr\"oder, and the pdf\TeX\ team
+(\url{http://pdftex.org}), for continuing enhancements of \TeX's
+abilities.
+
+\item Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to
+pdf\TeX, Lua\TeX, and more.
+
+\item Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing work on DVIPDFM$x$.
+
+\item Taco Hoekwater, for major renewed development efforts on MetaPost and
+(Lua)\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) itself, incorporating
+\ConTeXt\ into \TL, giving Kpathsea multi-threaded functionality, and
+much more.
+
+\item Khaled Hosny, for substantial work on \XeTeX, DVIPDFM$x$, and
+efforts with Arabic and other fonts.
+
+\item Pawe{\l} Jackowski, for the Windows installer \cmdname{tlpm},
+and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}, used in past releases.
+
+\item Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows
+binaries from his W32TEX and W64TEX distributions for Japanese \TeX\
+(\url{http://w32tex.org}), and many other development contributions.
+
+\item Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable \XeTeX{} engine and
+taking the time and trouble to integrate it in \TL{}, as well as the
+initial version of the Mac\TeX\ installer, and also for our recommended
+front-end \TeX{}works.
+
+\item Hironori Kitagawa, for maintenance of (e)p\TeX\ and related support.
+
+\item Dick Koch, for maintaining Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex})
+in very close tandem with \TL{}, and for his great good cheer in doing
+so.
+
+\item Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, as well as Windows research efforts, the
+\texttt{getnonfreefonts} script, and more.
+
+\item Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, especially on Windows, and for the bulk of
+work updating this manual describing those features.
+
+\item Clerk Ma, for engine bug fixes and extensions.
+
+\item Mojca Miklavec, for much help with \ConTeXt, building many binary
+sets, and plenty more.
+
+\item Heiko Oberdiek, for the \pkgname{epstopdf} package and many
+others, compressing the huge \pkgname{pst-geo} data files so we could
+include them, and most of all, for his remarkable work on
+\pkgname{hyperref}.
+
+\item Phelype Oleinik, for the group-delimited \cs{input} across engines
+in 2020, and more.
+
+\item Petr Ol\v{s}ak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak
+material very carefully.
+
+\item Toshio Oshima, for his \cmdname{dviout} previewer for Windows.
+
+\item Manuel P\'egouri\'e-Gonnard, for helping with package updates,
+documentation improvements, and \cmdname{texdoc} development.
+
+\item Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in \TL{} and
+work on the French documentation.
+
+\item Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the current \TL{}
+infrastructure and installer, and also for coordinating the Debian
+version of \TL{} (together with Frank K\"uster), and doing so much work
+along the way.
+
+\item Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating \TL{} and maintaining it
+for many years. Sebastian passed away in March 2016, and we dedicate
+the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, Lua\TeX, and
+much more.
+
+\item Andreas Scherer, for \texttt{cwebbin}, the CWEB implementation
+used in \TL{}, and continuing maintenance of the original CWEB.
+
+\item Takuji Tanaka, for maintenance of (e)(u)p\TeX\ and related support.
+
+\item Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
+
+\item Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other
+maintenance issues, and especially for making it feasible to include
+\cmdname{xindy}.
+
+\item Staszek Wawrykiewicz, a principal tester for all of \TL{},
+and coordinator of the many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows
+installation, and more. Staszek passed away in February 2018, and we
+dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of \Webc\ in past years.
+
+\item Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original \macOS\
+support.
+
+\item Graham Williams, the originator of the \TeX\ Catalogue.
+
+\item Joseph Wright, for much work on making the same primitive
+functionality available across engines.
+
+\item Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on p\TeX\ and related support.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Builders of the binaries:
+Marc Baudoin (\pkgname{amd64-netbsd}, \pkgname{i386-netbsd}),
+Ken Brown (\pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin}),
+Akira Kakuto (\pkgname{windows}),
+Dick Koch (\pkgname{universal-darwin}),
+Mojca Miklavec (\pkgname{x86\_64-darwinlegacy}),
+Norbert Preining (%
+ \pkgname{aarch64-linux},
+ \pkgname{armhf-linux},
+ \pkgname{i386-freebsd}, \pkgname{amd64-freebsd},
+ \pkgname{i386-linux}, \pkgname{x86\_64-linux},
+ \pkgname{i386-solaris}, \pkgname{x86\_64-solaris},
+ \pkgname{x86\_64-linuxmusl}).
+For information on the \TL{} build process, see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/build.html}.
+
+Translators of this manual:
+Takuto Asakura (Japanese),
+Denis Bitouz\'e \& Patrick Bideault (French),
+Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish),
+Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, \& Helin Gai (Chinese),
+Nikola Le\v{c}i\'c (Serbian),
+Marco Pallante \& Carla Maggi (Italian),
+Petr Sojka \& Jan Busa (Czech\slash Slovak),
+Boris Veytsman \& Vladimir Lomov (Russian),
+Uwe Ziegenhagen (German). The \TL{} documentation web page
+is \url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html}.
+
+Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth,
+first for inventing \TeX, and then for giving it to the world.
+
+
+\section{Release history}
+\label{sec:history}
+
+\subsection{Past}
+
+Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch \TeX{} Users Group was
+starting work on its 4All\TeX{} \CD{} for MS-DOS users, and it
+was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, \CD{} for all
+systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn
+not only the very successful 4All\TeX{} \CD{}, but also the TUG
+Technical Council working group on a \emph{\TeX{} Directory Structure}
+(\url{https://tug.org/tds}), which specified how to create consistent and
+manageable collections of \TeX{} support files. A complete draft of the
+\TDS{} was published in the December 1995 issue of \textsl{TUGboat}, and
+it was clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a
+model structure on \CD{}. The distribution you now have is a very direct
+result of the working group's deliberations. It was also clear that the
+success of the 4All\TeX{} \CD{} showed that Unix users would benefit
+from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of
+\TL.
+
+We first undertook to make a new Unix-based \TDS{} \CD{} in the autumn
+of 1995, and quickly identified Thomas Esser's \teTeX{} as the ideal
+setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
+portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work
+began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in
+May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release
+of Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had
+added in \teTeX, and we decided to base the 2nd edition of the \CD{} on
+the standard \Webc, with the addition of \teTeX's \texttt{texconfig}
+script. The 3rd edition of the \CD{} was based on a major revision of
+\Webc, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of \teTeX
+was being made, and \TL{} included almost all of its features. The
+4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of \teTeX,
+and a new release of \Webc{} (7.3). The system now included a complete
+Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice Popineau.
+
+For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the \CD{} were revised
+and checked, updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored
+in XML files. But the major change for \TL~5 was that all
+non-free software was removed. Everything in \TL{} is now intended
+to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
+(\url{https://debian.org/intro/free}); we have done our best to check
+the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much
+appreciate hearing of any mistakes.
+
+The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major
+change was a new install concept: the user could select a more exact set
+of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
+reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts,
+etc., but also prepares an appropriate \texttt{language.dat}.
+
+The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of \macOS{} support,
+and the usual myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and
+programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with
+\teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions~5 and~6.
+
+\subsubsection{2003}
+
+In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found
+that \TL{} had grown so large it could no longer be contained on a
+single \CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see
+section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, \p.\pageref{sec:tl-coll-dists}). In
+addition:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item At the request of the \LaTeX{} team, we changed the standard
+ \cmdname{latex} and \cmdname{pdflatex} commands to now use \eTeX{} (see
+ \p.\pageref{text:etex}).
+\item The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
+\item Support for Alpha OSF was removed
+ (HPUX support was removed previously), since no one had (or
+ volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
+\item Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time
+ an integrated environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
+\item Important supplementary programs for Windows
+ (Perl, Ghost\-script, Image\-Magick, Ispell) are now installed
+ in the \TL{} installation directory.
+\item Font map files used by \cmdname{dvips}, \cmdname{dvipdfm}
+ and \cmdname{pdftex} are now generated by the new program
+ \cmdname{updmap} and installed into \dirname{texmf/fonts/map}.
+\item \TeX{}, \MF{}, and \MP{} now, by default, output most input
+ characters (32 and above) as themselves in output (e.g.,
+ \verb|\write|) files,
+ log files, and the terminal, i.e., \emph{not} translated using the
+ \verb|^^| notation. In \TL{}~7, this translation was
+ dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do
+ not influence the \TeX{} programs' behavior. If for some reason
+ you need the \verb|^^| output, rename the file
+ \verb|texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx|. (Future releases will have cleaner
+ ways to control this.)
+\item This documentation was substantially revised.
+\item Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy,
+ the version is now simply identified by the year: \TL{} 2003.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2004}
+
+2004 saw many changes:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own
+\filename{.map} or (much less likely) \filename{.enc} support files, you
+may need to move those support files.
+
+\filename{.map} files are now searched for in subdirectories of
+\dirname{fonts/map} only (in each \filename{texmf} tree), along the
+\envname{TEXFONTMAPS} path. Similarly, \filename{.enc} files are now
+searched for in subdirectories of \dirname{fonts/enc} only, along the
+\envname{ENCFONTS} path. \cmdname{updmap} will attempt to warn about
+problematic files.
+
+For methods of handling this and other information, please see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html}.
+
+\item The \TK\ has been expanded with the addition of a \MIKTEX-based
+installable \CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C.
+See section~\ref{sec:overview-tl} (\p.\pageref{sec:overview-tl}).
+
+\item Within \TL, the single large \dirname{texmf} tree of previous
+releases has been replaced by three: \dirname{texmf},
+\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{texmf-doc}. See
+section~\ref{sec:tld} (\p.\pageref{sec:tld}), and the \filename{README}
+files for each.
+
+\item All \TeX-related input files are now collected in
+the \dirname{tex} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, rather than
+having separate sibling directories \dirname{tex}, \dirname{etex},
+\dirname{pdftex}, \dirname{pdfetex}, etc. See
+\CDref{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}
+{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}}.
+
+\item Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located
+in a new \dirname{scripts} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, and
+can be searched for via \verb|kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts|. So if you have
+programs which call such scripts, they'll need to be adjusted. See
+\url{https://tug.org/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}.
+
+\item Almost all formats leave most characters printable as
+themselves via the ``translation file'' \filename{cp227.tcx}, instead of
+translating them with the \verb|^^| notation. Specifically, characters
+at positions 32--256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are
+considered printable and not translated. The exceptions are plain \TeX\
+(only 32--126 printable), \ConTeXt\ (0--255 printable), and the
+\OMEGA-related formats. This default behavior is almost the same as in
+\TL\ 2003, but it's implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities
+for customization. See \CDref{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}
+{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}}.
+(By the way, with Unicode input, \TeX\ may output partial character
+sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)
+
+\item \pkgname{pdfetex} is now the default engine for all formats
+except (plain) \pkgname{tex} itself. (Of course it generates DVI
+when run as \pkgname{latex}, etc.) This means, among other things, that
+the microtypographic features of \pkgname{pdftex} are available in
+\LaTeX, \ConTeXt, etc., as well as the \eTeX\ features
+(\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/}).
+
+It also means it's \emph{more important than ever} to use the
+\pkgname{ifpdf} package (works with both plain and \LaTeX) or equivalent
+code, because simply testing whether \cs{pdfoutput} or some other
+primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine if PDF
+output is being generated. We made this backward compatible as best we
+could this year, but next year, \cs{pdfoutput} may be defined even when
+DVI is being written.
+
+\item pdf\TeX\ (\url{http://pdftex.org}) has many new features:
+
+ \begin{itemize*}
+
+ \item \cs{pdfmapfile} and \cs{pdfmapline} provide font map support
+ from within a document.
+
+ \item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
+ \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}
+
+ \item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
+ file \filename{pdftex.cfg} must now be set through primitives,
+ typically in \filename{pdftexconfig.tex}; \filename{pdftex.cfg} is no
+ longer supported. Any extant \filename{.fmt} files must be redumped
+ when \filename{pdftexconfig.tex} is changed.
+
+ \item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf}.
+
+ \end{itemize*}
+
+\item The \cs{input} primitive in \cmdname{tex} (and \cmdname{mf} and
+\cmdname{mpost}) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
+special characters. Typical examples:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\input "filename with spaces" % plain
+\input{"filename with spaces"} % latex
+\end{verbatim}
+See the Web2C manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/web2c}.
+
+\item enc\TeX\ support is now included within Web2C and consequently all
+\TeX\ programs, via the \optname{-enc} option\Dash \emph{only when
+formats are built}. enc\TeX\ supports general re-encoding of input and
+output, enabling full support of Unicode (in UTF-8). See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/} and
+\url{http://olsak.net/enctex.html}.
+
+\item Aleph, a new engine combining \eTeX\ and \OMEGA, is available.
+Some information is available in \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}
+and \url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev}. The
+\LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named \pkgname{lamed}.
+
+\item The latest \LaTeX\ release has a new version of the
+LPPL\Dash now officially a Debian-approved license. Assorted
+other updates, see the \filename{ltnews} files in
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/latex/base}.
+
+\item \cmdname{dvipng}, a new program for converting DVI to
+PNG image files, is included. See
+\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng}.
+
+\item We reduced the \pkgname{cbgreek} package to a ``medium'' sized set
+of fonts, with the assent and advice of the author (Claudio Beccari).
+The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones,
+which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space. The full set
+is of course available from CTAN (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete}).
+
+\item \cmdname{oxdvi} has been removed; just use \cmdname{xdvi}.
+
+\item The \cmdname{ini} and \cmdname{vir} commands (links) for
+\cmdname{tex}, \cmdname{mf}, and \cmdname{mpost} are no longer created,
+such as \cmdname{initex}. The \cmdname{ini} functionality has been
+available through the command-line option \optname{-ini} for years now.
+
+\item \pkgname{i386-openbsd} platform support was removed. Since the
+\pkgname{tetex} package in the BSD Ports system is available, and
+GNU/Linux and FreeBSD binaries were available, it seemed
+volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.
+
+\item On \pkgname{sparc-solaris} (at least), you may have to set the
+\envname{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH} environment variable to run the
+\pkgname{t1utils} programs. This is because they are compiled with C++,
+and there is no standard location for the runtime libraries. (This is
+not new in 2004, but wasn't previously documented.) Similarly, on
+\pkgname{mips-irix}, the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are required.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{2005}
+
+2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs.
+The infrastructure stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably
+there were some changes there as well:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item New scripts \cmdname{texconfig-sys}, \cmdname{updmap-sys}, and
+ \cmdname{fmtutil-sys} were introduced, which modify the
+ configuration in the system trees. The \cmdname{texconfig},
+ \cmdname{updmap}, and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts now modify
+ user-specific files, under \dirname{$HOME/.texlive2005}.
+
+\item Corresponding new variables \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and
+ \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} to specify the trees where configuration
+ files (user or system, respectively) are found. Thus, you may
+ need to move personal versions of \filename{fmtutil.cnf} and
+ \filename{updmap.cfg} to these places; another option is to
+ redefine \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} or \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} in
+ \filename{texmf.cnf}. In any case the real location of these files
+ and the values of \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+ must agree.
+ See section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.
+
+\item Last year, we kept \verb|\pdfoutput| and other primitives undefined
+ for \dvi\ output, even though the \cmdname{pdfetex} program was
+ being used. This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility
+ measure. So if your document uses \verb|\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined|
+ to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed. You
+ can use the package \pkgname{ifpdf.sty} (which works under both
+ plain \TeX\ and \LaTeX) to do this, or steal its logic.
+
+\item Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as
+ themselves (see previous section). The new TCX file
+ \filename{empty.tcx} now provides an easier way to get the
+ original \verb|^^| notation if you so desire, as in:
+\begin{verbatim}
+latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\item The new program \cmdname{dvipdfmx} is included for translation of
+ DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained update of
+ \cmdname{dvipdfm} (which is also still available for now, though
+ no longer recommended).
+
+\item The new programs \cmdname{pdfopen} and \cmdname{pdfclose} are included
+ to allow reloading of PDF files in the Adobe Acrobat Reader without
+ restarting the program. (Other PDF readers, notably \cmdname{xpdf},
+ \cmdname{gv}, and \cmdname{gsview}, have never suffered from this
+ problem.)
+
+\item For consistency, the variables \envname{HOMETEXMF} and
+ \envname{VARTEXMF} have been renamed to \envname{TEXMFHOME} and
+ \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, respectively. There is also
+ \envname{TEXMFVAR}, which is by default user-specific. See the
+ first point above.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2006--2007}
+
+In 2006--2007, the major new addition to \TL{} was the \XeTeX{} program,
+available as the \texttt{xetex} and \texttt{xelatex} programs; see
+\url{https://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.
+
+MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
+future (\url{https://tug.org/metapost/articles}), likewise pdf\TeX{}
+(\url{https://tug.org/applications/pdftex}).
+
+The \TeX\ \filename{.fmt} (high-speed format) and the similar files for
+MetaPost and \MF\ are now stored in subdirectories of \dirname{texmf/web2c},
+instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still
+searched, for the sake of existing \filename{.fmt}'s). The
+subdirectories are named for the `engine' in use, such as \filename{tex}
+or \filename{pdftex} or \filename{xetex}. This change should be
+invisible in normal use.
+
+The (plain) \texttt{tex} program no longer reads \texttt{\%\&} first
+lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure Knuthian \TeX.
+(\LaTeX\ and everything else do still read \texttt{\%\&} lines).
+
+Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to
+packages and programs. As usual, please check CTAN
+(\url{https://ctan.org}) for updates.
+
+Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard
+web interface for viewing the tree, as linked from our home page.
+Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will
+provide a stable development foundation for future years.
+
+Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be
+updating te\TeX{} (\url{https://tug.org/tetex}). As a result, there was
+a surge of interest in \TL{}, especially among \GNU/Linux
+distributors. (There is a new \texttt{tetex} installation scheme in
+\TL{}, which provides an approximate equivalent.) We hope this will
+eventually translate to improvements in the \TeX\ environment for
+everyone.
+
+\subsubsection{2008}
+
+In 2008, the entire \TL{} infrastructure was redesigned and
+reimplemented. Complete information about an installation is now stored
+in a plain text file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}.
+
+Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a \TL{}
+installation over the Internet after the initial installation, a feature
+MiK\TeX\ has provided for many years. We expect to regularly update new
+packages as they are released to \CTAN.
+
+The major new engine Lua\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) is included;
+besides a new level of flexibility in typesetting, this provides an
+excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of \TeX\
+documents.
+
+Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more
+uniform. In particular, most Perl and Lua scripts are now available on
+Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with \TL.
+
+The new \cmdname{tlmgr} script (section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) is the
+general interface for managing \TL{} after the initial installation.
+It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map
+files, and language files, optionally including local additions.
+
+With the advent of \cmdname{tlmgr}, the \cmdname{texconfig} actions to
+edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are now disabled.
+
+The \cmdname{xindy} indexing program
+(\url{http://xindy.sourceforge.net/}) is now included on most platforms.
+
+The \cmdname{kpsewhich} tool can now report all matches for a given file
+(option \optname{-{}-all}) and limit matches to a given subdirectory
+(option \optname{-{}-subdir}).
+
+The \cmdname{dvipdfmx} program now includes functionality to extract
+bounding box information, via the command name \cmdname{extractbb}; this
+was one of the last features provided by \cmdname{dvipdfm} not in
+\cmdname{dvipdfmx}.
+
+The font aliases \filename{Times-Roman}, \filename{Helvetica}, and so on
+have been removed. Different packages expected them to behave
+differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was
+no good way to resolve this.
+
+The \pkgname{platex} format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict
+with a completely different Japanese \pkgname{platex}; the
+\pkgname{polski} package is now the main Polish support.
+
+Internally, the \web\ string pool files are now compiled into the
+binaries, to ease upgrades.
+
+Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his `\TeX\ tuneup of 2008'
+are included in this release. See
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf}.
+
+\subsubsection{2009}
+
+In 2009, the default output format for Lua\AllTeX\ is now PDF, to take
+advantage of Lua\TeX's OpenType support, et al. New executables named
+\code{dviluatex} and \code{dvilualatex} run Lua\TeX\ with DVI output.
+The Lua\TeX\ home page is \url{http://luatex.org}.
+
+The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after
+discussions with the Omega authors. The updated Aleph and Lamed remain,
+as do the Omega utilities.
+
+A new release of the AMS \TypeI\ fonts is included, including Computer
+Modern: a few shape changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont
+sources have been integrated, and the hinting has been updated. The
+Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf}). In
+all cases, the metrics remain unchanged. The AMS fonts home page is
+\url{https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html}.
+
+The new \GUI{} front end \TeX{}works is included for Windows, and also in
+Mac\TeX. For other platforms, and more information, see the \TeX{}works
+home page, \url{https://tug.org/texworks}. It is a cross-platform
+front-end inspired by the \macOS\ TeXShop editor, aiming at
+ease-of-use.
+
+The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms. This
+implements a text-based graphics description language vaguely akin to
+MetaPost, but with advanced 3D support and other features. Its home
+page is \url{https://asymptote.sourceforge.io}.
+
+The separate \code{dvipdfm} program has been replaced by
+\code{dvipdfmx}, which operates in a special compatibility mode under
+that name. \code{dvipdfmx} includes CJK support and has
+accumulated many other fixes over the years since the last
+\code{dvipdfm} release.
+
+Executables for the \pkgname{cygwin} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} platforms
+are now included, while we were advised that OpenBSD users get
+\TeX\ through their package systems, plus there were difficulties in
+making binaries that have a chance of working on more than one version.
+
+A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use \pkgname{xz} compression,
+the stable replacement for \pkgname{lzma}
+(\url{https://tukaani.org/xz/}); a literal |$| is allowed in filenames
+when it does not introduce a known variable name; the Kpathsea library
+is now multi-threaded (made use of in MetaPost); the entire \TL{} build
+is now based on Automake.
+
+Final note on the past: all releases of \TL{}, along with ancillary
+material such as \CD\ labels, are available at
+\url{ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{2010}
+\label{sec:2010news} % keep with 2010
+
+In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more
+compression. This applies to all the \TeX\ engines when used to produce
+PDF and to \code{dvipdfmx}. Loading the \pkgname{pdf14} \LaTeX\ package
+changes back to PDF~1.4, or set |\pdfminorversion=4|.
+
+pdf\AllTeX\ now \emph{automatically} converts a requested Encapsulated
+PostScript (EPS) file to PDF, via the \pkgname{epstopdf} package, when
+and if the \LaTeX\ \code{graphics.cfg} configuration file is loaded, and
+PDF is being output. The default options are intended to eliminate any
+chance of hand-created PDF files being overwritten, but you can also
+prevent \code{epstopdf} from being loaded at all by putting
+|\newcommand{\DoNotLoadEpstopdf}{}| (or |\def...|) before the
+\cs{documentclass} declaration. It is also not loaded if the
+\pkgname{pst-pdf} package is used. For more details, see the
+\pkgname{epstopdf} package documentation
+(\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg}).
+
+A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from
+\TeX, via the \cs{write18} feature, is now enabled by default. These
+commands are \code{repstopdf}, \code{makeindex}, \code{kpsewhich},
+\code{bibtex}, and \code{bibtex8}; the list is defined in
+\code{texmf.cnf}. Environments which must disallow all such external
+commands can deselect this option in the installer (see
+section~\ref{sec:options}), or override the value after installation by
+running |tlmgr conf texmf shell_escape 0|.
+
+Yet another related change is that \BibTeX\ and Makeindex now refuse to
+write their output files to an arbitrary directory (like \TeX\ itself),
+by default. This is so they can now be enabled for use by the
+restricted \cs{write18}. To change this, the \envname{TEXMFOUTPUT}
+environment variable can be set, or the |openout_any| setting changed.
+
+\XeTeX\ now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdf\TeX.
+(Font expansion is not presently supported.)
+
+By default, \prog{tlmgr} now saves one backup of each package updated
+(\code{tlmgr option autobackup 1}), so broken package updates can be
+easily reverted with \code{tlmgr restore}. If you do post-install
+updates, and don't have the disk space for the backups, run \code{tlmgr
+option autobackup 0}.
+
+New programs included: the p\TeX\ engine and related utilities for
+typesetting Japanese; the \BibTeX{}U program for Unicode-enabled
+\BibTeX; the \prog{chktex} utility
+(originally from \url{http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex}) for checking
+\AllTeX\
+documents; the \prog{dvisvgm} (\url{https://dvisvgm.de})
+DVI-to-SVG translator.
+
+Executables for these new platforms are included: \code{amd64-freebsd},
+\code{amd64-kfreebsd}, \code{i386-freebsd}, \code{i386-kfreebsd},
+\code{x86\_64-darwin}, \code{x86\_64-solaris}.
+
+A change in \TL{} 2009 that we failed to note: numerous \TeX4ht-related
+executables (\url{https://tug.org/tex4ht}) were removed from the binary
+directories. The generic \code{mk4ht} program can be used to run any of
+the various \code{tex4ht} combinations.
+
+Finally, the \TL{} release on the \TK\ \DVD\ can no longer be run live
+(oddly enough). A single \DVD\ no longer has enough room. One
+beneficial side effect is that installation from the physical \DVD\ is
+much faster.
+
+\subsubsection{2011}
+
+The \macOS\ binaries (\code{universal-darwin} and
+\code{x86\_64-darwin}) now work only on Leopard or later; Panther and
+Tiger are no longer supported.
+
+The \code{biber} program for bibliography processing is included on
+common platforms. Its development is closely coupled with the
+\code{biblatex} package, which completely reimplements the
+bibliographical facilities provided by LaTeX.
+
+The MetaPost (\code{mpost}) program no longer creates or uses
+\code{.mem} files. The needed files, such as \code{plain.mp}, are
+simply read on every run. This is related to supporting MetaPost as a
+library, which is another significant though not user-visible change.
+
+The \code{updmap} implementation in Perl, previously used only on
+Windows, has been revamped and is now used on all platforms. There
+shouldn't be any user-visible changes as a result, except that it runs
+much faster.
+
+The \cmdname{initex} and \cmdname{inimf} programs were restored (but no
+other \cmdname{ini*} variants).
+
+\subsubsection{2012}
+
+\code{tlmgr} supports updates from multiple network repositories. The
+section on multiple repositories in the \code{tlmgr help} output has
+more.
+
+The parameter \cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} is set to~1 by default, for both
+\code{xetex} and \code{xelatex}. This allows line breaks after
+em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the behavior of plain
+\TeX, \LaTeX, Lua\TeX, etc. Existing \XeTeX\ documents which must
+retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set
+\cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} to~0 explicitly.
+
+The output files generated by \code{pdftex} and \code{dvips}, among
+others, can now exceed 2 gigabytes.
+
+The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of
+\code{dvips} by default, since so many different versions of them are
+extant.
+
+In the restricted \cs{write18} execution mode, set by default,
+\code{mpost} is now an allowed program.
+
+A \code{texmf.cnf} file is also found in \filename{../texmf-local},
+e.g., \filename{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf}, if it
+exists.
+
+The \code{updmap} script reads a per-tree \code{updmap.cfg} instead of
+one global config. This change should be invisible, unless you edited
+your updmap.cfg's directly. The \verb|updmap --help| output has more.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{armel-linux} and \pkgname{mipsel-linux} added;
+\pkgname{sparc-linux} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} are no longer in the
+main distribution.
+
+\subsubsection{2013}
+
+Distribution layout: the top-level \code{texmf/} directory has been
+merged into \code{texmf-dist/}, for simplicity. Both the
+\code{TEXMFMAIN} and \code{TEXMFDIST} Kpathsea variables now point to
+\code{texmf-dist}.
+
+Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify
+installation.
+
+\MP: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has
+been added.
+
+Lua\TeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library
+(\code{pdfscanner}) to process external PDF page content, among much
+else (see its web pages).
+
+\XeTeX\ (also see its web pages for more):
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of
+ICU. (ICU is still used to support input encodings, bidirectionality,
+and the optional Unicode line breaking.)
+\item Graphite2 and HarfBuzz are used instead of SilGraphite for Graphite
+layout.
+\item On Macs, Core Text is used instead of the (deprecated) ATSUI.
+\item Prefer TrueType/OpenType fonts to Type1 when the names are the same.
+\item Fix occasional mismatch in font finding between \XeTeX\ and
+\code{xdvipdfmx}.
+\item Support OpenType math cut-ins.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\cmdname{xdvi}: now uses FreeType instead of \code{t1lib} for rendering.
+
+\pkgname{microtype.sty}: some support for \XeTeX\ (protrusion) and
+Lua\TeX\ (protrusion, font expansion, tracking), among other
+enhancements.
+
+\cmdname{tlmgr}: new \code{pinning} action to ease configuring multiple
+repositories; that section in \verb|tlmgr --help| has more, online at
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES}.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{armhf-linux}, \pkgname{mips-irix},
+\pkgname{i386-netbsd}, and \pkgname{amd64-netbsd} added or revived;
+\pkgname{powerpc-aix} removed.
+
+\subsubsection{2014}
+
+2014 saw another \TeX\ tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines,
+but the only visible change likely is the restoration of the
+\code{preloaded format} string on the banner line. Per Knuth, this now
+reflects the format that \emph{would} be loaded by default, rather than
+an undumped format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may be
+overridden in various ways.
+
+pdf\TeX: new warning-suppression parameter
+\cs{pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup}; new primitives for fake interword
+spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: \cs{pdfinterwordspaceon},
+\cs{pdfinterwordspaceoff}, \cs{pdffakespace}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and
+hyphenation. The biggest addition is a new engine variant,
+\code{luajittex} and its siblings \code{texluajit} and
+\code{texluajitc}. This uses a just-in-time Lua compiler (detailed
+\textsl{TUGboat} article at
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf}). \code{luajittex}
+is still in development, is not available on all platforms, and is
+considerably less stable than \code{luatex}. Neither we nor its
+developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of
+experimenting with jit on Lua code.
+
+\XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms
+(including Mac); avoid Unicode compatibility decomposition fallback (but
+not other variants); prefer OpenType to Graphite fonts, for
+compatibility with previous \XeTeX\ versions.
+
+\MP: A new numbersystem \code{decimal} is supported, along with a
+companion internal \code{numberprecision}; a new definition of
+\code{drawdot} in \filename{plain.mp}, per Knuth; bug fixes in
+SVG and PNG output, among others.
+
+The \cmdname{pstopdf} \ConTeXt\ utility will be removed as a standalone
+command at some point after the release, due to conflicts with OS
+utilities of the same name. It can still (and now) be invoked as
+\code{mtxrun --script pstopdf}.
+
+\cmdname{psutils} has been substantially revised by a new maintainer.
+As a result, several seldom-used utilities (\code{fix*}, \code{getafm},
+\code{psmerge}, \code{showchar}) are now only in the \dirname{scripts/}
+directory rather than being user-level executables (this can be reversed
+if it turns out to be problematic). A new script, \code{psjoin}, has
+been added.
+
+The Mac\TeX\ redistribution of \TL\ (section~\ref{sec:macosx}) no
+longer includes the optional Mac-only packages for the Latin Modern and
+\TeX\ Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for individual users to make
+them available to the system. The \cmdname{convert} program from
+ImageMagick has also been excised, since \TeX4ht (specifically
+\code{tex4ht.env}) now uses Ghostscript directly.
+
+The \pkgname{langcjk} collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
+support has been split into individual language collections for the sake
+of more moderate sizes.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin} added, \pkgname{mips-irix} removed;
+Microsoft no longer supports Windows XP, so our programs may
+start failing there at any time.
+
+\subsubsection{2015}
+
+\LaTeXe\ now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only
+by explicitly loading the \pkgname{fixltx2e} package, which is now a
+no-op. A new \pkgname{latexrelease} package and other mechanisms allow
+for controlling what is done. The included \LaTeX\ News \#22 and
+``\LaTeX\ changes'' documents have details. Incidentally, the
+\pkgname{babel} and \pkgname{psnfss} packages, while core parts of
+\LaTeX, are maintained separately and are not affected by these changes
+(and should still work).
+
+Internally, \LaTeXe\ now includes Unicode-related engine configuration
+(what characters are letters, naming of primitives, etc.) which was
+previously part of \TL. This change is intended to be invisible
+to users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed
+or removed, but the behavior should be just the same.
+
+pdf\TeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not
+emit a warning if \cs{pdfinclusionerrorlevel} is negative; sync
+with \prog{xpdf}~3.04.
+
+Lua\TeX: New library \pkgname{newtokenlib} for scanning tokens; bug
+fixes in the \code{normal} random number generator and other places.
+
+\XeTeX: Image handling fixes; \prog{xdvipdfmx} binary looked for first
+as a sibling to \prog{xetex}; internal \code{XDV} opcodes changed.
+
+MetaPost: New numbersystem \code{binary}; new Japanese-enabled
+\prog{upmpost} and \prog{updvitomp} programs, analogous to
+\prog{up*tex}.
+
+Mac\TeX:\ Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK
+support. The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane now works in Yosemite
+(\macOS~10.10). Resource-fork font suitcases (generally without an
+extension) are no longer supported by \XeTeX; data-fork suitcases
+(\code{.dfont}) remain supported.
+
+Infrastructure: The \prog{fmtutil} script has been reimplemented to read
+\filename{fmtutil.cnf} on a per-tree basis, analogous to \prog{updmap}.
+Web2C \prog{mktex*} scripts (including \prog{mktexlsr}, \prog{mktextfm},
+\prog{mktexpk}) now prefer programs in their own directory, instead of
+always using the existing \envname{PATH}.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{*-kfreebsd} removed, since \TL\ is now easily
+available through the system platform mechanisms.
+Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries
+(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html}). In addition, some
+platforms are now omitted from the \DVD\ (simply to save space), but can
+be installed normally over the net.
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2016}
+
+Lua\TeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals,
+along with some node structure rearrangements. The changes are
+summarized in an article by Hans Hagen, ``Lua\TeX\ 0.90 backend changes
+for PDF and more''
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf}); for all the
+details, see the Lua\TeX\ manual,
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.
+
+Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit,
+integrating Lua with \MF, for trial testing purposes.
+
+MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
+
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} support in all engines except Lua\TeX\ (which
+will come in the next release) and original \code{tex} (intentionally
+omitted): if the environment variable \code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} is set,
+its value is used for timestamps in the PDF output. If
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH\_TEX\_PRIMITIVES} is also set, the
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} value is used to initialize the \TeX\
+primitives \cs{year}, \cs{month}, \cs{day}, \cs{time}. The pdf\TeX\
+manual has examples and details.
+
+pdf\TeX: Three new primitives \cs{pdfinfoomitdate},
+\cs{pdfsuppressptexinfo}, and \cs{pdftrailerid}, to control values
+appearing in the output which normally change with each run. These
+features are for PDF output only, not DVI.
+
+Xe\TeX: New primitives \cs{XeTeXhyphenatablelength},
+\cs{XeTeXgenerateactualtext},\\ \cs{XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping},
+\cs{mdfivesum}; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id byte
+incremented.
+
+Other utilities:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \code{gregorio} is a new program, part of the \code{gregoriotex}
+package for typesetting Gregorian chant scores; it is included in
+\code{shell\_escape\_commands} by default.
+
+\item \code{upmendex} is an index creation program, mostly compatible
+with \code{makeindex}, with support for Unicode sorting, among other
+changes.
+
+\item \code{afm2tfm} now makes only accent-based height adjustments
+upward; a new option \code{-a} omits all adjustments.
+
+\item \code{ps2pk} can handle extended PK/GF fonts.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX:\ The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its
+functionality is now in \TL\ Utility; bundled GUI applications
+upgraded; new script \code{cjk-gs-integrate} to be run by users who wish
+to incorporate various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
+
+Infrastructure: System-level \code{tlmgr} configuration file supported;
+verify package checksums; if GPG is available, verify signature of
+network updates. These checks happen with both the installer and
+\code{tlmgr}. If GPG is not available, updates proceed as usual.
+
+Platforms: \code{alpha-linux} and \code{mipsel-linux} removed.
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2017}
+
+Lua\TeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to
+internals; \code{ffi} library for dynamic code loading added on some
+platforms.
+
+pdf\TeX: Environment variable |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES| from
+last year renamed to |FORCE_SOURCE_DATE|, with no changes in
+functionality; if the \cs{pdfpageattr} token list contains the string
+\code{/MediaBox}, omit output of the default \code{/MediaBox}.
+
+Xe\TeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz's MATH table support;
+some bug fixes.
+
+Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with
+\code{dvipdfmx} and package expectations; the \code{-L0} option (\code{L0}
+config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first special
+winning.
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{pdfuniformdeviate},
+\cs{pdfnormaldeviate}, \cs{pdfrandomseed}, \cs{pdfsetrandomseed},
+\cs{pdfelapsedtime}, \cs{pdfresettimer}, from pdf\TeX.
+
+Mac\TeX:\ As of this year, only \macOS\ releases for which Apple still
+releases security patches will be supported in Mac\TeX, under the
+platform name |x86_64-darwin|; currently this means Yosemite,
+El~Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older \macOS\
+versions are not included in Mac\TeX, but are still available in \TL\
+(|x86_64-darwinlegacy|, \code{i386-darwin}, \code{powerpc-darwin}).
+
+Infrastructure: The \envname{TEXMFLOCAL} tree is now searched before
+\envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR} (by default); the
+hope is that this will better match expectations of local files
+overriding system files. Also, \code{tlmgr} has a new mode \code{shell}
+for interactive and scripted use, and a new action \code{conf auxtrees}
+to easily add and remove extra trees.
+
+\code{updmap} and \code{fmtutil}: These scripts now give a warning when
+invoked without explicitly specifying either so-called system mode
+(\code{updmap-sys}, \code{fmtutil-sys}, or option \code{-sys}), or user
+mode (\code{updmap-user}, \code{fmtutil-user}, or option \code{-user}).
+The hope is that this will reduce the perennial problem of invoking user
+mode by accident and thus losing future system updates. See
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html} for details.
+
+\code{install-tl}: Personal paths such as \envname{TEXMFHOME} are now
+set to Mac\TeX\ values (|~/Library/...|)\ by default on Macs. New
+option \code{-init-from-profile} to start an installation with the
+values from a given profile; new command \code{P} to explicitly save a
+profile; new profile variable names (but previous ones are still
+accepted).
+
+Sync\TeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like
+\code{foo.synctex(busy)}, instead of \code{foo.synctex.gz(busy)}
+(no~\code{.gz}). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp
+files may need adjusting.
+
+Other utilities: \code{texosquery-jre8} is a new cross-platform program
+for retrieving locale and other OS information from a \TeX\ document; it
+is included in |shell_escape_commands| by default for restricted
+shell execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but
+cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they are no longer supported by
+Oracle, even for security issues.)
+
+Platforms: See Mac\TeX\ entry above; no other changes.
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2018}
+
+Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in
+non-system directories; set \code{texmf.cnf} or environment variable
+\code{texmf\_casefold\_search} to~\code{0} to disable.
+Full details in the Kpathsea manual (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}).
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitive \cs{epTeXversion}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary
+\code{luatex53} is available on most platforms, but must be renamed to
+\code{luatex} to be effective. Or use the \ConTeXt\ Garden
+(\url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net}) files; more information there.
+
+MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
+
+pdf\TeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not
+hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for \cs{pdfprimitive} and related.
+
+Xe\TeX: Support \code{/Rotate} in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if
+the output driver fails; various obscure UTF-8 and other primitive
+fixes.
+
+Mac\TeX:\ See version support changes below. In addition, the files
+installed in \code{/Applications/TeX/} by Mac\TeX\ have been reorganized for
+greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
+LaTeXiT, \TL\ Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders
+with additional utilities and documentation.
+
+\code{tlmgr}: new front-ends \code{tlshell} (Tcl/Tk) and
+\code{tlcockpit} (Java); JSON output; \code{uninstall} now a synonym
+for \code{remove}; new action/option \code{print-platform-info}.
+
+Platforms:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item
+Removed: \code{armel-linux}, \code{powerpc-linux}.
+
+\item \code{x86\_64-darwin} supports 10.10--10.13
+(Yosemite, El~Capitan, Sierra, and High~Sierra).
+
+\item \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6--10.10 (though
+\code{x86\_64-darwin} is preferred for 10.10). All support for 10.5
+(Leopard) is gone, that is, both the \code{powerpc-darwin} and
+\code{i386-darwin platforms} have been removed.
+
+\item Windows: XP is no longer supported.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2019}
+
+Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new
+variable \code{TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of hard-coded \code{.}\ in paths
+allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see comments
+in \code{texmf.cnf}).
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{readpapersizespecial} and
+\cs{expanded}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes.
+The homegrown library pplib is used to read pdf files, thus
+eliminating the dependency on poppler (and the need for C++);
+Lua interface changed accordingly.
+
+MetaPost: \code{r-mpost} command name recognized as an
+alias for invocation with the \code{-{}-restricted} option, and added to
+the list of restricted commands available by default.
+Minimum precision now 2 for decimal and binary mode.
+Binary mode no longer available in MPlib but still available in
+standalone MetaPost.
+
+pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{expanded}; if new primitive parameter
+\cs{pdfomitcharset} is set to 1, the \code{/CharSet} string
+omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed
+correct, as required by PDF/A-2 and PDF/A-3.
+
+Xe\TeX: New primitives for cross-engine support: \cs{expanded},
+\cs{creationdate},
+\cs{elapsedtime},
+\cs{filedump},
+\cs{filemoddate},
+\cs{filesize},
+\cs{resettimer},
+\cs{normaldeviate},
+\cs{uniformdeviate},
+\cs{randomseed}; extend \cs{Ucharcat} to produce active
+characters.
+
+\code{tlmgr}: Support \code{curl} as a download program;
+ use \code{lz4} and gzip before \code{xz} for local backups, if available;
+ prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with \TL\ for
+ compressor and download programs, unless the environment variable
+ \code{TEXLIVE\_PREFER\_OWN} is set.
+
+\code{install-tl}: New option \code{-gui} (with no argument) is the
+default on Windows and Macs, and invokes a new Tcl/TK GUI (see
+sections~\ref{sec:basic} and~\ref{sec:graphical-inst}).
+
+Utilities:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \code{cwebbin} (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin}) is now the CWEB
+implementation in \TL, with support for more language dialects,
+and including the \code{ctwill} program to make mini-indexes.
+
+\item \code{chkdvifont}: report font information from \dvi{} files, also
+from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.
+
+\item \code{dvispc}: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX:\ \code{x86\_64-darwin} now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra,
+High Sierra, Mojave); \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} still supports 10.6
+and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it
+requires 32-bit support.
+
+Platforms: removed \code{sparc-solaris}.
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2020}
+
+General: \begin{itemize}
+\item The \cs{input} primitive in all \TeX\ engines, including
+\texttt{tex}, now also accepts a group-delimited filename argument, as a
+system-dependent extension. The usage with a standard
+space/token-delimited filename is completely unchanged. The
+group-delimited argument was previously implemented in Lua\TeX; now it
+is available in all engines. ASCII double quote characters (\texttt{"})
+are removed from the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after
+tokenization. This does not currently affect \LaTeX's \cs{input} command,
+as that is a macro redefinition of the standard \cs{input} primitive.
+
+\item New option \optname{-{}-cnf-line} for \texttt{kpsewhich}, \texttt{tex},
+\texttt{mf}, and all other engines, to support arbitrary configuration
+settings on the command line.
+
+\item The addition of various primitives to various engines in this and
+previous years is intended to result in a common set of functionality
+available across all engines (\textsl{\LaTeX\ News \#31},
+\url{https://latex-project.org/news}).
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: Several new primitives, mostly for cross-engine support:
+\cs{Uchar}, \cs{Ucharcat}, \cs{current(x)spacingmode}, \cs{ifincsname};
+also, revise \cs{fontchar??}\ and \cs{iffontchar}. For eup\TeX\ only:
+\cs{currentcjktoken}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines
+\texttt{luahbtex} (used for \texttt{lualatex}) and \texttt{luajithbtex}.
+New primitives: \cs{eTeXgluestretchorder}, \cs{eTeXglueshrinkorder}.
+
+pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{pdfmajorversion}; this merely changes the
+version number in the PDF output; it has no effect on any PDF content.
+\cs{pdfximage} and similar now search for image files in the same way as
+\cs{openin}.
+
+p\TeX: New primitives \cs{ifjfont}, \cs{iftfont}. Also in ep\TeX,
+up\TeX, eup\TeX.
+
+Xe\TeX: Fixes for \cs{Umathchardef}, \cs{XeTeXinterchartoks}, \cs{pdfsavepos}.
+
+Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste
+capabilities
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf}).
+
+Mac\TeX:\ Mac\TeX\ and \texttt{x86\_64-darwin} now require 10.13 or
+higher (High~Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
+\texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6 and newer. Mac\TeX\ is
+notarized and command line programs have hardened runtimes, as now
+required by Apple for install packages. BibDesk and \TL\ Utility
+are not in Mac\TeX\ because they are not notarized, but a
+\filename{README} file lists urls where they can be obtained.
+
+|x86_64-darwinlegacy|: drop X11 support, including \cmdname{xdvi}.
+
+\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
+\item New option \texttt{tlmgr check texmfdbs},
+to check consistency of \texttt{ls-R} files and \texttt{!!}\
+specifications for each tree.
+\item Use versioned filenames for the package containers, as in:\\
+\texttt{tlnet/archive/\textsl{pkgname}.rNNN.tar.xz}. This should be
+invisible to users, but is a notable change in distribution.
+\item \texttt{catalogue-date} information no longer propagated from the
+\TeX~Catalogue, since it was often unrelated to package updates.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2021}
+
+General: \begin{itemize}
+\item Donald Knuth's changes for his 2021 tuneup of \TeX\ and Metafont are
+incorporated
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf}). They are
+also available on CTAN as the \code{knuth-dist} and \code{knuth-local}
+packages. As expected, the fixes are for obscure cases and do not affect
+any behavior in practice.
+
+\item Except in original \TeX: if \cs{tracinglostchars} is set to 3 or
+more, missing characters will result in an error, not just a message in
+the log file, and the missing character code will be shown in hex.
+
+\item Except in original \TeX: a new integer parameter
+\cs{tracingstacklevels}, if positive, and \cs{tracingmacros}
+is also positive, causes a prefix indicating the macro expansion depth
+to be output on each relevant log line (e.g., |~..| at depth 2).
+Also, macro logging is truncated at a depth $\ge$ the parameter value.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+Aleph: The Aleph-based \LaTeX\ format, named \code{lamed}, has been
+removed. The \code{aleph} binary itself is still included and supported.
+
+Lua\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Lua 5.3.6.
+\item Callback for nesting level used in \cs{tracingmacros}, as
+generalized variant of the new \cs{tracingstacklevels}.
+\item Mark math glyphs as protected to prevent processing as text.
+\item Removed width/ic compensation for traditional math code path.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+MetaPost: \begin{itemize*}
+\item |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH| environment variable support for reproducible output.
+\item Avoid wrong final \texttt{\%} in \texttt{mpto}.
+\item Document \texttt{-T} option, other fixes to manual.
+\item Value of \texttt{epsilon} changed in binary and decimal modes, so that
+the function |mp_solve_rising_cubic| works as expected.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+pdf\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item New primitives \cs{pdfrunninglinkoff} and
+\cs{pdfrunninglinkon}; e.g., for disabling generation of links in
+headers and footers.
+\item Warn instead of aborting when ``\cs{pdfendlink} ended up in
+different nesting level than \cs{pdfstartlink}''.
+\item Dump \cs{pdfglyphtounicode} assignments in \texttt{fmt} file.
+\item Source: \texttt{poppler} support removed, as it was too hard to
+keep in sync with upstream. In native TL, pdf\TeX\ has always used
+\texttt{libs/xpdf}, which is cut-down and adapted code from \texttt{xpdf}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Xe\TeX{}: Fixes for math kerning.
+
+Dvipdfmx: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Ghostscript is now invoked safely by default; to override
+ (thereby assuming all input files are trusted), use
+ \verb|-i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg|. To use PSTricks with \XeTeX, this is
+ required, as in:\\
+ \verb|xetex -output-driver="xdvipdfmx -i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg -q -E" ...|
+\item If an image file is not found, exit with bad status.
+\item Extended special syntax for color support.
+\item Specials for manipulating |ExtGState|.
+\item Compatibility specials \code{pdfcolorstack} and \code{pdffontattr}.
+\item Experimental support for \code{dviluatex}'s extended |fnt_def|.
+\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Dvips: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Default PostScript document title is now the basename of the input
+file, and can be overridden with the new option \texttt{-title}.
+\item If an \texttt{.eps} or other image file is not found, exit with bad
+status.
+\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX{}: Mac\TeX{} and its new binary folder \texttt{universal-darwin} now
+require \macOS\ 10.14 or higher (Mojave, Catalina, and Big~Sur); the
+|x86_64-darwin| binary folder is no longer present. The
+|x86_64-darwinlegacy| binary folder, available only with the Unix
+\texttt{install-tl}, supports 10.6 and newer.
+
+This is an important year for the Macintosh because Apple introduced
+ARM machines in November and will sell and support both ARM and Intel
+machines for many years. All programs in \texttt{universal-darwin} have
+executable code for both ARM and Intel. Both binaries are compiled from
+the same source code.
+
+The additional programs Ghostscript, LaTeXiT, \TeX{} Live Utility, and
+TeXShop are all universal and are signed with a hardened runtime, so all
+are included in Mac\TeX{} this year.
+
+\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item keep only one backup of the main repository's \texttt{texlive.tlpdb}.
+\item even more portability across systems and Perl versions.
+\item \texttt{tlmgr info} reports new \texttt{lcat-*} and \texttt{rcat-*}
+fields for local vs. remote Catalogue data.
+\item full logging of subcommands moved to a new log file:\\
+\texttt{texmf-var/web2c/tlmgr-commands.log}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2022}
+
+General: \begin{itemize}
+\item New engine \code{hitex}, which outputs its own HINT format,
+designed especially for reading technical documents on mobile devices.
+HINT viewers for GNU/Linux, Windows, and Android are available
+separately from \TL.
+
+\item \code{tangle}, \code{weave}: support optional third argument to
+specify output file.
+
+\item Knuth's program \code{twill} for making mini-indexes for original
+\texttt{WEB} programs now included.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+Cross-engine extensions (except in original \TeX{}, Aleph, and hi\TeX{}):
+\begin{itemize}
+\item New primitive \cs{showstream} to redirect \cs{show} output to a file.
+\item New primitives \cs{partokenname} and \cs{partokencontext} allow
+overriding the name of the \cs{par} token emitted at blank lines, the
+end of vboxes, etc.
+\end{itemize}
+
+ep\TeX{}, eup\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}\raggedright
+\item New primitives: \cs{lastnodefont}, \cs{suppresslongerror},
+\cs{suppressoutererror}, \cs{suppressmathparerror}.
+\item pdf\TeX{} extension \cs{vadjust pre} now available.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Lua\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Support structured destinations from PDF 2.0.
+\item PNG /Smask for PDF 2.0.
+\item Variable font interface for \code{luahbtex}.
+\item Different radical style defaults in mathdefaultsmode.
+\item Optionally block selected discretionary creation.
+\item Improvements for TrueType fonts implementation.
+\item More efficient \cs{fontdimen} allocation.
+\item Ignore paragraphs with only a local \code{par} node followed by direction
+synchronization nodes.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+MetaPost: Bug fix for infinite macro expansion.
+
+pdf\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}\raggedright
+\item Support structured destinations from PDF 2.0.
+\item For letterspaced fonts, use explicit \cs{fontdimen}6 if specified.
+\item Always start a warning at the beginning of a line.
+\item For characters with autokern (\cs{pdfappendkern} and
+\cs{pdfprependkern}), still do protrusion; likewise, autokern
+both implicit and explicit hyphens.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+p\TeX{}\ et al.: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Major update of p\TeX{} to 4.0.0 to better support current \LaTeX{}.
+\item New primitives \cs{ptexlineendmode} and \cs{toucs}.
+\item \cs{ucs} (formerly available in uptex, euptex) now
+available also in p\TeX\ and ep\TeX.
+\item Distinguish eight-bit characters and Japanese characters,
+as discussed in a TUGboat article by Hironori Kitagawa
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-3/tb129kitagawa-char.pdf}).
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Xe\TeX{}: New wrapper scripts \texttt{xetex-unsafe} and
+\texttt{xelatex-unsafe} for simpler invocation of documents requiring
+both \XeTeX{} and PSTricks transparency operators, which is inherently
+unsafe (until and unless reimplementation in Ghostscript happens). For
+safety, use Lua\AllTeX{}.
+
+Dvipdfmx: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Support for PSTricks without requiring \texttt{-dNOSAFER}, except
+for transparency.
+\item The \texttt{-r} option to set bitmap font resolution works again.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Dvips: By default, do not attempt automatic media adjustment for rotated
+paper sizes; the new option \texttt{-{}-landscaperotate} re-enables.
+
+\code{upmendex}: Experimental support for Arabic and Hebrew scripts;
+improved character classification and language support.
+
+Kpathsea: First path returned from \texttt{kpsewhich -all} is now the
+same as a regular (non-all) search.
+
+\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item use https for \code{mirror.ctan.org} by default.
+\item use \code{TEXMFROOT} instead of \code{SELFAUTOPARENT} for easier
+relocating.
+\item \code{install-tl}: if download or installation fails for a given
+package, automatically continue and later retry (once).
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX{}: Mac\TeX{} and its binary folder \texttt{universal-darwin}
+require \macOS\ 10.14 or higher (Mojave, Catalina, Big~Sur, Monterey). The
+|x86_64-darwinlegacy| binary folder, available only with the Unix
+\texttt{install-tl}, supports 10.6 (Snow~Leopard) and newer.
+
+Platforms: No changes to platform support for this year (2022). However,
+for next year's release (2023), we are planning to switch the Windows
+binaries from 32-bit to 64-bit. Unfortunately we cannot feasibly support
+both simultaneously.
+
+%
+\subsubsection{2023}
+
+Windows:
+As announced previously, \TL{} now contains 64-bit Windows
+binaries instead of 32-bit. The new directory name is
+\texttt{bin/windows} (it did not seem right to put 64-bit binaries into a
+directory named with ``32''). We know this will cause extra
+work for Windows users, but there seemed no better alternative. If you
+need 32-bit Windows support, you'll need to install \TL{} 2022.
+From Windows~11 onward, Windows on ARM supports emulation of 64-bit
+AMD/Intel and thus can use the current \TL. However, Windows~10 on ARM
+cannot emulate Intel/AMD 64-bit, and will therefore also need a 32-bit
+TeX Live. See the separate \TL{} Windows web page
+(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html}).
+
+Cross-engine extensions (except in original \TeX{} and e-\TeX{}):
+\cs{special} followed by a new keyword
+``\texttt{shipout}'' delays expansion of the argument tokens
+until \cs{shipout} time, as with a
+non-\verb|\immediate\write|.{\raggedright\par}
+
+\noindent ep\TeX{}, eup\TeX{}:\begin{itemize*}
+\item ``Raw'' (u)ptex no longer built; (u)ptex now runs in
+e(u)ptex's compatibility mode. Same for p\TeX{} tools, listed below.
+\item New primitives: \cs{tojis}, \cs{ptextracingfonts},
+\cs{ptexfontname}.
+\item For \cs{font}, new syntax for JIS/UCS is supported.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Lua\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
+\item new primitive \cs{variablefam} to allow math characters to keep
+their class while still letting the family adapt.
+\item improved r2l annotation areas
+\item cross-engine ``late \cs{special}'' described above.
+\item in Lua\TeX\ 1.17.0, released in May 2023: the
+socket library is now disabled by default; a new command line option
+\code{--socket} enables it, as well as \code{--shell-escape} (not
+\code{--shell-restricted}). In addition, the mime library is now always
+available, and new functions \code{os.socketsleep} and
+\code{os.socketgettime} are also always available. Finally, some
+obscure ways to work around various security features were
+fixed.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent MetaPost: Bug fixes. \texttt{svg->dx} and \texttt{svg->dy} are now
+\texttt{double}, for better precision; \verb|mp_begin_iteration|
+updated; memory leak in \texttt{mplib} fixed.
+
+\noindent pdf\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item new primitive \cs{pdfomitinfodict} to omit \texttt{/Info}
+dictionary completely.
+\item new primitive \cs{pdfomitprocset} to control omitting
+\texttt{/ProcSet} array: \texttt{/ProcSet} is included if this
+parameter is negative, or if this parameter is zero and pdftex is
+generating PDF~1.x output.
+\item with \cs{pdfinterwordspaceon}, if the current font's encoding
+has a \texttt{/space} character at slot 32, it is used; otherwise,
+the \texttt{/space} from the (new) default font \texttt{pdftexspace}
+is used. That default font can be overridden with the new primitive
+\cs{pdfspacefont}. This same new procedure is used for
+\cs{pdffakespace}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent p\TeX{} et al.: \begin{itemize*}
+\item As mentioned above, \texttt{ptex} now runs \texttt{eptex} in
+compatibility mode instead of being built separately.
+
+\item p\TeX{} tools (pbibtex, pdvitype, ppltotf, ptftopl) merged into
+corresponding up\TeX{} versions, running in compatibility mode.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Xe\TeX: fixed \cs{topskip} and \cs{splittopskip}
+computation when \cs{XeTeXupwardsmode} is active; the cross-engine
+``late \cs{special}'' described above.
+
+\noindent Dvipdfmx: new option \texttt{-{}-pdfm-str-utf8} to make
+pdfmark and/or bookmark.
+
+\noindent \BibTeX{}u: \begin{itemize*}
+\item This Bib\TeX{} variant is mostly upward-compatible with \BibTeX,
+with much better (Unicode-based) multilingual support. It's been in
+\TL{} for some years.
+\item This year, more features to support CJK languages have been added,
+some extended from the Japanese (u)pbibtex and other programs.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Kpathsea: Support guessing input file encodings for Unix-ish
+platforms, as on Windows; enabled for
+(\texttt{e})\texttt{p}(\texttt{la})\texttt{tex}, \texttt{pbibtex},
+\texttt{mendex}.
+
+\noindent \code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item default to text interface on \macOS.
+\item install core packages first, retry other packages once.
+\item simplistic checks are done for enough disk space.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Mac\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Mac\TeX{} and its binary folder \texttt{universal-darwin}
+require \macOS\ 10.14 or higher (Mojave, Catalina, Big~Sur, Monterey,
+Ventura). The \texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} binary folder, available only
+with the Unix \texttt{install-tl}, supports 10.6 (Snow~Leopard) and
+later.
+
+\item The GUI package in Mac\TeX{} now contains \texttt{hintview}, a \macOS\
+viewer for HINT documents (created by the \texttt{hitex} and
+\texttt{hilatex} engines for mobile devices; see the Hi\TeX{} web page,
+\url{https://hint.userweb.mwn.de/hint/hitex.html}). The GUI package no
+longer installs a folder of documents, replacing them with a short
+\texttt{READ~ME} for new users and a page about \texttt{hintview}.
+
+\item The \texttt{Extras} folder of additional \TeX{} software on the DVD has
+been replaced with a document containing links to download sites.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Platforms: \begin{itemize*}
+\item As mentioned above, the new \texttt{windows} binary directory
+contains 64-bit Windows binaries, and
+\item the \texttt{bin/win32} binary directory is gone, since we cannot
+support 32-bit and 64-bit Windows simultaneously.
+\item The \texttt{i386-cygwin} binary directory is gone, since Cygwin no
+longer supports i386.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+%
+\htmlanchor{news}
+\subsection{Present: 2024}
+\label{sec:tlcurrent}
+
+Cross-engine changes (except in original \TeX{}, e-\TeX{}, and Lua\TeX):
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item Avoid crashes on devious use of \cs{output} and \cs{write} braces.
+\item Tiny inner-loop optimization. (Both these changes are due to
+David Fuchs.)
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Lua\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Lua-level checks for writing to files now similar to the
+\TeX-level checks.
+\item If the Lua value \code{texconfig.trace\_extra\_newline} is set,
+blank lines are output in the log between macro parameters. In
+2020--2023, this was the case by default; before that, such blank lines
+were never output, which is the behavior of the other engines.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent MetaPost: \begin{itemize*}\raggedright
+\item MPFI library now included for interval arithmetic; enabled with
+\texttt{-{}-numbersystem=interval}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent pdf\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
+\item More reliable text extraction on BigEndian systems.
+\item More checks against corrupt pfb, fmt, pdf files.
+\item Avoid writing a corrupt pdf given unusual pdf inclusions.
+\item Manual converted to \LaTeX\ and thoroughly reviewed, though
+substantive updates are minimal.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent ep\TeX{}, eup\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item New simple encoding conversion utility \texttt{ptekf}.
+\item \texttt{eptex} no longer built separately; it runs in \texttt{euptex}'s
+legacy-encoding mode.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Xe\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Unicode characters in filenames beyond the BMP are supported.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Dvipdfmx: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Calculate time zone offset in the same way as pdf\TeX.
+\item Handle variation selectors to cope with the new Adobe-Japan1-UCS2 CMap.
+\item Fallback multibyte characters in virtual fonts to OFM fonts for (u)p\TeX.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Kpathsea: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Support an extended check for safe filenames which also allows
+writing under \code{TEXMF}[\code{SYS}]\code{VAR}, for Lua\AllTeX{}; new
+functions and corresponding \code{kpsewhich} options.
+\item Support a new variable \code{TEXMF\_OUTPUT\_DIRECTORY} (alongside
+the traditional \code{TEXMFOUTPUT}), so that subprograms can have access to an
+\texttt{-{}-output-directory} setting in an engine invocation.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent CWEB: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Support Lua\TeX{} as backend \TeX{} engine.
+\item Fix buffer overflow on lines with no breakpoint.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent \code{tlmgr}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item New action \code{bug} to help find bug-reporting information.
+\item Use our own root certificate bundle on all platforms, to support LWP
+ more widely, notably on macOS.
+\item Detect a remote repository older than the local installation (i.e.,
+ a stale mirror), and don't update, to avoid incorrect package removals.
+\item Support \ConTeXt{} paper size setting.
+\item Prune backups of tlpdb files for mirrored repositories (main and
+ tlcontrib).
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\noindent Mac\TeX: now contains the latest Ghostscript 10.03.0, updates
+of all four GUI programs, along with (as always) all new TL changes. The
+binaries still support macOS~10.14 (Mojave, 2018) and later. (As usual,
+earlier Mac versions are supported by the \texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy}
+binaries, which are part of TL, but not Mac\TeX{}.)
+
+
+\subsection{Future}
+
+We intend to continue to release new versions of \TL, and would like to
+provide more documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and
+better-checked tree of macros and fonts, and anything else \TeX. This
+work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and there is always
+more to do. Please see \url{https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.
+
+Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
+\begin{quote}
+\email{tex-live at tug.org} {\small (you need not subscribe in order to post)}\\
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive}
+\end{quote}
+
+\medskip
+\noindent \textsl{Happy \TeX ing!}
+
+\end{document}
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.toc
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.toc (rev 0)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/texlive-en.toc 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}\TeX \ Live and the \TeX \ Collection}{3}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}Operating system support}{4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Basic installation of \TL {}}{4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Security considerations}{4}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Getting help}{5}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Overview of \TeX \ Live}{5}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}The \TeX \ Collection: \TL , Mac\TeX , MiK\TeX , CTAN}{6}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Top level \TL {} directories}{6}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Overview of the predefined texmf trees}{7}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Extensions to \TeX }{8}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Other notable programs in \TL }{8}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Installation}{9}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Starting the installer}{9}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Unix}{9}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}macOS\xspace }{10}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Windows}{11}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.4}Cygwin}{11}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.5}The text installer}{11}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.6}The graphical installer}{12}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Running the installer}{12}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Binary systems menu (Unix only)}{12}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Selecting what is to be installed}{13}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Directories}{14}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.4}Options}{16}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Command-line install-tl options}{17}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}The \texttt {-repository} option}{18}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Post-install actions}{18}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Environment variables for Unix}{18}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Environment variables: Global configuration}{19}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3}Internet updates after DVD\xspace \ installation}{19}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4}System font configuration for \XeTeX \ and Lua\TeX }{20}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5}\ConTeXt {} LMTX and MKIV}{20}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6}Integrating local and personal macros}{21}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7}Integrating third-party fonts}{21}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Testing the installation}{22}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Uninstalling T\kern -.1667em\lower .5ex\hbox {E}\kern -.125emX\spacefactor 1000 {} Live\xspace }{23}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Links for additional downloadable software}{24}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Specialized installations}{24}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations}{25}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Portable (USB\xspace {}) installations}{25}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}\textsf {tlmgr}: Managing your installation}{26}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}GUI\xspace {} interfaces for \textsf {tlmgr}}{26}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Sample \textsf {tlmgr} command-line invocations}{27}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Notes on Windows}{29}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Windows-specific features}{29}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Additional software included on Windows}{29}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Using external Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript installations}{30}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}User Profile is Home}{30}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}The Windows registry}{30}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6}Windows permissions}{31}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.7}Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin}{31}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}A user's guide to Web2C}{32}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Kpathsea path searching}{33}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.1}Path sources}{33}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.2}Config files}{34}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.3}Path expansion}{35}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.4}Default expansion}{35}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.5}Brace expansion}{35}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.6}Subdirectory expansion}{36}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.7}Summary of special characters in \texttt {texmf.cnf} files}{36}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Filename databases}{36}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.2.1}The filename database}{36}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.2.2}kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}{37}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.2.3}Examples of use}{38}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.2.4}Debugging actions}{39}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Runtime options}{42}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}\texttt {\$TEXMFDOTDIR}}{42}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Acknowledgements}{43}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}Release history}{45}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Past}{45}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.1}2003}{46}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.2}2004}{46}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.3}2005}{48}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.4}2006--2007}{49}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.5}2008}{50}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.6}2009}{50}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.7}2010}{51}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.8}2011}{52}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.9}2012}{52}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.10}2013}{53}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.11}2014}{53}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.12}2015}{54}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.13}2016}{55}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.14}2017}{56}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.15}2018}{57}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.16}2019}{57}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.17}2020}{58}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.18}2021}{59}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.19}2022}{61}%
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.1.20}2023}{62}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Present: 2024}{64}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}Future}{65}%
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlcockpit-packages.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlmgr-gui.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-linux.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tlshell-macos.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
Added: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Index: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png
===================================================================
--- branches/stable/tests/37-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png 2025-02-16 20:03:16 UTC (rev 952)
+++ branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png 2025-02-16 20:04:38 UTC (rev 953)
Property changes on: branches/stable/tests/38-interword-space-at-font-switch/tray-menu.png
___________________________________________________________________
Added: svn:mime-type
## -0,0 +1 ##
+application/octet-stream
\ No newline at end of property
More information about the pdftex-commits
mailing list.