[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r651 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Sat Jun 16 16:19:02 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-06-16 17:19:02 +0300 (Sat, 16 Jun 2018)
New Revision: 651
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Spaces, the horizontal commands, and combine \mbox with \makebox
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-14 15:32:36 UTC (rev 650)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-16 14:19:02 UTC (rev 651)
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+2018-06-16 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Spaces) Did horizontal spacing commands.
+ Add subsections for \hss and for tie, ~. Change the two subsections
+ on \(SPACE) to one, giving \@ its own subsection. Add examples, adjust
+ wording, add error messages.
+ (\mbox & \makebox) Combine the two sections into one. This needs more
+ work, including examples and error messages.
+
2018-06-12 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
* latex2e.texi (Sectioning) Add subsections for \appendix and for
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-14 15:32:36 UTC (rev 650)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-16 14:19:02 UTC (rev 651)
@@ -384,32 +384,33 @@
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.3 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.4 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.4.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.4.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.4.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c--after-control-sequence" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.5 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.6 <code>~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.7 <code>\thinspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.8 <code>\/</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.9 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.10 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.12 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.13 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.4 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.5 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.6 <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.7 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.8 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -3546,7 +3547,7 @@
</p>
<p>In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
-running headers. To make that page completly blank,
+running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a>
@@ -3835,7 +3836,7 @@
two divisions are not numbered.)
</p>
<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>. But it does not increment the
-assoiated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
+associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
show the number for <code>\subsubsection</code>).
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the division title
@@ -6511,9 +6512,9 @@
objects will be described below.
<a name="index-LR-box"></a>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>. Anything that can go
-in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) can go in the text argument of the
-<code>\put</code> command. The reference point will be the lower left corner
-of the box. In this picture
+in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>) can go in the text
+argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point will be the
+lower left corner of the box. In this picture
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
@@ -6963,9 +6964,9 @@
</pre></div>
<p>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In this example the <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a> puts the stack flush right in a zero
-width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left of the
-<em>y</em> axis.
+In this example the <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a> puts the stack flush right in
+a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left
+of the <em>y</em> axis.
</p>
<p>The valid positions are:
</p>
@@ -7047,10 +7048,10 @@
\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>) except
-that you must specify a <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>, which you give in
-multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. See <a href="#picture">picture</a> for the discussion of
-<code>\unitlength</code>.
+<p>Similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>)
+except that you must specify a <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>, which you
+give in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. See <a href="#picture">picture</a> for the
+discussion of <code>\unitlength</code>.
</p>
<p>This makes a box of length 3 times <code>\unitlength</code> and height 4
times <code>\unitlength</code>.
@@ -11005,30 +11006,103 @@
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
+<p>This shows a box of the given length.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}} % make a bar of the given width
+\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} % make a box around area of the given width
+XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>It produces a black bar 100 points long between ‘<samp>XXX</samp>’ and
+‘<samp>YYY</samp>’.
+</p>
<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> (what Plain TeX
-calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> cannot contain a <code>plus</code> or
-<code>minus</code> component. A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls
-a <em>skip</em>) can contain those, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm
-minus0.01cm</code>. These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length
-in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05 cm
-or as short as 0.99 cm, depending on what TeX’s typesetting
-algorithm finds optimum.
+calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> does not contain a <code>plus</code>
+or <code>minus</code> component. The above example shows a rigid length. A
+<em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls a <em>skip</em>) can contain
+those components, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>. Here the
+<code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
+<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow the length to stretch or
+shrink.
</p>
+<p>Shrinking is simpler: with <code>1cm minus 0.05cm</code>, the natural length
+is 1cm but if smaller is needed then TeX can shrink it down as
+far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
+Thus, here the first line works fine, producing a space of
+98 points between the two bars.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But the second line gets a warning like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
+wide) detected at line 17</samp>’. In the output the first ‘<samp>Y</samp>’ is
+overwritten by the end of the black bar, because the box’s material is
+wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink
+the total to less than 309 points.
+</p>
+<p>Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
+beyond the given amount, it won’t refuse. Here the first line is fine,
+producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only
+1 point was specified. In this situation, TeX stretches the
+space to the required length, but it complains with a warning like
+‘<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 22</samp>’. (We won’t
+discuss badness; the point is that the system was not given as much
+stretch as needed.)
+</p>
+<p>You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in
+<code>1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
+stretch or shrink in proportion.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{100pt}% left
+ \hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
+ \blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The outside bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another
+100. In the middle the bar takes up 80 points, so the two
+<code>\hspace</code>’s must stretch 20 points. Because the two say
+<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6-ths of the
+stretch from the first space and 1/6-th from the second.
+</p>
<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
-length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in
-the prior sentence can be set by TeX to any distance greater than or
-equal to 1 inch. TeX actually provides three infinite glue
-components <code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>, such that the
-later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is
-ordinarily used. See <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, See <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>.
+length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+the page.
</p>
-<p>Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
-length, so that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code>
-and <code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>TeX actually has three infinite glue components <code>fil</code>,
+<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
+the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
+(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
+that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
+<code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</p>
-
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
</td></tr>
@@ -14203,10 +14277,21 @@
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
-<p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>).
-Normally <code>3mu</code>.
+<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>).
+Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
Can be used in both math mode and text mode.
</p>
+<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
+infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does
+this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The antiderivative is
+\begin{equation}
+ 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a>
@@ -14968,30 +15053,34 @@
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed horizontal space.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal space.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="3">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="3">\hss</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable and shrinkable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="4">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="4">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="5">\(SPACE)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="6">~</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="7">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="8">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="9">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="8">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="9">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fixed vertical spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Interparagraph vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -15014,33 +15103,57 @@
\hspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add the horizontal space given by <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> is a
-rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code>
-component, in any unit that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<p>Insert the horizontal space <var>length</var> (sometimes this space is called
+<em>glue</em>). The <var>length</var> can be positive, negative, or zero;
+adding negative space is like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that
+is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component, or both
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative
-space is like backspacing.
+<p>This makes a line with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ an inch from the right margin.
</p>
-<p>Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
-space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
-get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command’s starred version <code>\hspace*{...}</code> puts a non-discardable
-invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
-output.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable.
+More precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white
+space—glues and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The
+<code>*</code>-version avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+invisible item in front of the space).
</p>
-<p>This example make a one-line paragraph that puts ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ an inch
-from the right margin.
+<p>In this example
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}}
+<pre class="example">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
+ Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our
+ fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in},
+ conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
+ that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
</pre></div>
+<p>the 1 inch blank following ‘<samp>conceived in</samp>’ falls at the start
+of a line. If you erase the <code>*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank.
+</p>
+<p>Here, the <code>\hspace</code> separates the three graphics.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps LaTeX from putting in a space
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Because the argument to each <code>\hspace</code> has <code>minus 0.25cm</code>,
+each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each
+space won’t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hss</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
@@ -15049,24 +15162,90 @@
<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
-<p>Produce a rubber length which has
-no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
-needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hfill
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch
+horizontally as far as needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ on the left side
+of the page and ‘<samp>Quiz One</samp>’ on the right.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
-<p>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code>. For
-space that does not disappear at line breaks use
-<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> instead (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
+<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
+so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
+<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
</p>
+<p>Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+\begin{figure}
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}\hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Note the <code>\hspace*</code>’s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+</p>
+
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005chss"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005chss-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hss</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005chss"></a>
+<a name="index-horizontal-space"></a>
+<a name="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hss
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
+infinitely stretchable (this command is a primitive from plain TeX).
+LaTeX authors should reach first for the <code>\makebox</code> command to
+get the effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here, the first line’s <code>\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right,
+overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
+overwriting the X.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
+X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without the <code>\hss</code> you get something like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox
+(6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20</samp>’.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hss</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15075,25 +15254,27 @@
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
-<p>While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
-it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The
-<code>\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain TeX) allows you to
-change the LaTeX’s default behavior.
+<p>Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
+documents do not use this command.
</p>
+<p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
+gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
+<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
+(from Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
+</p>
<p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input
-is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap
-LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
-<em>interword glue</em>.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap
-can stretch more and shrink less.
+is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking
+can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
+that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
+factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
+any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
+exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
+after a capital letter.
</p>
-<p>Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
-most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
-3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
-after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
-right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
-Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
-</p>
<p>If the space factor <var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
@@ -15101,24 +15282,36 @@
Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s
normal stretch value is multiplied by <em>f /1000</em> and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by <em>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared
-to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a
-lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added
-and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points).
</p>
-<p>The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex
-because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
-consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
-close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
-place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
-shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
-then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
-to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
-end in a capital letter, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
+<p>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his
+dog.</code> After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
+after <code>friend</code>, which does not end in a period.
</p>
+<p>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
+period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
+period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
+will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
+punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
+so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
+that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+</p>
+<p>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
+<code>\the\spacefactor</code> or <code>\showthe\spacefactor</code>.
+</p>
+<p>(Comment, not really related to <code>\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors
+like ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>’, or ‘<samp>You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>’, or ‘<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>’
+then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a>.)
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\(SPACE) and \@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a period.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
@@ -15128,70 +15321,102 @@
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.1 <code>\(SPACE)</code> and <code>\@</code></h4>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.4.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
+<a name="index-at_002dsign"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
+<a name="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
-<p>Here, <code>\(SPACE)</code> means a backslash followed by a space. These
-commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either
-ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a
-sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words. See <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>. As
-described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless
-it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period
-for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
-immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
-or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
-that parenthesis or quote.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>capital-letter</var>\@.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
+it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
+abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
+thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
+LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
+mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
+between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
</p>
-<p>So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
-a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
-sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
-a tie (<code>~</code>) or a <code>\@</code>. Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\
-Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code>
-(note that in the last the <code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+<p>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</p>
-<p>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that does end the sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the
-period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\@.</code> will have correct
-inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceeded by a
+capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting
+<code>\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
+‘<samp>etc.</samp>’ but not the sentence. So we put in a backslash-space,
+<code>\ </code>, to get a mid-sentence space.
</p>
-<p>For another use of <code>\(SPACE)</code>, see <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>.
+<p>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
+sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the period. This holds even if
+there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
+double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through
+those characters. For example, this
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide} (a book by the MAA)\@.
+</pre></div>
+<p>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
+a text mode then you get ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
+mode</samp>’ (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
+letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
+word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+backslash-space, (<code>\ </code>), or a tie, (<code>~</code>), or <code>\@</code>.
+Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
+<code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the
+<code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis).
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) and \@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.4.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
-<p>This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat
-inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
-<p>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
-English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
-punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
-declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\frenchspacing
+\nonfrenchspacing
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first declaration causes LaTeX to treat spacing between sentences
+in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
+The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>); this is the default.
</p>
-<p>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
+<p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
+space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
+exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
+(the command is from Plain TeX) swithces to the tradition that all
+spaces are treated equally.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -15201,124 +15426,274 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.3.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">19.4.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
-<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\normalsfcodes
+</pre></div>
+<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+</p>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next">~</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c--after-control-sequence"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\ </code> after control sequence</h3>
+<a name="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.5 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
-<p>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep
-them from gobbling the space that follows, as in ‘<samp>\TeX\ is nice</samp>’.
-And, under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and
-<code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For another use of
-<code>\ </code>, see also <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a>.
+<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
+
+<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>Some people prefer to use <code>{}</code> for the same purpose, as in
-<code>\TeX{} is nice</code>. This has the advantage that you can always
-write it the same way, namely <code>\TeX{}</code>, whether it is followed
-by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
+3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
</p>
+<p>A blank is not a space. When you type a blank between words, LaTeX
+produces white space. That’s different from an explicit space. This
+illustrates.
+</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
+Three blanks: in a row \\
+Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
-\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
+<p>On the first line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
+whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
+with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
+blank). But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
+wider. Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
+space. (But the best way to create horizontal space is with
+<code>\hspace</code>; See <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. First, it is often used
+after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
+follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But the approach of using curly
+parentheses, as in <code>\TeX{} is nice</code>, has the advantage of still
+working if the next character is a period.)
+</p>
+<p>The second common use is that
+it mark a period as ending an abbreviation instead of ending
+a sentence, as in <code>So says Prof.\ Smith</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
+are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_007e"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE)</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_007e-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>~</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_007e"></a>
+<a name="index-tie"></a>
+<a name="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a>
+<a name="index-unbreakable-space"></a>
+<a name="index-hard-space"></a>
+<a name="index-NBSP"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-xspace"></a>
-<a name="index-xspace-package"></a>
+<p>The <em>tie</em> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var>
+and <var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the
+white space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
+1.11111pt (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
+</pre></div>
-<p>Some individual commands, notably those defined with the <code>xspace</code>,
-package do not follow the standard behavior.
+<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the end-of-sentence
+spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
+<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause
+confusion. But they also reduce LaTeX’s options when it breaks lines
+into paragraphs, so you can use too many. Further, they are matters of
+taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste. Nevertheless, here are some
+usage models, many of them from the TeXbook.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
+<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. When cases are enumerated inline:
+<code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
+</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
+<samp>siunitx</samp> package has a special facility for this) or
+<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions
+where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
+<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>.
+
+</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
+<code>less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code>given~$X$</code>, or <code>modulo~$p^e$
+for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code>is~$15$</code> with <code>is $15$~times
+the height</code>). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
+<code>dimension~$d$</code> or <code>function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare with
+<code>length $l$~or more</code>). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of
+a preposition: <code>of~$x$</code>, or <code>from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code>in
+common with~$m$</code>.
+
+</li><li> Between symbols in series: <code>$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code>$1$,~$2$,
+\dots,~$n$</code>.
+
+</li><li> Between a person’s forenames and between multiple surnames:
+<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
+<code>Charles~XII</code> (but you must give TeX places to break the line so
+you may do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>).
+
+</li><li> Before a dash: <code>pages 12~--14</code> or <code>it is~--- it must be
+said~--- entirely plausible</code>.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">~</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\thinspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
-<p>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
-the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in ’”.Some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code> between an ellipsis and a
-sentence ending period.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\thinspace
+</pre></div>
+<p>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6em. This is the
+text mode equivalent of <code>\,</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This is the space traditionally used between nested quotes.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code> between an ellipsis and a
+sentence ending period (other style guides, though, think the three
+periods are quite enough already).
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3>
+<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\/</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>
-<p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>. This is a
-small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
-to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
-<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>If the following character is a period or comma, it’s not necessary to
-insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
-very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
-normal letters, it can help. Compare
-<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated)
-with <i>f: f;</i>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>before-character</var>\/<var>after-character</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Insert an <em>italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font
+designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
+whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX takes the correction
+from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been
+applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
</p>
-<p>When changing fonts with commands such as <code>\textit{italic
-text}</code> or <code>{\itshape italic text}</code>, LaTeX will
-automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
+<p>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var>
+italic f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman H
</p>
-<p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
-correction. Compare
-pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the ‘f’)
-with pdfTeX.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>because the italic letter leans far to the right.
</p>
+<p>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don’t insert an
+italic correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small
+height. However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal
+letters, the italic correction can help.
+</p>
+<p>When you use commands such as <code>\textit</code> or <code>\itshape</code> to
+change fonts, LaTeX will automatically insert any needed italic
+correction (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is in
+the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>.
+</p>
<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
in a different way.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hrulefill
+\dotfill
+</pre></div>
+
<p>Produce an infinite rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
space.
</p>
-<p>When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is
-left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with
-evenly spaced dots.
+<p>This puts in a blank line 2 inches long.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
+<pre class="example">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
</pre></div>
+<p>This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that
+is left and right justified and where the space in the middle is filled
+with evenly spaced dots.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent Jack Aubrey \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
+</pre></div>
+
<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use <code>\null</code> at the
start or end.
</p>
@@ -15330,33 +15705,49 @@
1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}</code>, which changes the default
length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
</p>
+<p>This produces a line for a signature.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{4cm}
+ \centering
+ \hrulefill\\
+ Signed
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+<p>The line is 4cm long.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
-<p><code>\addvspace{<var>length</var>}</code>
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
-<p>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>, which is a rubber length
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addvspace{<var>length</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>. This is a rubber length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). However, if vertical space has already been added to
the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command
then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
</p>
-<p>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
+<p>You can use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace{...}</code>
-so that two consecutive Theorem’s are separated by one vertical space,
-not two.
+environment is defined to begin and end with <code>\addvspace{...}</code> so
+that two consecutive Theorem’s are separated by one vertical space, not
+two.
</p>
<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
@@ -15366,25 +15757,33 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
-<p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
-document class.
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bigskip
+\medskip
+\smallskip
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produce a given amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
+small, as specified by the document class.
+</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
-space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
-<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
+space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
+<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code>
@@ -15413,10 +15812,10 @@
<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
@@ -15454,27 +15853,51 @@
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace_007blength_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cvspace-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
-<p>Synopsis, one of these two:
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>}
\vspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive,
-and is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be positive,
+negative, or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a <code>plus</code>
+or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX removes the vertical space from <code>\vspace</code> at a page
-break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
-<code>\vspace*{...}</code> causes the space to stay.
+<p>This puts space between the two paragraphs.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">And I slept.
+
+\vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex}
+The new day dawned cold.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a> for common inter-paragraph
+spaces.)
+</p>
+<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break. The
+<code>*</code>-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+between the two questions.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
+
+\vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm}
+Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
+between the questions.
+</p>
<p>If <code>\vspace</code> is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode), the space is inserted <em>after</em> the line with
the <code>\vspace</code> command. A new paragraph is not started.
@@ -15508,49 +15931,105 @@
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="1">\mbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox & \makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box, adjustable position.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="4">\parbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="5">\parbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="5">\raisebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="6">\savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="7">\sbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="8">\usebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
-</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
+<a name="index-box"></a>
+<a name="index-make-a-box"></a>
+<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
-<p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
-text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\mbox{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is not broken
+into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+</p>
+<p>In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the name of the table,
+‘<samp>T-4</samp>’.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">See Table~\mbox{T-4}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first two versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> are equivalent,
+and create a box just wide enough to contain the <var>text</var>. (They are
+like plain TeX’s <code>\hbox</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the
+width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
+equal the width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered.
+</p>
+<p>In the fourth version the optional argument <var>position</var> gives
+position of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Flush right.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch (justify) <var>text</var> across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must
+contain stretchable space for this to work.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
+<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox & \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>
@@ -15586,7 +16065,7 @@
<a name="lrbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
@@ -15608,56 +16087,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3>
-
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the
-optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box
-is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
-the following values:
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Centered (default).
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Flush left.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Flush right.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the <code>picture</code> environment
-see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>
@@ -15728,7 +16164,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>
@@ -15761,7 +16197,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\savebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>
@@ -15772,9 +16208,9 @@
</pre></div>
<p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
-it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been
-declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the
+resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must
+have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>
<hr>
@@ -15784,7 +16220,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>
@@ -15795,8 +16231,8 @@
</pre></div>
<p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being
-included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box
+being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with
<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).
</p>
@@ -15808,7 +16244,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>
@@ -19708,8 +20144,12 @@
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>`</b></a>
+
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>~</b></a>
+
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -19777,9 +20217,17 @@
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\NEWLINE</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\TAB</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-5">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-6">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e">~</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -19851,6 +20299,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
@@ -20131,13 +20580,15 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -20252,6 +20703,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
@@ -20398,7 +20850,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
@@ -20429,7 +20880,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package-1"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
@@ -20532,6 +20986,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
@@ -20672,7 +21127,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a>
@@ -20681,8 +21135,12 @@
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>:</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>`</b></a>
+
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>~</b></a>
+
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -20849,7 +21307,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><code>\(SPACE)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -20865,7 +21322,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
@@ -20933,8 +21390,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -21056,7 +21513,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -21148,10 +21605,11 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill \dotfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
@@ -21270,7 +21728,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
@@ -21304,10 +21762,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -21332,7 +21790,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -21520,8 +21977,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -21556,7 +22013,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
@@ -21753,6 +22209,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -21834,6 +22291,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hard-space"><code>hard space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fpuszcza_002egnu_002eorg_002eua_002fsoftware_002flatexrefman_002f-home-page"><code><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/">http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -21865,6 +22323,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP"><code>NBSP</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -21893,6 +22352,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar"><code>sloppypar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable"><code>space, unbreakable</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -21901,6 +22361,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie"><code>tie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -21914,6 +22375,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space"><code>unbreakable space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-14 15:32:36 UTC (rev 650)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-16 14:19:02 UTC (rev 651)
@@ -2105,7 +2105,7 @@
In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
-running headers. To make that page completly blank, see *note
+running headers. To make that page completely blank, see *note
\clearpage & \cleardoublepage::.
To change the behavior of the '\chapter' command, you can copy its
@@ -2318,7 +2318,7 @@
section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other two divisions
are not numbered.)
- The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the assoiated
+ The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the associated
counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not show the
number for '\subsubsection').
@@ -4295,9 +4295,9 @@
places the object with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-0.3).
The reference points for various objects will be described below. The
'\put' command creates an "LR box". Anything that can go in an '\mbox'
-(*note \mbox::) can go in the text argument of the '\put' command. The
-reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. In this
-picture
+(*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument of the '\put'
+command. The reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
+In this picture
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
...\begin{picture}(1,1)
@@ -4608,9 +4608,9 @@
\put(-0.25,2){\makebox[0][r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}}
For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In this example the *note \makebox:: puts the stack flush right in a
-zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left of
-the y axis.
+In this example the *note \mbox & \makebox:: puts the stack flush right
+in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the
+left of the y axis.
The valid positions are:
@@ -4669,9 +4669,10 @@
\makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT){TEXT}
\makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT}
- Similar to the normal '\makebox' command (*note \makebox::) except
-that you must specify a WIDTH and HEIGHT, which you give in multiples of
-'\unitlength'. *Note picture:: for the discussion of '\unitlength'.
+ Similar to the normal '\makebox' command (*note \mbox & \makebox::)
+except that you must specify a WIDTH and HEIGHT, which you give in
+multiples of '\unitlength'. *Note picture:: for the discussion of
+'\unitlength'.
This makes a box of length 3 times '\unitlength' and height 4 times
'\unitlength'.
@@ -7540,25 +7541,86 @@
A "length" is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
as an argument.
+ This shows a box of the given length.
+
+ \newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}} % make a bar of the given width
+ \newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} % make a box around area of the given width
+ XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+
+ It produces a black bar 100 points long between 'XXX' and 'YYY'.
+
Lengths come in two types. A "rigid length" (what Plain TeX calls a
-"dimen") such as '10pt' cannot contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component. A
-"rubber length" (what Plain TeX calls a "skip") can contain those, as
-with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm'. These give the ability to stretch or
-shrink; the length in the prior sentence could appear in the output as
-long as 1.05 cm or as short as 0.99 cm, depending on what TeX's
-typesetting algorithm finds optimum.
+"dimen") such as '10pt' does not contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component.
+The above example shows a rigid length. A "rubber length" (what Plain
+TeX calls a "skip") can contain those components, as with '1cm
+plus0.05cm minus0.01cm'. Here the '1cm' is the "natural length" while
+the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow the length to
+stretch or shrink.
+ Shrinking is simpler: with '1cm minus 0.05cm', the natural length is
+1cm but if smaller is needed then TeX can shrink it down as far as
+0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more. Thus, here the
+first line works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two
+bars.
+
+ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
+
+ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
+
+But the second line gets a warning like 'Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide)
+detected at line 17'. In the output the first 'Y' is overwritten by the
+end of the black bar, because the box's material is wider than the 300pt
+allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
+309 points.
+
+ Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
+beyond the given amount, it won't refuse. Here the first line is fine,
+producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
+
+ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+
+ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
+
+In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was
+specified. In this situation, TeX stretches the space to the required
+length, but it complains with a warning like 'Underfull \hbox (badness
+10000) detected at line 22'. (We won't discuss badness; the point is
+that the system was not given as much stretch as needed.)
+
+ You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in '1ex
+plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex'.
+
+ If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
+stretch or shrink in proportion.
+
+ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{100pt}% left
+ \hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
+ \blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
+
+The outside bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another 100.
+In the middle the bar takes up 80 points, so the two '\hspace''s must
+stretch 20 points. Because the two say 'plus 50pt' and 'plus 10pt', TeX
+gets 5/6-ths of the stretch from the first space and 1/6-th from the
+second.
+
The 'plus' or 'minus' component of a rubber length can contain a
"fill" component, as in '1in plus2fill'. This gives the length infinite
-stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in the prior
-sentence can be set by TeX to any distance greater than or equal to
-1 inch. TeX actually provides three infinite glue components 'fil',
-'fill', and 'filll', such that the later ones overcome the earlier ones,
-but only the middle value is ordinarily used. *Note \hfill::, *Note
-\vfill::.
+stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any
+distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page.
- Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
-length, so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and
+ \begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%
+ \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ TeX actually has three infinite glue components 'fil', 'fill', and
+'filll'. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones.
+Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note \hfill:: and
+*note \vfill::).
+
+ Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length,
+so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and
'\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}' then the value of '\zlength' is '3in'.
* Menu:
@@ -9456,9 +9518,18 @@
Math mode only.
'\,'
- Synonym: '\thinspace' (*note \thinspace::). Normally '3mu'. Can
- be used in both math mode and text mode.
+ Synonym: '\thinspace' (*note \thinspace::). Normally '3mu', which
+ is 1/6em. Can be used in both math mode and text mode.
+ This space is widely used, for instance between the function and
+ the infinitesimal in an integral '\int f(x)\,dx' and, if an author
+ does this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
+
+ The antiderivative is
+ \begin{equation}
+ 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.
+ \end{equation}
+
'\!'
A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. Math mode only.
@@ -9969,19 +10040,21 @@
* Menu:
Horizontal space
-* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
-* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space
-* \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
-* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
-* \/:: Insert italic correction.
-* \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+* \hspace:: Horizontal space.
+* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
+* \hss:: Infinitely stretchable and shrinkable horizontal space.
+* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space
+* \(SPACE):: Backslash-space; and explicit space.
+* ~:: Tie, an unbreakable space.
+* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
+* \/:: Italic correction.
+* \hrulefill & \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
Vertical space
-* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
-* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces.
-* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
-* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space.
+* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+* \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip:: Interparagraph vertical spaces.
+* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
+* \vspace:: Vertical space.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces
@@ -9994,67 +10067,135 @@
\hspace{LENGTH}
\hspace*{LENGTH}
- Add the horizontal space given by LENGTH. The LENGTH is a rubber
-length, that is, it may contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component, in any
-unit that LaTeX understands (*note Lengths::).
+ Insert the horizontal space LENGTH (sometimes this space is called
+"glue"). The LENGTH can be positive, negative, or zero; adding negative
+space is like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may
+contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component, or both (*note Lengths::).
- This command can add both positive and negative space; adding
-negative space is like backspacing.
+ This makes a line with 'Name:' an inch from the right margin.
- Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
-space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
-get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both.
-This command's starred version '\hspace*{...}' puts a non-discardable
-invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
-output.
+ \noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
- This example make a one-line paragraph that puts 'Name:' an inch from
-the right margin.
+ The '*'-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable. More
+precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues
+and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The '*'-version
+avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in
+front of the space).
- \noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}}
+ In this example
+ \parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
+ Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our
+ fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in},
+ conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
+ that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
+
+the 1 inch blank following 'conceived in' falls at the start of a line.
+If you erase the '*' then LaTeX discards the blank.
+
+ Here, the '\hspace' separates the three graphics.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps LaTeX from putting in a space
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%
+ \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
+ \end{center}
+
+ Because the argument to each '\hspace' has 'minus 0.25cm', each can
+shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won't
+shrink more than 0.25cm (*note Lengths::).
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hss, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces
19.2 '\hfill'
=============
-Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but can stretch
-horizontally as far as needed (*note Lengths::).
+Synopsis:
- The command '\hfill' is equivalent to '\hspace{\fill}'. For space
-that does not disappear at line breaks use '\hspace*{\fill}' instead
-(*note \hspace::).
+ \hfill
+ Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can
+stretch horizontally as far as needed (*note Lengths::).
+
+ This creates a one-line paragraph with 'Name:' on the left side of
+the page and 'Quiz One' on the right.
+
+ \noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
+
+ The '\hfill' command is equivalent to '\hspace{\fill}' and so the
+space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
+'\hspace*{\fill}' (*note \hspace::).
+
+ Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
+
+ \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+ \begin{figure}
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}\hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%
+ \hspace*{\fill}%
+ \caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Note the '\hspace*''s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \spacefactor, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hss, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
-19.3 '\spacefactor'
+19.3 '\hss'
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \hss
+
+ Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
+infinitely stretchable (this command is a primitive from plain TeX).
+LaTeX authors should reach first for the '\makebox' command to get the
+effects of '\hss' (*note \mbox & \makebox::).
+
+ Here, the first line's '\hss' makes the Z stick out to the right,
+overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
+overwriting the X.
+
+ X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
+ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
+
+ Without the '\hss' you get something like 'Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt
+too wide) detected at line 20'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \spacefactor, Next: \(SPACE), Prev: \hss, Up: Spaces
+
+19.4 '\spacefactor'
===================
Synopsis:
\spacefactor=INTEGER
- While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
-it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The '\spacefactor'
-command (from Plain TeX) allows you to change the LaTeX's default
-behavior.
+ Influence LaTeX's glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
+documents do not use this command.
+ While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
+gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
+"interword glue"; *note \hspace::). The '\spacefactor' command (from
+Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period
+stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
+
After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is
-a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX
-will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
-"interword glue".) A larger space factor means that the glue gap can
-stretch more and shrink less.
+a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking can
+happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that
+the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor
+is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and any
+non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
+exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
+after a capital letter.
- Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
-most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
-3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
-after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
-right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
-Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
-
If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's
normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000
@@ -10062,163 +10203,309 @@
point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value
is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by
1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and
-1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the
-space following a word ending in a lowercase letter, inter-sentence
-spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3
-times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
+1.11111 points).
- The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex
-because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
-consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
-close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
-place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
-shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
-then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
-to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
-end in a capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::.
+ For example, consider the period ending 'A man's best friend is his
+dog.' After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
+after 'friend', which does not end in a period.
+ The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
+period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
+period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
+will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation comes
+after a capital letter then its effect is not in place so you get an
+ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations that do not
+end in a capital letter (*note \@::).
+
+ You can only use '\spacefactor' in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note
+Modes::). You can see the current value with '\the\spacefactor' or
+'\showthe\spacefactor'.
+
+ (Comment, not really related to '\spacefactor': if you get errors
+like 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode', or 'You can't use
+`\spacefactor' in math mode.', or 'Improper \spacefactor' then you have
+probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter and
+\makeatother::.)
+
* Menu:
-* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period.
-* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
-* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default.
+* \@:: Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
+* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \@, Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
-19.3.1 '\(SPACE)' and '\@'
---------------------------
+19.4.1 '\@'
+-----------
-Here, '\(SPACE)' means a backslash followed by a space. These commands
-mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
-sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+Synopsis:
- By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a
-sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words. *Note \spacefactor::. As
-described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it
-is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period for
-part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
-immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
-or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
-that parenthesis or quote.
+ CAPITAL-LETTER\@.
- So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is
-not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
-sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ('\ ') or a tie
-('~') or a '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean',
-and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note that in the last the '\@' comes
-before the closing parenthesis).
+ Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think
+it is part of an abbreviation. LaTeX thinks that a period ends an
+abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
+thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
+LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
+mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
+between words (*note \spacefactor::).
- In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that does end the sentence, then put '\@' before the period. For
-example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have correct inter-sentence spacing
-after the period.
+ This example shows the two cases to remember.
- For another use of '\(SPACE)', *note \(SPACE) after control
-sequence::.
+ The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\.
+The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceeded by a
+capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting '\@' before
+it. The first period ends the abbreviation 'etc.' but not the sentence.
+So we put in a backslash-space, '\ ', to get a mid-sentence space.
+
+ So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
+sentence, then put '\@' before the period. This holds even if there is
+an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double
+quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through those
+characters. For example, this
+
+ Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide} (a book by the MAA)\@.
+
+ will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+
+ The '\@' command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a
+text mode then you get 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode'
+(*note Modes::).
+
+ Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose
+last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the
+last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+backslash-space, ('\ '), or a tie, ('~'), or '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\
+Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note
+in the last one that the '\@' comes before the closing parenthesis).
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: \spacefactor
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \@, Up: \spacefactor
-19.3.2 '\frenchspacing'
+19.4.2 '\frenchspacing'
-----------------------
-This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence
-spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+Synopsis, one of:
- In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions,
-including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or
-after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words.
-Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+ \frenchspacing
+ \nonfrenchspacing
- Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'.
+ The first declaration causes LaTeX to treat spacing between sentences
+in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
+The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
+(*note \spacefactor::); this is the default.
+ Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
+space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
+exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring '\frenchspacing' (the
+command is from Plain TeX) swithces to the tradition that all spaces are
+treated equally.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor
-19.3.3 '\normalsfcodes'
+19.4.3 '\normalsfcodes'
-----------------------
-Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default.
+Synopsis:
+ \normalsfcodes
+
+ Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default (*note
+\spacefactor::).
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE), Next: ~, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces
-19.4 '\ ' after control sequence
-================================
+19.5 Backslash-space, '\ '
+==========================
-The '\ ' command is often used after control sequences to keep them from
-gobbling the space that follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'. And, under
-normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to '\ '.
-For another use of '\ ', see also *note \(SPACE) and \@::.
+This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
- Some people prefer to use '{}' for the same purpose, as in '\TeX{} is
-nice'. This has the advantage that you can always write it the same
-way, namely '\TeX{}', whether it is followed by a space or by a
-punctuation mark. Compare:
+ \
- \TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.
+ Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
+3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
- \TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
+ A blank is not a space. When you type a blank between words, LaTeX
+produces white space. That's different from an explicit space. This
+illustrates.
- Some individual commands, notably those defined with the 'xspace',
-package do not follow the standard behavior.
+ \begin{tabular}{l}
+ Three blanks: in a row \\
+ Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+ \end{tabular}
+On the first line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
+whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
+with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
+blank). But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
+wider. Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
+space. (But the best way to create horizontal space is with '\hspace';
+*Note \hspace::.)
+
+ The backslash-space command has two main uses. First, it is often
+used after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
+follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'. (But the approach of using curly
+parentheses, as in '\TeX{} is nice', has the advantage of still working
+if the next character is a period.)
+
+ The second common use is that it mark a period as ending an
+abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in 'So says Prof.\ Smith'
+(*note \@::).
+
+ Under normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent
+to backslash-space, '\ '.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: ~, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \(SPACE), Up: Spaces
-19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
-===============================
+19.6 '~'
+========
-Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
-the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in '".Some style
-guides call for a '\thinspace' between an ellipsis and a sentence ending
-period.
+Synopsis:
+ BEFORE~AFTER
+
+ The "tie" character, '~', produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER
+at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has
+length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::).
+
+ Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words.
+
+ Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
+
+ In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
+end-of-sentence spacing (*note \@::).
+
+ Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
+cause confusion. But they also reduce LaTeX's options when it breaks
+lines into paragraphs, so you can use too many. Further, they are
+matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste. Nevertheless,
+here are some usage models, many of them from the TeXbook.
+
+ * Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+ 'Chapter~12', or 'Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}', or
+ 'Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}'. When cases are enumerated inline:
+ '(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded'.
+
+ * Between a number and its unit: '$745.7.8$~watts' (the 'siunitx'
+ package has a special facility for this) or '144~eggs'. This
+ includes between a month and a date: 'October~12' or '12~Oct'. In
+ general, in any expressions where numbers and abbreviations or
+ symbols are separated by a space: 'AD~565', or '2:50~pm', or
+ 'Boeing~747', or '268~Plains Road', or '\$$1.4$~billion'.
+
+ * When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: 'equals~$n$', or
+ 'less than~$\epsilon$', or 'given~$X$', or 'modulo~$p^e$ for all
+ large~$n$' (but compare 'is~$15$' with 'is $15$~times the height').
+ Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
+ 'dimension~$d$' or 'function~$f(x)$' (but compare with 'length
+ $l$~or more'). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
+ preposition: 'of~$x$', or 'from $0$ to~$1$', or 'in common
+ with~$m$'.
+
+ * Between symbols in series: '$1$,~$2$, or~$3$' or '$1$,~$2$,
+ \dots,~$n$'.
+
+ * Between a person's forenames and between multiple surnames:
+ 'Donald~E. Knuth', or 'Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo', or 'Charles~XII' (but
+ you must give TeX places to break the line so you may do 'Charles
+ Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin').
+
+ * Before a dash: 'pages 12~--14' or 'it is~--- it must be said~---
+ entirely plausible'.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: ~, Up: Spaces
-19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction
-===================================
+19.7 '\thinspace'
+=================
-The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space
-defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
-character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character
-typically has a large italic correction value.
+Synopsis:
- If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
-to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
-very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
-normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's
-are nicely separated) with f: f;.
+ \thinspace
- When changing fonts with commands such as '\textit{italic text}' or
-'{\itshape italic text}', LaTeX will automatically insert an italic
-correction if appropriate (*note Font styles::).
+ Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6em. This is the
+text mode equivalent of '\,' (*note Spacing in math mode/\thinspace::).
- Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
-correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
-after the 'f') with pdfTeX.
+ This is the space traditionally used between nested quotes.
+ Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
+
+ Some style guides call for a '\thinspace' between an ellipsis and a
+sentence ending period (other style guides, though, think the three
+periods are quite enough already).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces
+
+19.8 '\/'
+=========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ BEFORE-CHARACTER\/AFTER-CHARACTER
+
+ Insert an "italic correction", a small space defined by the font
+designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
+whatever follows. When you use '\/', LaTeX takes the correction from
+the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been applied to
+the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
+
+ Here, were it not for the '\/', the BEFORE-CHARACTER italic f would
+hit the AFTER-CHARACTER roman H
+
+ \newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
+
+because the italic letter leans far to the right.
+
+ If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don't insert an italic
+correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small height.
+However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal letters, the
+italic correction can help.
+
+ When you use commands such as '\textit' or '\itshape' to change
+fonts, LaTeX will automatically insert any needed italic correction
+(*note Font styles::).
+
+ Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is
+in the name 'pdf\/\TeX'.
+
There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is
done in a different way.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces
-19.7 '\hrulefill \dotfill'
-==========================
+19.9 '\hrulefill' & '\dotfill'
+==============================
-Produce an infinite rubber length (*note Lengths::) filled with a
+Synopsis, one of:
+
+ \hrulefill
+ \dotfill
+
+ Produce an infinite rubber length (*note Lengths::) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
space.
- When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that
-is left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled
+ This puts in a blank line 2 inches long.
+
+ Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
+
+This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that
+is left and right justified and where the space in the middle is filled
with evenly spaced dots.
- \noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
+ \noindent Jack Aubrey \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use '\null' at the
start or end.
@@ -10230,22 +10517,34 @@
'\renewcommand{\dotfill}{\leavevmode\cleaders\hb at xt@ 1.00em{\hss .\hss
}\hfill\kern\z@}', which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
+ This produces a line for a signature.
+
+ \begin{minipage}{4cm}
+ \centering
+ \hrulefill\\
+ Signed
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ The line is 4cm long.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \hrulefill \dotfill, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Prev: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Up: Spaces
-19.8 '\addvspace'
-=================
+19.10 '\addvspace'
+==================
-'\addvspace{LENGTH}'
+Synopsis:
- Add a vertical space of height LENGTH, which is a rubber length
+ \addvspace{LENGTH}
+
+ Add a vertical space of height LENGTH. This is a rubber length
(*note Lengths::). However, if vertical space has already been added to
the same point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command then
this command will not add more space than what is needed to make the
natural length of the total vertical space equal to LENGTH.
- Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
+ You can use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
+an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
environment is defined to begin and end with '\addvspace{...}' so that
two consecutive Theorem's are separated by one vertical space, not two.
@@ -10256,18 +10555,24 @@
change that is to precede this command with a '\par' command.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces
-19.9 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
-===================================
+19.11 '\bigskip' & '\medskip' & '\smallskip'
+============================================
-These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
-document class.
+Synopsis, one of:
+ \bigskip
+ \medskip
+ \smallskip
+
+ Produce a given amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
+small, as specified by the document class.
+
'\bigskip'
The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
- space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and
- 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt').
+ space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book' and
+ 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt'.
'\medskip'
The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
@@ -10280,9 +10585,9 @@
'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt').
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip, Up: Spaces
-19.10 '\vfill'
+19.12 '\vfill'
==============
End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length (*note
@@ -10310,21 +10615,41 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces
-19.11 '\vspace{LENGTH}'
-=======================
+19.13 '\vspace'
+===============
-Synopsis, one of these two:
+Synopsis, one of:
\vspace{LENGTH}
\vspace*{LENGTH}
- Add the vertical space LENGTH. This can be negative or positive, and
-is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
+ Add the vertical space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, negative,
+or zero. It is a rubber length--it may contain a 'plus' or 'minus'
+component (*note Lengths::).
- LaTeX removes the vertical space from '\vspace' at a page break, that
-is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version '\vspace*{...}'
-causes the space to stay.
+ This puts space between the two paragraphs.
+ And I slept.
+
+ \vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex}
+ The new day dawned cold.
+
+(*Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip:: for common inter-paragraph
+spaces.)
+
+ The '*'-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break. The
+'*'-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between
+the two questions.
+
+ Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
+
+ \vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm}
+ Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
+
+That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
+between the questions.
+
If '\vspace' is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode), the space is inserted _after_ the line with the
'\vspace' command. A new paragraph is not started.
@@ -10351,10 +10676,9 @@
* Menu:
-* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes.
+* \mbox & \makebox:: Horizontal boxes.
* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
* lrbox:: An environment like '\sbox'.
-* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
* \savebox:: Like '\makebox', but save the text for later use.
@@ -10362,17 +10686,60 @@
* \usebox:: Print saved text.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox & \makebox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
-20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
-==================
+20.1 '\mbox' & '\makebox'
+=========================
-The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
-created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
-be used to prevent hyphenation.
+Synopsis, one of:
+ \mbox{TEXT}
+ \makebox{TEXT}
+ \makebox[WIDTH]{TEXT}
+ \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
+
+ Create a box, a container for material. The TEXT is not broken into
+lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+
+ In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the name of the table,
+'T-4'.
+
+ See Table~\mbox{T-4}
+
+ The first two versions, '\mbox' and '\makebox' are equivalent, and
+create a box just wide enough to contain the TEXT. (They are like plain
+TeX's '\hbox'.)
+
+ In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width
+of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the
+width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+
+ \makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
+
+ with 'Chapter Exam' centered.
+
+ In the fourth version the optional argument POSITION gives position
+of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
+
+'c'
+ The TEXT is centered (default).
+
+'l'
+ The TEXT is flush left.
+
+'r'
+ Flush right.
+
+'s'
+ Stretch (justify) TEXT across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
+ stretchable space for this to work.
+
+ There is a related version of '\makebox' that is used within the
+'picture' environment, where the length is given in terms of
+'\unitlength' (*note \makebox (picture)::).
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox & \makebox, Up: Boxes
20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
============================
@@ -10397,7 +10764,7 @@
'picture' environment.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
20.3 'lrbox'
============
@@ -10414,37 +10781,9 @@
must have been declared with '\newsavebox'.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes
-20.4 '\makebox'
-===============
-
-Synopsis:
-
- \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
-
- The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
-TEXT specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the optional
-WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined
-by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:
-
-'c'
- Centered (default).
-'l'
- Flush left.
-'r'
- Flush right.
-'s'
- Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
- stretchable space for this to work.
-
- '\makebox' is also used within the 'picture' environment *note
-\makebox (picture)::.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Boxes
-
-20.5 '\parbox'
+20.4 '\parbox'
==============
Synopses:
@@ -10497,7 +10836,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes
-20.6 '\raisebox'
+20.5 '\raisebox'
================
Synopsis:
@@ -10520,7 +10859,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes
-20.7 '\savebox'
+20.6 '\savebox'
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -10528,29 +10867,29 @@
\savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}
This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note
-\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
-it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
-'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+\mbox & \makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
+it saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared
+with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Boxes
-20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
+20.7 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
===========================
Synopsis:
\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}
- '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
-except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
-output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been
-previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+ '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox &
+\makebox::) except that instead of the resulting box being included in
+the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must
+have been previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Boxes
-20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
+20.8 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}'
=======================
Synopsis:
@@ -13170,7 +13509,11 @@
* .ind file: Indexes. (line 23)
* :: Colon character & \colon.
(line 6)
+* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE). (line 6)
+* \SPACE: \(SPACE). (line 6)
+* \TAB: \(SPACE). (line 6)
* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 16)
+* ~: ~. (line 6)
* abstracts: abstract. (line 6)
* accents: Accents. (line 6)
* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6)
@@ -13253,6 +13596,7 @@
(line 6)
* book, main matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
+* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6)
* boxes: Boxes. (line 6)
@@ -13582,13 +13926,15 @@
(line 6)
* hello, world: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 52)
+* horizontal space: \hss. (line 6)
+* horizontal space, stretchable: \hss. (line 6)
* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 59)
* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 48)
* hyperref package <1>: \pagenumbering. (line 45)
* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6)
* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
-* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 6)
+* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* Icelandic eth: Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
* Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -13711,6 +14057,7 @@
* macros2e package: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
(line 39)
* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* make a box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* makeidx package: Indexes. (line 28)
* makeindex program: Indexes. (line 23)
* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
@@ -13891,8 +14238,6 @@
(line 15)
* package, url: \verb. (line 30)
* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 37)
-* package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence.
- (line 20)
* packages, loading additional: Additional packages. (line 6)
* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
@@ -13931,7 +14276,10 @@
* PDF graphic files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20)
* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12)
+* period, abbreviation-ending: \@. (line 6)
* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138)
+* period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 6)
+* period, spacing after: \@. (line 6)
* pica: Units of length. (line 14)
* pict2e package: \line. (line 35)
* pict2e package <1>: \line. (line 35)
@@ -13957,7 +14305,7 @@
* prompt, *: Command line. (line 18)
* pronunciation: Overview. (line 24)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 38)
+ (line 47)
* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 141)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 30)
* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 156)
@@ -14042,6 +14390,7 @@
* slanted font: Font styles. (line 89)
* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6)
* small caps font: Font styles. (line 83)
+* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 6)
* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6)
* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 6)
* spaces: Spaces. (line 6)
@@ -14196,8 +14545,6 @@
* x-height: Units of length. (line 38)
* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 38)
* xindy program: Indexes. (line 23)
-* xspace package: \(SPACE) after control sequence.
- (line 20)
File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
@@ -14235,7 +14582,7 @@
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 35)
+ (line 44)
* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16)
* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
@@ -14243,7 +14590,6 @@
* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20)
* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87)
-* \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \*: \*. (line 6)
* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
@@ -14263,7 +14609,7 @@
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
(line 27)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
-* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
+* \@: \@. (line 6)
* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 236)
* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 244)
* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 24)
@@ -14344,10 +14690,10 @@
* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 75)
* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 78)
* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 81)
-* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 9)
-* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 10)
+* \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 15)
+* \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 16)
* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 92)
* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 84)
* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 88)
@@ -14498,7 +14844,8 @@
* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 187)
-* \dotfill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
+* \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
+ (line 6)
* \dots: Text symbols. (line 34)
* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168)
* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 191)
@@ -14533,7 +14880,7 @@
* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 13)
* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
-* \fill: \hfill. (line 9)
+* \fill: \hfill. (line 18)
* \flat: Math symbols. (line 221)
* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98)
* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 99)
@@ -14607,12 +14954,14 @@
* \hom: Math functions. (line 54)
* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 257)
* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 260)
-* \hrulefill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
+* \hrulefill: \hrulefill & \dotfill.
+ (line 6)
* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
(line 119)
* \hsize <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 119)
* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6)
+* \hss: \hss. (line 6)
* \huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
@@ -14748,7 +15097,7 @@
* \lq: Text symbols. (line 39)
* \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter.
(line 6)
-* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6)
+* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6)
@@ -14788,12 +15137,12 @@
* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 926)
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 130)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
-* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6)
+* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 36)
-* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 14)
-* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 15)
+* \medskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 20)
+* \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 21)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 27)
* \mho: Math symbols. (line 412)
@@ -14822,7 +15171,6 @@
* \newfont: \newfont. (line 6)
* \newlength: \newlength. (line 6)
* \newline: \newline. (line 6)
-* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6)
* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
@@ -14971,9 +15319,9 @@
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 44)
+ (line 53)
* \quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 38)
+ (line 47)
* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 50)
* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 51)
* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 75)
@@ -15056,10 +15404,10 @@
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 45)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 657)
-* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 19)
-* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 20)
+* \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 25)
+* \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip.
+ (line 26)
* \smile: Math symbols. (line 661)
* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 664)
@@ -15099,7 +15447,6 @@
* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
(line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
-* \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 121)
* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 172)
* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
@@ -15309,6 +15656,7 @@
* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6)
* array environment: array. (line 6)
* article class: Document classes. (line 11)
+* at-sign: \@. (line 6)
* b5paper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
* book class: Document classes. (line 11)
@@ -15384,6 +15732,7 @@
(line 49)
* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6)
* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6)
+* hard space: ~. (line 6)
* <http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/> home page: About this document.
(line 6)
* in: Units of length. (line 17)
@@ -15412,6 +15761,7 @@
* minipage environment: minipage. (line 6)
* mm: Units of length. (line 27)
* mu: Units of length. (line 49)
+* NBSP: ~. (line 6)
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
(line 49)
* onecolumn option: Document class options.
@@ -15436,12 +15786,14 @@
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
* sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6)
* sp: Units of length. (line 36)
+* space, unbreakable: ~. (line 6)
* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6)
* table environment: table. (line 6)
* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 6)
* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6)
* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6)
+* tie: ~. (line 6)
* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6)
* titlepage option: Document class options.
(line 49)
@@ -15457,6 +15809,7 @@
(line 78)
* twoside option: Document class options.
(line 78)
+* unbreakable space: ~. (line 6)
* usrguide official documentation: About this document. (line 36)
* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6)
* verse environment: verse. (line 6)
@@ -15502,251 +15855,253 @@
Ref: Sectioning/tocdepth80945
Node: \part81990
Node: \chapter84173
-Node: \section87966
-Node: \subsection91248
-Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph94022
-Node: \appendix96674
-Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter97915
-Node: \@startsection99257
-Ref: \@startsection/name100578
-Ref: \@startsection/level101038
-Ref: \@startsection/indent101921
-Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip102184
-Ref: \@startsection/afterskip103705
-Ref: \@startsection/style105016
-Node: Cross references108852
-Node: \label110962
-Node: \pageref112759
-Node: \ref113559
-Node: Environments114436
-Node: abstract116439
-Node: array118028
-Node: center120423
-Node: \centering122151
-Node: description123595
-Node: displaymath125782
-Node: document127560
-Node: \AtBeginDocument127990
-Node: \AtEndDocument128614
-Node: enumerate129258
-Node: eqnarray132055
-Node: equation134050
-Node: figure134678
-Node: filecontents136749
-Node: flushleft138499
-Node: \raggedright139428
-Node: flushright140626
-Node: \raggedleft141289
-Node: itemize142079
-Node: letter145546
-Node: list145784
-Node: \item158602
-Node: trivlist159853
-Node: math161381
-Node: minipage161687
-Node: picture166544
-Node: \put172968
-Node: \multiput173446
-Node: \qbezier174166
-Node: \graphpaper175094
-Node: \line175891
-Node: \linethickness177670
-Node: \thinlines178119
-Node: \thicklines178530
-Node: \circle178914
-Node: \oval179454
-Node: \shortstack180433
-Node: \vector181827
-Node: \makebox (picture)182670
-Node: \framebox (picture)183591
-Node: \frame184388
-Node: \dashbox184789
-Node: quotation & quote185515
-Node: tabbing186411
-Node: table192416
-Node: tabular194437
-Node: \multicolumn201687
-Node: \vline205572
-Node: \cline206917
-Node: \hline207601
-Node: thebibliography208283
-Node: \bibitem210696
-Node: \cite212974
-Node: \nocite214627
-Node: Using BibTeX215116
-Node: theorem217063
-Node: titlepage217985
-Node: verbatim219268
-Node: \verb220778
-Node: verse222247
-Node: Line breaking223477
-Node: \\224843
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr227292
-Node: \newline228092
-Node: \- (hyphenation)229030
-Node: \discretionary230671
-Node: \fussy & \sloppy231559
-Node: sloppypar232341
-Node: \hyphenation233480
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak234066
-Node: Page breaking235137
-Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage237166
-Node: \newpage238644
-Node: \enlargethispage239937
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak240893
-Node: Footnotes242476
-Node: \footnote243622
-Node: \footnotemark246570
-Node: \footnotetext248915
-Node: Footnotes in section headings249516
-Node: Footnotes in a table250343
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes253221
-Node: Definitions253925
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand254802
-Node: \providecommand260016
-Node: \newcounter261165
-Node: \newlength262910
-Node: \newsavebox263770
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment264714
-Node: \newtheorem269828
-Node: \newfont273356
-Node: \protect274652
-Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend277038
-Node: Counters279784
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol281457
-Node: \usecounter284286
-Node: \value285149
-Node: \setcounter286078
-Node: \addtocounter286680
-Node: \refstepcounter287145
-Node: \stepcounter287803
-Node: \day \month \year288145
-Node: Lengths288690
-Node: Units of length290480
-Node: \setlength291974
-Node: \addtolength292751
-Node: \settodepth293725
-Node: \settoheight294480
-Node: \settowidth295239
-Node: Predefined lengths296022
-Node: Making paragraphs296537
-Node: \par298192
-Node: \indent & \noindent299874
-Node: \parindent & \parskip301426
-Node: Marginal notes302465
-Node: Math formulas304264
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts308251
-Node: Math symbols310360
-Node: Blackboard bold336759
-Node: Calligraphic337535
-Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath338108
-Node: Ellipses339641
-Node: Math functions341788
-Node: Math accents343396
-Node: Over- and Underlining344295
-Node: Spacing in math mode346025
-Node: Math miscellany347581
-Node: Colon character & \colon348140
-Node: \*348833
-Node: \frac349417
-Node: \left & \right349830
-Node: \sqrt351007
-Node: \stackrel351602
-Node: Modes351875
-Node: \ensuremath354489
-Node: Page styles355206
-Node: \maketitle355969
-Node: \pagenumbering358979
-Node: \pagestyle360917
-Node: \thispagestyle364422
-Node: Spaces364809
-Node: \hspace365679
-Node: \hfill366634
-Node: \spacefactor367026
-Node: \(SPACE) and \@369738
-Ref: \AT369881
-Node: \frenchspacing371358
-Node: \normalsfcodes371974
-Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence372163
-Node: \thinspace373074
-Node: \/373466
-Node: \hrulefill \dotfill374648
-Node: \addvspace375641
-Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip376687
-Node: \vfill377579
-Node: \vspace378448
-Node: Boxes379441
-Node: \mbox380153
-Node: \fbox and \framebox380440
-Node: lrbox381244
-Node: \makebox381602
-Node: \parbox382322
-Node: \raisebox384429
-Node: \savebox385038
-Node: \sbox385453
-Node: \usebox385902
-Node: Color386163
-Node: Color package options387007
-Node: Color models388653
-Node: Commands for color390962
-Node: Define colors391377
-Node: Colored text392092
-Node: Colored boxes394464
-Node: Colored pages395900
-Node: Graphics396593
-Node: Graphics package options398720
-Node: Graphics package configuration401473
-Node: \graphicspath402275
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions405198
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule406995
-Node: Commands for graphics410184
-Node: \includegraphics410689
-Node: \rotatebox423658
-Node: \scalebox426453
-Node: \resizebox427505
-Node: Special insertions428697
-Node: Reserved characters429501
-Node: Upper and lower case430702
-Node: Symbols by font position432617
-Node: Text symbols433237
-Node: Accents436685
-Node: Additional Latin letters439227
-Ref: Non-English characters439398
-Node: \rule440415
-Node: \today440844
-Node: Splitting the input441598
-Node: \endinput443150
-Node: \include & \includeonly444417
-Node: \input448641
-Node: Front/back matter449349
-Node: Tables of contents449554
-Node: \addcontentsline450737
-Node: \addtocontents451755
-Node: Glossaries452288
-Node: Indexes452807
-Node: Letters454440
-Node: \address458106
-Node: \cc458917
-Node: \closing459335
-Node: \encl459612
-Node: \location460027
-Node: \makelabels460291
-Node: \name462443
-Node: \opening462684
-Node: \ps462965
-Node: \signature463254
-Node: \telephone464471
-Node: Terminal input/output464836
-Node: \typein465101
-Node: \typeout465686
-Node: Command line466309
-Node: Document templates467261
-Node: beamer template467714
-Node: article template468368
-Node: book template468795
-Node: Larger book template469276
-Node: tugboat template470774
-Node: Concept Index473145
-Node: Command Index548413
+Node: \section87967
+Node: \subsection91249
+Node: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph94023
+Node: \appendix96676
+Node: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter97917
+Node: \@startsection99259
+Ref: \@startsection/name100580
+Ref: \@startsection/level101040
+Ref: \@startsection/indent101923
+Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip102186
+Ref: \@startsection/afterskip103707
+Ref: \@startsection/style105018
+Node: Cross references108854
+Node: \label110964
+Node: \pageref112761
+Node: \ref113561
+Node: Environments114438
+Node: abstract116441
+Node: array118030
+Node: center120425
+Node: \centering122153
+Node: description123597
+Node: displaymath125784
+Node: document127562
+Node: \AtBeginDocument127992
+Node: \AtEndDocument128616
+Node: enumerate129260
+Node: eqnarray132057
+Node: equation134052
+Node: figure134680
+Node: filecontents136751
+Node: flushleft138501
+Node: \raggedright139430
+Node: flushright140628
+Node: \raggedleft141291
+Node: itemize142081
+Node: letter145548
+Node: list145786
+Node: \item158604
+Node: trivlist159855
+Node: math161383
+Node: minipage161689
+Node: picture166546
+Node: \put172980
+Node: \multiput173458
+Node: \qbezier174178
+Node: \graphpaper175106
+Node: \line175903
+Node: \linethickness177682
+Node: \thinlines178131
+Node: \thicklines178542
+Node: \circle178926
+Node: \oval179466
+Node: \shortstack180445
+Node: \vector181847
+Node: \makebox (picture)182690
+Node: \framebox (picture)183619
+Node: \frame184416
+Node: \dashbox184817
+Node: quotation & quote185543
+Node: tabbing186439
+Node: table192444
+Node: tabular194465
+Node: \multicolumn201715
+Node: \vline205600
+Node: \cline206945
+Node: \hline207629
+Node: thebibliography208311
+Node: \bibitem210724
+Node: \cite213002
+Node: \nocite214655
+Node: Using BibTeX215144
+Node: theorem217091
+Node: titlepage218013
+Node: verbatim219296
+Node: \verb220806
+Node: verse222275
+Node: Line breaking223505
+Node: \\224871
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr227320
+Node: \newline228120
+Node: \- (hyphenation)229058
+Node: \discretionary230699
+Node: \fussy & \sloppy231587
+Node: sloppypar232369
+Node: \hyphenation233508
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak234094
+Node: Page breaking235165
+Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage237194
+Node: \newpage238672
+Node: \enlargethispage239965
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak240921
+Node: Footnotes242504
+Node: \footnote243650
+Node: \footnotemark246598
+Node: \footnotetext248943
+Node: Footnotes in section headings249544
+Node: Footnotes in a table250371
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes253249
+Node: Definitions253953
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand254830
+Node: \providecommand260044
+Node: \newcounter261193
+Node: \newlength262938
+Node: \newsavebox263798
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment264742
+Node: \newtheorem269856
+Node: \newfont273384
+Node: \protect274680
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend277066
+Node: Counters279812
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol281485
+Node: \usecounter284314
+Node: \value285177
+Node: \setcounter286106
+Node: \addtocounter286708
+Node: \refstepcounter287173
+Node: \stepcounter287831
+Node: \day \month \year288173
+Node: Lengths288718
+Node: Units of length293161
+Node: \setlength294655
+Node: \addtolength295432
+Node: \settodepth296406
+Node: \settoheight297161
+Node: \settowidth297920
+Node: Predefined lengths298703
+Node: Making paragraphs299218
+Node: \par300873
+Node: \indent & \noindent302555
+Node: \parindent & \parskip304107
+Node: Marginal notes305146
+Node: Math formulas306945
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts310932
+Node: Math symbols313041
+Node: Blackboard bold339440
+Node: Calligraphic340216
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath340789
+Node: Ellipses342322
+Node: Math functions344469
+Node: Math accents346077
+Node: Over- and Underlining346976
+Node: Spacing in math mode348706
+Ref: Spacing in math mode/\thinspace349713
+Node: Math miscellany350599
+Node: Colon character & \colon351158
+Node: \*351851
+Node: \frac352435
+Node: \left & \right352848
+Node: \sqrt354025
+Node: \stackrel354620
+Node: Modes354893
+Node: \ensuremath357507
+Node: Page styles358224
+Node: \maketitle358987
+Node: \pagenumbering361997
+Node: \pagestyle363935
+Node: \thispagestyle367440
+Node: Spaces367827
+Node: \hspace368809
+Node: \hfill370581
+Node: \hss371637
+Node: \spacefactor372344
+Node: \@375733
+Ref: \AT375833
+Node: \frenchspacing377779
+Node: \normalsfcodes378614
+Node: \(SPACE)378861
+Node: ~380496
+Node: \thinspace382953
+Node: \/383554
+Node: \hrulefill & \dotfill384844
+Node: \addvspace386156
+Node: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip387232
+Node: \vfill388242
+Node: \vspace389115
+Node: Boxes390626
+Node: \mbox & \makebox391288
+Node: \fbox and \framebox392724
+Node: lrbox393539
+Node: \parbox393896
+Node: \raisebox396000
+Node: \savebox396609
+Node: \sbox397032
+Node: \usebox397492
+Node: Color397753
+Node: Color package options398597
+Node: Color models400243
+Node: Commands for color402552
+Node: Define colors402967
+Node: Colored text403682
+Node: Colored boxes406054
+Node: Colored pages407490
+Node: Graphics408183
+Node: Graphics package options410310
+Node: Graphics package configuration413063
+Node: \graphicspath413865
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions416788
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule418585
+Node: Commands for graphics421774
+Node: \includegraphics422279
+Node: \rotatebox435248
+Node: \scalebox438043
+Node: \resizebox439095
+Node: Special insertions440287
+Node: Reserved characters441091
+Node: Upper and lower case442292
+Node: Symbols by font position444207
+Node: Text symbols444827
+Node: Accents448275
+Node: Additional Latin letters450817
+Ref: Non-English characters450988
+Node: \rule452005
+Node: \today452434
+Node: Splitting the input453188
+Node: \endinput454740
+Node: \include & \includeonly456007
+Node: \input460231
+Node: Front/back matter460939
+Node: Tables of contents461144
+Node: \addcontentsline462327
+Node: \addtocontents463345
+Node: Glossaries463878
+Node: Indexes464397
+Node: Letters466030
+Node: \address469696
+Node: \cc470507
+Node: \closing470925
+Node: \encl471202
+Node: \location471617
+Node: \makelabels471881
+Node: \name474033
+Node: \opening474274
+Node: \ps474555
+Node: \signature474844
+Node: \telephone476061
+Node: Terminal input/output476426
+Node: \typein476691
+Node: \typeout477276
+Node: Command line477899
+Node: Document templates478851
+Node: beamer template479304
+Node: article template479958
+Node: book template480385
+Node: Larger book template480866
+Node: tugboat template482364
+Node: Concept Index484735
+Node: Command Index560585
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-14 15:32:36 UTC (rev 650)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-16 14:19:02 UTC (rev 651)
@@ -22,15 +22,14 @@
@c xx merge display style math
@c xx JH Discuss restricted execution
@c xx JH explain nfss somewhere
- at c xx JH picture: put vs multiput vs qspline to put things in picture
@c xx JH expand BiBTeX
@c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math
@c xx JH add something on code listings
@c xx JH \strut
- at c xx JH \section
@c xx JH ligatures
@c xx JH \xspace
@c xx JH \stretch
+ at c xx JH phantom https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/4519/how-do-i-create-an-invisible-character
@c
@c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel
@c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included.
@@ -5395,9 +5394,9 @@
objects will be described below.
@findex LR box
The @code{\put} command creates an @dfn{LR box}. Anything that can go
-in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox}) can go in the text argument of the
- at code{\put} command. The reference point will be the lower left corner
-of the box. In this picture
+in an @code{\mbox} (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}) can go in the text
+argument of the @code{\put} command. The reference point will be the
+lower left corner of the box. In this picture
@example
\setlength@{\unitlength@}@{1cm@}
@@ -5764,9 +5763,9 @@
@end example
@noindent For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In this example the @ref{\makebox} puts the stack flush right in a zero
-width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left of the
- at math{y}@tie{}axis.
+In this example the @ref{\mbox & \makebox} puts the stack flush right in
+a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left
+of the @math{y}@tie{}axis.
The valid positions are:
@@ -5833,10 +5832,10 @@
\makebox(@var{width}, at var{height})[@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
@end example
-Similar to the normal @code{\makebox} command (@pxref{\makebox}) except
-that you must specify a @var{width} and @var{height}, which you give in
-multiples of @code{\unitlength}. @xref{picture} for the discussion of
- at code{\unitlength}.
+Similar to the normal @code{\makebox} command (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox})
+except that you must specify a @var{width} and @var{height}, which you
+give in multiples of @code{\unitlength}. @xref{picture} for the
+discussion of @code{\unitlength}.
This makes a box of length 3 times @code{\unitlength} and height 4
times @code{\unitlength}.
@@ -9230,30 +9229,106 @@
A @dfn{length} is a measure of distance. Many @LaTeX{} commands take a
length as an argument.
+This shows a box of the given length.
+
+ at example
+\newcommand@{\blackbar@}[1]@{\rule@{#1@}@{10pt@}@} % make a bar of the given width
+\newcommand@{\showhbox@}[2]@{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox@{\hbox to #1@{#2@}@}@} % make a box around area of the given width
+XXX\showhbox@{100pt@}@{\blackbar@{100pt@}@}YYY
+ at end example
+
+It produces a black bar 100 at tie{}points long between @samp{XXX} and
+ at samp{YYY}.
+
Lengths come in two types. A @dfn{rigid length} (what Plain @TeX{}
-calls a @dfn{dimen}) such as @code{10pt} cannot contain a @code{plus} or
- at code{minus} component. A @dfn{rubber length} (what Plain @TeX{} calls
-a @dfn{skip}) can contain those, as with @code{1cm plus0.05cm
-minus0.01cm}. These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length
-in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05 at tie{}cm
-or as short as 0.99 at tie{}cm, depending on what @TeX{}'s typesetting
-algorithm finds optimum.
+calls a @dfn{dimen}) such as @code{10pt} does not contain a @code{plus}
+or @code{minus} component. The above example shows a rigid length. A
+ at dfn{rubber length} (what Plain @TeX{} calls a @dfn{skip}) can contain
+those components, as with @code{1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm}. Here the
+ at code{1cm} is the @dfn{natural length} while the other two, the
+ at code{plus} and @code{minus} components, allow the length to stretch or
+shrink.
+Shrinking is simpler: with @code{1cm minus 0.05cm}, the natural length
+is 1 at dmn{cm} but if smaller is needed then @TeX{} can shrink it down as
+far as 0.95 at dmn{cm}. Beyond that, @TeX{} refuses to shrink any more.
+Thus, here the first line works fine, producing a space of
+98 at tie{}points between the two bars.
+
+ at example
+XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{\blackbar@{101pt@}\hspace@{100pt minus 2pt@}\blackbar@{101pt@}@}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{\blackbar@{105pt@}\hspace@{100pt minus 1pt@}\blackbar@{105pt@}@}YYY
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+But the second line gets a warning like @samp{Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too
+wide) detected at line 17}. In the output the first @samp{Y} is
+overwritten by the end of the black bar, because the box's material is
+wider than the 300 at dmn{pt} allocated, as @TeX{} has refused to shrink
+the total to less than 309 at tie{}points.
+
+Stretching is like shrinking except that if @TeX{} is asked to stretch
+beyond the given amount, it won't refuse. Here the first line is fine,
+producing a space of 110 at tie{}points between the bars.
+
+ at example
+XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{\blackbar@{95pt@}\hspace@{100pt plus 10pt@}\blackbar@{95pt@}@}YYY
+
+XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{\blackbar@{95pt@}\hspace@{100pt plus 1pt@}\blackbar@{95pt@}@}YYY
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+In the second line @TeX{} needs a stretch of 10 at tie{}points and only
+1 at tie{}point was specified. In this situation, @TeX{} stretches the
+space to the required length, but it complains with a warning like
+ at samp{Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 22}. (We won't
+discuss badness; the point is that the system was not given as much
+stretch as needed.)
+
+You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in
+ at code{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex}.
+
+If @TeX{} is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
+stretch or shrink in proportion.
+
+ at example
+XXX\showhbox@{300pt@}@{\blackbar@{100pt@}% left
+ \hspace@{0pt plus 50pt@}\blackbar@{80pt@}\hspace@{0pt plus 10pt@}% middle
+ \blackbar@{100pt@}@}YYY % right
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+The outside bars take up 100 at tie{}points, so the middle needs another
+100. In the middle the bar takes up 80 at tie{}points, so the two
+ at code{\hspace}'s must stretch 20 at tie{}points. Because the two say
+ at code{plus 50pt} and @code{plus 10pt}, @TeX{} gets 5/6-ths of the
+stretch from the first space and 1/6-th from the second.
+
The @code{plus} or @code{minus} component of a rubber length can contain
a @dfn{fill} component, as in @code{1in plus2fill}. This gives the
-length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in
-the prior sentence can be set by @TeX{} to any distance greater than or
-equal to 1 at tie{}inch. @TeX{} actually provides three infinite glue
-components @code{fil}, @code{fill}, and @code{filll}, such that the
-later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is
-ordinarily used. @xref{\hfill}, @xref{\vfill}.
+length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that @TeX{} could set
+it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
+the page.
-Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
-length, so that after @code{\setlength@{\ylength@}@{1in plus 0.2in@}}
-and @code{\setlength@{\zlength@}@{3\ylength@}} then the value of
+ at example
+\begin@{minipage@}@{\linewidth@}
+ \hspace@{0pt plus 1fill@}\includegraphics@{godel.png@}%
+ \hspace@{0pt plus 1fill@}\includegraphics@{einstein.png@}%
+ \hspace@{0pt plus 1fill@}
+\end@{minipage@}
+ at end example
+
+ at TeX{} actually has three infinite glue components @code{fil},
+ at code{fill}, and @code{filll}. The later ones are more infinite than
+the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
+(@pxref{\hfill} and @pxref{\vfill}).
+
+Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
+that after @code{\setlength@{\ylength@}@{1in plus 0.2in@}} and
+ at code{\setlength@{\zlength@}@{3\ylength@}} then the value of
@code{\zlength} is @code{3in}.
-
@menu
* Units of length:: The units that @LaTeX{} knows.
* \setlength:: Set the value of a length.
@@ -11574,10 +11649,22 @@
@item \,
@findex \,
@findex \thinspace
+ at anchor{Spacing in math mode/\thinspace}
Synonym: @code{\thinspace} (@pxref{\thinspace}).
-Normally @code{3mu}.
+Normally @code{3mu}, which is 1/6 at dmn{em}.
Can be used in both math mode and text mode.
+This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
+infinitesimal in an integral @code{\int f(x)\,dx} and, if an author does
+this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
+
+ at example
+The antiderivative is
+\begin@{equation@}
+ 3x^@{-1/2@}+3^@{1/2@}\,.
+\end@{equation@}
+ at end example
+
@item \!
@findex \!
A negative thin space. Normally @code{-3mu}. Math mode only.
@@ -12206,19 +12293,21 @@
@menu
Horizontal space
-* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
-* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space
-* \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
-* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
-* \/:: Insert italic correction.
-* \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+* \hspace:: Horizontal space.
+* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
+* \hss:: Infinitely stretchable and shrinkable horizontal space.
+* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space
+* \(SPACE):: Backslash-space; and explicit space.
+* ~:: Tie, an unbreakable space.
+* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
+* \/:: Italic correction.
+* \hrulefill & \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
Vertical space
-* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
-* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces.
-* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
-* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space.
+* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+* \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip:: Interparagraph vertical spaces.
+* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
+* \vspace:: Vertical space.
@end menu
@@ -12234,28 +12323,53 @@
\hspace*@{@var{length}@}
@end example
-Add the horizontal space given by @var{length}. The @var{length} is a
-rubber length, that is, it may contain a @code{plus} or @code{minus}
-component, in any unit that @LaTeX{} understands (@pxref{Lengths}).
+Insert the horizontal space @var{length} (sometimes this space is called
+ at dfn{glue}). The @var{length} can be positive, negative, or zero;
+adding negative space is like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that
+is, it may contain a @code{plus} or @code{minus} component, or both
+(@pxref{Lengths}).
-This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative
-space is like backspacing.
+This makes a line with @samp{Name:} an inch from the right margin.
-Normally when @TeX{} breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
-space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
-get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command's starred version @code{\hspace*@{...@}} puts a non-discardable
-invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
-output.
+ at example
+\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]@{Name:\hspace@{1in@}@}
+ at end example
-This example make a one-line paragraph that puts @samp{Name:} an inch
-from the right margin.
+The @code{*}-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable.
+More precisely, when @TeX{} breaks a paragraph into lines any white
+space---glues and kerns---that come at a line break are discarded. The
+ at code{*}-version avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+invisible item in front of the space).
+In this example
+
@example
-\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]@{\hspace@{\fill@}Name:\hspace@{1in@}@}
+\parbox@{0.8\linewidth@}@{%
+ Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*@{1in@} and seven years ago our
+ fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*@{1in@},
+ conceived in \hspace*@{1in@}, and dedicated to the proposition
+ that all men are created \hspace*@{1in@}.@}
@end example
+ at noindent
+the 1 at tie{}inch blank following @samp{conceived in} falls at the start
+of a line. If you erase the @code{*} then @LaTeX{} discards the blank.
+Here, the @code{\hspace} separates the three graphics.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{center@}
+ \includegraphics@{lion.png@}% comment keeps LaTeX from putting in a space
+ \hspace@{1cm minus 0.25cm@}\includegraphics@{tiger.png@}%
+ \hspace@{1cm minus 0.25cm@}\includegraphics@{bear.png@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+Because the argument to each @code{\hspace} has @code{minus 0.25cm},
+each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each
+space won't shrink more than 0.25 at dmn{cm} (@pxref{Lengths}).
+
+
@node \hfill
@section @code{\hfill}
@@ -12263,16 +12377,76 @@
@cindex stretch, infinite horizontal
@cindex infinite horizontal stretch
-Produce a rubber length which has
-no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
-needed (@pxref{Lengths}).
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\hfill
+ at end example
+
+Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch
+horizontally as far as needed (@pxref{Lengths}).
+
+This creates a one-line paragraph with @samp{Name:} on the left side
+of the page and @samp{Quiz One} on the right.
+
+ at example
+\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
+ at end example
+
@findex \fill
-The command @code{\hfill} is equivalent to @code{\hspace@{\fill@}}. For
-space that does not disappear at line breaks use
- at code{\hspace*@{\fill@}} instead (@pxref{\hspace}).
+The @code{\hfill} command is equivalent to @code{\hspace@{\fill@}} and
+so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
+ at code{\hspace*@{\fill@}} (@pxref{\hspace}).
+Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
+ at example
+\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begin@{tabular@}@{@@@{@}c@@@{@}@}#1\end@{tabular@}@}
+ ...
+\begin@{figure@}
+ \hspace*@{\fill@}%
+ \vcenteredhbox@{\includegraphics@{graph0.png@}@}\hfill\vcenteredhbox@{\includegraphics@{graph1.png@}@}%
+ \hspace*@{\fill@}%
+ \caption@{Comparison of two graphs@} \label@{fig:twographs@}
+\end@{figure@}
+ at end example
+
+Note the @code{\hspace*}'s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
+
+
+ at node \hss
+ at section @code{\hss}
+
+ at findex \hss
+ at cindex horizontal space
+ at cindex horizontal space, stretchable
+ at cindex space, inserting horizontal
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\hss
+ at end example
+
+Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
+infinitely stretchable (this command is a primitive from plain @TeX{}).
+ at LaTeX{} authors should reach first for the @code{\makebox} command to
+get the effects of @code{\hss} (@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}).
+
+Here, the first line's @code{\hss} makes the Z stick out to the right,
+overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
+overwriting the X.
+
+ at example
+X\hbox to 0pt@{Z\hss@}Y
+X\hbox to 0pt@{\hss Z@}Y
+ at end example
+
+Without the @code{\hss} you get something like @samp{Overfull \hbox
+(6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20}.
+
+
@node \spacefactor
@section @code{\spacefactor}
@@ -12283,25 +12457,27 @@
@end example
@findex \spacefactor
-While @LaTeX{} is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance
-it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The
- at code{\spacefactor} command (from Plain at tie{}@TeX{}) allows you to
-change the @LaTeX{}'s default behavior.
+Influence @LaTeX{}'s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
+documents do not use this command.
+While @LaTeX{} is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
+gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
+ at dfn{interword glue}; @pxref{\hspace}). The @code{\spacefactor} command
+(from Plain at tie{}@TeX{}) allows you to, for instance, have the space
+after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
+
After @LaTeX{} places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a
parameter called the @dfn{space factor}. If the next thing in the input
-is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap
- at LaTeX{} will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called
- at dfn{interword glue}.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap
-can stretch more and shrink less.
+is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking
+can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means
+that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space
+factor is 1000. This value is in effect following most characters, and
+any non-character box or math formula. But it is 3000 after a period,
+exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 after a colon, 1500 after
+a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999
+after a capital letter.
-Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following
-most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is
-3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000
-after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a
-right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote.
-Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter.
-
If the space factor at tie{}@var{f} is 1000 then the glue gap will be the
font's normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
3.3333 at tie{}points). Otherwise, if the space factor @var{f} is greater
@@ -12309,67 +12485,103 @@
Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 at tie{}points), and then the font's
normal stretch value is multiplied by @math{f /1000} and the normal
shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern Roman
-10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points). In short, compared
-to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a
-lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added
-and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much.
+10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points).
-The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors are even more complex
-because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two
-consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a
-close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in
-place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and
-shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter
-then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how
-to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not
-end in a capital letter, @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}.
+For example, consider the period ending @code{A man's best friend is his
+dog.} After it, @TeX{} puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
+glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
+after @code{friend}, which does not end in a period.
+The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play
+additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a
+period or other punctuation is followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote then the spacing effect of that
+period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
+will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
+punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
+so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
+that do not end in a capital letter (@pxref{\@@}).
+You can only use @code{\spacefactor} in paragraph mode or LR mode
+(@pxref{Modes}). You can see the current value with
+ at code{\the\spacefactor} or @code{\showthe\spacefactor}.
+
+(Comment, not really related to @code{\spacefactor}: if you get errors
+like @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode}, or @samp{You
+can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.}, or @samp{Improper \spacefactor}
+then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
+ at xref{\makeatletter and \makeatother}.)
+
+
@menu
-* \(SPACE) and \@@:: Space after a period.
-* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
-* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default.
+* \@@:: Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
+* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default.
@end menu
- at node \(SPACE) and \@@
- at subsection @code{\(SPACE)} and @code{\@@}
+ at node \@@
+ at subsection @code{\@@}
- at findex \(SPACE)
- at findex \TAB
- at findex \NEWLINE
@findex \@@
+ at findex at-sign
+ at cindex period, sentence-ending
+ at cindex period, abbreviation-ending
+ at cindex period, spacing after
@anchor{\AT}@c old name
-Here, @code{\(SPACE)} means a backslash followed by a space. These
-commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either
-ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+Synopsis:
-By default, in justifying a line @LaTeX{} adjusts the space after a
-sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
-colon) more than the space between words. @xref{\spacefactor}. As
-described there, @LaTeX{} assumes that the period ends a sentence unless
-it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period
-for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is
-immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single
-or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through
-that parenthesis or quote.
+ at example
+ at var{capital-letter}\@@.
+ at end example
-So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
-a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
-sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (@code{\ }) or
-a tie (@code{~}) or a @code{\@@}. Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\
-Science}, and @code{Mr.~Bean}, and @code{(manure, etc.\@@) for sale}
-(note that in the last the @code{\@@} comes before the closing parenthesis).
+Treat a period as sentence-ending, where @LaTeX{} would otherwise think
+it is part of an abbreviation. @LaTeX{} thinks that a period ends an
+abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
+thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
+ at LaTeX{} adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
+mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
+between words (@pxref{\spacefactor}).
-In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that does end the sentence, then put @code{\@@} before the
-period. For example, @code{book by the MAA\@@.} will have correct
-inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+This example shows the two cases to remember.
-For another use of @code{\(SPACE)}, @pxref{\(SPACE) after control sequence}.
+ at example
+The songs \textit@{Red Guitar@}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@.
+ at end example
+ at noindent
+The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceeded by a
+capital. We tell @LaTeX{} that it ends the sentence by putting
+ at code{\@@} before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
+ at samp{etc.} but not the sentence. So we put in a backslash-space,
+ at code{\ }, to get a mid-sentence space.
+So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the
+sentence, then put @code{\@@} before the period. This holds even if
+there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
+double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through
+those characters. For example, this
+
+ at example
+Use the \textit@{Instructional Practices Guide@} (a book by the MAA)\@@.
+ at end example
+
+will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period.
+
+The @code{\@@} command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
+a text mode then you get @samp{You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
+mode} (@pxref{Modes}).
+
+Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last
+letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last
+word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a
+backslash-space, (@code{\ }), or a tie, (@code{~}), or @code{\@@}.
+Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\ Science}, and @code{Mr.~Bean}, and
+ at code{(manure, etc.\@@) for sale} (note in the last one that the
+ at code{\@@} comes before the closing parenthesis).
+
+
@node \frenchspacing
@subsection @code{\frenchspacing}
@@ -12377,121 +12589,277 @@
@findex \nonfrenchspacing
@cindex spacing, inter-sentence
-This declaration (from Plain @TeX{}) causes @LaTeX{} to treat
-inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+Synopsis, one of:
-In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
-English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
-punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
-declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+ at example
+\frenchspacing
+\nonfrenchspacing
+ at end example
-Revert to the default behavior by declaring @code{\nonfrenchspacing}.
+The first declaration causes @LaTeX{} to treat spacing between sentences
+in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
+The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
+(@pxref{\spacefactor}); this is the default.
+Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
+space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
+exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
+that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring @code{\frenchspacing}
+(the command is from Plain @TeX{}) swithces to the tradition that all
+spaces are treated equally.
+
@node \normalsfcodes
@subsection @code{\normalsfcodes}
@findex \normalsfcodes
@cindex spacing, inter-sentence
-Reset the @LaTeX{} space factor values to the default.
+Synopsis:
+ at example
+\normalsfcodes
+ at end example
- at node \(SPACE) after control sequence
- at section @code{\ } after control sequence
+Reset the @LaTeX{} space factor values to the default
+(@pxref{\spacefactor}).
-The @code{\ } command is often used after control sequences to keep
-them from gobbling the space that follows, as in @samp{\TeX\ is nice}.
-And, under normal circumstances, @code{\}@key{tab} and
- at code{\}@key{newline} are equivalent to @code{\ }. For another use of
- at code{\ }, see also @ref{\(SPACE) and \@@}.
-Some people prefer to use @code{@{@}} for the same purpose, as in
- at code{\TeX@{@} is nice}. This has the advantage that you can always
-write it the same way, namely @code{\TeX@{@}}, whether it is followed
-by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
+ at node \(SPACE)
+ at section Backslash-space, @code{\ }
+ at cindex \NEWLINE
+ at cindex \SPACE
+ at cindex \TAB
+
+This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
+backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
+
@example
-\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.@*
-\TeX@{@} is a nice system. \TeX@{@}, a nice system.
+\
@end example
- at PkgIndex{xspace}
-Some individual commands, notably those defined with the @code{xspace},
-package do not follow the standard behavior.
+Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
+3.33333 at dmn{pt} plus 1.66666 at dmn{pt} minus 1.11111 at dmn{pt}.
+A blank is not a space. When you type a blank between words, @LaTeX{}
+produces white space. That's different from an explicit space. This
+illustrates.
+ at example
+\begin@{tabular@}@{l@}
+Three blanks: in a row \\
+Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+\end@{tabular@}
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+On the first line @LaTeX{} collapses the three blanks to output one
+whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
+with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
+blank). But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
+wider. Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
+space. (But the best way to create horizontal space is with
+ at code{\hspace}; @xref{\hspace}.)
+
+The backslash-space command has two main uses. First, it is often used
+after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
+follows, as in @code{\TeX\ is nice}. (But the approach of using curly
+parentheses, as in @code{\TeX@{@} is nice}, has the advantage of still
+working if the next character is a period.)
+
+The second common use is that
+it mark a period as ending an abbreviation instead of ending
+a sentence, as in @code{So says Prof.\ Smith} (@pxref{\@@}).
+
+Under normal circumstances, @code{\}@key{tab} and @code{\}@key{newline}
+are equivalent to backslash-space, @code{\ }.
+
+ at c @PkgIndex{xspace}
+ at c Some individual commands, notably those defined with the @code{xspace},
+ at c package do not follow the standard behavior.
+
+
+ at node ~
+ at section @code{~}
+
+ at cindex ~
+ at findex tie
+ at findex space, unbreakable
+ at findex unbreakable space
+ at findex hard space
+ at findex NBSP
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+ at var{before}~@var{after}
+ at end example
+
+The @dfn{tie} character, @code{~}, produces a space between @var{before}
+and @var{after} at which the line will not be broken. By default the
+white space has length 3.33333 at dmn{pt} plus 1.66666 at dmn{pt} minus
+1.11111 at dmn{pt} (@pxref{Lengths}).
+
+Here @LaTeX{} will not break the line between the final two words.
+
+ at example
+Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
+ at end example
+
+In addition, despite the period, @LaTeX{} does not use the end-of-sentence
+spacing (@pxref{\@@}).
+
+Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause
+confusion. But they also reduce @LaTeX{}'s options when it breaks lines
+into paragraphs, so you can use too many. Further, they are matters of
+taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste. Nevertheless, here are some
+usage models, many of them from the @TeX{}book.
+
+ at itemize @bullet
+ at item
+Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+ at code{Chapter~12}, or @code{Theorem~\ref@{th:Wilsons@}}, or
+ at code{Figure~\ref@{fig:KGraph@}}. When cases are enumerated inline:
+ at code{(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded}.
+
+ at item
+Between a number and its unit: @code{$745.7.8$~watts} (the
+ at file{siunitx} package has a special facility for this) or
+ at code{144~eggs}. This includes between a month and a date:
+ at code{October~12} or @code{12~Oct}. In general, in any expressions
+where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+ at code{AD~565}, or @code{2:50~pm}, or @code{Boeing~747}, or
+ at code{268~Plains Road}, or @code{\$$1.4$~billion}.
+
+ at item
+When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: @code{equals~$n$}, or
+ at code{less than~$\epsilon$}, or @code{given~$X$}, or @code{modulo~$p^e$
+for all large~$n$} (but compare @code{is~$15$} with @code{is $15$~times
+the height}). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
+ at code{dimension~$d$} or @code{function~$f(x)$} (but compare with
+ at code{length $l$~or more}). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of
+a preposition: @code{of~$x$}, or @code{from $0$ to~$1$}, or @code{in
+common with~$m$}.
+
+ at item
+Between symbols in series: @code{$1$,~$2$, or~$3$} or @code{$1$,~$2$,
+\dots,~$n$}.
+
+ at item
+Between a person's forenames and between multiple surnames:
+ at code{Donald~E. Knuth}, or @code{Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo}, or
+ at code{Charles~XII} (but you must give @TeX{} places to break the line so
+you may do @code{Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin}).
+
+ at item
+Before a dash: @code{pages 12~--14} or @code{it is~--- it must be
+said~--- entirely plausible}.
+
+ at end itemize
+
+
@node \thinspace
- at section @code{\thinspace}: Insert 1/6 at dmn{em}
+ at section @code{\thinspace}
@findex \thinspace
-Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
-the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in '@dmn{}''. at c Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo.
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\thinspace
+ at end example
+
+Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 at dmn{em}. This is the
+text mode equivalent of @code{\,} (@pxref{Spacing in math mode/\thinspace}).
+
+This is the space traditionally used between nested quotes.
+
+ at example
+Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
+ at end example
+
Some style guides call for a @code{\thinspace} between an ellipsis and a
-sentence ending period.
+sentence ending period (other style guides, though, think the three
+periods are quite enough already).
@node \/
- at section @code{\/}: Insert italic correction
+ at section @code{\/}
@findex \/
@cindex italic correction
-The @code{\/} command produces an @dfn{italic correction}. This is a
-small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
-to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
- at i{f} character typically has a large italic correction value.
+Synopsis:
-If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
-insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
-very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
-normal letters, it can help. Compare
- at tex
-{\it f\/: f\/;}
- at end tex
- at ifnottex
- at i{f: f;} (in the @TeX{} output, the `f's are nicely separated)
- at end ifnottex
-with @i{f: f;}.
+ at example
+ at var{before-character}\/@var{after-character}
+ at end example
-When changing fonts with commands such as @code{\textit@{italic
-text@}} or @code{@{\itshape italic text@}}, @LaTeX{} will
-automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (@pxref{Font
-styles}).
+Insert an @dfn{italic correction}, a small space defined by the font
+designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
+whatever follows. When you use @code{\/}, @LaTeX{} takes the correction
+from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been
+applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
-Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
-correction. Compare
- at tex
-pdf\/\TeX{}
- at end tex
- at ifnottex
-pdf at TeX{} (in the @TeX{} output, there is a small space after the `f')
- at end ifnottex
-with pdf at TeX{}.
+Here, were it not for the @code{\/}, the @var{before-character}
+italic at tie{}f would hit the @var{after-character} roman at tie{}H
+ at example
+\newcommand@{\companylogo@}@{@{\it f@}\/H@}
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+because the italic letter leans far to the right.
+
+If @var{after-character} is a period or comma then don't insert an
+italic correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small
+height. However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal
+letters, the italic correction can help.
+
+When you use commands such as @code{\textit} or @code{\itshape} to
+change fonts, @LaTeX{} will automatically insert any needed italic
+correction (@pxref{Font styles}).
+
+Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is in
+the name @code{pdf\/\TeX}.
+
There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
in a different way.
- at node \hrulefill \dotfill
- at section @code{\hrulefill \dotfill}
+ at node \hrulefill & \dotfill
+ at section @code{\hrulefill} & @code{\dotfill}
@findex \hrulefill
@findex \dotfill
+Synopsis, one of:
+
+ at example
+\hrulefill
+\dotfill
+ at end example
+
Produce an infinite rubber length (@pxref{Lengths}) filled with a
horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
space.
-When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is
-left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with
-evenly spaced dots.
+This puts in a blank line 2 inches long.
@example
-\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
+Name:~\makebox[2in]@{\hrulefill@}
@end example
+ at noindent
+This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that
+is left and right justified and where the space in the middle is filled
+with evenly spaced dots.
+
+ at example
+\noindent Jack Aubrey \dotfill@{@} Melbury Lodge
+ at end example
+
To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use @code{\null} at the
start or end.
@@ -12503,7 +12871,19 @@
1.00em@{\hss .\hss @}\hfill\kern\z@@@}}, which changes the default
length of 0.33 at dmn{em} to 1.00 at dmn{em}.
+This produces a line for a signature.
+ at example
+\begin@{minipage@}@{4cm@}
+ \centering
+ \hrulefill\\
+ Signed
+\end@{minipage@}
+ at end example
+
+The line is 4 at dmn{cm} long.
+
+
@node \addvspace
@section @code{\addvspace}
@@ -12511,19 +12891,23 @@
@cindex vertical space
@cindex space, inserting vertical
- at code{\addvspace@{@var{length}@}}
+Synopsis:
-Add a vertical space of height @var{length}, which is a rubber length
+ at example
+\addvspace@{@var{length}@}
+ at end example
+
+Add a vertical space of height @var{length}. This is a rubber length
(@pxref{Lengths}). However, if vertical space has already been added to
the same point in the output by a previous @code{\addvspace} command
then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
the natural length of the total vertical space equal to @var{length}.
-Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
+You can use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end with @code{\addvspace@{...@}}
-so that two consecutive Theorem's are separated by one vertical space,
-not two.
+environment is defined to begin and end with @code{\addvspace@{...@}} so
+that two consecutive Theorem's are separated by one vertical space, not
+two.
This command is fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
@@ -12532,18 +12916,26 @@
change that is to precede this command with a @code{\par} command.
- at node \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
- at section @code{\bigskip \medskip \smallskip}
+ at node \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip
+ at section @code{\bigskip} & @code{\medskip} & @code{\smallskip}
-These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
-document class.
+Synopsis, one of:
+ at example
+\bigskip
+\medskip
+\smallskip
+ at end example
+
+Produce a given amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
+small, as specified by the document class.
+
@ftable @code
@item \bigskip
@findex \bigskipamount
The same as @code{\vspace@{\bigskipamount@}}, ordinarily about one line
-space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the @code{book} and
- at code{article} classes is @code{12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt}).
+space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the @code{book} and
+ at code{article} classes is @code{12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt}.
@item \medskip
@findex \medskipamount
@@ -12595,26 +12987,52 @@
@node \vspace
- at section @code{\vspace@{@var{length}@}}
+ at section @code{\vspace}
@findex \vspace
@cindex vertical space
@cindex space, vertical
-Synopsis, one of these two:
+Synopsis, one of:
@example
\vspace@{@var{length}@}
\vspace*@{@var{length}@}
@end example
-Add the vertical space @var{length}. This can be negative or positive,
-and is a rubber length (@pxref{Lengths}).
+Add the vertical space @var{length}. The @var{length} can be positive,
+negative, or zero. It is a rubber length---it may contain a @code{plus}
+or @code{minus} component (@pxref{Lengths}).
- at LaTeX{} removes the vertical space from @code{\vspace} at a page
-break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
- at code{\vspace*@{...@}} causes the space to stay.
+This puts space between the two paragraphs.
+ at example
+And I slept.
+
+\vspace@{1ex plus 0.5ex@}
+The new day dawned cold.
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+(@xref{\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip} for common inter-paragraph
+spaces.)
+
+The @code{*}-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+precisely, @LaTeX{} discards vertical space at a page break. The
+ at code{*}-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+between the two questions.
+
+ at example
+Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
+
+\vspace*@{2cm plus 0.5cm@}
+Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent
+That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall
+between the questions.
+
If @code{\vspace} is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode), the space is inserted @emph{after} the line with
the @code{\vspace} command. A new paragraph is not started.
@@ -12642,10 +13060,9 @@
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
@menu
-* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes.
+* \mbox & \makebox:: Horizontal boxes.
* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
* lrbox:: An environment like @code{\sbox}.
-* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
* \savebox:: Like @code{\makebox}, but save the text for later use.
@@ -12654,17 +13071,71 @@
@end menu
- at node \mbox
- at section @code{\mbox@{@var{text@}}}
+ at node \mbox & \makebox
+ at section @code{\mbox} & @code{\makebox}
@findex \mbox
-
+ at findex \makebox
+ at cindex box
+ at cindex make a box
@cindex hyphenation, preventing
-The @code{\mbox} command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
-text created by its argument. The @var{text} is not broken into
-lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+Synopsis, one of:
+ at example
+\mbox@{@var{text}@}
+\makebox@{@var{text}@}
+\makebox[@var{width}]@{@var{text}@}
+\makebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
+ at end example
+
+Create a box, a container for material. The @var{text} is not broken
+into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
+
+In this example, @LaTeX{} will not hyphenate the name of the table,
+ at samp{T-4}.
+
+ at example
+See Table~\mbox@{T-4@}
+ at end example
+
+The first two versions, @code{\mbox} and @code{\makebox} are equivalent,
+and create a box just wide enough to contain the @var{text}. (They are
+like plain @TeX{}'s @code{\hbox}.)
+
+In the third version the optional argument @var{width} specifies the
+width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
+equal the width of the box. This creates a full-line box
+
+ at example
+\makebox[\linewidth]@{Chapter Exam@}
+ at end example
+
+with @samp{Chapter Exam} centered.
+
+In the fourth version the optional argument @var{position} gives
+position of the text within the box. It may take the following values:
+
+ at table @code
+ at item c
+The @var{text} is centered (default).
+
+ at item l
+The @var{text} is flush left.
+
+ at item r
+Flush right.
+
+ at item s
+Stretch (justify) @var{text} across entire @var{width}; @var{text} must
+contain stretchable space for this to work.
+ at end table
+
+There is a related version of @code{\makebox} that is used within the
+ at code{picture} environment, where the length is given in terms of
+ at code{\unitlength} (@pxref{\makebox (picture)}).
+
+
@node \fbox and \framebox
@section @code{\fbox} and @code{\framebox}
@@ -12715,39 +13186,6 @@
which must have been declared with @code{\newsavebox}.
- at node \makebox
- at section @code{\makebox}
-
- at findex \makebox
-
-Synopsis:
-
- at example
-\makebox[@var{width}][@var{position}]@{@var{text}@}
- at end example
-
-The @code{\makebox} command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the @var{text} specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the
-optional @var{width} argument. The position of the text within the box
-is determined by the optional @var{position} argument, which may take
-the following values:
-
- at table @code
- at item c
-Centered (default).
- at item l
-Flush left.
- at item r
-Flush right.
- at item s
-Stretch (justify) across entire @var{width}; @var{text} must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.
- at end table
-
- at code{\makebox} is also used within the @code{picture} environment
- at pxref{\makebox (picture)}.
-
-
@node \parbox
@section @code{\parbox}
@@ -12852,9 +13290,9 @@
@end example
This command typeset @var{text} in a box just as with @code{\makebox}
-(@pxref{\makebox}), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
-it saves it in the box labeled @var{\boxcmd}, which must have been
-declared with @code{\newsavebox} (@pxref{\newsavebox}).
+(@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}), except that instead of printing the
+resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled @var{\boxcmd}, which must
+have been declared with @code{\newsavebox} (@pxref{\newsavebox}).
@node \sbox
@@ -12869,8 +13307,8 @@
@end example
@code{\sbox} types @var{text} in a box just as with @code{\mbox}
-(@pxref{\mbox}) except that instead of the resulting box being
-included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
+(@pxref{\mbox & \makebox}) except that instead of the resulting box
+being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
@var{\boxcmd}. @var{\boxcmd} must have been previously declared with
@code{\newsavebox} (@pxref{\newsavebox}).
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