[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r657 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Tue Jun 19 22:40:56 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-06-19 23:40:56 +0300 (Tue, 19 Jun 2018)
New Revision: 657
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
add \strut, adjust mbox and fbox
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-18 13:47:41 UTC (rev 656)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-19 20:40:56 UTC (rev 657)
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2018-06-19 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (\strut) Added.
+ (\mbox & \makebox) Add examples, cross-references, adjust wording.
+ (\fbox & \framebox) Change name, add examples, adjust wording.
+
2018-06-18 Karl Berry <karl at freefriends.org>
* latex2e.texi: let's make "uppercase" and "lowercase" one word?
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-18 13:47:41 UTC (rev 656)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-19 20:40:56 UTC (rev 657)
@@ -399,14 +399,15 @@
<li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.13 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.14 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.15 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.4 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.5 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
@@ -3643,7 +3644,8 @@
so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is, I cheated\\ my life story}
+<pre class="example">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
+ I cheated\\my life story}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
@@ -3731,8 +3733,8 @@
title of the section,
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of Chemical Elements}
- by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
+<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
+ Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
</pre></div>
<p>but only ‘<samp>α,β,γ
@@ -4109,7 +4111,7 @@
<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The
section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would
-produce titles that are bold and upper case.
+produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -4164,7 +4166,9 @@
}
</pre></div>
-<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter.
+<p>The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands.
+This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to
+display that counter.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
@@ -4203,7 +4207,7 @@
later if needed.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">We will later see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % This is a forward reference
+<pre class="example">We will later see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
...
\begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm}
...
@@ -5076,9 +5080,9 @@
</p>
<ol>
<li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, …
-</li><li> lower case letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp>(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp>(b)</samp>’ …
-</li><li> lower case roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp>i.</samp>’, ‘<samp>ii.</samp>’, …
-</li><li> upper case letter followed by a period: ‘<samp>A.</samp>’, ‘<samp>B.</samp>’, …
+</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp>(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp>(b)</samp>’ …
+</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp>i.</samp>’, ‘<samp>ii.</samp>’, …
+</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp>A.</samp>’, ‘<samp>B.</samp>’, …
</li></ol>
<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
@@ -5625,7 +5629,7 @@
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
-produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case
+produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lowercase
roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
level). These are the default marks at each level.
</p>
@@ -5653,7 +5657,7 @@
<p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
-convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command
+convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command
name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
@@ -7108,14 +7112,14 @@
<p>Like <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
around the outside of the box that it creates.
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</p>
<p>For this command, you must specify the <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. If
you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is
-determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>).
+determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
@@ -7136,7 +7140,7 @@
<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is
the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\fbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
between the frame and the object.
</p>
@@ -9025,7 +9029,7 @@
<pre class="example">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
</pre></div>
-<p>Use lower case letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
+<p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
</p>
@@ -10712,7 +10716,7 @@
<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
-<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lower case
+<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase
letter a appearing in the output.
</p>
<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
@@ -11204,7 +11208,7 @@
<a name="index-em-1"></a>
<a name="Lengths_002fem"></a><a name="Lengths_002fen"></a><a name="Lengths_002fex"></a><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
-height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
+height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a
@@ -11390,7 +11394,7 @@
<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the width of the <var>text</var>. The length
name <var>len</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
-<p>This measures the width of the lower case ASCII alphabet.
+<p>This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
@@ -11676,7 +11680,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
-but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lower case
+but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase
‘<samp>x</samp>’.
</p>
<p>In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
@@ -12036,7 +12040,7 @@
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>α Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
+<dd><p>α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
@@ -12084,7 +12088,7 @@
<dt><code>\beta</code>
<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>β Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
+<dd><p>β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
@@ -12209,7 +12213,7 @@
<dt><code>\chi</code>
<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>χ Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
+<dd><p>χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
@@ -12274,13 +12278,13 @@
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Δ Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>δ Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
+<dd><p>δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
@@ -12345,7 +12349,7 @@
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ϵ Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
+<dd><p>ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code> ε. Related:
the set membership relation <code>\in</code> ∈.
@@ -12360,7 +12364,7 @@
<dt><code>\eta</code>
<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>η Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
@@ -12390,13 +12394,13 @@
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Γ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>γ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
@@ -12474,7 +12478,7 @@
<dt><code>\in</code>
<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>∈ Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+<dd><p>∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon <code>\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script
epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
@@ -12494,7 +12498,7 @@
<dt><code>\iota</code>
<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ι Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
@@ -12514,19 +12518,19 @@
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>κ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Λ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>λ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
@@ -12733,7 +12737,7 @@
<dt><code>\mu</code>
<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>μ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
@@ -12803,7 +12807,7 @@
<dt><code>\nu</code>
<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ν Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
@@ -12822,19 +12826,20 @@
<dt><code>\oint</code>
<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
+<dd><p>∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
+(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Ω Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ω Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
@@ -12894,20 +12899,20 @@
<dt><code>\phi</code>
<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ϕ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code> φ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Π Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>π Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code> ϖ.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -12958,20 +12963,20 @@
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Ψ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ψ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
-than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
+<dd><p>⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
+Similar: greater than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
@@ -13035,39 +13040,44 @@
<dt><code>\rho</code>
<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ρ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code> ϱ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
-right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
+(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
+Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
+arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
+<dd><p>⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
+the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
+<dd><p>⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
+line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
+<dd><p>⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
+(relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
@@ -13079,8 +13089,8 @@
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
-(binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also
+<dd><p>⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
+like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -13093,13 +13103,13 @@
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Σ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>σ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code> ς.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -13173,18 +13183,18 @@
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
-equal <code>\supseteq</code>.
+<dd><p>⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
+Similar: superset or equal <code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
-but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
-synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
-and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
-star.
+<dd><p>⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
+operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
+Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
+are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
+as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
@@ -13249,13 +13259,13 @@
<dt><code>\tau</code>
<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>τ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>θ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<dd><p>θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code> ϑ.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -13351,15 +13361,17 @@
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>.
+<dd><p>↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
+arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>↾ Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym: <code>\restriction</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+(relation). Synonym: <code>\restriction</code>.
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
@@ -13373,13 +13385,13 @@
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Υ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>υ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
@@ -13401,28 +13413,28 @@
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>φ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> ϕ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ϖ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> π.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ϱ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> ρ.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ς Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+<dd><p>ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code> σ.
</p>
@@ -13430,7 +13442,7 @@
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ϑ Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+<dd><p>ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code> θ.
</p>
@@ -13513,19 +13525,19 @@
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Ξ Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ξ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>ζ Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+<dd><p>ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -13611,7 +13623,7 @@
<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ
representing the natural numbers.
</p>
-<p>If you use other than an upper case letter then you do not get an error
+<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
</p>
<p>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
@@ -13645,7 +13657,7 @@
<pre class="example">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use something other than an upper case letter then you do not get
+<p>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get
an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
<code>\mathcal{+}</code> outputs a plus sign.
@@ -13792,7 +13804,8 @@
<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
...
Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes.
-Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a multiple of any \( p_i \).
+Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
+ multiple of any \( p_i \).
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
</pre></div>
@@ -14894,7 +14907,7 @@
</dl>
<p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of
-contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lower case Roman numerals. The
+contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
main matter of a document uses arabic.
</p>
<p>If you want to address where the page number appears on the page,
@@ -15073,7 +15086,7 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable and shrinkable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
@@ -15092,8 +15105,10 @@
Vertical space
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Interparagraph space and good place to page break
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
+</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
@@ -15124,11 +15139,13 @@
\qquad
</pre></div>
-<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, and 2em. The
+<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, or 2em. The
em is a length defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the
-width of a capital M (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+width of a capital M. One advantage of describing space in ems is
+that it can be more portable across documents than an absolute
+measurement such as points (see <a href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>).
</p>
-<p>This puts an appropriate between two graphics.
+<p>This puts a suitable gap between two graphics.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -15809,7 +15826,8 @@
<p>Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time.
+<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i>The Golden Ocean</i> by
+O’Brian).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home
@@ -15867,7 +15885,7 @@
<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
@@ -15902,13 +15920,121 @@
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cstrut"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cstrut-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005cstrut"></a>
+<a name="index-strut"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\strut
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code>0.7\baselineskip</code>
+and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX
+inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
+<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>).
+The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font and fontsize.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
+having zero height.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
+between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2.
+The second list fixes that with a <code>\strut</code> at the end of its first
+item’s second line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+\begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{minipage}%
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The final two lists use <code>fbox</code> to show what’s happening. The third
+list’s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second ‘<samp>test</samp>’,
+which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline.
+The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
+below-baseline space.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a>
+<a name="index-TikZ-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a>
+<a name="index-Asymptote-package"></a>
+
+<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
+<samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>. For instance, you may have a command
+such as <code>\graphnode{<var>node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around
+<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>’s
+‘<samp>x</samp>’ and ‘<samp>y</samp>’ will produce different-diameter circles because
+the characters are different sizes. A careful <code>\graphnode</code> might
+insert a <code>\strut</code>, then <var>node-name</var>, and then draw the circle.
+</p>
+<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code>\rule</code> is useful in
+many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of
+the first integral from hitting the <code>\hline</code>. Similarly, the
+second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl}
+ \textsc{Integral} &\textsc{Value} \\
+ \hline
+ $\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\
+ $\int_0^x t^2\, dt$ &$x^3/3$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex}
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(Although the line-ending double backslash commands has an optional
+argument to put in more vertical room, that won’t work here. Changing
+the first double backslash to something like <code>\\[2.5ex]</code> will put
+the room between the header line and the <code>\hline</code>, and the integral
+would still hit the line.)
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\strut</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
@@ -15978,7 +16104,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
@@ -16023,7 +16149,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
@@ -16035,12 +16161,12 @@
<pre class="example">\addvspace{<var>vert-length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add a vertical space of height <var>vert-length</var>. This is a rubber
-length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). However, if vertical space has already been
-added to the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code>
-command then this command will only add whatever more space is needed to
-make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to
-<var>vert-length</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Add a vertical space of <var>vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or
+more <code>\addvspace</code>’s in a sequence then together they only add the
+space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
+<var>vert-length</var>’s in the sequence. This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale. In a
standard LaTeX article the length <code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt.
@@ -16063,11 +16189,10 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
-20pt longer; instead to the 10pt this second one only adds
-enough to make the gap the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code> and 20pt.
-So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of its name — it
-makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead
-that only the largest one is used.
+20pt longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code>
+and 20pt. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
+its name — it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
+accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
</p>
<p>LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a
@@ -16098,7 +16223,7 @@
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox & \makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox & \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
@@ -16119,7 +16244,7 @@
<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox & \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3>
@@ -16139,12 +16264,14 @@
\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is not broken
-into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. The <code>\mbox</code>
-command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is is typeset in
+LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), so it is not broken into lines. The
+<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the name of the table,
-‘<samp>T-4</samp>’.
+<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
+to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
+the table name, ‘<samp>T-4</samp>’.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">See Table~\mbox{T-4}
@@ -16156,13 +16283,15 @@
</p>
<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
-equal the width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small;
+this creates a full-line box
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
</pre></div>
-<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered.
+<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
+for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
</p>
<p>In the fourth version the optional argument <var>position</var> gives
position of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
@@ -16181,57 +16310,148 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>;
-<var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work.
+<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
+The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
+instance, this could head a press release:
+<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+RELEASE\hfil}</code>
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<p>A common use of <code>\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
+\pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
+
+\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
+<a name="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a>
+<a name="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a>
+
+<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp>10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space)
+will be just before the ‘<samp>What</samp>’ (note the space after
+‘<samp>points</samp>’). You can use <code>\makebox</code> similarly when making
+graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the
+edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
+text.
+</p>
<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
</p>
+<p>If you put a double-backslash into <var>text</var> then LaTeX will not
+give you a new line; for instance <code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code>
+outputs ‘<samp>abc defghi</samp>’ while <code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code>
+outputs ‘<samp>abc def ghi</samp>’, but neither go to a second line. To get
+multiple lines see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a> and <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
+</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox & \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<p>Synopses:
+<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>}
+\framebox{<var>text</var>}
+\framebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>,
-except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+<p>Create boxes with an enclosing frame. These commands are the same as
+<code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except for the box (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>).
</p>
-<p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit
-specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
-(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
-argument. </p>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
-<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
-<code>0.4pt</code>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <code>3pt</code>)
-between the rule and the contents of the box.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box which cannot be split or hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+a frame.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
-<code>picture</code> environment.
+<p>The optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as
+<var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that box as
+<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a> for the full description but
+here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
+</pre></div>
+<p>The <code>\strut</code> inserts a vertical height of <code>\baselineskip</code>.
+</p>
+<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
+<a name="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
+<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
+<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
+Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Settting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: this will put a frame around the picture with
+no white border
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+ \framebox{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code>\setlength</code> local.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>As with <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines
+in <var>text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a
+paragraph, and then frames the result.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\framebox{%
+ \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
+ My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
+ And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
+ \end{minipage}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a> for colors other than black and white.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
+units depend on <code>picture</code>’s <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>).
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="lrbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox & \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
@@ -16780,7 +17000,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
@@ -17930,9 +18150,9 @@
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
-<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
-<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-case"></a>
+<a name="index-uppercase"></a>
+<a name="index-lowercase"></a>
+<a name="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20179,15 +20399,16 @@
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
-\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright} % you can comment out this line while working
+ % maybe comment out while drafting:
+\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
- ...
+...
\appendix
\include{appena}
- ...
+...
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
@@ -20382,6 +20603,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\NEWLINE</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\TAB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
@@ -20424,6 +20647,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
@@ -20495,7 +20720,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case">characters, case</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
@@ -20852,7 +21077,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lower-case">Lower case</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
@@ -20958,6 +21183,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -21005,6 +21232,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-symbols"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>symbols</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
@@ -21183,6 +21412,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -21232,6 +21462,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -21267,7 +21499,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Upper-case">Upper case</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-package"><code>url</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
@@ -21713,11 +21945,11 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -21744,7 +21976,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -22173,6 +22405,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -22470,6 +22703,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"><code><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-18 13:47:41 UTC (rev 656)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-19 20:40:56 UTC (rev 657)
@@ -2178,7 +2178,8 @@
has a line break in TITLE but that does not work with headers so it is
omitted from the contents and headers.
- \section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is, I cheated\\ my life story}
+ \section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
+ I cheated\\my life story}
For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear
in the table of contents, the level number of a section is 1 (*note
@@ -2244,10 +2245,10 @@
present then TITLE will be there. This shows the full name in the title
of the section,
- \subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of Chemical Elements}
- by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
+ \subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
+ Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
- but only 'U+03B1,U+03B2,U+03B3 paper' on the contents page.
+but only 'U+03B1,U+03B2,U+03B3 paper' on the contents page.
For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear
in the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2 (*note
@@ -2530,7 +2531,7 @@
argument. The section title will be supplied as the argument to
this command. For instance, setting STYLE to
'\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are bold and
- upper case.
+ uppercase.
These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with '\@startsection', for the 'article', 'book', and
@@ -2610,7 +2611,7 @@
number, put it into the output, and will change that number later if
needed.
- We will later see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % This is a forward reference
+ We will later see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
...
\begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm}
...
@@ -3224,9 +3225,9 @@
level.
1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ...
- 2. lower case letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ...
- 3. lower case roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ...
- 4. upper case letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ...
+ 2. lowercase letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ...
+ 3. lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ...
+ 4. uppercase letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ...
The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
'\enumiv' (*note Counters::).
@@ -3603,7 +3604,7 @@
deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). The 'itemize'
environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through '\labelitemiv' to
-produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case
+produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lowercase
roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
level). These are the default marks at each level.
@@ -3621,7 +3622,7 @@
The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters
'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (Note the convention of using
-lower case roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the
+lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the
nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em' in
two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and '1.7em'
in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
@@ -4715,8 +4716,8 @@
For this command, you must specify the WIDTH and HEIGHT. If you want
to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is determined
-in some other way then either use '\fbox' (*note \fbox and \framebox::)
-or '\frame' (*note \frame::).
+in some other way then either use '\fbox' (*note \fbox & \framebox::) or
+'\frame' (*note \frame::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \dashbox, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture
@@ -4729,9 +4730,9 @@
\frame{CONTENTS}
Puts a rectangular frame around CONTENTS. The reference point is the
-bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to '\fbox' (*note \fbox
-and \framebox::), this command puts no extra space is put between the
-frame and the object.
+bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to '\fbox' (*note \fbox &
+\framebox::), this command puts no extra space is put between the frame
+and the object.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Prev: \frame, Up: picture
@@ -6092,7 +6093,7 @@
\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
- Use lower case letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
+ Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
exactly. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate.
@@ -7342,7 +7343,7 @@
Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a '\alph{COUNTER}' in your
-source will result in a lower case letter a appearing in the output.
+source will result in a lowercase letter a appearing in the output.
All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, '\alph{enumi}'. Note that the counter name does not start
@@ -7672,7 +7673,7 @@
Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer
of the font. The x-height of the current font "ex", traditionally the
-height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical lengths.
+height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths.
Similarly "em", traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is
often used for horizontal lengths (there is also '\enspace', which is
'0.5em'). Use of these can help make a definition work better across
@@ -7804,7 +7805,7 @@
Set the length LEN to the width of the TEXT. The length name LEN
must begin with a backslash, '\'.
- This measures the width of the lower case ASCII alphabet.
+ This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
@@ -8014,7 +8015,7 @@
arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not
indented, but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a
-lower case 'x'.
+lowercase 'x'.
In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for '\parindent' in
one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt' ,
@@ -8255,7 +8256,7 @@
U+2135 Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
'\alpha'
- U+03B1 Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
+ U+03B1 Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
'\amalg'
U+2A3F Disjoint union (binary)
@@ -8282,7 +8283,7 @@
'\textbackslash' for backslash outside of math mode.
'\beta'
- U+03B2 Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
+ U+03B2 Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
'\bigcap'
U+22C2 Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
@@ -8349,7 +8350,7 @@
U+22C5 Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot '\bullet'.
'\chi'
- U+03C7 Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
+ U+03C7 Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
'\circ'
U+2218 Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
@@ -8385,10 +8386,10 @@
U+2021 Double dagger relation (binary).
'\Delta'
- U+0394 Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
+ U+0394 Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
'\delta'
- U+03B4 Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
+ U+03B4 Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
'\Diamond'
U+25C7 Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain
@@ -8424,7 +8425,7 @@
'\varnothing'.
'\epsilon'
- U+03F5 Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text
+ U+03F5 Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text
letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter
epsilon '\varepsilon' U+03B5. Related: the set membership relation
'\in' U+2208.
@@ -8433,7 +8434,7 @@
U+2261 Equivalence (relation).
'\eta'
- U+03B7 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03B7 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\exists'
U+2203 Existential quantifier (ordinary).
@@ -8448,10 +8449,10 @@
U+2322 Downward curving arc (ordinary).
'\Gamma'
- U+0393 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+0393 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\gamma'
- U+03B3 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03B3 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\ge'
U+2265 Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
@@ -8492,7 +8493,7 @@
accents::).
'\in'
- U+2208 Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+ U+2208 Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon '\epsilon'U+03F5 and small letter script
epsilon '\varepsilon'.
@@ -8503,7 +8504,7 @@
U+222B Integral (operator).
'\iota'
- U+03B9 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03B9 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\Join'
U+2A1D Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
@@ -8514,13 +8515,13 @@
accents::).
'\kappa'
- U+03BA Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03BA Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\Lambda'
- U+039B Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+039B uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\lambda'
- U+03BB Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03BB Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\land'
U+2227 Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for '\wedge'. See
@@ -8642,7 +8643,7 @@
U+2213 Minus or plus (relation).
'\mu'
- U+03BC Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03BC Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\nabla'
U+2207 Hamilton's del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
@@ -8680,7 +8681,7 @@
of '\nsubseteq'.
'\nu'
- U+03BD Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03BD Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\nwarrow'
U+2196 North-west arrow (relation).
@@ -8694,10 +8695,10 @@
(operator).
'\Omega'
- U+03A9 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03A9 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\omega'
- U+03C9 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03C9 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\ominus'
U+2296 Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
@@ -8729,14 +8730,14 @@
ordinary.
'\phi'
- U+03D5 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+ U+03D5 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
'\varphi' U+03C6.
'\Pi'
- U+03A0 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03A0 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\pi'
- U+03C0 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+ U+03C0 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
'\varpi' U+03D6.
'\pm'
@@ -8765,10 +8766,10 @@
U+221D Is proportional to (relation)
'\Psi'
- U+03A8 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03A8 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\psi'
- U+03C8 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03C8 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\rangle'
U+27E9 Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar:
@@ -8812,7 +8813,7 @@
gives better spacing).
'\rho'
- U+03C1 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+ U+03C1 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
'\varrho' U+03F1.
'\Rightarrow'
@@ -8836,18 +8837,18 @@
U+2198 Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
'\setminus'
- U+29F5 Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \ (binary).
- Similar: backslash '\backslash' and also '\textbackslash' outside
- of math mode.
+ U+29F5 Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \
+ (binary). Similar: backslash '\backslash' and also
+ '\textbackslash' outside of math mode.
'\sharp'
U+266F Musical sharp (ordinary).
'\Sigma'
- U+03A3 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03A3 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\sigma'
- U+03C3 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+ U+03C3 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
'\varsigma' U+03C2.
'\sim'
@@ -8932,10 +8933,10 @@
U+2199 Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
'\tau'
- U+03C4 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03C4 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\theta'
- U+03B8 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+ U+03B8 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
'\vartheta' U+03D1.
'\times'
@@ -9008,10 +9009,10 @@
operator '\biguplus'.
'\Upsilon'
- U+03A5 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03A5 uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\upsilon'
- U+03C5 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03C5 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\varepsilon'
U+03B5 Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely
@@ -9024,23 +9025,23 @@
load the 'amssymb' package.
'\varphi'
- U+03C6 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+ U+03C6 Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
non-variant form is '\phi' U+03D5.
'\varpi'
- U+03D6 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+ U+03D6 Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
non-variant form is '\pi' U+03C0.
'\varrho'
- U+03F1 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+ U+03F1 Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
non-variant form is '\rho' U+03C1.
'\varsigma'
- U+03C2 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+ U+03C2 Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
non-variant form is '\sigma' U+03C3.
'\vartheta'
- U+03D1 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+ U+03D1 Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The
non-variant form is '\theta' U+03B8.
'\vdash'
@@ -9093,13 +9094,13 @@
U+2240 Wreath product (binary).
'\Xi'
- U+039E Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+039E uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\xi'
- U+03BE Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03BE Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
'\zeta'
- U+03B6 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+ U+03B6 Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
@@ -9149,7 +9150,7 @@
the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol U+2115 representing the
natural numbers.
- If you use other than an upper case letter then you do not get an
+ If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an
error but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
@@ -9171,7 +9172,7 @@
Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
- If you use something other than an upper case letter then you do not
+ If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not
get an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
'\mathcal{g}' outputs a close curly brace symbol, while '\mathcal{+}'
outputs a plus sign.
@@ -9217,7 +9218,7 @@
...
we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
- strongly suggests that it is an improvement over '\boldmath'.
+strongly suggests that it is an improvement over '\boldmath'.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Ellipses, Prev: \boldmath & \unboldmath, Up: Math symbols
@@ -9262,7 +9263,8 @@
\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
...
Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes.
- Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a multiple of any \( p_i \).
+ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
+ multiple of any \( p_i \).
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following '\dots' to
@@ -9927,7 +9929,7 @@
'\thispagestyle{empty}'.)
Traditionally, if a document has front matter--preface, table of
-contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lower case Roman numerals. The
+contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
main matter of a document uses arabic.
If you want to address where the page number appears on the page,
@@ -10054,7 +10056,7 @@
* \enspace & \quad & \qquad:: Traditional horizontal spaces.
* \hspace:: Any horizontal space.
* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \hss:: Infinitely stretchable and shrinkable horizontal space.
+* \hss:: Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space
* \(SPACE):: Backslash-space; and explicit space.
* ~:: Tie, an unbreakable space.
@@ -10064,7 +10066,8 @@
Vertical space
* \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip:: Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
-* \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak:: Interparagraph space and good place to page break
+* \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak:: Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+* \strut:: Ensure height of a line.
* \vspace:: Vertical space.
* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
@@ -10081,11 +10084,13 @@
\quad
\qquad
- Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, and 2em. The em is a length
+ Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, or 2em. The em is a length
defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the width of a
-capital M (*note Units of length::).
+capital M. One advantage of describing space in ems is that it can be
+more portable across documents than an absolute measurement such as
+points (*note Lengths/em::).
- This puts an appropriate between two graphics.
+ This puts a suitable gap between two graphics.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{womensmile.png}%
@@ -10590,7 +10595,8 @@
Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or small.
These commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
- Here the skip suggests the passage of time.
+ Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from The Golden Ocean by
+O'Brian).
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home
again, and it was delightful.
@@ -10627,7 +10633,7 @@
(*note \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak::.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Next: \strut, Prev: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Up: Spaces
19.12 '\bigbreak' & '\medbreak' & '\smallbreak'
===============================================
@@ -10652,14 +10658,102 @@
jkl mno pqr
- will output three paragraphs, the first ending in 'abc' and the
-second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent,
-with 'def'.
+will output three paragraphs, the first ending in 'abc' and the second
+starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent, with
+'def'.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \vfill, Prev: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \strut, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak, Up: Spaces
-19.13 '\vspace'
+19.13 '\strut'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \strut
+
+ Ensure that the current line has height at least '0.7\baselineskip'
+and depth at least '0.3\baselineskip'. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into
+the line a rectangle having zero width,
+'\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}' (*note \rule::). The
+'\baselineskip' changes with the current font and fontsize.
+
+ In this example the '\strut' keeps the box inside the frame from
+having zero height.
+
+ \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
+
+ This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
+between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. The second
+list fixes that with a '\strut' at the end of its first item's second
+line.
+
+ \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+ \noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}%
+ \begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}%
+ \begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}%
+ \begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \item \fbox{test}
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}%
+
+The final two lists use 'fbox' to show what's happening. The third
+list's '\parbox' goes only to the bottom of its second 'test', which
+happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline. The
+fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline
+space.
+
+ The '\strut' command is often useful in graphics, such as in 'TikZ'
+or 'Asymptote'. For instance, you may have a command such as
+'\graphnode{NODE-NAME}' that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However,
+unless you are careful the NODE-NAME's 'x' and 'y' will produce
+different-diameter circles because the characters are different sizes.
+A careful '\graphnode' might insert a '\strut', then NODE-NAME, and then
+draw the circle.
+
+ The general approach of using a zero width '\rule' is useful in many
+circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of the
+first integral from hitting the '\hline'. Similarly, the second rule
+keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{rl}
+ \textsc{Integral} &\textsc{Value} \\
+ \hline
+ $\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\
+ $\int_0^x t^2\, dt$ &$x^3/3$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex}
+ \end{tabular}
+
+(Although the line-ending double backslash commands has an optional
+argument to put in more vertical room, that won't work here. Changing
+the first double backslash to something like '\\[2.5ex]' will put the
+room between the header line and the '\hline', and the integral would
+still hit the line.)
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \vfill, Prev: \strut, Up: Spaces
+
+19.14 '\vspace'
===============
Synopsis, one of:
@@ -10713,7 +10807,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \vspace, Up: Spaces
-19.14 '\vfill'
+19.15 '\vfill'
==============
Synopsis:
@@ -10745,19 +10839,18 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces
-19.15 '\addvspace'
+19.16 '\addvspace'
==================
Synopsis:
\addvspace{VERT-LENGTH}
- Add a vertical space of height VERT-LENGTH. This is a rubber length
-(*note Lengths::). However, if vertical space has already been added to
-the same point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command then
-this command will only add whatever more space is needed to make the
-natural length of the total vertical space equal to VERT-LENGTH. This
-command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ Add a vertical space of VERT-LENGTH. However, if there are two or
+more '\addvspace''s in a sequence then together they only add the space
+needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
+VERT-LENGTH's in the sequence. This command is fragile (*note
+\protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
This example illustrates. The 'picture' draws a scale. In a
standard LaTeX article the length '\baselineskip' is 12pt. The two
@@ -10778,10 +10871,10 @@
\end{document}
Now uncomment the second '\addvspace'. It does not make the gap 20pt
-longer; instead to the 10pt this second one only adds enough to make the
-gap the sum of '\baselineskip' and 20pt. So '\addvspace' in a sense
-does the opposite of its name -- it makes sure that multiple vertical
-spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
+longer; instead the gap is the sum of '\baselineskip' and 20pt. So
+'\addvspace' in a sense does the opposite of its name -- it makes sure
+that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only
+the largest one is used.
LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a 'theorem'
@@ -10805,7 +10898,7 @@
* Menu:
* \mbox & \makebox:: Horizontal boxes.
-* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
+* \fbox & \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
* lrbox:: An environment like '\sbox'.
* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
@@ -10814,7 +10907,7 @@
* \usebox:: Print saved text.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox & \makebox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox & \makebox, Next: \fbox & \framebox, Up: Boxes
20.1 '\mbox' & '\makebox'
=========================
@@ -10826,12 +10919,13 @@
\makebox[WIDTH]{TEXT}
\makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
- Create a box, a container for material. The TEXT is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. The '\mbox' command is
-robust, while '\makebox' is fragile (*note \protect::).
+ Create a box, a container for material. The TEXT is is typeset in LR
+mode (*note Modes::), so it is not broken into lines. The '\mbox'
+command is robust, while '\makebox' is fragile (*note \protect::).
- In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the name of the table,
-'T-4'.
+ Because 'text' is not broken into lines, you can use '\mbox' to
+prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the
+table name, 'T-4'.
See Table~\mbox{T-4}
@@ -10841,11 +10935,13 @@
In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width
of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the
-width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+width of the box. For one thing, TEXT can be too small; this creates a
+full-line box
\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
- with 'Chapter Exam' centered.
+ with 'Chapter Exam' centered. But TEXT can also be too wide for
+WIDTH. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
In the fourth version the optional argument POSITION gives position
of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
@@ -10860,40 +10956,103 @@
Flush right.
's'
- Stretch the interword space in TEXT across the entire WIDTH; TEXT
- must contain stretchable space for this to work.
+ Stretch the interword space in TEXT across the entire WIDTH. The
+ TEXT must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
+ instance, this could head a press release:
+ '\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+ RELEASE\hfil}'
+ A common use of '\makebox' is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
+
+ \newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
+ \pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
+
+ \pts{90}An African or European swallow?
+
+
+ The right edge of the output '10 points ' (note the ending space)
+will be just before the 'What' (note the space after 'points'). You can
+use '\makebox' similarly when making graphics, such as in 'TikZ' or
+'Asymptote', where you put the edge of the text at a known location,
+regardless of the length of that text.
+
There is a related version of '\makebox' that is used within the
'picture' environment, where the length is given in terms of
'\unitlength' (*note \makebox (picture)::).
+ If you put a double-backslash into TEXT then LaTeX will not give you
+a new line; for instance '\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}' outputs 'abc defghi'
+while '\makebox{abc def \par ghi}' outputs 'abc def ghi', but neither go
+to a second line. To get multiple lines see *note \parbox:: and *note
+minipage::.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox & \makebox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox & \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox & \makebox, Up: Boxes
-20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
-============================
+20.2 '\fbox' & '\framebox'
+==========================
-Synopses:
+Synopses, one of:
\fbox{TEXT}
+ \framebox{TEXT}
+ \framebox[WIDTH]{TEXT}
\framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
- The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that
-they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+ Create boxes with an enclosing frame. These commands are the same as
+'\mbox' and '\makebox' except for the box (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
- In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit
-specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
-dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument.
+ \fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
- Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default
-'0.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the
-rule and the contents of the box.
+LaTeX puts the text into a box which cannot be split or hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+a frame.
- *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the
-'picture' environment.
+ The optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as WIDTH,
+and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note \mbox &
+\makebox:: for the full description but here is an example creating an
+empty box that is 1/4in wide.
+ \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
+
+The '\strut' inserts a vertical height of '\baselineskip'.
+
+ These parameters determine the frame layout.
+
+'\fboxrule'
+ The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+ 0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
+ '\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}' (*note \setlength::).
+
+'\fboxsep'
+ The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is
+ 3pt. Change it with a command such as '\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}'
+ (*note \setlength::). Settting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: this
+ will put a frame around the picture with no white border
+
+ {\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+ \framebox{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
+
+ The extra curly braces keep the effect of the '\setlength' local.
+
+ As with '\mbox' and '\makebox', LaTeX will not break lines in TEXT.
+But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a paragraph, and then
+frames the result.
+
+ \framebox{%
+ \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
+ My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
+ And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
+ \end{minipage}}
+
+ *Note Colored boxes:: for colors other than black and white.
+
+ The 'picture' environment has a version of this command where the
+units depend on 'picture''s '\unitlength' (*note \framebox (picture)::).
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \fbox & \framebox, Up: Boxes
20.3 'lrbox'
============
@@ -11279,7 +11438,7 @@
\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note
-\fbox and \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness
+\fbox & \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness
of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the
surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively.
@@ -12098,7 +12257,7 @@
* Symbols by font position:: Inserting font symbols by number.
* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
* Accents:: Inserting accents.
-* Additional Latin letters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
+* Additional Latin letters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
* \today:: Inserting today's date.
@@ -13511,15 +13670,16 @@
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
-\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright} % you can comment out this line while working
+ % maybe comment out while drafting:
+\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
- ...
+...
\appendix
\include{appena}
- ...
+...
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
@@ -13638,6 +13798,8 @@
* .ind file: Indexes. (line 23)
* :: Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
+* \fboxrule: \fbox & \framebox. (line 34)
+* \fboxsep: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39)
* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \SPACE: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* \TAB: \(SPACE). (line 6)
@@ -13681,6 +13843,8 @@
* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 70)
+* Asymptote package: \strut. (line 62)
+* Asymptote package <1>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 65)
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 43)
* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33)
@@ -13761,7 +13925,7 @@
* character category code: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
(line 18)
* characters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
-* characters, case: Upper and lower case.
+* characters, case of: Upper and lower case.
(line 6)
* characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
@@ -13897,7 +14061,7 @@
* dotless i: Accents. (line 63)
* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 271)
* dotless j: Accents. (line 66)
-* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 294)
+* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 293)
* dots: Ellipses. (line 6)
* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30)
* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18)
@@ -14077,7 +14241,7 @@
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 108)
* indentfirst package: \part. (line 50)
* indentfirst package <1>: \chapter. (line 57)
-* indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 59)
+* indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 60)
* indentfirst package <3>: \subsection. (line 48)
* indentfirst package <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 61)
@@ -14173,7 +14337,7 @@
* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 52)
* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
(line 6)
-* Lower case: Upper and lower case.
+* lowercase: Upper and lower case.
(line 6)
* LR mode: Modes. (line 16)
* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 6)
@@ -14299,6 +14463,8 @@
(line 19)
* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28)
* package, appendix: \appendix. (line 29)
+* package, Asymptote: \strut. (line 62)
+* package, Asymptote <1>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 65)
* package, babel: \chapter. (line 70)
* package, babel <1>: thebibliography. (line 53)
* package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 6)
@@ -14329,7 +14495,7 @@
* package, hyperref <1>: \pagenumbering. (line 45)
* package, indentfirst: \part. (line 50)
* package, indentfirst <1>: \chapter. (line 57)
-* package, indentfirst <2>: \section. (line 59)
+* package, indentfirst <2>: \section. (line 60)
* package, indentfirst <3>: \subsection. (line 48)
* package, indentfirst <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 61)
@@ -14358,9 +14524,11 @@
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134)
+* package, TikZ: \strut. (line 62)
+* package, TikZ <1>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 64)
* package, titlesec: \part. (line 54)
* package, titlesec <1>: \chapter. (line 78)
-* package, titlesec <2>: \section. (line 63)
+* package, titlesec <2>: \section. (line 64)
* package, titlesec <3>: \subsection. (line 52)
* package, titlesec <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 65)
@@ -14562,6 +14730,7 @@
* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6)
* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6)
* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
+* strut: \strut. (line 6)
* styles of text: Font styles. (line 6)
* styles, page: Page styles. (line 6)
* subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
@@ -14623,6 +14792,8 @@
* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 169)
* tie: ~. (line 6)
* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 81)
+* TikZ package: \strut. (line 62)
+* TikZ package <1>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 64)
* tilde accent: Accents. (line 43)
* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 38)
* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
@@ -14633,7 +14804,7 @@
* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6)
* titlesec package: \part. (line 54)
* titlesec package <1>: \chapter. (line 78)
-* titlesec package <2>: \section. (line 63)
+* titlesec package <2>: \section. (line 64)
* titlesec package <3>: \subsection. (line 52)
* titlesec package <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 65)
@@ -14660,7 +14831,7 @@
* units, of length: Units of length. (line 6)
* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. (line 17)
* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6)
-* Upper case: Upper and lower case.
+* uppercase: Upper and lower case.
(line 6)
* url package: \verb. (line 30)
* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
@@ -14837,9 +15008,9 @@
* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 78)
* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 81)
* \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 27)
+ (line 28)
* \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 28)
+ (line 29)
* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 92)
* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 84)
* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 88)
@@ -15023,11 +15194,11 @@
* \exists: Math symbols. (line 218)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 115)
-* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
+* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 6)
* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 13)
-* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
+* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 33)
* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 13)
-* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
+* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38)
* \fill: \hfill. (line 18)
* \flat: Math symbols. (line 221)
* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98)
@@ -15062,7 +15233,7 @@
* \frac: \frac. (line 6)
* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
-* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
+* \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 6)
* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
* \frontmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
@@ -15138,14 +15309,14 @@
* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12)
* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
-* \infty: Math symbols. (line 280)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 279)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
(line 127)
-* \int: Math symbols. (line 283)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 282)
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
-* \iota: Math symbols. (line 286)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 285)
* \it: Font styles. (line 76)
* \item: description. (line 29)
* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29)
@@ -15155,10 +15326,10 @@
* \itemsep: list. (line 82)
* \itshape: Font styles. (line 33)
* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66)
-* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 293)
-* \Join: Math symbols. (line 289)
+* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 292)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 288)
* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70)
-* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 297)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 296)
* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
* \kill: tabbing. (line 107)
* \l (/l): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -15176,28 +15347,28 @@
* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 34)
* \labelsep: list. (line 94)
* \labelwidth: list. (line 99)
-* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 300)
-* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 303)
-* \land: Math symbols. (line 306)
-* \langle: Math symbols. (line 311)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 299)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 302)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 305)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 310)
* \large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20)
* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 23)
-* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 316)
-* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 320)
-* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 324)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 315)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 319)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 323)
* \ldots: Ellipses. (line 24)
* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* \le: Math symbols. (line 328)
-* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 332)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 327)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 331)
* \left: \left & \right. (line 6)
-* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 339)
-* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 344)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 338)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 343)
* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46)
-* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 348)
-* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 351)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 347)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 350)
* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 119)
* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 53)
@@ -15206,12 +15377,12 @@
* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 53)
-* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 354)
-* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 359)
-* \leq: Math symbols. (line 364)
-* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 368)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 353)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 358)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 363)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 367)
* \lg: Math functions. (line 63)
-* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 371)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 370)
* \lim: Math functions. (line 66)
* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69)
* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72)
@@ -15228,20 +15399,20 @@
* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 19)
* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 19)
* \listparindent: list. (line 136)
-* \ll: Math symbols. (line 379)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 378)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
-* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 383)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 382)
* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
(line 144)
* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 144)
* \location: \location. (line 6)
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
-* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 386)
-* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 391)
-* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 395)
-* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 400)
-* \lor: Math symbols. (line 405)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 385)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 390)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 394)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 399)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 404)
* \lq: Text symbols. (line 39)
* \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
@@ -15252,7 +15423,7 @@
* \makelabel: list. (line 55)
* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 408)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 407)
* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* \marginparpush: Page layout parameters.
(line 40)
@@ -15273,48 +15444,48 @@
* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 84)
* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 112)
* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 128)
-* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 914)
+* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 916)
* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 125)
-* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 917)
+* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 919)
* \mathring: Math accents. (line 34)
* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 109)
-* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 920)
+* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 922)
* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 115)
-* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 923)
+* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 925)
* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 118)
-* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 926)
+* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 928)
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 130)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 36)
* \medskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 32)
+ (line 33)
* \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 33)
+ (line 34)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 27)
-* \mho: Math symbols. (line 412)
-* \mid: Math symbols. (line 417)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 411)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 416)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
-* \models: Math symbols. (line 427)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 426)
* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \mp: Math symbols. (line 432)
-* \mu: Math symbols. (line 435)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 431)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 434)
* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
-* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 438)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 437)
* \name: \name. (line 6)
-* \natural: Math symbols. (line 441)
-* \ne: Math symbols. (line 444)
-* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 447)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 440)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 443)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 446)
* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
(line 176)
-* \neg: Math symbols. (line 450)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 449)
* \negthinspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 45)
* \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace.
(line 6)
-* \neq: Math symbols. (line 454)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 453)
* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
@@ -15331,7 +15502,7 @@
(line 40)
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
(line 40)
-* \ni: Math symbols. (line 457)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 456)
* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 21)
* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 21)
@@ -15347,10 +15518,10 @@
* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23)
* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6)
* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \not: Math symbols. (line 462)
-* \notin: Math symbols. (line 470)
-* \nu: Math symbols. (line 474)
-* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 477)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 461)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 469)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 473)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 476)
* \o (/o): Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
* \O (/O): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -15363,29 +15534,29 @@
(line 66)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \odot: Math symbols. (line 480)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 479)
* \oe (oe): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
* \OE (OE): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
-* \oint: Math symbols. (line 485)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 484)
* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 134)
-* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 489)
-* \omega: Math symbols. (line 492)
-* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 495)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 488)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 491)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 494)
* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
-* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 498)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 497)
* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
(line 192)
-* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 502)
-* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 505)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 501)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 504)
* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
* \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 40)
* \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 21)
-* \owns: Math symbols. (line 510)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 509)
* \P: Text symbols. (line 42)
* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
(line 41)
@@ -15414,7 +15585,7 @@
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 6)
-* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 515)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 514)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
* \parindent: minipage. (line 108)
* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
@@ -15426,7 +15597,7 @@
* \parskip example: itemize. (line 72)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \part <1>: \part. (line 6)
-* \partial: Math symbols. (line 518)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 517)
* \partopsep: list. (line 151)
* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
(line 198)
@@ -15436,26 +15607,26 @@
(line 40)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
(line 40)
-* \perp: Math symbols. (line 521)
-* \phi: Math symbols. (line 526)
-* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 530)
-* \pi: Math symbols. (line 533)
-* \pm: Math symbols. (line 537)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 520)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 525)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 529)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 532)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 536)
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113)
* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114)
* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
-* \prec: Math symbols. (line 540)
-* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 543)
-* \prime: Math symbols. (line 548)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 539)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 542)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 547)
* \printindex: Indexes. (line 28)
* \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 232)
* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
(line 232)
-* \prod: Math symbols. (line 557)
-* \propto: Math symbols. (line 560)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 556)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 559)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
@@ -15465,8 +15636,8 @@
* \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands.
(line 270)
* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
-* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 563)
-* \psi: Math symbols. (line 566)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 562)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 565)
* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 116)
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6)
@@ -15485,7 +15656,7 @@
* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
-* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 569)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 568)
* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 573)
* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 577)
* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 581)
@@ -15510,7 +15681,7 @@
* \rho: Math symbols. (line 610)
* \right: \left & \right. (line 6)
* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 614)
-* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 618)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 619)
* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 623)
* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 626)
* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 629)
@@ -15561,9 +15732,9 @@
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 657)
* \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 37)
+ (line 38)
* \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
- (line 38)
+ (line 39)
* \smile: Math symbols. (line 661)
* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 664)
@@ -15579,27 +15750,28 @@
* \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 6)
-* \star: Math symbols. (line 694)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 695)
* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
* \stop: Command line. (line 18)
+* \strut: \strut. (line 6)
* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 6)
* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 6)
* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 6)
-* \subset: Math symbols. (line 701)
-* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 704)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 703)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 706)
* \subsubsection: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph.
(line 6)
-* \succ: Math symbols. (line 707)
-* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 711)
-* \sum: Math symbols. (line 716)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 709)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 713)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 718)
* \sup: Math functions. (line 102)
* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 87)
-* \supset: Math symbols. (line 720)
-* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 723)
-* \surd: Math symbols. (line 726)
-* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 731)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 722)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 725)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 728)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 733)
* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
(line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
@@ -15608,7 +15780,7 @@
* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
-* \tau: Math symbols. (line 734)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 736)
* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 60)
* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 98)
@@ -15685,7 +15857,7 @@
* \TH (TH): Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 56)
-* \theta: Math symbols. (line 737)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 739)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 22)
@@ -15696,12 +15868,12 @@
(line 6)
* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
* \tilde: Math accents. (line 37)
-* \times: Math symbols. (line 741)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 743)
* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 63)
-* \to: Math symbols. (line 745)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 747)
* \today: \today. (line 6)
-* \top: Math symbols. (line 749)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 751)
* \topfraction: Floats. (line 107)
* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
@@ -15712,9 +15884,9 @@
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 131)
* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12)
-* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 754)
-* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 757)
-* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 763)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 756)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 759)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 765)
* \tt: Font styles. (line 91)
* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 54)
* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
@@ -15731,17 +15903,17 @@
* \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining.
(line 9)
* \unitlength: picture. (line 25)
-* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 769)
-* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 776)
-* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 783)
-* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 787)
-* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 791)
-* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 796)
-* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 801)
-* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 806)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 771)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 778)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 785)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 789)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 793)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 798)
+* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 803)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 808)
* \upshape: Font styles. (line 42)
-* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 813)
-* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 816)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 815)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 818)
* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
@@ -15749,34 +15921,34 @@
* \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6)
* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 97)
* \value: \value. (line 6)
-* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 824)
-* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 819)
-* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 829)
-* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 833)
-* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 837)
-* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 841)
-* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 845)
-* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 849)
+* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 826)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 821)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 831)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 835)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 839)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 843)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 847)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 851)
* \vdots: Ellipses. (line 33)
* \vec: Math accents. (line 40)
* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
-* \vee: Math symbols. (line 853)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 855)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
-* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 858)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 874)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 860)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 876)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 892)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 894)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 43)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 46)
* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 896)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 899)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 902)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 905)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 898)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 901)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 904)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 907)
* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 908)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 910)
* \\ (for center): center. (line 22)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
@@ -15890,6 +16062,9 @@
(line 49)
* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6)
* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6)
+* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 34)
+* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 34)
+* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39)
* <http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/> home page: About this document.
(line 6)
* in: Units of length. (line 17)
@@ -16009,259 +16184,260 @@
Node: \part81990
Node: \chapter84173
Node: \section87967
-Node: \subsection91249
-Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph94023
-Node: \appendix96676
-Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter97917
-Node: \@startsection99259
-Ref: \@startsection/name100580
-Ref: \@startsection/level101040
-Ref: \@startsection/indent101923
-Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip102186
-Ref: \@startsection/afterskip103707
-Ref: \@startsection/style105018
-Node: Cross references108854
-Node: \label110964
-Node: \pageref112761
-Node: \ref113561
-Node: Environments114438
-Node: abstract116441
-Node: array118030
-Node: center120425
-Node: \centering122153
-Node: description123597
-Node: displaymath125784
-Node: document127562
-Node: \AtBeginDocument127992
-Node: \AtEndDocument128616
-Node: enumerate129260
-Node: eqnarray132057
-Node: equation134052
-Node: figure134680
-Node: filecontents136751
-Node: flushleft138501
-Node: \raggedright139430
-Node: flushright140628
-Node: \raggedleft141291
-Node: itemize142081
-Node: letter145548
-Node: list145786
-Node: \item158604
-Node: trivlist159855
-Node: math161383
-Node: minipage161689
-Node: picture166546
-Node: \put172980
-Node: \multiput173458
-Node: \qbezier174178
-Node: \graphpaper175106
-Node: \line175903
-Node: \linethickness177682
-Node: \thinlines178131
-Node: \thicklines178542
-Node: \circle178926
-Node: \oval179466
-Node: \shortstack180445
-Node: \vector181847
-Node: \makebox (picture)182690
-Node: \framebox (picture)183619
-Node: \frame184416
-Node: \dashbox184817
-Node: quotation & quote185543
-Node: tabbing186439
-Node: table192444
-Node: tabular194465
-Node: \multicolumn201715
-Node: \vline205600
-Node: \cline206945
-Node: \hline207629
-Node: thebibliography208311
-Node: \bibitem210724
-Node: \cite213002
-Node: \nocite214655
-Node: Using BibTeX215144
-Node: theorem217091
-Node: titlepage218013
-Node: verbatim219296
-Node: \verb220806
-Node: verse222275
-Node: Line breaking223505
-Node: \\224871
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr227320
-Node: \newline228120
-Node: \- (hyphenation)229058
-Node: \discretionary230699
-Node: \fussy & \sloppy231587
-Node: sloppypar232369
-Node: \hyphenation233508
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak234094
-Node: Page breaking235165
-Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage237194
-Node: \newpage238672
-Node: \enlargethispage239965
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak240921
-Node: Footnotes242504
-Node: \footnote243650
-Node: \footnotemark246598
-Node: \footnotetext248943
-Node: Footnotes in section headings249544
-Node: Footnotes in a table250371
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes253249
-Node: Definitions253953
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand254830
-Node: \providecommand260044
-Node: \newcounter261193
-Node: \newlength262938
-Node: \newsavebox263798
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment264742
-Node: \newtheorem269856
-Node: \newfont273384
-Node: \protect274680
-Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend277066
-Node: Counters279812
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol281485
-Node: \usecounter284314
-Node: \value285177
-Node: \setcounter286106
-Node: \addtocounter286708
-Node: \refstepcounter287173
-Node: \stepcounter287831
-Node: \day \month \year288173
-Node: Lengths288718
-Node: Units of length293154
-Ref: Lengths/em293791
-Ref: Lengths/en293791
-Ref: Lengths/ex293791
-Node: \setlength294648
-Node: \addtolength295425
-Node: \settodepth296399
-Node: \settoheight297154
-Node: \settowidth297913
-Node: Predefined lengths298696
-Node: Making paragraphs299211
-Node: \par300866
-Node: \indent & \noindent302704
-Node: \parindent & \parskip304256
-Node: Marginal notes305295
-Node: Math formulas307094
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts311081
-Node: Math symbols313190
-Node: Blackboard bold339589
-Node: Calligraphic340365
-Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath340938
-Node: Ellipses342471
-Node: Math functions344618
-Node: Math accents346226
-Node: Over- and Underlining347125
-Node: Spacing in math mode348953
-Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace349960
-Ref: Spacing in math mode/\quad350641
-Ref: Spacing in math mode/\qquad350897
-Node: Math miscellany350995
-Node: Colon character & \colon351554
-Node: \*352247
-Node: \frac352831
-Node: \left & \right353244
-Node: \sqrt354421
-Node: \stackrel355016
-Node: Modes355289
-Node: \ensuremath357903
-Node: Page styles358620
-Node: \maketitle359383
-Node: \pagenumbering362393
-Node: \pagestyle364331
-Node: \thispagestyle367836
-Node: Spaces368223
-Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad369616
-Node: \hspace370434
-Node: \hfill372248
-Node: \hss373304
-Node: \spacefactor374001
-Node: \@377390
-Ref: \AT377490
-Node: \frenchspacing379433
-Node: \normalsfcodes380268
-Node: \(SPACE)380515
-Node: ~382150
-Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace384629
-Node: \/385572
-Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill386878
-Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip388214
-Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak390071
-Node: \vspace391060
-Node: \vfill392646
-Node: \addvspace393524
-Node: Boxes395629
-Node: \mbox & \makebox396291
-Node: \fbox and \framebox397824
-Node: lrbox398639
-Node: \parbox398996
-Node: \raisebox401100
-Node: \savebox401709
-Node: \sbox402132
-Node: \usebox402592
-Node: Color402853
-Node: Color package options403697
-Node: Color models405343
-Node: Commands for color407652
-Node: Define colors408067
-Node: Colored text408782
-Node: Colored boxes411154
-Node: Colored pages412590
-Node: Graphics413283
-Node: Graphics package options415410
-Node: Graphics package configuration418163
-Node: \graphicspath418965
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions421888
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule423685
-Node: Commands for graphics426874
-Node: \includegraphics427379
-Node: \rotatebox440348
-Node: \scalebox443143
-Node: \resizebox444195
-Node: Special insertions445387
-Node: Reserved characters446191
-Node: Upper and lower case447392
-Node: Symbols by font position449307
-Node: Text symbols449927
-Node: Accents453375
-Node: Additional Latin letters455917
-Ref: Non-English characters456088
-Node: \rule457105
-Node: \today457534
-Node: Splitting the input458288
-Node: \endinput459840
-Node: \include & \includeonly461107
-Node: \input465331
-Node: Front/back matter466039
-Node: Tables of contents466244
-Node: \addcontentsline467427
-Node: \addtocontents468445
-Node: Glossaries468978
-Node: Indexes469497
-Node: Letters471130
-Node: \address474796
-Node: \cc475607
-Node: \closing476025
-Node: \encl476302
-Node: \location476717
-Node: \makelabels476981
-Node: \name479133
-Node: \opening479374
-Node: \ps479655
-Node: \signature479944
-Node: \telephone481161
-Node: Terminal input/output481526
-Node: \typein481791
-Node: \typeout482376
-Node: Command line482999
-Node: Document templates483951
-Node: beamer template484404
-Node: article template485058
-Node: book template485485
-Node: Larger book template485966
-Node: tugboat template487464
-Node: Concept Index489835
-Node: Command Index566890
+Node: \subsection91255
+Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph93979
+Node: \appendix96632
+Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter97873
+Node: \@startsection99215
+Ref: \@startsection/name100536
+Ref: \@startsection/level100996
+Ref: \@startsection/indent101879
+Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip102142
+Ref: \@startsection/afterskip103663
+Ref: \@startsection/style104974
+Node: Cross references108809
+Node: \label110909
+Node: \pageref112706
+Node: \ref113506
+Node: Environments114383
+Node: abstract116386
+Node: array117975
+Node: center120370
+Node: \centering122098
+Node: description123542
+Node: displaymath125729
+Node: document127507
+Node: \AtBeginDocument127937
+Node: \AtEndDocument128561
+Node: enumerate129205
+Node: eqnarray131999
+Node: equation133994
+Node: figure134622
+Node: filecontents136693
+Node: flushleft138443
+Node: \raggedright139372
+Node: flushright140570
+Node: \raggedleft141233
+Node: itemize142023
+Node: letter145488
+Node: list145726
+Node: \item158544
+Node: trivlist159795
+Node: math161323
+Node: minipage161629
+Node: picture166486
+Node: \put172920
+Node: \multiput173398
+Node: \qbezier174118
+Node: \graphpaper175046
+Node: \line175843
+Node: \linethickness177622
+Node: \thinlines178071
+Node: \thicklines178482
+Node: \circle178866
+Node: \oval179406
+Node: \shortstack180385
+Node: \vector181787
+Node: \makebox (picture)182630
+Node: \framebox (picture)183559
+Node: \frame184354
+Node: \dashbox184753
+Node: quotation & quote185479
+Node: tabbing186375
+Node: table192380
+Node: tabular194401
+Node: \multicolumn201651
+Node: \vline205536
+Node: \cline206881
+Node: \hline207565
+Node: thebibliography208247
+Node: \bibitem210660
+Node: \cite212938
+Node: \nocite214591
+Node: Using BibTeX215080
+Node: theorem217027
+Node: titlepage217949
+Node: verbatim219232
+Node: \verb220742
+Node: verse222211
+Node: Line breaking223441
+Node: \\224807
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr227256
+Node: \newline228056
+Node: \- (hyphenation)228994
+Node: \discretionary230635
+Node: \fussy & \sloppy231523
+Node: sloppypar232305
+Node: \hyphenation233444
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak234029
+Node: Page breaking235100
+Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage237129
+Node: \newpage238607
+Node: \enlargethispage239900
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak240856
+Node: Footnotes242439
+Node: \footnote243585
+Node: \footnotemark246533
+Node: \footnotetext248878
+Node: Footnotes in section headings249479
+Node: Footnotes in a table250306
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes253184
+Node: Definitions253888
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand254765
+Node: \providecommand259979
+Node: \newcounter261128
+Node: \newlength262873
+Node: \newsavebox263733
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment264677
+Node: \newtheorem269791
+Node: \newfont273319
+Node: \protect274615
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend277001
+Node: Counters279747
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol281420
+Node: \usecounter284248
+Node: \value285111
+Node: \setcounter286040
+Node: \addtocounter286642
+Node: \refstepcounter287107
+Node: \stepcounter287765
+Node: \day \month \year288107
+Node: Lengths288652
+Node: Units of length293088
+Ref: Lengths/em293725
+Ref: Lengths/en293725
+Ref: Lengths/ex293725
+Node: \setlength294581
+Node: \addtolength295358
+Node: \settodepth296332
+Node: \settoheight297087
+Node: \settowidth297846
+Node: Predefined lengths298628
+Node: Making paragraphs299143
+Node: \par300798
+Node: \indent & \noindent302636
+Node: \parindent & \parskip304188
+Node: Marginal notes305226
+Node: Math formulas307025
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts311012
+Node: Math symbols313121
+Node: Blackboard bold339491
+Node: Calligraphic340266
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath340838
+Node: Ellipses342368
+Node: Math functions344522
+Node: Math accents346130
+Node: Over- and Underlining347029
+Node: Spacing in math mode348857
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace349864
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\quad350545
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\qquad350801
+Node: Math miscellany350899
+Node: Colon character & \colon351458
+Node: \*352151
+Node: \frac352735
+Node: \left & \right353148
+Node: \sqrt354325
+Node: \stackrel354920
+Node: Modes355193
+Node: \ensuremath357807
+Node: Page styles358524
+Node: \maketitle359287
+Node: \pagenumbering362297
+Node: \pagestyle364234
+Node: \thispagestyle367739
+Node: Spaces368126
+Node: \enspace & \quad & \qquad369567
+Node: \hspace370514
+Node: \hfill372328
+Node: \hss373384
+Node: \spacefactor374081
+Node: \@377470
+Ref: \AT377570
+Node: \frenchspacing379513
+Node: \normalsfcodes380348
+Node: \(SPACE)380595
+Node: ~382230
+Node: \thinspace & \negthinspace384709
+Node: \/385652
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill386958
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip388294
+Node: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak390186
+Node: \strut391171
+Node: \vspace394357
+Node: \vfill395914
+Node: \addvspace396792
+Node: Boxes398789
+Node: \mbox & \makebox399451
+Node: \fbox & \framebox402279
+Node: lrbox404584
+Node: \parbox404939
+Node: \raisebox407043
+Node: \savebox407652
+Node: \sbox408075
+Node: \usebox408535
+Node: Color408796
+Node: Color package options409640
+Node: Color models411286
+Node: Commands for color413595
+Node: Define colors414010
+Node: Colored text414725
+Node: Colored boxes417097
+Node: Colored pages418531
+Node: Graphics419224
+Node: Graphics package options421351
+Node: Graphics package configuration424104
+Node: \graphicspath424906
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions427829
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule429626
+Node: Commands for graphics432815
+Node: \includegraphics433320
+Node: \rotatebox446289
+Node: \scalebox449084
+Node: \resizebox450136
+Node: Special insertions451328
+Node: Reserved characters452130
+Node: Upper and lower case453331
+Node: Symbols by font position455246
+Node: Text symbols455866
+Node: Accents459314
+Node: Additional Latin letters461856
+Ref: Non-English characters462027
+Node: \rule463044
+Node: \today463473
+Node: Splitting the input464227
+Node: \endinput465779
+Node: \include & \includeonly467046
+Node: \input471270
+Node: Front/back matter471978
+Node: Tables of contents472183
+Node: \addcontentsline473366
+Node: \addtocontents474384
+Node: Glossaries474917
+Node: Indexes475436
+Node: Letters477069
+Node: \address480735
+Node: \cc481546
+Node: \closing481964
+Node: \encl482241
+Node: \location482656
+Node: \makelabels482920
+Node: \name485072
+Node: \opening485313
+Node: \ps485594
+Node: \signature485883
+Node: \telephone487100
+Node: Terminal input/output487465
+Node: \typein487730
+Node: \typeout488315
+Node: Command line488938
+Node: Document templates489890
+Node: beamer template490343
+Node: article template490997
+Node: book template491424
+Node: Larger book template491905
+Node: tugboat template493391
+Node: Concept Index495762
+Node: Command Index573620
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-18 13:47:41 UTC (rev 656)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-19 20:40:56 UTC (rev 657)
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@
@c xx JH ligatures
@c xx JH \xspace
@c xx JH \stretch
- at c xx JH phantom https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/4519/how-do-i-create-an-invisible-character
+ at c xx JH \mathstrut
+ at c xx JH \phantom https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/4519/how-do-i-create-an-invisible-character
+ at c xx JH \baselineskip https://texfaq.org/FAQ-baselinepar
@c
@c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel
@c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included.
@@ -5892,7 +5894,7 @@
For this command, you must specify the @var{width} and @var{height}. If
you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is
determined in some other way then either use @code{\fbox} (@pxref{\fbox
-and \framebox}) or @code{\frame} (@pxref{\frame}).
+& \framebox}) or @code{\frame} (@pxref{\frame}).
@node \frame
@subsection @code{\frame}
@@ -5907,7 +5909,7 @@
Puts a rectangular frame around @var{contents}. The reference point is
the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to @code{\fbox}
-(@pxref{\fbox and \framebox}), this command puts no extra space is put
+(@pxref{\fbox & \framebox}), this command puts no extra space is put
between the frame and the object.
@@ -12342,6 +12344,7 @@
Vertical space
* \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip:: Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
* \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak:: Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+* \strut:: Ensure height of a line.
* \vspace:: Vertical space.
* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
@@ -12363,11 +12366,13 @@
\qquad
@end example
-Insert a horizontal space of 1/2 at dmn{em}, 1 at dmn{em}, and 2 at dmn{em}. The
+Insert a horizontal space of 1/2 at dmn{em}, 1 at dmn{em}, or 2 at dmn{em}. The
em is a length defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the
-width of a capital at tie{}M (@pxref{Units of length}).
+width of a capital at tie{}M. One advantage of describing space in ems is
+that it can be more portable across documents than an absolute
+measurement such as points (@pxref{Lengths/em}).
-This puts an appropriate between two graphics.
+This puts a suitable gap between two graphics.
@example
\begin@{center@}
@@ -12983,7 +12988,8 @@
Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
small. These commands are fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
-Here the skip suggests the passage of time.
+Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from @i{The Golden Ocean} by
+O'Brian).
@example
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home
@@ -13055,11 +13061,112 @@
jkl mno pqr
@end example
+ at noindent
will output three paragraphs, the first ending in @samp{abc} and the
second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent,
with @samp{def}.
+ at node \strut
+ at section @code{\strut}
+
+ at findex \strut
+ at cindex strut
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\strut
+ at end example
+
+Ensure that the current line has height at least @code{0.7\baselineskip}
+and depth at least @code{0.3\baselineskip}. Essentially, @LaTeX{}
+inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
+ at code{\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]@{0pt@}@{\baselineskip@}} (@pxref{\rule}).
+The @code{\baselineskip} changes with the current font and fontsize.
+
+In this example the @code{\strut} keeps the box inside the frame from
+having zero height.
+
+ at example
+\setlength@{\fboxsep@}@{0pt@}\framebox[2in]@{\strut@}
+ at end example
+
+This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap
+between items 2 and at tie{}3 than there is between items 1 and at tie{}2.
+The second list fixes that with a @code{\strut} at the end of its first
+item's second line.
+
+ at example
+\setlength@{\fboxsep@}@{0pt@}
+\noindent\begin@{minipage@}[t]@{0.2\linewidth@}
+\begin@{enumerate@}
+ \item \parbox[t]@{15pt@}@{test \\ test@}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end@{enumerate@}
+\end@{minipage@}%
+\begin@{minipage@}[t]@{0.2\linewidth@}
+\begin@{enumerate@}
+ \item \parbox[t]@{15pt@}@{test \\ test\strut@}
+ \item test
+ \item test
+\end@{enumerate@}
+\end@{minipage@}%
+\begin@{minipage@}[t]@{0.2\linewidth@}
+\begin@{enumerate@}
+ \item \fbox@{\parbox[t]@{15pt@}@{test \\ test@}@}
+ \item \fbox@{test@}
+ \item \fbox@{test@}
+\end@{enumerate@}
+\end@{minipage@}%
+\begin@{minipage@}[t]@{0.2\linewidth@}
+\begin@{enumerate@}
+ \item \fbox@{\parbox[t]@{15pt@}@{test \\ test\strut@}@}
+ \item \fbox@{test@}
+ \item \fbox@{test@}
+\end@{enumerate@}
+\end@{minipage@}%
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+The final two lists use @code{fbox} to show what's happening. The third
+list's @code{\parbox} goes only to the bottom of its second @samp{test},
+which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline.
+The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
+below-baseline space.
+
+ at PkgIndex{TikZ} @PkgIndex{Asymptote}
+The @code{\strut} command is often useful in graphics, such as in
+ at file{TikZ} or @file{Asymptote}. For instance, you may have a command
+such as @code{\graphnode@{@var{node-name}@}} that fits a circle around
+ at var{node-name}. However, unless you are careful the @var{node-name}'s
+ at samp{x} and @samp{y} will produce different-diameter circles because
+the characters are different sizes. A careful @code{\graphnode} might
+insert a @code{\strut}, then @var{node-name}, and then draw the circle.
+
+The general approach of using a zero width @code{\rule} is useful in
+many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of
+the first integral from hitting the @code{\hline}. Similarly, the
+second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{tabular@}@{rl@}
+ \textsc@{Integral@} &\textsc@{Value@} \\
+ \hline
+ $\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule@{0em@}@{2.5ex@} \\
+ $\int_0^x t^2\, dt$ &$x^3/3$ \rule@{0em@}@{2.5ex@}
+\end@{tabular@}
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+(Although the line-ending double backslash commands has an optional
+argument to put in more vertical room, that won't work here. Changing
+the first double backslash to something like @code{\\[2.5ex]} will put
+the room between the header line and the @code{\hline}, and the integral
+would still hit the line.)
+
+
@node \vspace
@section @code{\vspace}
@@ -13178,12 +13285,12 @@
\addvspace@{@var{vert-length}@}
@end example
-Add a vertical space of height @var{vert-length}. This is a rubber
-length (@pxref{Lengths}). However, if vertical space has already been
-added to the same point in the output by a previous @code{\addvspace}
-command then this command will only add whatever more space is needed to
-make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to
- at var{vert-length}. This command is fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+Add a vertical space of @var{vert-length}. However, if there are two or
+more @code{\addvspace}'s in a sequence then together they only add the
+space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
+ at var{vert-length}'s in the sequence. This command is fragile
+(@pxref{\protect}). The @var{vert-length} is a rubber length
+(@pxref{Lengths}).
This example illustrates. The @code{picture} draws a scale. In a
standard @LaTeX{} article the length @code{\baselineskip} is 12 at dmn{pt}.
@@ -13207,11 +13314,10 @@
@noindent
Now uncomment the second @code{\addvspace}. It does not make the gap
-20 at dmn{pt} longer; instead to the 10 at dmn{pt} this second one only adds
-enough to make the gap the sum of @code{\baselineskip} and 20 at dmn{pt}.
-So @code{\addvspace} in a sense does the opposite of its name --- it
-makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead
-that only the largest one is used.
+20 at dmn{pt} longer; instead the gap is the sum of @code{\baselineskip}
+and 20 at dmn{pt}. So @code{\addvspace} in a sense does the opposite of
+its name --- it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
+accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
@LaTeX{} uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a
@@ -13235,7 +13341,7 @@
@menu
* \mbox & \makebox:: Horizontal boxes.
-* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
+* \fbox & \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
* lrbox:: An environment like @code{\sbox}.
* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
@@ -13263,12 +13369,14 @@
\makebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
@end example
-Create a box, a container for material. The @var{text} is not broken
-into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. The @code{\mbox}
-command is robust, while @code{\makebox} is fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+Create a box, a container for material. The @var{text} is is typeset in
+LR mode (@pxref{Modes}), so it is not broken into lines. The
+ at code{\mbox} command is robust, while @code{\makebox} is fragile
+(@pxref{\protect}).
-In this example, @LaTeX{} will not hyphenate the name of the table,
- at samp{T-4}.
+Because @code{text} is not broken into lines, you can use @code{\mbox}
+to prevent hyphenation. In this example, @LaTeX{} will not hyphenate
+the table name, @samp{T-4}.
@example
See Table~\mbox@{T-4@}
@@ -13280,13 +13388,15 @@
In the third version the optional argument @var{width} specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
-equal the width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+equal the width of the box. For one thing, @var{text} can be too small;
+this creates a full-line box
@example
\makebox[\linewidth]@{Chapter Exam@}
@end example
-with @samp{Chapter Exam} centered.
+with @samp{Chapter Exam} centered. But @var{text} can also be too wide
+for @var{width}. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
In the fourth version the optional argument @var{position} gives
position of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
@@ -13302,46 +13412,135 @@
Flush right.
@item s
-Stretch the interword space in @var{text} across the entire @var{width};
- at var{text} must contain stretchable space for this to work.
+Stretch the interword space in @var{text} across the entire @var{width}.
+The @var{text} must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
+instance, this could head a press release:
+ at code{\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]@{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
+RELEASE\hfil@}}
@end table
+A common use of @code{\makebox} is to make zero-width text boxes. This
+puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
+
+ at example
+\newcommand@{\pts@}[1]@{\makebox[0em][r]@{#1 points\hspace*@{1em@}@}@}
+\pts@{10@}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
+
+\pts@{90@}An African or European swallow?
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+ at PkgIndex{TikZ}
+ at PkgIndex{Asymptote}
+The right edge of the output @samp{10 points } (note the ending space)
+will be just before the @samp{What} (note the space after
+ at samp{points}). You can use @code{\makebox} similarly when making
+graphics, such as in @file{TikZ} or @file{Asymptote}, where you put the
+edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
+text.
+
+For boxes with frames see at tie{}@ref{\fbox & \framebox}. For colors
+see at tie{}@ref{Colored boxes}.
+
There is a related version of @code{\makebox} that is used within the
@code{picture} environment, where the length is given in terms of
@code{\unitlength} (@pxref{\makebox (picture)}).
+If you put a double-backslash into @var{text} then @LaTeX{} will not
+give you a new line; for instance @code{\makebox@{abc def \\ ghi@}}
+outputs @samp{abc defghi} while @code{\makebox@{abc def \par ghi@}}
+outputs @samp{abc def ghi}, but neither go to a second line. To get
+multiple lines see at tie{}@ref{\parbox} and at tie{}@ref{minipage}.
- at node \fbox and \framebox
- at section @code{\fbox} and @code{\framebox}
+ at node \fbox & \framebox
+ at section @code{\fbox} & @code{\framebox}
+
@findex \fbox
@findex \framebox
-Synopses:
+Synopses, one of:
@example
\fbox@{@var{text}@}
+\framebox@{@var{text}@}
+\framebox[@var{width}]@{@var{text}@}
\framebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
@end example
-The @code{\fbox} and @code{\framebox} commands are like @code{\mbox},
-except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+Create boxes with an enclosing frame. These commands are the same as
+ at code{\mbox} and @code{\makebox} except for the box (@pxref{\mbox &
+\makebox}).
-In addition, the @code{\framebox} command allows for explicit
-specification of the box width with the optional @var{width} argument
-(a dimension), and positioning with the optional @var{position}
-argument. @c xxref
+ at example
+\fbox@{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.@}
+ at end example
- at findex \fboxrule
- at findex \fboxsep
-Both commands produce a rule of thickness @code{\fboxrule} (default
- at code{0.4pt}), and leave a space of @code{\fboxsep} (default @code{3pt})
-between the rule and the contents of the box.
+ at noindent
+ at LaTeX{} puts the text into a box which cannot be split or hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+a frame.
- at xref{\framebox (picture)}, for the @code{\framebox} command in the
- at code{picture} environment.
+The optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as
+ at var{width}, and the position of the text inside that box as
+ at var{position}. @xref{\mbox & \makebox} for the full description but
+here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4 at dmn{in} wide.
+ at example
+\setlength@{\fboxsep@}@{0pt@}\framebox[0.25in]@{\strut@}@}
+ at end example
+ at noindent
+The @code{\strut} inserts a vertical height of @code{\baselineskip}.
+
+These parameters determine the frame layout.
+
+ at ftable @code
+ at item \fboxrule
+ at findex frame, line width
+ at findex frame rule width
+ at cindex \fboxrule
+The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+0.2 at dmn{pt}. Change it with a command such as
+ at code{\setlength@{\fboxrule@}@{0.8pt@}} (@pxref{\setlength}).
+
+ at item \fboxsep
+ at findex frame, separation from contents
+ at cindex \fboxsep
+The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3 at dmn{pt}.
+Change it with a command such as @code{\setlength@{\fboxsep@}@{0pt@}}
+(@pxref{\setlength}). Settting it to 0 at dmn{pt} is useful sometimes: this will put a frame around the picture with
+no white border
+
+ at example
+@{\setlength@{\fboxsep@}@{0pt@}
+ \framebox@{\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]@{prudence.jpg@}@}@}
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+The extra curly braces keep the effect of the @code{\setlength} local.
+
+ at end ftable
+
+As with @code{\mbox} and @code{\makebox}, @LaTeX{} will not break lines
+in @var{text}. But this example has @LaTeX{} break lines to make a
+paragraph, and then frame the result.
+
+ at example
+\framebox@{%
+ \begin@{minipage@}@{0.6\linewidth@}
+ My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
+ And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
+ \end@{minipage@}@}
+ at end example
+
+ at xref{Colored boxes} for colors other than black and white.
+
+The @code{picture} environment has a version of this command where the
+units depend on @code{picture}'s @code{\unitlength} (@pxref{\framebox
+(picture)}).
+
+
@node lrbox
@section @code{lrbox}
@@ -13804,7 +14003,7 @@
@end example
The @code{\fcolorbox} commands use the same parameters as @code{\fbox}
-(@pxref{\fbox and \framebox}), @code{\fboxrule} and @code{\fboxsep}, to
+(@pxref{\fbox & \framebox}), @code{\fboxrule} and @code{\fboxsep}, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
and the surrounding rule. @LaTeX{}'s defaults are @code{0.4pt} and
@code{3pt}, respectively.
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