[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r677 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Mon Jul 2 22:02:32 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-07-02 23:02:31 +0300 (Mon, 02 Jul 2018)
New Revision: 677
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Finished latex-reference. Added CTAN section.
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-07-02 15:52:35 UTC (rev 676)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-07-02 20:02:31 UTC (rev 677)
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
2018-07-02 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+ * latex2e.texi (Many sections) Finished checking entries against
+ latex2e-reference. Removed that item from xx list.
+ (CTAN) Added section.
+
+2018-07-02 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
* latex2e.texi (Many sections) Check entries against
latex2e-reference. Through "Modes".
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-07-02 15:52:35 UTC (rev 676)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-07-02 20:02:31 UTC (rev 677)
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@
<li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-CTAN-1" href="#CTAN">2.5 CTAN</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -713,6 +714,8 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="5">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
+</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -730,7 +733,7 @@
<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. Here is a “hello, world” example:
+and ending. This is a small example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
@@ -739,10 +742,13 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
+<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an
+<code>\end{document}</code> line.
+</p>
<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
-<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the so-called <em>document class</em>,
-implemented in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. Any document class can be
-used. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
+<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented
+in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
+system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
@@ -750,12 +756,13 @@
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called
+<p>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair makes an
<a name="index-environment"></a>
<em>environment</em>; the ‘<samp>document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is
-required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX
-provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
-See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>.
+required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX make
+available to you many environments that are documented here
+(see <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
+packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
</p>
<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a LaTeX input file.
@@ -935,7 +942,7 @@
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
@@ -1197,6 +1204,41 @@
<hr>
+<a name="CTAN"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="CTAN-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">2.5 CTAN</h3>
+
+<a name="index-CTAN"></a>
+
+<p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and
+LaTeX community’s repository of free material. It is a set of
+Internet sites around the world that offer material related to LaTeX
+for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a href="https://www.ctan.org">https://www.ctan.org</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
+typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
+person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s
+specifications.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
+as search by name or by functionality.
+</p>
+<p>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
+sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
+instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
+sponsored by the German TeX group DANTE and is managed by Rainer
+Schoepf. Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, by
+automatically syncing their collections with the core site and then in
+turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to
+their location better access and relieves the core site of load.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Document-classes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -2061,30 +2103,28 @@
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
-<p>This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in
-<code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. In the table below, the corresponding
-command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no
-arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of the
-declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
-the current group.
+<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
+is used with an argument, as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is
+the preferred form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the
+corresponding declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form
+takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
+of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as
+<code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>.
</p>
-<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
-are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
-<code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif.
+<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are
+cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
+<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
-instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.
-</p>
<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
-<p>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
-if needed. (See <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, for the details of italic corrections.)
-Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
-character is in the list <code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists
-of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of
-italic correction, use <code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the
-command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or
-<code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
+<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
+corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>). Specifically, they insert the
+italic correction unless the following character is in the list
+<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of a period and a comma.
+To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
+<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
+<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
@@ -2159,11 +2199,15 @@
will be in roman.
</p>
<p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. Also,
-they are used differently than the above commands:
-<code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These
-are two unrelated constructs.
+switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are
+used declaratively: <code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of
+<code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>.
</p>
+<p>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
+switching. The earlier commands are an nimprovement in most
+curcumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
+what you want.)
+</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
<a name="index-_005cbf"></a>
@@ -2229,13 +2273,6 @@
<p>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>.
</p>
-<p>(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
-as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands
-(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. Others think that both sets of
-commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch
-is precisely what you want; for one example,
-see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>.)
-</p>
<p>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not
create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
@@ -2349,12 +2386,23 @@
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</table>
-<p>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
-end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
-these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
+<p>The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+declaring them, as with this example.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small
+ The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
+\end{quotation}
+</pre></div>
+<p>The scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style
+command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
+extra curly braces <code>{\small We are here, we are here, we are
+here!}</code>. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
+for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -3323,8 +3371,8 @@
input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp>A
Appendix</samp>’ (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp>A</samp>’
by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
-table of contents and have simple page headers so this difference may
-not matter).
+table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
+from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter).
</p>
<p>The section title <var>title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but
it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or
@@ -3921,11 +3969,12 @@
<pre class="example">\appendix
</pre></div>
-<p>In a book or report declare that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands
-start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code>
-commands. It also resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters
-to 0 in a book or report, and in an article resets the
-<code>section</code> and <code>subsection</code> counters.
+<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it
+declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands start an appendix. In
+an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code> commands. It also
+resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters to 0 in a
+book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
+<code>subsection</code> counters.
</p>
<p>In this book
</p>
@@ -6519,10 +6568,10 @@
</pre></div>
<p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. (While this environment is not obsolete, new
-documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
-such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>, or
-<code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.)
+boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
+obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
+creation systems, such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>,
+or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
</p>
<p>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
@@ -6561,14 +6610,14 @@
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the value
-<code>\unitlength</code> to get the size of the box that LaTeX places on
-the output page. This box size need not be how large the picture really
-is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture outside the picture’s
-box.
+<code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, the space that
+LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
+large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
+outside the picture’s box.
</p>
<p>This environment also has an optional argument
-(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. (Unlike
-most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.)
+(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
+most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
Multiply these by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the point at the lower-left
corner of the picture.
@@ -6606,12 +6655,12 @@
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
-unlike in some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are
+unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
further up the page.
</p>
<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
-<code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code>. The most often
-used is <code>\put</code>. This
+<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
+often used is <code>\put</code>. This
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
@@ -6621,10 +6670,10 @@
<em>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
<a name="index-LR-box"></a>
-The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>. Anything that can go
-in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>) can go in the text
-argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point will be the
-lower left corner of the box. In this picture
+The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>) can
+go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
+will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -6659,7 +6708,6 @@
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
@@ -6715,6 +6763,8 @@
<p>Place <var>content</var> at the coordinate (<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). See
the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+The <var>content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot
+contain line breaks.
</p>
<p>This includes the text into the <code>picture</code>.
</p>
@@ -7642,24 +7692,16 @@
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
<var>table body</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % also optional
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>or
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
- <var>table body</var>
- \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
- \label{<var>label}</var>
-\end{table}
-</pre></div>
-
<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages
and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
</p>
-<p>This <code>table</code> environment contains a tabular environment.
+<p>This example <code>table</code> environment contains a <code>tabular</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}
@@ -7676,6 +7718,9 @@
\end{table}
</pre></div>
+<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>,
+including text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+</p>
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
@@ -7725,7 +7770,7 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
-column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -7734,7 +7779,7 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>}
-column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\
...
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>
@@ -7752,28 +7797,21 @@
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
-between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument <code>{l|l}</code>.
+<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
+between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument
+<code>{l|l}</code>.
<a name="index-_0026"></a>
-Put entries in different columns by separating them with an ampersand
-<code>&</code>. Put a horizontal rule between two rows with <code>\hline</code>.
+Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
+ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
+backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
+backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
-The end of each row is marked with a double backslash <code>\\</code>.
This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
</p>
<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
-<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
-the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
-should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
-the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
-are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
-...</code> warning.
-</p>
-</dd>
<dt><var>pos</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
@@ -7809,25 +7847,28 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>This inserts <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The
-<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
-fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<dd><p>Insert <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var>text
+or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX’s
+<p>If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX’s
<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
-either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which
-by default is ‘<samp>6pt</samp>’. That is, by default adjacent columns are
-separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
-is not the separation between tabular columns). By implication, a
-space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
-column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code> there.
+either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
+default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named
+since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In
+addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and
+after the final column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code>
+there.
</p>
-<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then you must
-insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
+<p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX does
+not insert <code>\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space
+yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space, including
-the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular
-lines need to lie on the left margin.
+<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
+particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space before the
+first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
+tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
@@ -7880,7 +7921,8 @@
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
-ending the row.
+ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt>
@@ -7892,7 +7934,17 @@
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+
</dd>
+<dt><var>width</var></dt>
+<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
+the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
+should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
+the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
+are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+...</code> warning.
+</p>
+</dd>
</dl>
<p>Parameters that control formatting:
@@ -12160,16 +12212,18 @@
<a name="index-_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005e"></a>
-<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
+<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var>
+<var>base</var>^{<var>exp</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>or
+<p>or, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var>
+<var>base</var>_{<var>exp</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret
@@ -14506,11 +14560,12 @@
<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
-LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
+LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
+as <em>y=mx</em>.
</p>
<p>But LaTeX’s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
-<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>.
+<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
@@ -14519,7 +14574,9 @@
<p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the
-current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a
+<code>\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of
+a ‘<samp>M</samp>’.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
@@ -18553,8 +18610,8 @@
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
-<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
-example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments) so they are
+<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
+example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are
called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -18571,7 +18628,7 @@
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
-<code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output.
+typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
@@ -18579,11 +18636,12 @@
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. A text body font backslash
-results from <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font
+of the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<code>\verb!!</code>, as below.
+<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only
+there to split the lines).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -18592,9 +18650,6 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>In that example the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only there to
-split the lines.
-</p>
<hr>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
@@ -19618,7 +19673,7 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
-\includeonly{ % comment out lines here to avoid compiling
+\includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
pref,
chap1,
chap2,
@@ -19638,12 +19693,16 @@
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>, and
-<samp>chap2.tex</samp>. If you compile this file, then comment out the lines
-inside <code>\includeonly{...}</code> containing <code>pref</code> and
-<code>chap2</code> and compile again, then LaTeX will only process the
-material in the first chapter but will retain the page numbers and all
-of the cross reference information from the preface and second chapter.
+<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>,
+<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
+this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
+<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1,</code> and compile again,
+then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter.
+Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
+However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
+LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
+information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
+your output correctly.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</p>
@@ -23483,6 +23542,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-07-02 15:52:35 UTC (rev 676)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-07-02 20:02:31 UTC (rev 677)
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@
* Output files:: Files produced.
* TeX engines:: Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
* LaTeX command syntax:: General syntax of LaTeX commands.
+* CTAN:: Our repository.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting and ending, Next: Output files, Up: Overview
@@ -167,26 +168,30 @@
=======================
LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. Here is a "hello, world" example:
+and ending. This is a small example.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
-Here, the 'article' is the so-called "document class", implemented in a
-file 'article.cls'. Any document class can be used. A few document
-classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely
-available. *Note Document classes::.
+Every LaTeX document has a '\begin{document}' line and an
+'\end{document}' line.
+Here, the 'article' is the "document class". It is implemented in a
+file 'article.cls'. You can use any document class on your system. A
+few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of
+others are widely available. *Note Document classes::.
+
You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
the '\begin{document}' commands. This area is called the "preamble".
- The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' is a so-called
+ The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' pair makes an
"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in
-all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX provides many
-environments itself, and many more are defined separately. *Note
-Environments::.
+all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX make available to you
+many environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many
+more are available to you from external packages, most importantly those
+available at CTAN (*note CTAN::).
The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output
from a LaTeX input file.
@@ -295,7 +300,7 @@
<http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>).
-File: latex2e.info, Node: LaTeX command syntax, Prev: TeX engines, Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info, Node: LaTeX command syntax, Next: CTAN, Prev: TeX engines, Up: Overview
2.4 LaTeX command syntax
========================
@@ -497,6 +502,35 @@
}
+File: latex2e.info, Node: CTAN, Prev: LaTeX command syntax, Up: Overview
+
+2.5 CTAN
+========
+
+The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
+community's repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites
+around the world that offer material related to LaTeX for download.
+Visit CTAN on the web at <https://www.ctan.org>.
+
+ This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
+typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
+person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
+specifications.
+
+ In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features
+such as search by name or by functionality.
+
+ CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
+sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
+instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
+sponsored by the German TeX group DANTE and is managed by Rainer
+Schoepf. Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, by
+automatically syncing their collections with the core site and then in
+turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to
+their location better access and relieves the core site of load.
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
3 Document classes
@@ -1109,27 +1143,27 @@
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
- This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as
-in '\textit{TEXT}'. In the table below, the corresponding command in
-parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no arguments, as in
-'{\itshape TEXT}'. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.
+ In the table below the listed commands, the '\text...' commands, is
+used with an argument, as in '\textit{TEXT}'. This is the preferred
+form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the corresponding
+declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form takes no
+arguments, as in '{\itshape TEXT}'. The scope of the declaration form
+lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
+In addition, each has an environment form such as
+'\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}'.
These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
-are cumulative; e.g., you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or
-'\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.
+are cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying
+either of '\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily'.
- You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations;
-for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.
+ One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert
+italic corrections if needed (*note \/::). Specifically, they insert
+the italic correction unless the following character is in the list
+'\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a period and a comma. To
+suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use '\nocorr' at
+the start or end of the command argument, such as '\textit{\nocorr
+text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'.
- These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
-if needed. (*Note \/::, for the details of italic corrections.)
-Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
-character is in the list '\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a
-period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of italic
-correction, use '\nocorr' at the start or end of the command argument,
-such as '\textit{\nocorr text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'.
-
'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
Roman.
@@ -1167,10 +1201,14 @@
but MIDDLE TEXT will be in roman.
LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. Also, they
-are used differently than the above commands: '{\CMD...}' instead of
-'\CMD{...}'. These are two unrelated constructs.
+switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used
+declaratively: '{\CMD...}' instead of '\CMD{...}'.
+ (The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
+switching. The earlier commands are an nimprovement in most
+curcumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
+what you want.)
+
'\bf'
Switch to bold face.
@@ -1197,12 +1235,6 @@
The '\em' command is the unconditional version of '\emph'.
- (Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
-as '\tt', obsolete and that only the cumulative commands ('\texttt')
-should be used. Others think that both sets of commands have their
-place and sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely what you
-want; for one example, *note 'description': description.)
-
The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
cumulative, so '\mathbf{\mathit{SYMBOL}}' does not create a boldface and
italic SYMBOL; instead, it will just be in italics. This is because
@@ -1257,24 +1289,33 @@
(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
respectively (*note Document class options::).
-Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt'
---------------------------------------------------
-'\tiny' 5 6 6
-'\scriptsize' 7 8 8
-'\footnotesize' 8 9 10
-'\small' 9 10 10.95
-'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12
-'\large' 12 12 14.4
-'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28
-'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74
-'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
-'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
+Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt'
+--------------------------------------------------------
+'\tiny' 5 6 6
+'\scriptsize' 7 8 8
+'\footnotesize' 8 9 10
+'\small' 9 10 10.95
+'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12
+'\large' 12 12 14.4
+'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28
+'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74
+'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
+'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
- The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
-of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these
-commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
+ The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+declaring them, as with this example.
+ \begin{quotation} \small
+ The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
+ \end{quotation}
+
+The scope of the '\small' lasts until the end of the 'quotation'
+environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the
+end of the current group, so you could enclose it in extra curly braces
+'{\small We are here, we are here, we are here!}'. You can instead use
+the environment form of these commands; for instance,
+'\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Fonts
@@ -1926,7 +1967,8 @@
'\appendix\section{Appendix}' gives the output 'A Appendix' (*note
\appendix::). You can lose the numbering 'A' by instead entering
'\section*{Appendix}' (articles often omit a table of contents and have
-simple page headers so this difference may not matter).
+simple page headers so the other differences from the '\section' command
+may not matter).
The section title TITLE provides the heading in the main text, but it
may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or foot
@@ -2360,11 +2402,11 @@
\appendix
- In a book or report declare that subsequent '\chapter' commands start
-an appendix. In an article it does the same, for '\section' commands.
-It also resets the 'chapter' and 'section' counters to 0 in a book or
-report, and in an article resets the 'section' and 'subsection'
-counters.
+ This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report
+it declares that subsequent '\chapter' commands start an appendix. In
+an article it does the same, for '\section' commands. It also resets
+the 'chapter' and 'section' counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an
+article resets the 'section' and 'subsection' counters.
In this book
@@ -2833,7 +2875,7 @@
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
+* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
@@ -4275,10 +4317,10 @@
\end{picture}
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. (While this environment is not obsolete, new
-documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
-such as 'TikZ', 'PSTricks', 'MetaPost', or 'Asymptote'. These are not
-covered in this document; see CTAN.)
+boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
+obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
+creation systems, such as 'TikZ', 'PSTricks', 'MetaPost', or
+'Asymptote'. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
@@ -4312,13 +4354,13 @@
The 'picture' environment has one required argument, a pair of
numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value '\unitlength' to
-get the size of the box that LaTeX places on the output page. This box
-size need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things
-from the picture outside the picture's box.
+get the nominal size of the output, the space that LaTeX reserves on the
+output page. This nominal size need not be how large the picture really
+is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture outside the picture's box.
This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It
-is used to shift the origin. (Unlike most optional arguments, this one
-is not contained in square brackets.) As with the required argument, it
+is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one
+is not contained in square brackets. As with the required argument, it
consists of two real numbers. Multiply these by '\unitlength' to get
the point at the lower-left corner of the picture.
@@ -4351,20 +4393,20 @@
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with '\put(1,2){...}', it is not enclosed in braces
since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also, unlike in
-some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are further up the
+some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are further up the
page.
There are four ways to put things in a picture: '\put', '\multiput',
-'qbezier', and 'graphpaper'. The most often used is '\put'. This
+'\qbezier', and '\graphpaper'. The most often used is '\put'. This
\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
places the object with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-0.3).
The reference points for various objects will be described below. The
-'\put' command creates an "LR box". Anything that can go in an '\mbox'
-(*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument of the '\put'
-command. The reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
-In this picture
+'\put' command creates an "LR box" (*note Modes::). Anything that can
+go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument
+of the '\put' command. The reference point will be the lower left
+corner of the box. In this picture
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
...\begin{picture}(1,1)
@@ -4424,7 +4466,8 @@
\put(XCOORD,YCOORD){CONTENT}
Place CONTENT at the coordinate (XCOORD,YCOORD). See the discussion
-of coordinates and '\unitlength' in *note picture::.
+of coordinates and '\unitlength' in *note picture::. The CONTENT is
+processed in LR mode (*note Modes::) so it cannot contain line breaks.
This includes the text into the 'picture'.
@@ -5051,22 +5094,16 @@
\begin{table}[PLACEMENT]
TABLE BODY
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE} % optional
+ \label{LABEL} % also optional
\end{table}
-or
-
- \begin{table}[PLACEMENT]
- TABLE BODY
- \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE}
- \label{LABEL}
- \end{table}
-
A class of floats (*note Floats::). They cannot be split across
pages and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but
instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a
following page.
- This 'table' environment contains a tabular environment.
+ This example 'table' environment contains a 'tabular'
\begin{table}
\centering\small
@@ -5081,6 +5118,9 @@
\label{tab:cello}
\end{table}
+but you can put many different kinds of content in a 'table', including
+text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+
For the possible values of PLACEMENT and their effect on the float
placement algorithm, see *note Floats::.
@@ -5116,14 +5156,14 @@
Synopsis:
\begin{tabular}[POS]{COLS}
- column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
...
\end{tabular}
or
\begin{tabular*}{WIDTH}[POS]{COLS}
- column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
...
\end{tabular*}
@@ -5138,24 +5178,16 @@
Babe Ruth &714
\end{tabular}
-The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
-between them, is specified in 'tabular''s argument '{l|l}'. Put entries
-in different columns by separating them with an ampersand '&'. Put a
-horizontal rule between two rows with '\hline'. The end of each row is
-marked with a double backslash '\\'. This '\\' is optional after the
-last row unless an '\hline' command follows, to put a rule below the
-table.
+The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
+between them. This is specified in 'tabular''s argument '{l|l}'. Put
+the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand,
+'&'. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, '\\'. Put
+a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with '\hline'.
+This '\\' is optional after the last row unless an '\hline' command
+follows, to put a rule below the table.
The required and optional arguments to 'tabular' consist of:
-WIDTH
- Required for 'tabular*', not allowed for 'tabular'. Specifies the
- width of the 'tabular*' environment. The space between columns
- should be rubber, as with '@{\extracolsep{\fill}}', to allow the
- table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
- are likely to get the 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
- ...' warning.
-
POS
Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is
to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of
@@ -5185,27 +5217,29 @@
A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
'@{TEXT OR SPACE}'
- This inserts TEXT OR SPACE at this location in every row. The
- TEXT OR SPACE material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
- fragile (*note \protect::).
+ Insert TEXT OR SPACE at this location in every row. The TEXT
+ OR SPACE material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
+ (*note \protect::).
- This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX's
+ If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX's
'book', 'article', and 'report' classes will put on either
side of each column a space of length '\tabcolsep', which by
- default is '6pt'. That is, by default adjacent columns are
- separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is misleadingly-named since
- it is not the separation between tabular columns). By
- implication, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column
+ default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+ separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is misleadingly named since
+ it is only half of the separation between tabular columns).
+ In addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column
and after the final column, unless you put a '@{...}' or '|'
there.
- If you override the default and use an @-expression then you
- must insert any desired space yourself, as in
- '@{\hspace{1em}}'.
+ If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX
+ does not insert '\tabcolsep' so you must insert any desired
+ space yourself, as in '@{\hspace{1em}}'.
- An empty expression '@{}' will eliminate the space, including
- the space at the start or end, as in the example below where
- the tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
+ An empty expression '@{}' will eliminate the space. In
+ particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space
+ before the first column or after the last one, as in the
+ example below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left
+ margin.
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l}
@@ -5251,7 +5285,8 @@
(when used in a 'p'-column element these declarations must
appear inside braces, as with '{\centering .. \\ ..}').
Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
- ending the row.
+ ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+ '\newline' (*note \newline::).
'*{NUM}{COLS}'
Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
@@ -5260,6 +5295,14 @@
'\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}'. Note that COLS may contain
another '*'-expression.
+WIDTH
+ Required for 'tabular*', not allowed for 'tabular'. Specifies the
+ width of the 'tabular*' environment. The space between columns
+ should be rubber, as with '@{\extracolsep{\fill}}', to allow the
+ table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
+ are likely to get the 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+ ...' warning.
+
Parameters that control formatting:
'\arrayrulewidth'
@@ -8337,13 +8380,15 @@
16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
==============================
-Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
+Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
BASE^EXP
+ BASE^{EXP}
-or
+or, one of:
BASE_EXP
+ BASE_{EXP}
Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret
character, '^') or a subscript (with underscore, '_').
@@ -9668,18 +9713,19 @@
When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter 'y=m x' then LaTeX
-ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
+ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, as y=mx.
But LaTeX's rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the 'f(x)'
-and the 'dx'.
+and the 'dx', here done with the '\,' command.
\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
"mu". It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (*note Units of length::).
+math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a '\thickspace' is
+something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'.
'\;'
Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. Math mode
@@ -12600,34 +12646,31 @@
23.1 Reserved characters
========================
-LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
-example, the percent sign '%' is for comments) so they are called
+LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
+example, the percent sign '%' is for comments. They are called
"reserved characters" or "special characters".
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
-put a backslash '\' in front of the character. Thus, '\$1.23' will
-produce '$1.23' in your output.
+put a backslash '\' in front of the character. Thus, typing '\$1.23'
+will produce '$1.23' in your output.
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use '\~{}' (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text body font
-circumflex use '\^{}'. A text body font backslash results from
-'\textbackslash{}'.
+circumflex use '\^{}'. To get a backslash in the font of the text body,
+enter '\textbackslash{}'.
- To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-'\verb!!', as below.
+ To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use '\verb!!'
+as below (the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines).
\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
\verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
-In that example the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the
-lines.
-
File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
@@ -13120,7 +13163,7 @@
with five included files.
\documentclass{book}
- \includeonly{ % comment out lines here to avoid compiling
+ \includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
pref,
chap1,
chap2,
@@ -13139,12 +13182,15 @@
\include{bib}
\end{document}
-This will bring in material from 'pref.tex', 'chap1.tex', and
-'chap2.tex'. If you compile this file, then comment out the lines
-inside '\includeonly{...}' containing 'pref' and 'chap2' and compile
-again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter
-but will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
-information from the preface and second chapter.
+This will bring in material from 'pref.tex', 'chap1.tex', 'chap2.tex',
+'append.tex', and 'bib.tex'. If you compile this file, and then comment
+out all of the lines inside '\includeonly{...}' except for 'chap1,' and
+compile again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first
+chapter. Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to
+print. However, the advantage of the '\includeonly' command is that
+LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
+information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
+your output correctly.
*Note Larger book template:: for another example of '\includeonly'.
@@ -15085,7 +15131,7 @@
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 45)
+ (line 46)
* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 23)
* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
@@ -15096,21 +15142,21 @@
* \*: \*. (line 6)
* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 31)
+ (line 32)
* \-: tabbing. (line 83)
* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 30)
* \/: \/. (line 6)
* \:: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 27)
+ (line 28)
* \;: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 22)
+ (line 23)
* \<: tabbing. (line 75)
* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 34)
* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 69)
* \>: tabbing. (line 73)
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 27)
+ (line 28)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
* \@: \@. (line 6)
* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 241)
@@ -15157,8 +15203,8 @@
* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15)
* \arg: Math functions. (line 18)
* \arraycolsep: array. (line 51)
-* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 156)
-* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 162)
+* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 158)
+* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 164)
* \ast: Math symbols. (line 38)
* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 47)
* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
@@ -15182,7 +15228,7 @@
(line 111)
* \begin: Environments. (line 6)
* \beta: Math symbols. (line 54)
-* \bf: Font styles. (line 70)
+* \bf: Font styles. (line 74)
* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 39)
* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
@@ -15216,7 +15262,7 @@
* \breve: Math accents. (line 16)
* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 112)
* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 59)
-* \cal: Font styles. (line 73)
+* \cal: Font styles. (line 77)
* \cap: Math symbols. (line 115)
* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 27)
* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 85)
@@ -15234,7 +15280,7 @@
* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 81)
* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 46)
* \caption: figure. (line 44)
-* \caption <1>: table. (line 47)
+* \caption <1>: table. (line 44)
* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 120)
* \cdots: Dots. (line 17)
@@ -15350,7 +15396,7 @@
* \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
(line 6)
* \dots: Text symbols. (line 35)
-* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 167)
+* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 169)
* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 185)
* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 189)
* \ell: Math symbols. (line 193)
@@ -15379,7 +15425,7 @@
(line 172)
* \exists: Math symbols. (line 212)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
-* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 116)
+* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 109)
* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 6)
* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 31)
* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39)
@@ -15504,7 +15550,7 @@
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
* \iota: Math symbols. (line 279)
-* \it: Font styles. (line 76)
+* \it: Font styles. (line 80)
* \item: description. (line 31)
* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29)
* \item <2>: itemize. (line 6)
@@ -15632,19 +15678,19 @@
(line 43)
* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 75)
* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 84)
-* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 112)
-* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 128)
+* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 110)
+* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 126)
* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 910)
-* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 125)
+* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 123)
* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 913)
* \mathring: Math accents. (line 34)
-* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 109)
+* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 107)
* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 916)
-* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 115)
+* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 113)
* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 919)
-* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 118)
+* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 116)
* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 922)
-* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 130)
+* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 128)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 36)
@@ -15653,7 +15699,7 @@
* \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
(line 34)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 27)
+ (line 28)
* \mho: Math symbols. (line 405)
* \mid: Math symbols. (line 410)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
@@ -15673,7 +15719,7 @@
(line 182)
* \neg: Math symbols. (line 443)
* \negthinspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 45)
+ (line 46)
* \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
(line 6)
* \neq: Math symbols. (line 447)
@@ -15733,7 +15779,7 @@
* \OE (OE): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
* \oint: Math symbols. (line 478)
-* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 134)
+* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 132)
* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 482)
* \omega: Math symbols. (line 485)
* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 488)
@@ -15838,11 +15884,11 @@
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 56)
+ (line 57)
* \qquad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
(line 6)
* \quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 50)
+ (line 51)
* \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad.
(line 6)
* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 51)
@@ -15882,7 +15928,7 @@
* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 620)
* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 623)
* \rightmargin: list. (line 171)
-* \rm: Font styles. (line 79)
+* \rm: Font styles. (line 83)
* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30)
* \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 27)
@@ -15894,7 +15940,7 @@
* \S: Text symbols. (line 58)
* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6)
* \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6)
-* \sc: Font styles. (line 82)
+* \sc: Font styles. (line 86)
* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \scshape: Font styles. (line 51)
@@ -15911,7 +15957,7 @@
* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
-* \sf: Font styles. (line 85)
+* \sf: Font styles. (line 89)
* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 48)
* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 635)
* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
@@ -15922,7 +15968,7 @@
* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 648)
* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
-* \sl: Font styles. (line 88)
+* \sl: Font styles. (line 92)
* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 45)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
@@ -15975,7 +16021,7 @@
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
* \TAB: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 121)
-* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 171)
+* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 173)
* \tableofcontents: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
@@ -16061,10 +16107,10 @@
* \theta: Math symbols. (line 733)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 22)
+ (line 23)
* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6)
* \thinspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 31)
+ (line 32)
* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
(line 6)
* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
@@ -16087,7 +16133,7 @@
* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 750)
* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 753)
* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 759)
-* \tt: Font styles. (line 91)
+* \tt: Font styles. (line 95)
* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 54)
* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
* \typein: \typein. (line 6)
@@ -16156,7 +16202,7 @@
* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66)
* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 14)
* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 49)
-* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34)
+* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 35)
* \\ for verse: verse. (line 21)
* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 43)
* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 64)
@@ -16271,8 +16317,8 @@
* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* bm package: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
(line 32)
-* bold font: Font styles. (line 71)
-* bold math: Font styles. (line 130)
+* bold font: Font styles. (line 75)
+* bold math: Font styles. (line 128)
* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 36)
* boldface mathematics: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
(line 6)
@@ -16307,7 +16353,7 @@
* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 93)
* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6)
-* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 74)
+* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 78)
* cap height: Text symbols. (line 101)
* caron accent: Accents. (line 89)
* catcode: \makeatletter & \makeatother.
@@ -16424,6 +16470,7 @@
* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 33)
* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6)
* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6)
+* CTAN: CTAN. (line 6)
* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 114)
* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 125)
* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 111)
@@ -16472,7 +16519,7 @@
(line 6)
* document class options: Document class options.
(line 6)
-* document class, defined: Starting and ending. (line 14)
+* document class, defined: Starting and ending. (line 17)
* document classes: Document classes. (line 6)
* document environment: document. (line 6)
* document templates: Document templates. (line 6)
@@ -16521,7 +16568,7 @@
* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6)
* enumitem package: list. (line 253)
-* environment: Starting and ending. (line 22)
+* environment: Starting and ending. (line 25)
* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 6)
* environment, array: array. (line 6)
* environment, center: center. (line 6)
@@ -16610,7 +16657,7 @@
* final option: Document class options.
(line 49)
* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 33)
-* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 92)
+* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 96)
* flafter package: Floats. (line 82)
* fleqn option: Document class options.
(line 49)
@@ -16761,7 +16808,7 @@
* insertions of special characters: Special insertions. (line 6)
* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 38)
* italic correction: \/. (line 6)
-* italic font: Font styles. (line 77)
+* italic font: Font styles. (line 81)
* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6)
* item_0: makeindex. (line 81)
* item_01: makeindex. (line 90)
@@ -16843,7 +16890,7 @@
(line 6)
* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6)
* line_max: makeindex. (line 130)
-* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 134)
+* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 132)
* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6)
* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6)
* list environment: list. (line 6)
@@ -16903,7 +16950,7 @@
* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode.
(line 6)
* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6)
-* math, bold: Font styles. (line 130)
+* math, bold: Font styles. (line 128)
* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 86)
* mathtools package <1>: Over- and Underlining.
(line 45)
@@ -16911,7 +16958,7 @@
* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
* mhchem package: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 60)
+ (line 62)
* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
* minipage environment: minipage. (line 6)
* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
@@ -16920,7 +16967,7 @@
* minted package <2>: \verb. (line 42)
* mm: Units of length. (line 27)
* modes: Modes. (line 6)
-* monospace font: Font styles. (line 92)
+* monospace font: Font styles. (line 96)
* moving arguments: \protect. (line 19)
* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 62)
* mu: Units of length. (line 49)
@@ -16954,12 +17001,12 @@
(line 49)
* null delimiter: \left & \right. (line 6)
* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
-* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 134)
-* oblique font: Font styles. (line 89)
+* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 132)
+* oblique font: Font styles. (line 93)
* oe ligature: Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
* ogonek: Accents. (line 71)
-* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 134)
+* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 132)
* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* onecolumn option: Document class options.
(line 78)
@@ -17083,7 +17130,7 @@
* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
* package, mhchem: Subscripts & superscripts.
- (line 60)
+ (line 62)
* package, minted: tabbing. (line 146)
* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 31)
* package, minted <2>: \verb. (line 42)
@@ -17104,7 +17151,7 @@
* package, symbols: Math symbols. (line 6)
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
-* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134)
+* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 132)
* package, TikZ: \line. (line 36)
* package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 62)
* package, TikZ <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 72)
@@ -17197,14 +17244,14 @@
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 49)
* preamble: makeindex. (line 50)
-* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 19)
+* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 22)
* prompt, *: Recovering from errors.
(line 23)
* pronunciation: Overview. (line 24)
* PSTricks package: \line. (line 36)
* pt: Units of length. (line 10)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 50)
+ (line 51)
* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 150)
* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 31)
@@ -17245,7 +17292,7 @@
* ring accent: Accents. (line 75)
* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 35)
* robust commands: \protect. (line 6)
-* roman font: Font styles. (line 80)
+* roman font: Font styles. (line 84)
* root file: Splitting the input. (line 10)
* roots: \sqrt. (line 6)
* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6)
@@ -17258,18 +17305,18 @@
* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* sagetex package: Command line options.
(line 62)
-* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 86)
+* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 90)
* Scaled point: Units of length. (line 36)
* scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6)
-* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 74)
-* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 61)
-* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 62)
+* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 78)
+* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 62)
+* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 63)
* section: Sectioning. (line 6)
* section <1>: \section. (line 6)
* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
-* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 62)
+* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 63)
* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 60)
* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6)
* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6)
@@ -17294,11 +17341,11 @@
* siunitx package: ~. (line 32)
* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
-* slanted font: Font styles. (line 89)
+* slanted font: Font styles. (line 93)
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
* sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6)
* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6)
-* small caps font: Font styles. (line 83)
+* small caps font: Font styles. (line 87)
* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 55)
* sp: Units of length. (line 36)
* space, hard: ~. (line 6)
@@ -17371,7 +17418,7 @@
(line 6)
* table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc..
(line 6)
-* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 73)
+* table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 74)
* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
* template, article: article template. (line 6)
@@ -17391,7 +17438,7 @@
* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* textcase package: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
-* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134)
+* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 132)
* textcomp package <1>: Text symbols. (line 6)
* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 57)
* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6)
@@ -17400,11 +17447,11 @@
* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6)
* thin space: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 31)
+ (line 32)
* thin space <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
(line 6)
* thin space, negative: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 45)
+ (line 46)
* thin space, negative <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
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+Node: tabbing191464
+Node: table197457
+Node: tabular199550
+Ref: tabular arrayrulewidth205894
+Ref: tabular arraystrech206134
+Ref: tabular doublerulesep206355
+Ref: tabular tabcolsep206491
+Node: \multicolumn207012
+Node: \vline210871
+Node: \cline212262
+Node: \hline212972
+Node: thebibliography213654
+Node: \bibitem216064
+Node: \cite218339
+Node: \nocite219989
+Node: Using BibTeX220473
+Node: theorem222628
+Node: titlepage223550
+Node: verbatim224833
+Node: \verb226343
+Node: verse228163
+Node: Line breaking229390
+Node: \\230756
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr233189
+Node: \newline233983
+Node: \- (hyphenation)235012
+Node: \discretionary236650
+Node: \fussy & \sloppy237538
+Node: sloppypar238321
+Node: \hyphenation239467
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak240061
+Node: Page breaking241208
+Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage243237
+Node: \newpage244757
+Node: \enlargethispage246055
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak247011
+Node: Footnotes248678
+Node: \footnote249824
+Ref: footnote footnoterule251092
+Ref: footnote footnotesep251703
+Node: \footnotemark252769
+Node: \footnotetext255108
+Node: Footnotes in section headings255709
+Node: Footnotes in a table256542
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes259464
+Node: Definitions260168
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand261045
+Node: \providecommand266275
+Node: \newcounter267421
+Node: \newlength269148
+Node: \newsavebox269970
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment270886
+Node: \newtheorem276202
+Node: \newfont279774
+Node: \protect281010
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend283396
+Node: Counters286134
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol287835
+Node: \usecounter290489
+Node: \value291348
+Node: \setcounter292401
+Node: \addtocounter292997
+Node: \refstepcounter293451
+Node: \stepcounter294120
+Node: \day & \month & \year294666
+Node: Lengths295477
+Node: Units of length299830
+Ref: units of length pt300033
+Ref: units of length pc300155
+Ref: units of length in300178
+Ref: units of length bp300204
+Ref: units of length cm300335
+Ref: units of length mm300357
+Ref: units of length dd300379
+Ref: units of length cc300411
+Ref: units of length sp300436
+Ref: Lengths/em300467
+Ref: Lengths/en300467
+Ref: Lengths/ex300467
+Ref: units of length em300467
+Ref: units of length en300467
+Ref: units of length ex300467
+Node: \setlength301323
+Node: \addtolength302100
+Node: \settodepth303062
+Node: \settoheight303852
+Node: \settowidth304646
+Node: Making paragraphs305425
+Node: \par307074
+Node: \indent & \noindent308919
+Node: \parindent & \parskip310453
+Node: Marginal notes311488
+Ref: marginal notes marginparpush312888
+Ref: marginal notes marginparsep313001
+Ref: marginal notes marginparwidth313133
+Node: Math formulas313482
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts317650
+Node: Math symbols319808
+Node: Blackboard bold345975
+Node: Calligraphic346747
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath347319
+Node: Dots348833
+Ref: ellipses cdots349255
+Ref: ellipses ddots349402
+Ref: ellipses ldots349491
+Ref: ellipses vdots349912
+Node: Math functions351098
+Node: Math accents352742
+Node: Over- and Underlining353641
+Node: Spacing in math mode355468
+Ref: spacing in math mode thickspace356400
+Ref: spacing in math mode medspace356492
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace356588
+Ref: spacing in math mode thinspace356588
+Ref: spacing in math mode negthinspace357069
+Ref: spacing in math mode quad357267
+Ref: spacing in math mode qquad357523
+Node: Math miscellany357621
+Node: Colon character & \colon358180
+Node: \*358873
+Node: \frac359457
+Node: \left & \right359837
+Node: \sqrt361011
+Node: \stackrel361606
+Node: Modes361879
+Ref: modes paragraph mode362329
+Ref: modes lr mode362525
+Ref: modes math mode363131
+Ref: modes vertical mode363466
+Ref: modes internal vertical mode363637
+Ref: modes inner paragraph mode364110
+Ref: modes outer paragraph mode364110
+Node: \ensuremath364526
+Node: Page styles365231
+Node: \maketitle365994
+Node: \pagenumbering369004
+Node: \pagestyle370992
+Node: \thispagestyle374494
+Node: Spaces375451
+Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad376892
+Node: \hspace377806
+Node: \hfill379644
+Node: \hss380708
+Node: \spacefactor381402
+Node: \@384789
+Ref: \AT384889
+Node: \frenchspacing386829
+Node: \normalsfcodes387664
+Node: \(SPACE)387911
+Node: ~389546
+Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace392016
+Node: \/392959
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill394265
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip395621
+Ref: bigskip396439
+Ref: medskip396643
+Ref: smallskip396852
+Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak397513
+Node: \strut398499
+Node: \vspace401693
+Node: \vfill403256
+Node: \addvspace404184
+Node: Boxes406182
+Node: \mbox & \makebox406888
+Ref: mbox makebox depth408103
+Ref: mbox makebox height408103
+Ref: mbox makebox width408103
+Ref: mbox makebox totalheight408103
+Node: \fbox & \framebox410197
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxrule411510
+Ref: fbox framebox fboxsep411700
+Node: \parbox412789
+Node: \raisebox415093
+Ref: raisebox depth416056
+Ref: raisebox height416056
+Ref: raisebox width416056
+Ref: raisebox totalheight416056
+Node: \sbox & \savebox416770
+Node: lrbox419736
+Node: \usebox420558
+Node: Color420964
+Node: Color package options421808
+Node: Color models423454
+Ref: color models cmyk424251
+Ref: color models gray424614
+Ref: color models rgb424763
+Ref: color models RGB425100
+Ref: color models named425475
+Node: Commands for color425763
+Node: Define colors426178
+Node: Colored text426903
+Node: Colored boxes429301
+Node: Colored pages430690
+Node: Graphics431383
+Node: Graphics package options433510
+Node: Graphics package configuration436263
+Node: \graphicspath437065
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions439956
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule441724
+Node: Commands for graphics444910
+Node: \includegraphics445415
+Ref: includegraphics width450465
+Ref: includegraphics height450996
+Ref: includegraphics totalheght451402
+Ref: includegraphics keepaspectratio451666
+Ref: includegraphics viewport453352
+Ref: includegraphics trim453722
+Ref: includegraphics clip454178
+Ref: includegraphics page454438
+Ref: includegraphics pagebox454529
+Ref: includegraphics interpolate455394
+Ref: includegraphics quiet455599
+Ref: includegraphics draft455760
+Ref: includegraphics bb456565
+Ref: includegraphics bbllx456963
+Ref: includegraphics bblly456963
+Ref: includegraphics bburx456963
+Ref: includegraphics bbury456963
+Ref: includegraphics natwidth457105
+Ref: includegraphics natheight457105
+Ref: includegraphics hiresbb457291
+Ref: includegraphics type458053
+Ref: includegraphics ext458093
+Ref: includegraphics read458196
+Ref: includegraphics command458313
+Node: \rotatebox458558
+Node: \scalebox461389
+Node: \resizebox462445
+Node: Special insertions463637
+Node: Reserved characters464439
+Node: Upper and lower case465641
+Node: Symbols by font position467556
+Node: Text symbols468176
+Node: Accents472177
+Node: Additional Latin letters474192
+Ref: Non-English characters474363
+Node: \rule475380
+Node: \today476552
+Node: Splitting the input477488
+Node: \endinput479229
+Node: \include & \includeonly480496
+Node: \input484718
+Node: Front/back matter485933
+Node: Table of contents etc.486266
+Node: \addcontentsline490002
+Node: \addtocontents492844
+Node: \nofiles494435
+Node: Indexes495167
+Node: \index496795
+Node: makeindex501910
+Ref: makeindex preamble503578
+Ref: makeindex postamble503718
+Ref: makeindex group skip503803
+Ref: makeindex letheadflag504123
+Ref: makeindex lethead prefix504587
+Ref: makeindex lethead suffix504739
+Ref: makeindex item 0504887
+Ref: makeindex item 1504967
+Ref: makeindex item 2505042
+Ref: makeindex item 01505120
+Ref: makeindex item x1505225
+Ref: makeindex item 12505430
+Ref: makeindex item x2505538
+Ref: makeindex delim 0505698
+Ref: makeindex delim 1505828
+Ref: makeindex delim 2505958
+Ref: makeindex delim n506084
+Ref: makeindex delim r506219
+Ref: makeindex line max506327
+Ref: makeindex indent space506462
+Ref: makeindex indent length506557
+Ref: makeindex page precedence506742
+Node: \printindex507616
+Node: Glossaries508088
+Node: \newglossaryentry510055
+Node: \gls511524
+Node: Letters512318
+Node: \address515945
+Node: \cc516756
+Node: \closing517198
+Node: \encl517512
+Node: \location517926
+Node: \makelabels518190
+Node: \name520507
+Node: \opening520748
+Node: \ps521029
+Node: \signature521318
+Node: \telephone522546
+Node: Terminal input/output522911
+Node: \typein523176
+Node: \typeout524425
+Node: Command line525469
+Node: Command line options527527
+Node: Command line input531069
+Node: Recovering from errors532933
+Node: Document templates534267
+Node: beamer template534712
+Node: article template535366
+Node: book template535793
+Node: Larger book template536274
+Node: tugboat template537760
+Node: Index540131
+Ref: Command Index540217
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-07-02 15:52:35 UTC (rev 676)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-07-02 20:02:31 UTC (rev 677)
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
@c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX
@c xx classes and packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts
@c
- at c xx merge http://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-reference
@c xx merge permuted-index
@c xx merge latex-manual from savannah
@c xx merge display style math
@@ -273,6 +272,7 @@
* Output files:: Files produced.
* @TeX{} engines:: Programs that can compile @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}.
* @LaTeX{} command syntax:: General syntax of @LaTeX{} commands.
+* CTAN:: Our repository.
@end menu
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@
@cindex hello, world
@LaTeX{} files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
-and ending. Here is a ``hello, world'' example:
+and ending. This is a small example.
@example
\documentclass@{article@}
@@ -294,11 +294,15 @@
\end@{document@}
@end example
+ at noindent
+Every @LaTeX{} document has a @code{\begin@{document@}} line and an
+ at code{\end@{document@}} line.
+
@cindex document class, defined
@noindent
-Here, the @samp{article} is the so-called @dfn{document class},
-implemented in a file @file{article.cls}. Any document class can be
-used. A few document classes are defined by @LaTeX{} itself, and vast
+Here, the @samp{article} is the @dfn{document class}. It is implemented
+in a file @file{article.cls}. You can use any document class on your
+system. A few document classes are defined by @LaTeX{} itself, and vast
array of others are widely available. @xref{Document classes}.
@cindex preamble, defined
@@ -306,12 +310,13 @@
@code{\documentclass} and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands.
This area is called the @dfn{preamble}.
-The @code{\begin@{document@} ... \end@{document@}} is a so-called
+The @code{\begin@{document@} ... \end@{document@}} pair makes an
@cindex environment
@dfn{environment}; the @samp{document} environment (and no others) is
-required in all @LaTeX{} documents (@pxref{document}). @LaTeX{}
-provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
- at xref{Environments}.
+required in all @LaTeX{} documents (@pxref{document}). @LaTeX{} make
+available to you many environments that are documented here
+(@pxref{Environments}). Many more are available to you from external
+packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (@pxref{CTAN}).
The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a @LaTeX{} input file.
@@ -705,6 +710,35 @@
@end example
+ at node CTAN
+ at section CTAN
+
+ at cindex CTAN
+
+The Comprehensive @TeX{} Archive Network, CTAN, is the @TeX{} and
+ at LaTeX{} community's repository of free material. It is a set of
+Internet sites around the world that offer material related to @LaTeX{}
+for download. Visit CTAN on the web at @url{https://www.ctan.org}.
+
+This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that
+typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one
+person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
+a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's
+specifications.
+
+In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
+as search by name or by functionality.
+
+CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
+sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
+instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
+sponsored by the German @TeX{} group DANTE and is managed by Rainer
+Schoepf. Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, by
+automatically syncing their collections with the core site and then in
+turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to
+their location better access and relieves the core site of load.
+
+
@node Document classes
@chapter Document classes
@@ -1498,30 +1532,28 @@
The following type style commands are supported by @LaTeX{}.
-This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in
- at code{\textit@{@var{text}@}}. In the table below, the corresponding
-command in parenthesis is the ``declaration form'', which takes no
-arguments, as in @code{@{\itshape @var{text}@}}. The scope of the
-declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
-the current group.
+In the table below the listed commands, the @code{\text...} commands,
+is used with an argument, as in @code{\textit@{@var{text}@}}. This is
+the preferred form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the
+corresponding declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form
+takes no arguments, as in @code{@{\itshape @var{text}@}}. The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
+of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as
+ at code{\begin@{itshape@}...\end@{itshape@}}.
-These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
-are cumulative; e.g., you can say either @code{\sffamily\bfseries} or
- at code{\bfseries\sffamily} to get bold sans serif.
+These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are
+cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
+ at code{\sffamily\bfseries} or @code{\bfseries\sffamily}.
-You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
-instance, @code{\begin@{ttfamily@}...\end@{ttfamily@}}.
-
@findex \nocorrlist
@findex \nocorr
-These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
-if needed. (@xref{\/}, for the details of italic corrections.)
-Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
-character is in the list @code{\nocorrlist}, which by default consists
-of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of
-italic correction, use @code{\nocorr} at the start or end of the
-command argument, such as @code{\textit@{\nocorr text@}} or
- at code{\textsc@{text \nocorr@}}.
+One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
+corrections if needed (@pxref{\/}). Specifically, they insert the
+italic correction unless the following character is in the list
+ at code{\nocorrlist}, which by default consists of a period and a comma.
+To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
+ at code{\nocorr} at the start or end of the command argument, such as
+ at code{\textit@{\nocorr text@}} or @code{\textsc@{text \nocorr@}}.
@table @code
@item \textrm (\rmfamily)
@@ -1586,11 +1618,15 @@
will be in roman.
@LaTeX{} also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are @emph{not} cumulative. Also,
-they are used differently than the above commands:
- at code{@{\@var{cmd}...@}} instead of @code{\@var{cmd}@{...@}}. These
-are two unrelated constructs.
+switch to the given style, that is, are @emph{not} cumulative. They are
+used declaratively: @code{@{\@var{cmd}...@}} instead of
+ at code{\@var{cmd}@{...@}}.
+(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
+switching. The earlier commands are an nimprovement in most
+curcumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
+what you want.)
+
@ftable @code
@item \bf
@cindex bold font
@@ -1632,13 +1668,6 @@
The @code{\em} command is the unconditional version of @code{\emph}.
-(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
-as @code{\tt}, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands
-(@code{\texttt}) should be used. Others think that both sets of
-commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch
-is precisely what you want; for one example,
- at pxref{description,, at code{description}}.)
-
The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
cumulative, so @code{\mathbf@{\mathit@{@var{symbol}@}@}} does not
create a boldface and italic @var{symbol}; instead, it will just be in
@@ -1724,7 +1753,7 @@
@findex \huge
@findex \Huge
- at multitable {@code{\normalsize} (default)} {24.88} {24.88} {24.88}
+ at multitable {@code{\normalsize} (default)@ @ } {24.88@ @ } {24.88@ @ } {24.88}
@headitem Command @tab @code{10pt} @tab @code{11pt} @tab @code{12pt}
@item @code{\tiny}
@tab 5 @tab 6 @tab 6
@@ -1748,12 +1777,24 @@
@tab 24.88 @tab 24.88 @tab 24.88
@end multitable
-The commands as listed here are ``declaration forms''. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
-end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
-these commands; for instance, @code{\begin@{tiny@}...\end@{tiny@}}.
+The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
+declaring them, as with this example.
+ at example
+\begin@{quotation@} \small
+ The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
+\end@{quotation@}
+ at end example
+ at noindent
+The scope of the @code{\small} lasts until the end of the
+ at code{quotation} environment. It would also end at the next type style
+command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
+extra curly braces @code{@{\small We are here, we are here, we are
+here!@}}. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
+for instance, @code{\begin@{tiny@}...\end@{tiny@}}.
+
+
@node Low-level font commands
@section Low-level font commands
@@ -2646,8 +2687,8 @@
input @code{\appendix\section@{Appendix@}} gives the output @samp{A
Appendix} (@pxref{\appendix}). You can lose the numbering at tie{}@samp{A}
by instead entering @code{\section*@{Appendix@}} (articles often omit a
-table of contents and have simple page headers so this difference may
-not matter).
+table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
+from the @code{\section} command may not matter).
The section title @var{title} provides the heading in the main text, but
it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or
@@ -3185,11 +3226,12 @@
\appendix
@end example
-In a book or report declare that subsequent @code{\chapter} commands
-start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for @code{\section}
-commands. It also resets the @code{chapter} and @code{section} counters
-to at tie{}0 in a book or report, and in an article resets the
- at code{section} and @code{subsection} counters.
+This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it
+declares that subsequent @code{\chapter} commands start an appendix. In
+an article it does the same, for @code{\section} commands. It also
+resets the @code{chapter} and @code{section} counters to at tie{}0 in a
+book or report, and in an article resets the @code{section} and
+ at code{subsection} counters.
In this book
@@ -3747,7 +3789,7 @@
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
+* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
@@ -5501,10 +5543,10 @@
@end example
An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. (While this environment is not obsolete, new
-documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
-such as @code{TikZ}, @code{PSTricks}, @code{MetaPost}, or
- at code{Asymptote}. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.)
+boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
+obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
+creation systems, such as @code{TikZ}, @code{PSTricks}, @code{MetaPost},
+or @code{Asymptote}. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
@@ -5544,14 +5586,14 @@
The @code{picture} environment has one required argument, a pair of
numbers (@var{width}, at var{height}). Multiply these by the value
- at code{\unitlength} to get the size of the box that @LaTeX{} places on
-the output page. This box size need not be how large the picture really
-is; @LaTeX{} will draw things from the picture outside the picture's
-box.
+ at code{\unitlength} to get the nominal size of the output, the space that
+ at LaTeX{} reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
+large the picture really is; @LaTeX{} will draw things from the picture
+outside the picture's box.
This environment also has an optional argument
-(@var{xoffset}, at var{yoffset}). It is used to shift the origin. (Unlike
-most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.)
+(@var{xoffset}, at var{yoffset}). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
+most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
Multiply these by @code{\unitlength} to get the point at the lower-left
corner of the picture.
@@ -5590,12 +5632,12 @@
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with @code{\put(1,2)@{...@}}, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
-unlike in some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are
+unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
further up the page.
There are four ways to put things in a picture: @code{\put},
- at code{\multiput}, @code{qbezier}, and @code{graphpaper}. The most often
-used is @code{\put}. This
+ at code{\multiput}, @code{\qbezier}, and @code{\graphpaper}. The most
+often used is @code{\put}. This
@example
\put(11.3,-0.3)@{...@}
@@ -5606,10 +5648,10 @@
@math{(11.3,-0.3)}. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
@findex LR box
-The @code{\put} command creates an @dfn{LR box}. Anything that can go
-in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}) can go in the text
-argument of the @code{\put} command. The reference point will be the
-lower left corner of the box. In this picture
+The @code{\put} command creates an @dfn{LR box} (@pxref{Modes}).
+Anything that can go in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}) can
+go in the text argument of the @code{\put} command. The reference point
+will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
@example
\setlength@{\unitlength@}@{1cm@}
@@ -5645,12 +5687,6 @@
\end@{picture@}
@end example
- at c @PkgIndex{picture}
- at c (The @code{picture} package redefines the @code{picture} environment so
- at c that everywhere a number is used in @var{picture commands} to specify
- at c a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
- at c this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing @code{\unitlength}.)
-
@menu
* \put:: Place an object at a specified place.
* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object.
@@ -5684,6 +5720,8 @@
Place @var{content} at the coordinate (@var{xcoord}, at var{ycoord}). See
the discussion of coordinates and @code{\unitlength} in @ref{picture}.
+The @var{content} is processed in LR mode (@pxref{Modes}) so it cannot
+contain line breaks.
This includes the text into the @code{picture}.
@@ -6438,25 +6476,16 @@
@example
\begin@{table@}[@var{placement}]
@var{table body}
+ \caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@} % optional
+ \label@{@var{label@}} % also optional
\end@{table@}
@end example
- at noindent
-or
-
- at example
-\begin@{table@}[@var{placement}]
- @var{table body}
- \caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@}
- \label@{@var{label@}}
-\end@{table@}
- at end example
-
A class of floats (@pxref{Floats}). They cannot be split across pages
and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
-This @code{table} environment contains a tabular environment.
+This example @code{table} environment contains a @code{tabular}
@example
\begin@{table@}
@@ -6473,6 +6502,10 @@
\end@{table@}
@end example
+ at noindent
+but you can put many different kinds of content in a @code{table},
+including text, @LaTeX{} commands, etc.
+
For the possible values of @var{placement} and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see @ref{Floats}.
@@ -6515,7 +6548,7 @@
@example
\begin@{tabular@}[@var{pos}]@{@var{cols}@}
-column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ @var{column 1 entry} &@var{column 2 entry} ... &@var{column n entry} \\
...
\end@{tabular@}
@end example
@@ -6525,7 +6558,7 @@
@example
\begin@{tabular*@}@{@var{width}@}[@var{pos}]@{@var{cols}@}
-column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
+ @var{column 1 entry} &@var{column 2 entry} ... &@var{column n entry} \\
...
\end@{tabular*@}
@end example
@@ -6544,27 +6577,21 @@
@end example
@noindent
-The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
-between them, is specified in @code{tabular}'s argument @code{@{l|l@}}.
+The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
+between them. This is specified in @code{tabular}'s argument
+ at code{@{l|l@}}.
@findex &
-Put entries in different columns by separating them with an ampersand
- at code{&}. Put a horizontal rule between two rows with @code{\hline}.
+Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
+ampersand, @code{&}. The end of each row is marked with a double
+backslash, @code{\\}. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
+backslash, with @code{\hline}.
@findex \\ @r{for @code{tabular}}
-The end of each row is marked with a double backslash at tie{}@code{\\}.
This @code{\\} is optional after the last row unless an @code{\hline}
command follows, to put a rule below the table.
The required and optional arguments to @code{tabular} consist of:
@table @var
- at item width
-Required for @code{tabular*}, not allowed for @code{tabular}. Specifies
-the width of the @code{tabular*} environment. The space between columns
-should be rubber, as with @code{@@@{\extracolsep@{\fill@}@}}, to allow
-the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
-are likely to get the @code{Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
-...} warning.
-
@item pos
Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
@@ -6595,25 +6622,28 @@
A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
@item @@@{@var{text or space}@}
-This inserts @var{text or space} at this location in every row. The
- at var{text or space} material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
-fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+Insert @var{text or space} at this location in every row. The @var{text
+or space} material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
+(@pxref{\protect}).
-This specifier is optional: with no @@-expression, @LaTeX{}'s
+If between two columns there is no @@-expression then @LaTeX{}'s
@code{book}, @code{article}, and @code{report} classes will put on
-either side of each column a space of length @code{\tabcolsep}, which
-by default is @samp{6pt}. That is, by default adjacent columns are
-separated by 12pt (so @code{\tabcolsep} is misleadingly-named since it
-is not the separation between tabular columns). By implication, a
-space of 6pt also comes before the first column and after the final
-column, unless you put a @code{@@@{...@}} or @code{|} there.
+either side of each column a space of length @code{\tabcolsep}, which by
+default is 6 at dmn{pt}. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+separated by 12 at dmn{pt} (so @code{\tabcolsep} is misleadingly named
+since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In
+addition, a space of 6 at dmn{pt} also comes before the first column and
+after the final column, unless you put a @code{@@@{...@}} or @code{|}
+there.
-If you override the default and use an @@-expression then you must
-insert any desired space yourself, as in @code{@@@{\hspace@{1em@}@}}.
+If you override the default and use an @@-expression then @LaTeX{} does
+not insert @code{\tabcolsep} so you must insert any desired space
+yourself, as in @code{@@@{\hspace@{1em@}@}}.
-An empty expression @code{@@@{@}} will eliminate the space, including
-the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular
-lines need to lie on the left margin.
+An empty expression @code{@@@{@}} will eliminate the space. In
+particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space before the
+first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
+tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
@example
\begin@{flushleft@}
@@ -6666,7 +6696,8 @@
declaration (when used in a @code{p}-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with @code{@{\centering .. \\
..@}}). Otherwise @LaTeX{} will misinterpret the double backslash as
-ending the row.
+ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+ at code{\newline} (@pxref{\newline}).
@item *@{@var{num}@}@{@var{cols}@}
Equivalent to @var{num} copies of @var{cols}, where @var{num} is a
@@ -6676,6 +6707,15 @@
@var{cols} may contain another @code{*}-expression.
@end table
+
+ at item width
+Required for @code{tabular*}, not allowed for @code{tabular}. Specifies
+the width of the @code{tabular*} environment. The space between columns
+should be rubber, as with @code{@@@{\extracolsep@{\fill@}@}}, to allow
+the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
+are likely to get the @code{Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+...} warning.
+
@end table
Parameters that control formatting:
@@ -10466,17 +10506,19 @@
@findex _
@findex ^
-Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
+Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
@example
@var{base}^@var{exp}
+ at var{base}^@{@var{exp}@}
@end example
@noindent
-or
+or, one of:
@example
@var{base}_ at var{exp}
+ at var{base}_@{@var{exp}@}
@end example
Make @var{exp} appear as a superscript of @var{base} (with the caret
@@ -12090,11 +12132,12 @@
When typesetting mathematics, @LaTeX{} puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter @code{y=m x} then
- at LaTeX{} ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
+ at LaTeX{} ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
+as @math{y=mx}.
But @LaTeX{}'s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
- at code{f(x)} and the @code{dx}.
+ at code{f(x)} and the @code{dx}, here done with the @code{\,} command.
@example
\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
@@ -12103,7 +12146,9 @@
@LaTeX{} provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
@dfn{mu}. It is defined as 1/18 at dmn{em}, where the em is taken from the
-current math symbols family (@pxref{Units of length}).
+current math symbols family (@pxref{Units of length}). Thus, a
+ at code{\thickspace} is something like 5/18 times the width of
+a at tie{}@samp{M}.
@table @code
@item \;
@@ -15717,8 +15762,8 @@
@cindex characters, reserved
@cindex special characters
@cindex characters, special
- at LaTeX{} sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
-example, the percent sign at tie{}@code{%} is for comments) so they are
+ at LaTeX{} sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
+example, the percent sign at tie{}@code{%} is for comments. They are
called @dfn{reserved characters} or @dfn{special characters}.
@example
@@ -15735,7 +15780,7 @@
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash at tie{}@code{\} in front of the character. Thus,
- at code{\$1.23} will produce at tie{}@code{$1.23} in your output.
+typing @code{\$1.23} will produce at tie{}@code{$1.23} in your output.
@findex \~
@findex \^
@@ -15743,11 +15788,12 @@
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use @code{\~@{@}} (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use @code{\^@{@}}. A text body font backslash
-results from @code{\textbackslash@{@}}.
+body font circumflex use @code{\^@{@}}. To get a backslash in the font
+of the text body, enter @code{\textbackslash@{@}}.
To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
- at code{\verb!!}, as below.
+ at code{\verb!!} as below (the double backslash at tie{}@code{\\} is only
+there to split the lines).
@example
\begin@{center@}
@@ -15756,11 +15802,7 @@
\end@{center@}
@end example
- at noindent
-In that example the double backslash at tie{}@code{\\} is only there to
-split the lines.
-
@node Upper and lower case
@section Upper and lower case
@@ -16514,7 +16556,7 @@
@example
\documentclass@{book@}
-\includeonly@{ % comment out lines here to avoid compiling
+\includeonly@{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
pref,
chap1,
chap2,
@@ -16535,12 +16577,16 @@
@end example
@noindent
-This will bring in material from @file{pref.tex}, @file{chap1.tex}, and
- at file{chap2.tex}. If you compile this file, then comment out the lines
-inside @code{\includeonly@{...@}} containing @code{pref} and
- at code{chap2} and compile again, then @LaTeX{} will only process the
-material in the first chapter but will retain the page numbers and all
-of the cross reference information from the preface and second chapter.
+This will bring in material from @file{pref.tex}, @file{chap1.tex},
+ at file{chap2.tex}, @file{append.tex}, and @file{bib.tex}. If you compile
+this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
+ at code{\includeonly@{...@}} except for @code{chap1,} and compile again,
+then @LaTeX{} will only process the material in the first chapter.
+Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
+However, the advantage of the @code{\includeonly} command is that
+ at LaTeX{} will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
+information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
+your output correctly.
@xref{Larger book template} for another example of @code{\includeonly}.
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