[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r641 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Wed Jun 6 21:01:02 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-06-06 22:01:02 +0300 (Wed, 06 Jun 2018)
New Revision: 641
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Math spacing, start on Page Styles
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-05 15:29:46 UTC (rev 640)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-06 19:01:02 UTC (rev 641)
@@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
+2018-06-06 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Math spacing) Adjust wording.
+ (Page styles) Add example, adjust wording.
+
+2018-06-06 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Math functions) Make the @math{...} stuff not
+ appear in the HTML. Add comment about amsmath allowing users to
+ create their own.
+ (Math accents) Make the @math{...} stuff not
+ appear in the HTML.
+
+2018-06-05 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Math formulas) Adjust wording, including a suggestion
+ that new math docs should use the AMS packages. Add subsection to
+ symbols for Caligraphic, \boldmath, and blackboard bold.
+
2018-06-04 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
* latex2e.texi (Modes) Include all six modes, with the vertical ones.
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-05 15:29:46 UTC (rev 640)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-06 19:01:02 UTC (rev 641)
@@ -341,7 +341,12 @@
<li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Caligraphic-1" href="#Caligraphic">16.2.2 Caligraphic</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
@@ -10978,9 +10983,12 @@
will be placed
</p>
<ul>
-<li> in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
-</li><li> in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
-</li><li> in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
+<li> in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see
+<a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
+</li><li> in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see
+<a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>);
+</li><li> in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>,
+see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</li></ul>
<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
@@ -11049,60 +11057,93 @@
<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
-<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
+<p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
+math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both.
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>math</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For formulas that appear right in the text.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>displaymath</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For formulas that appear on their own line.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>equation</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
-
-<a name="index-_005c_0028"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005d"></a>
-<p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
-only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
-</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\(...\) <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{math}...\end{math}
-\[...\] <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+<pre class="example">The wave equation for \( u \) is
+\begin{displaymath}
+ \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u
+\end{displaymath}
+where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_0024"></a>
-<p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
+<p>Math mode is for inline mathematics. It is invoked by the starting
+<code>\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code>\)</code>. Display math
+mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
+<code>displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text
+whatever, including that consisting of single characters, is handled in
+math mode.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-3"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a>
+<a name="index-amsfonts-package"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a>
+<a name="index-mathtools-package"></a>
+
+<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
+packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
+<samp>amsmath</samp> and <samp>amssymb</samp> (also be aware of the
+<samp>mathtools</samp> package that is an extension to, and loads,
+<samp>amsmath</samp>). New documents that will have mathematical text should
+use these packages. Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope
+of this document; see their documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
+<p>When in math mode or display math mode, LaTeX handles many aspects of
+your input text differently than in other text modes. For example,
+</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">$ ... $ <span class="roman">instead of</span> \(...\)
+<pre class="example">contrast x+y with \( x+y \).
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
-<p>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
-a bold font. It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. Conversely, the
-<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
-it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.
+<p>in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus
+sign is different.
</p>
+<p>To make inline formulas put LaTeX in math mode with either
+<code>\(<var>mathematical material</var>\)</code>, or <code>$<var>mathematical
+material</var>$</code>, or <code>\begin{math}<var>mathematical
+material\end{math}</var></code>. The first form is preferred, and the third form
+is very rarely used. These can be used in paragraph mode or in LR mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
+<p>To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with
+either <code>\begin{displaymath}<var>mathematical
+material</var>\end{displaymath}</code>, or
+<code>\begin{equation}<var>mathematical material</var>\end{equation}</code>.
+These behave the same way except that with the <code>equation</code>
+environment, LaTeX puts a formula number alongside the formula, which
+by default has the form ‘<samp>(<var>arabic number</var>)</samp>’. The construct
+<code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath}
+<var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in
+paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+</p>
<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
-formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example:
+<p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
+One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
+math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
+together. Sometimes you want the display math treatment to happen in
+the inline math mode. For this, the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration
+forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
+<code>displaymath</code>. Thus <code>\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty
+x_n\)</code> will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next
+to it. Another example is that
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
+ \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
+ &\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\
+ Geometric &\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \)
+ &\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\
+\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-
+<p>because it has no <code>\displaystyle</code>, the Arithmetic line’s fraction
+will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>, the
+Geometric line’s fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same
+size as in the rest of the line.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
@@ -11112,7 +11153,7 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="6">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
@@ -11134,43 +11175,79 @@
<a name="index-_005f"></a>
<a name="index-_005e"></a>
-<p>In math mode, use the caret character <code>^</code> to make the
-<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript: <code>^{<var>exp</var>}</code>.
-Similarly, in math mode, underscore <code>_{<var>exp</var>}</code> makes a
-subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
+<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
</p>
-<p>In this example the <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> appear as subscripts while the
-<code>2</code> is a superscript.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
+<pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>To have more than one character in <var>exp</var> use curly braces as in
-<code>e^{-2x}</code>.
+<p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret
+character, <code>^</code>) or a subscript (with
+underscore, <code>_</code>).
</p>
-<p>LaTeX handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
-the natural way, so expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and
-<code>x_{a_0}</code> will look right. It also does the right thing when
-something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the
-<code>0</code> appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the <code>10</code>
-appears at the top.
-</p>
+<p>In this example the <code>0</code>’s and <code>1</code>’s are subscripts while the
+<code>2</code>’s are superscripts.
+</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\int_0^{10} x^2 \,dx
+<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
</pre></div>
-<p>You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct
-such as <code>{}_t K^2</code> in math mode (the initial <code>{}</code> prevents
-the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
-expression).
+<p>To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code>e^{-2x}</code>.
+This example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression
+for the exponent.
</p>
-<p>Outside of math mode, a construct like <code>A
-test$_\textnormal{subscript}$</code> will produce a subscript typeset in
-text mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for
-writing Chemical formulas such as <samp>mhchem</samp>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
+ \qquad
+ 3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
+\end{displaymath}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
+subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
+expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct
+output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
+<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then
+you get ‘<samp>Double superscript</samp>’.
</p>
+<p>LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
+superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
+the correct place without any author intervention.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
+\end{displaymath}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire
+expression a subscript.
+</p>
+<p>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like
+<code>{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code>{}</code> give the
+subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
+attaching to a prior symbols.
+</p>
+<p>Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
+the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a>
+<a name="index-mhchem-package"></a>
+
+<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
+typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+<samp>mhchem</samp>; see CTAN.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -11187,13 +11264,21 @@
<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you’re likely to need.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
the pi symbol π.
-</p>
-<p>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
-exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
-its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
-be used only in math mode.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-symbols"></a>
+<a name="index-symbols-package"></a>
+
+<p>Virtually any technical symbol anyone has ever used is available for
+use in LaTeX. See the <samp>Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List</samp> at
+<a href="https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/">https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/</a>. Some
+of these require the use of external packages.
+</p>
+<p>Below is a list of commonly-used symbols that come standard with
+LaTeX. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Each symbol here is
+described with a short phrase, and its symbol class (which determines
+the spacing around it) is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise,
+the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode.
+</p>
<p>To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
</p>
@@ -12695,8 +12780,156 @@
</dd>
</dl>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="1">Blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Caligraphic" accesskey="2">Caligraphic</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="3">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
<hr>
+<a name="Blackboard-bold"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Caligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Caligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Blackboard-bold-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</h4>
+
+<a name="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
+<a name="index-doublestruck"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
+ ...
+\mathbb{<var>uppercase-letter</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck
+letters, used to denote number sets such as the natural numbers, the
+integers, etc.
+</p>
+<p>Here
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ
+representing the natural numbers.
+</p>
+<p>If you use other than an upper case letter then you do not get an error
+but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+</p>
+<p>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
+capital letters; look on CTAN.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Caligraphic"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Caligraphic-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 Caligraphic</h4>
+
+<a name="index-caligraphic"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\mathcal{<var>uppercase-letters</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Use a script-like font.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you use something other than an upper case letter then you do not get
+an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
+<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
+<code>\mathcal{+}</code> outputs a plus sign.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Caligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Caligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-boldface-mathematics"></a>
+<a name="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<a name="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
+<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in a
+bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the unbolded default.
+They must be used when not in math mode or display math mode
+(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
+<code>\mbox</code>,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode,
+here LR mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set
+<code>v</code> and <code>u</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>’ and ‘<samp>LaTeX
+Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
+11</samp>’.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
+<a name="index-bm-package"></a>
+
+<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
+the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
+description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
+documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
+...
+we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>strongly suggests that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Math-functions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
@@ -12715,209 +12948,219 @@
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arccos</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arcsin</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arctan</em>
+<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\arg</em>
+<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Binary modulo operator (<em>x \bmod y</em>)
+<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cos</em>
+<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cosh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\cot</em>
+<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\coth</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\csc</em>
+<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\deg</em>
+<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\det</em>
+<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\dim</em>
+<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\exp</em>
+<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\gcd</em>
+<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\hom</em>
+<dd><p>Homomorphisms
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\inf</em>
+<dd><p>Infinum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\ker</em>
+<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\lg</em>
+<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\lim</em>
+<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\liminf</em>
+<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\limsup</em>
+<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\ln</em>
+<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\log</em>
+<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\max</em>
+<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\min</em>
+<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>parenthesized modulus, as in (<em>\pmod 2^n - 1</em>)
+<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\Pr</em>
+<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sec</em>
+<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sin</em>
+<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sinh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\sup</em>
+<dd><p>sup
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\tan</em>
+<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p><em>\tanh</em>
+<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-4"></a>
+<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package adds improvements on some
+of these, and also allows you to define your own. See the full
+documentation on CTAN, but
+<code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> creates an operator like
+the ones above but printed as ‘<samp>id</samp>’. The starred form
+<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any limits above and
+below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Math-accents"></a>
@@ -12940,7 +13183,7 @@
<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math acute accent: <em>\acute{x}</em>.
+<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
@@ -12948,14 +13191,14 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math bar-over accent: <em>\bar{x}</em>.
+<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math breve accent: <em>\breve{x}</em>.
+<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
@@ -12963,14 +13206,14 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math háček (check) accent: <em>\check{x}</em>.
+<p>Math háček (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dieresis accent: <em>\ddot{x}</em>.
+<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
@@ -12978,14 +13221,14 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dot accent: <em>\dot{x}</em>.
+<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math grave accent: <em>\grave{x}</em>.
+<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
@@ -12993,55 +13236,55 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <em>\hat{x}</em>.
+<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\imath</code>
<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dotless i.
+<p>Math dotless i
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\jmath</code>
<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math dotless j.
+<p>Math dotless j
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math ring accent: x*. </p>
+<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math tilde accent: <em>\tilde{x}</em>.
+<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math vector symbol: <em>\vec{x}</em>.
+<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math wide hat accent: <em>\widehat{x+y}</em>.
+<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
<a name="index-_005cwidetilde"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<p>Math wide tilde accent: <em>\widetilde{x+y}</em>.
+<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -13059,21 +13302,29 @@
<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
-<p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces that you use
-in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
-rules for mathematics texts.
+<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
+LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
</p>
-<p>Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
-LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
+<p>But LaTeX’s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
+<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
+of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+<em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18 em, where the em is taken from the
+current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is
-<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only.
+<p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
+mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
@@ -13081,15 +13332,16 @@
<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is
-<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only.
+<p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+Math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
-<p>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode. See <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>.
+<p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>).
+Normally <code>3mu</code>.
+Can be used in both math mode and text mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
@@ -13113,14 +13365,7 @@
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
-infinitesimal.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
-</pre></div>
-
<hr>
<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -13203,7 +13448,7 @@
<dt><code>\mathellipsis</code>
<a name="index-_005cmathellipsis"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: ….
+<dd><p>Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: …
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
@@ -13265,6 +13510,9 @@
</dt>
<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. For example, <code>\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}</code>
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
+<a name="index-ulem-package"></a>
+
</dd>
<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
@@ -13272,12 +13520,15 @@
<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
+(The package <samp>ulem</samp> does underlining and allows line breaking as
+well as a number of other underline-related features. The documentation
+is on CTAN.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
</dt>
-<dd><p>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -13407,9 +13658,18 @@
<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
<a name="index-page-styles"></a>
-<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
-the page’s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+<p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of
+that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
+includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
+special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
+the first page of an article.
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a>
+<a name="index-fancyhdr-package"></a>
+
+<p>The package <samp>fancyhdr</samp> is very helpful for constructing page
+styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
</td></tr>
@@ -13434,11 +13694,36 @@
<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
-page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
-at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
-is obtained from the following declarations:
+<p>Generate a title. It is on a separate title page, except in the
+<code>article</code> class where it is at the top of the first page.
</p>
+<p>This example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
+\title{On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies}
+\author{A~Einstein\thanks{%
+ Gratefully acknowledged is the support of the Swiss Patent Office.}}
+\date{1905-Jun-30}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamics---as usually understood at the
+present time---when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which
+do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena.
+ ...
+In conclusion I wish to say that in working at the problem here dealt
+with I have had the loyal assistance of my friend and colleague M~Besso,
+and that I am indebted to him for several valuable suggestions.
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>shows the <code>\maketitle</code> command appearing immediately after the
+<code>\begin{document}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following
+declarations. These must come before the <code>\maketitle</code>, either in
+the preamble or in the document body.
+</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"></a>
@@ -13446,19 +13731,19 @@
<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
-<p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
-argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use
-<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author’s entry—for
-example, to give the author’s institution or address.
+<p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
+list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use <code>\\</code> to
+separate lines within a single author’s entry—for example, to give the
+author’s institution or address. If you omit this then you get
+‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: No \author given</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document’s
-date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>)
-is used.
+<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document’s date. If you omit it
+then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
@@ -13466,8 +13751,8 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
-<p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
-usually used for credit acknowledgements.
+<p>Optional. Produce a footnote to the title, usually for
+acknowledgements.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
@@ -13475,8 +13760,9 @@
</dt>
<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
-<p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
-document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
+<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Inside
+<var>text</var>, use <code>\\</code> to get line breaks. If you omit this command
+then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -13911,9 +14197,10 @@
<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
-<p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
-quotes, as in ’”.</p>
+<p>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
+the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in ’”.Some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code> between an ellipsis and a
+sentence ending period.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
@@ -18337,9 +18624,12 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -18376,9 +18666,12 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Big-point">Big point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code>bigfoot</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code>bm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
@@ -18394,6 +18687,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caligraphic">caligraphic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Caligraphic">Caligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -18529,6 +18823,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18570,6 +18865,7 @@
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -18775,7 +19071,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -18835,13 +19133,17 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
@@ -18850,6 +19152,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -18862,15 +19165,19 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>pict2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-symbols"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>symbols</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-control-sequence">\(SPACE) after control sequence</a></td></tr>
@@ -19024,6 +19331,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols-package"><code>symbols</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -19075,6 +19384,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -19184,26 +19494,24 @@
<a name="Command-Index-1"></a>
<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
-
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -19249,16 +19557,13 @@
<table class="index-fn" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">&</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">&</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
@@ -19272,15 +19577,15 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -19290,9 +19595,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028"><code>\(</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><code>\(SPACE)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040">\(SPACE) and \@</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0029"><code>\)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -19384,7 +19687,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -20096,7 +20400,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
@@ -20146,7 +20451,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
@@ -20160,7 +20464,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
@@ -20172,13 +20475,13 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-10">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
@@ -20357,26 +20660,24 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>&</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>.</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>1</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a>
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
-
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-05 15:29:46 UTC (rev 640)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-06 19:01:02 UTC (rev 641)
@@ -7544,47 +7544,82 @@
16 Math formulas
****************
-There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
+Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
+math mode (*note Modes::). This example shows both.
-'math'
- For formulas that appear right in the text.
-'displaymath'
- For formulas that appear on their own line.
-'equation'
- The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
- equation number in the right margin.
+ The wave equation for \( u \) is
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u
+ \end{displaymath}
+ where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
- The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
-the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in
-paragraph mode. The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so
-often that they have the following short forms:
+ Math mode is for inline mathematics. It is invoked by the starting
+'\(' and finished by the matching ending '\)'. Display math mode is for
+displayed equations and here is invoked by the 'displaymath'
+environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever, including that
+consisting of single characters, is handled in math mode.
- \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
- \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+ The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
+packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
+'amsmath' and 'amssymb' (also be aware of the 'mathtools' package that
+is an extension to, and loads, 'amsmath'). New documents that will have
+mathematical text should use these packages. Descriptions of these
+packages is outside the scope of this document; see their documentation
+on CTAN.
- In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
+ When in math mode or display math mode, LaTeX handles many aspects of
+your input text differently than in other text modes. For example,
- $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
+ contrast x+y with \( x+y \).
- The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
-bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the
-'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too
-is used _outside_ of math mode.
+ in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the
+plus sign is different.
- The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
-formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
-summations. For example:
+ To make inline formulas put LaTeX in math mode with either
+'\(MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL\)', or '$MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL$', or
+'\begin{math}MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL\END{MATH}'. The first form is
+preferred, and the third form is very rarely used. These can be used in
+paragraph mode or in LR mode (*note Modes::).
- $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+ To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with
+either '\begin{displaymath}MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL\end{displaymath}', or
+'\begin{equation}MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL\end{equation}'. These behave the
+same way except that with the 'equation' environment, LaTeX puts a
+formula number alongside the formula, which by default has the form
+'(ARABIC NUMBER)'. The construct '\[ MATH \]' is equivalent to
+'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}'. These environments can
+only be used in paragraph mode (*note Modes::).
+ The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some
+differences. One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts;
+in display math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they
+are closer together. Sometimes you want the display math treatment to
+happen in the inline math mode. For this, the '\displaystyle'
+declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
+'displaymath'. Thus '\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n\)' will have
+the limits above and below the summation sign, not next to it. Another
+example is that
+
+ \begin{tabular}{r|cc}
+ \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
+ &\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\
+ Geometric &\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \)
+ &\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ because it has no '\displaystyle', the Arithmetic line's fraction
+will be scrunched. But, because of its '\displaystyle', the Geometric
+line's fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as
+in the rest of the line.
+
* Menu:
* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
* Math accents:: Accents in math.
-* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
+* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
@@ -7593,36 +7628,64 @@
16.1 Subscripts & superscripts
==============================
-In math mode, use the caret character '^' to make the EXP appear as a
-superscript: '^{EXP}'. Similarly, in math mode, underscore '_{EXP}'
-makes a subscript out of EXP.
+Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
- In this example the '0' and '1' appear as subscripts while the '2' is
-a superscript.
+ BASE^EXP
- \( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
+ or:
- To have more than one character in EXP use curly braces as in
-'e^{-2x}'.
+ BASE_EXP
- LaTeX handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
-the natural way, so expressions such as 'e^{x^2}' and 'x_{a_0}' will
-look right. It also does the right thing when something has both a
-subscript and a superscript. In this example the '0' appears at the
-bottom of the integral sign while the '10' appears at the top.
+ Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret
+character, '^') or a subscript (with underscore, '_').
- \int_0^{10} x^2 \,dx
+ In this example the '0''s and '1''s are subscripts while the '2''s
+are superscripts.
- You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a
-construct such as '{}_t K^2' in math mode (the initial '{}' prevents the
-prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
-expression).
+ \( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
- Outside of math mode, a construct like 'A
-test$_\textnormal{subscript}$' will produce a subscript typeset in text
-mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for
-writing Chemical formulas such as 'mhchem'.
+ To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in 'e^{-2x}'. This
+example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for
+the exponent.
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
+ \qquad
+ 3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
+ \end{displaymath}
+
+ LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
+subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
+expressions such as 'e^{x^2}' and 'x_{i_0}' give correct output. Note
+the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the BASE a
+determined EXP. If you enter '\(3^3^3\)' then you get 'Double
+superscript'.
+
+ LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
+superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
+the correct place without any author intervention.
+
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
+ \end{displaymath}
+
+Note the parentheses around 'x=a' to make the entire expression a
+subscript.
+
+ To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct
+like '{}_t K^2'. The empty curly braces '{}' give the subscript
+something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally attaching to a
+prior symbols.
+
+ Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+display math mode, as in 'the expression x^2', will get you the error
+'Missing $ inserted'.
+
+ A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is
+to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+'mhchem'; see CTAN.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas
@@ -7633,12 +7696,17 @@
For example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
symbol U+03C0.
- Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
-exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
-its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
-be used only in math mode.
+ Virtually any technical symbol anyone has ever used is available for
+use in LaTeX. See the 'Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' at
+<https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/>. Some of
+these require the use of external packages.
+ Below is a list of commonly-used symbols that come standard with
+LaTeX. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Each symbol here is
+described with a short phrase, and its symbol class (which determines
+the spacing around it) is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise,
+the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode.
+
To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current
mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
@@ -8487,7 +8555,106 @@
'\zeta'
U+03B6 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+* Menu:
+
+* Blackboard bold:: Doublestruck characters.
+* Caligraphic:: Cursive characters.
+* \boldmath & \unboldmath:: Symbols in boldface.
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Blackboard bold, Next: Caligraphic, Up: Math symbols
+
+16.2.1 Blackboard bold
+----------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
+ ...
+ \mathbb{UPPERCASE-LETTER}
+
+ Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck
+letters, used to denote number sets such as the natural numbers, the
+integers, etc.
+
+ Here
+
+ \( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
+
+ the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol U+2115 representing the
+natural numbers.
+
+ If you use other than an upper case letter then you do not get an
+error but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+
+ There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
+capital letters; look on CTAN.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Caligraphic, Next: \boldmath & \unboldmath, Prev: Blackboard bold, Up: Math symbols
+
+16.2.2 Caligraphic
+------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \mathcal{UPPERCASE-LETTERS}
+
+ Use a script-like font.
+
+ In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font.
+
+ Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
+
+ If you use something other than an upper case letter then you do not
+get an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
+'\mathcal{g}' outputs a close curly brace symbol, while '\mathcal{+}'
+outputs a plus sign.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath, Prev: Caligraphic, Up: Math symbols
+
+16.2.3 '\boldmath' & '\unboldmath'
+----------------------------------
+
+Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+
+ \boldmath \( MATH \)
+
+ or
+
+ \unboldmath \( MATH \)
+
+ Declarations to change the letters and symbols in MATH to be in a
+bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the unbolded default.
+They must be used when not in math mode or display math mode (*note
+Modes::). Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::).
+
+ In this example each '\boldmath' command takes place inside an
+'\mbox',
+
+ we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+
+which means '\boldmath' is only called in a text mode, here LR mode, and
+explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set 'v' and 'u'.
+
+ If you use either command inside math mode, as with 'Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)', then you get something like 'LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11' and 'LaTeX Font
+Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line 11'.
+
+ There are many issues with '\boldmath'. New documents should use the
+'bm' package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete description
+is outside the scope of this document (see the full documentation on
+CTAN) but even this small example
+
+ \usepackage{bm} % in preamble
+ ...
+ we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
+
+ strongly suggests that it is an improvement over '\boldmath'.
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math functions, Next: Math accents, Prev: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas
16.3 Math functions
@@ -8497,107 +8664,114 @@
spacing.
'\arccos'
- \arccos
+ Inverse cosine
'\arcsin'
- \arcsin
+ Inverse sine
'\arctan'
- \arctan
+ Inverse tangent
'\arg'
- \arg
+ Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
'\bmod'
- Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
+ Binary modulo operator, used as in '\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)'
'\cos'
- \cos
+ Cosine
'\cosh'
- \cosh
+ Hyperbolic cosine
'\cot'
- \cot
+ Cotangent
'\coth'
- \coth
+ Hyperbolic cotangent
'\csc'
- \csc
+ Cosecant
'\deg'
- \deg
+ Degrees
'\det'
- \det
+ Determinant
'\dim'
- \dim
+ Dimension
'\exp'
- \exp
+ Exponential
'\gcd'
- \gcd
+ Greatest common divisor
'\hom'
- \hom
+ Homomorphisms
'\inf'
- \inf
+ Infinum
'\ker'
- \ker
+ Kernel
'\lg'
- \lg
+ Base 2 logarithm
'\lim'
- \lim
+ Limit
'\liminf'
- \liminf
+ Limit inferior
'\limsup'
- \limsup
+ Limit superior
'\ln'
- \ln
+ Natural logarithm
'\log'
- \log
+ Logarithm
'\max'
- \max
+ Maximum
'\min'
- \min
+ Minimum
'\pmod'
- parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
+ Parenthesized modulus, as used in '\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)'
'\Pr'
- \Pr
+ Probability
'\sec'
- \sec
+ Secant
'\sin'
- \sin
+ Sine
'\sinh'
- \sinh
+ Hyperbolic sine
'\sup'
- \sup
+ sup
'\tan'
- \tan
+ Tangent
'\tanh'
- \tanh
+ Hyperbolic tangent
+ The 'amsmath' package adds improvements on some of these, and also
+allows you to define your own. See the full documentation on CTAN, but
+'\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}' creates an operator like the ones
+above but printed as 'id'. The starred form
+'\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}' sets any limits above and below, as is
+traditional with '\lim', '\sup', or '\max'.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas
@@ -8609,49 +8783,49 @@
Accents::).
'\acute'
- Math acute accent: \acute{x}.
+ Math acute accent
'\bar'
- Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.
+ Math bar-over accent
'\breve'
- Math breve accent: \breve{x}.
+ Math breve accent
'\check'
- Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}.
+ Math ha'c<ek (check) accent
'\ddot'
- Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.
+ Math dieresis accent
'\dot'
- Math dot accent: \dot{x}.
+ Math dot accent
'\grave'
- Math grave accent: \grave{x}.
+ Math grave accent
'\hat'
- Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.
+ Math hat (circumflex) accent
'\imath'
- Math dotless i.
+ Math dotless i
'\jmath'
- Math dotless j.
+ Math dotless j
'\mathring'
- Math ring accent: x*.
+ Math ring accent
'\tilde'
- Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.
+ Math tilde accent
'\vec'
- Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.
+ Math vector symbol
'\widehat'
- Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.
+ Math wide hat accent
'\widetilde'
- Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
+ Math wide tilde accent
File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas
@@ -8659,27 +8833,33 @@
16.5 Spacing in math mode
=========================
-In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces that you use in the
-source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal rules
-for mathematics texts.
+When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter 'y=m x' then LaTeX
+ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
- Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math
-unit "mu" given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (*note Units of length::). LaTeX provides the
-following commands for use in math mode:
+ But LaTeX's rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the 'f(x)'
+and the 'dx'.
+ \int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+
+ LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
+of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+"mu". It is defined as 1/18 em, where the em is taken from the current
+math symbols family (*note Units of length::).
+
'\;'
- Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. The longer name is '\thickspace'.
- Math mode only.
+ Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. Math mode
+ only.
'\:'
'\>'
- Normally '4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. The longer name is
- '\medspace'. Math mode only.
+ Synonym: '\medspace'. Normally '4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'.
+ Math mode only.
'\,'
- Normally '3mu'. The longer name is '\thinspace'. This can be used
- in both math mode and text mode. *Note \thinspace::.
+ Synonym: '\thinspace' (*note \thinspace::). Normally '3mu'. Can
+ be used in both math mode and text mode.
'\!'
A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. Math mode only.
@@ -8694,11 +8874,6 @@
A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in both
text and math mode.
- In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
-infinitesimal.
-
- \int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
-
File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas
@@ -8743,7 +8918,7 @@
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
'\mathellipsis'
- Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: ....
+ Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: ...
'\mathparagraph'
Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: U+00B6.
@@ -8781,10 +8956,12 @@
'\underline{TEXT}'
Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
- descenders.
+ descenders. (The package 'ulem' does underlining and allows line
+ breaking as well as a number of other underline-related features.
+ The documentation is on CTAN.)
'\vdots'
- Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+ Vertical ellipsis.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top
@@ -8876,9 +9053,15 @@
18 Page styles
**************
-The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
-page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of that
+page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This includes
+pages in the main part of the document but also includes special pages
+such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first
+page of an article.
+ The package 'fancyhdr' is very helpful for constructing page styles.
+See its documentation on CTAN.
+
* Menu:
* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
@@ -8892,28 +9075,53 @@
18.1 '\maketitle'
=================
-The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
-page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the
-top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
-obtained from the following declarations:
+Generate a title. It is on a separate title page, except in the
+'article' class where it is at the top of the first page.
+ This example
+
+ \documentclass{article}
+ \title{On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies}
+ \author{A~Einstein\thanks{%
+ Gratefully acknowledged is the support of the Swiss Patent Office.}}
+ \date{1905-Jun-30}
+ \begin{document}
+ \maketitle
+ It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamics---as usually understood at the
+ present time---when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which
+ do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena.
+ ...
+ In conclusion I wish to say that in working at the problem here dealt
+ with I have had the loyal assistance of my friend and colleague M~Besso,
+ and that I am indebted to him for several valuable suggestions.
+ \end{document}
+
+ shows the '\maketitle' command appearing immediately after the
+'\begin{document}'.
+
+ Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following
+declarations. These must come before the '\maketitle', either in the
+preamble or in the document body.
+
'\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
- The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
- argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. Use
- '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example,
- to give the author's institution or address.
+ Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is
+ a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. Use '\\' to
+ separate lines within a single author's entry--for example, to give
+ the author's institution or address. If you omit this then you get
+ 'LaTeX Warning: No \author given'.
'\date{TEXT}'
- The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With
- no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.
+ Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document's date. If you omit it
+ then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::).
'\thanks{TEXT}'
- The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually
- used for credit acknowledgements.
+ Optional. Produce a footnote to the title, usually for
+ acknowledgements.
'\title{TEXT}'
- The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document.
- Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual.
+ Required. Declare TEXT to be the title of the document. Inside
+ TEXT, use '\\' to get line breaks. If you omit this command then
+ you get 'LaTeX Error: No \title given'.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles
@@ -9205,9 +9413,10 @@
19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em
===============================
-'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6
-of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in
-'".
+Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
+the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in '".Some style
+guides call for a '\thinspace' between an ellipsis and a sentence ending
+period.
File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces
@@ -12121,9 +12330,12 @@
* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6)
* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
+* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 21)
* amsmath package: array. (line 42)
* amsmath package <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
* amsmath package <2>: theorem. (line 28)
+* amsmath package <3>: Math formulas. (line 21)
+* amsmath package <4>: Math functions. (line 111)
* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
* amsthm package: theorem. (line 28)
* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 37)
@@ -12137,7 +12349,7 @@
* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 70)
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
-* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12)
+* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 35)
* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33)
* babel package: thebibliography. (line 53)
* babel package <1>: Accents. (line 6)
@@ -12162,9 +12374,14 @@
(line 6)
* black boxes, omitting: Document class options.
(line 53)
+* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
+* bm package: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 32)
* bold font: Font styles. (line 71)
* bold math: Font styles. (line 130)
* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 34)
+* boldface mathematics: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 6)
* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6)
* boxes: Boxes. (line 6)
@@ -12175,9 +12392,10 @@
* breve accent: Accents. (line 86)
* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17)
* bug reporting: About this document. (line 21)
-* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 114)
+* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 119)
* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 91)
* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
+* caligraphic: Caligraphic. (line 6)
* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 74)
* cap height: Text symbols. (line 99)
* caron accent: Accents. (line 97)
@@ -12280,7 +12498,7 @@
* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 34)
* creating pictures: picture. (line 6)
* creating tables: table. (line 6)
-* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 22)
+* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 46)
* cross references: Cross references. (line 6)
* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 33)
* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6)
@@ -12290,7 +12508,7 @@
* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 107)
* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 15)
* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104)
-* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18)
+* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 42)
* date, today's: \today. (line 6)
* datetime package: \today. (line 22)
* define color: Define colors. (line 6)
@@ -12343,6 +12561,7 @@
* double spacing: Low-level font commands.
(line 118)
* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
+* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 6)
* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 116)
* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 12)
* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 36)
@@ -12390,6 +12609,7 @@
* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 21)
+* fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 12)
* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 145)
* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 37)
* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135)
@@ -12617,8 +12837,11 @@
(line 6)
* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6)
* math, bold: Font styles. (line 130)
+* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 21)
* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
+* mhchem package: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 60)
* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
* minted package: tabbing. (line 145)
@@ -12692,14 +12915,19 @@
* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 145)
+* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 21)
* package, amsmath: array. (line 42)
* package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
* package, amsmath <2>: theorem. (line 28)
+* package, amsmath <3>: Math formulas. (line 21)
+* package, amsmath <4>: Math functions. (line 111)
* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28)
* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 53)
* package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 6)
* package, bigfoot: Footnotes of footnotes.
(line 6)
+* package, bm: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 32)
* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 38)
* package, cleveref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 48)
* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 26)
@@ -12709,6 +12937,7 @@
* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 49)
* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
+* package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 12)
* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, fancyvrb <1>: verbatim. (line 37)
* package, flafter: Floats. (line 82)
@@ -12724,8 +12953,11 @@
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
(line 39)
* package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28)
+* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 21)
* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
+* package, mhchem: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 60)
* package, minted: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 31)
* package, multind: Indexes. (line 39)
@@ -12733,9 +12965,11 @@
* package, setspace: Low-level font commands.
(line 118)
* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 35)
+* package, symbols: Math symbols. (line 10)
* package, textcase: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134)
+* package, ulem: Math miscellany. (line 79)
* package, url: \verb. (line 30)
* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 37)
* package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence.
@@ -12797,7 +13031,7 @@
* prompt, *: Command line. (line 18)
* pronunciation: Overview. (line 24)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 32)
+ (line 38)
* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 141)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 30)
* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 156)
@@ -12913,6 +13147,9 @@
(line 6)
* superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
+* symbols package: Math symbols. (line 10)
+* symbols, boldface: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 6)
* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6)
* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 6)
* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
@@ -12937,7 +13174,7 @@
* textcase package: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134)
-* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22)
+* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 46)
* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6)
@@ -12951,7 +13188,7 @@
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
(line 71)
* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
-* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26)
+* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 50)
* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6)
* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 172)
* transcript file: Output files. (line 28)
@@ -12965,6 +13202,7 @@
* typefaces: Fonts. (line 6)
* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 92)
* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 34)
+* ulem package: Math miscellany. (line 79)
* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16)
* underbar: Accents. (line 89)
* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
@@ -13015,7 +13253,6 @@
* Menu:
-* $: Math formulas. (line 24)
* &: tabular. (line 32)
* --help command-line option: Command line. (line 14)
* .aux file: Output files. (line 33)
@@ -13041,7 +13278,7 @@
* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 29)
+ (line 35)
* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16)
* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
@@ -13049,27 +13286,25 @@
* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20)
* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87)
-* \(: Math formulas. (line 16)
* \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
-* \): Math formulas. (line 16)
* \*: Math miscellany. (line 6)
* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 25)
+ (line 31)
* \-: tabbing. (line 83)
* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25)
* \/: \/. (line 6)
* \:: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 21)
+ (line 27)
* \;: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 16)
+ (line 22)
* \<: tabbing. (line 75)
* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29)
* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 69)
* \>: tabbing. (line 73)
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 21)
+ (line 27)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 236)
@@ -13096,19 +13331,19 @@
(line 16)
* \AE (AE): Additional Latin letters.
(line 16)
-* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 22)
+* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 27)
* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 61)
-* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 25)
+* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 30)
* \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 14)
* \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 19)
* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 20)
-* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 28)
-* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 12)
-* \angle: Math symbols. (line 31)
+* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 33)
+* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 35)
+* \angle: Math symbols. (line 36)
* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 37)
-* \approx: Math symbols. (line 36)
+* \approx: Math symbols. (line 41)
* \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 24)
* \arccos: Math functions. (line 9)
@@ -13118,8 +13353,8 @@
* \arraycolsep: array. (line 39)
* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 157)
* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 163)
-* \ast: Math symbols. (line 39)
-* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 48)
+* \ast: Math symbols. (line 44)
+* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 53)
* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
* \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands.
(line 9)
@@ -13128,50 +13363,53 @@
(line 14)
* \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands.
(line 14)
-* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11)
+* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 34)
* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46)
-* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51)
+* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 56)
* \bar: Math accents. (line 13)
* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands.
(line 101)
* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands.
(line 111)
* \begin: Environments. (line 6)
-* \beta: Math symbols. (line 55)
+* \beta: Math symbols. (line 60)
* \bf: Font styles. (line 70)
* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 39)
* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 58)
-* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 62)
-* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 66)
-* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 70)
-* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 73)
-* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 76)
+* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 63)
+* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 67)
+* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 71)
+* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 75)
+* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 78)
+* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 81)
* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 9)
* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 10)
-* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 87)
-* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 79)
-* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 83)
-* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 90)
-* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 94)
-* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 97)
+* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 92)
+* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 84)
+* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 88)
+* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 95)
+* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 99)
+* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 102)
* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21)
-* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
-* \bot: Math symbols. (line 100)
+* \boldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 6)
+* \boldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 14)
+* \bot: Math symbols. (line 105)
* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 94)
* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 95)
-* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 105)
-* \Box: Math symbols. (line 108)
+* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 110)
+* \Box: Math symbols. (line 113)
* \breve: Math accents. (line 16)
-* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 113)
+* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 118)
* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 51)
* \cal: Font styles. (line 73)
-* \cap: Math symbols. (line 116)
+* \cap: Math symbols. (line 121)
* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 20)
* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 86)
* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 97)
@@ -13190,7 +13428,7 @@
* \caption: figure. (line 42)
* \caption <1>: table. (line 47)
* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
-* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 121)
+* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 126)
* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 25)
* \centering: \centering. (line 6)
* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 9)
@@ -13199,8 +13437,8 @@
(line 21)
* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands.
(line 21)
-* \chi: Math symbols. (line 124)
-* \circ: Math symbols. (line 127)
+* \chi: Math symbols. (line 129)
+* \circ: Math symbols. (line 132)
* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
* \cite: \cite. (line 6)
* \ClassError: Class and package commands.
@@ -13219,7 +13457,7 @@
(line 6)
* \cline: \cline. (line 6)
* \closing: \closing. (line 6)
-* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 132)
+* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 137)
* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 22)
* \columnsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
@@ -13235,25 +13473,25 @@
(line 8)
* \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 9)
-* \complement: Math symbols. (line 135)
-* \cong: Math symbols. (line 141)
+* \complement: Math symbols. (line 140)
+* \cong: Math symbols. (line 146)
* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 33)
-* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 144)
+* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 149)
* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 10)
* \cos: Math functions. (line 24)
* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27)
* \cot: Math functions. (line 30)
* \coth: Math functions. (line 33)
* \csc: Math functions. (line 36)
-* \cup: Math symbols. (line 147)
+* \cup: Math symbols. (line 152)
* \CurrentOption: Class and package commands.
(line 60)
* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 55)
* \dag: Text symbols. (line 14)
-* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 152)
+* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 157)
* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6)
-* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 155)
-* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 17)
+* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 160)
+* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 41)
* \day: \day \month \year. (line 6)
* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 69)
* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 75)
@@ -13261,7 +13499,7 @@
* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 47)
* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 87)
* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 17)
-* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 159)
+* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 164)
* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22)
* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 29)
* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
@@ -13277,35 +13515,35 @@
* \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands.
(line 96)
* \deg: Math functions. (line 39)
-* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 162)
-* \delta: Math symbols. (line 165)
+* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 167)
+* \delta: Math symbols. (line 170)
* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10)
* \det: Math functions. (line 42)
* \dh (d): Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
* \DH (D): Additional Latin letters.
(line 20)
-* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 168)
-* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 172)
-* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 176)
+* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 173)
+* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 177)
+* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 181)
* \dim: Math functions. (line 45)
-* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 34)
-* \div: Math symbols. (line 179)
+* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 52)
+* \div: Math symbols. (line 184)
* \dj: Additional Latin letters.
(line 26)
* \DJ: Additional Latin letters.
(line 26)
* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
-* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 182)
+* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 187)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
* \dots: Text symbols. (line 34)
* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168)
-* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 186)
-* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 190)
-* \ell: Math symbols. (line 194)
+* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 191)
+* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 195)
+* \ell: Math symbols. (line 199)
* \emph: Font styles. (line 59)
-* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 197)
+* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 202)
* \encl: \encl. (line 6)
* \end: Environments. (line 6)
* \endinput: \endinput. (line 6)
@@ -13314,9 +13552,9 @@
* \enumii: enumerate. (line 47)
* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 47)
* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 47)
-* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 201)
-* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 207)
-* \eta: Math symbols. (line 210)
+* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 206)
+* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 212)
+* \eta: Math symbols. (line 215)
* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
(line 84)
* \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -13325,7 +13563,7 @@
(line 68)
* \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 166)
-* \exists: Math symbols. (line 213)
+* \exists: Math symbols. (line 218)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 115)
* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
@@ -13334,7 +13572,7 @@
* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 13)
* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
* \fill: \hfill. (line 9)
-* \flat: Math symbols. (line 216)
+* \flat: Math symbols. (line 221)
* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98)
* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 99)
* \floatsep: Floats. (line 114)
@@ -13363,22 +13601,22 @@
(line 26)
* \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 27)
-* \forall: Math symbols. (line 219)
+* \forall: Math symbols. (line 224)
* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 33)
* \frac{NUM}{DEN}: Math miscellany. (line 32)
* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
-* \frown: Math symbols. (line 222)
+* \frown: Math symbols. (line 227)
* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
-* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 225)
-* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 228)
+* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 230)
+* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 233)
* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51)
-* \ge: Math symbols. (line 231)
-* \geq: Math symbols. (line 235)
-* \gets: Math symbols. (line 239)
-* \gg: Math symbols. (line 242)
+* \ge: Math symbols. (line 236)
+* \geq: Math symbols. (line 240)
+* \gets: Math symbols. (line 244)
+* \gg: Math symbols. (line 247)
* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8)
* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11)
* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6)
@@ -13390,7 +13628,7 @@
* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 29)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 59)
* \hat: Math accents. (line 31)
-* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 246)
+* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 251)
* \headheight: Page layout parameters.
(line 14)
* \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -13399,13 +13637,13 @@
(line 19)
* \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 20)
-* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 249)
+* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 254)
* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8)
* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6)
* \hline: \hline. (line 6)
* \hom: Math functions. (line 54)
-* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 252)
-* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 255)
+* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 257)
+* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 260)
* \hrulefill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
(line 119)
@@ -13416,7 +13654,7 @@
* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 63)
-* \iff: Math symbols. (line 258)
+* \iff: Math symbols. (line 263)
* \IfFileExists: Class and package commands.
(line 127)
* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
@@ -13427,9 +13665,9 @@
(line 32)
* \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters.
(line 32)
-* \Im: Math symbols. (line 262)
+* \Im: Math symbols. (line 267)
* \imath: Math accents. (line 34)
-* \in: Math symbols. (line 265)
+* \in: Math symbols. (line 270)
* \include: \include & \includeonly.
(line 6)
* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
@@ -13440,14 +13678,14 @@
* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12)
* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
-* \infty: Math symbols. (line 271)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 276)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
(line 127)
-* \int: Math symbols. (line 274)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 279)
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
-* \iota: Math symbols. (line 277)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 282)
* \it: Font styles. (line 76)
* \item: description. (line 29)
* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29)
@@ -13458,9 +13696,9 @@
* \itshape: Font styles. (line 33)
* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66)
* \jmath: Math accents. (line 37)
-* \Join: Math symbols. (line 280)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 285)
* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70)
-* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 289)
* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
* \kill: tabbing. (line 107)
* \l (/l): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -13478,27 +13716,27 @@
* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 34)
* \labelsep: list. (line 94)
* \labelwidth: list. (line 99)
-* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287)
-* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290)
-* \land: Math symbols. (line 293)
-* \langle: Math symbols. (line 298)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 292)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 295)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 298)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 303)
* \large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20)
* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 23)
-* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 303)
-* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 307)
-* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 311)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 308)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 312)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 316)
* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* \le: Math symbols. (line 315)
-* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 319)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 320)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 324)
* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 35)
-* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 326)
-* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 331)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 331)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 336)
* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46)
-* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335)
-* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 340)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 343)
* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 119)
* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 53)
@@ -13507,12 +13745,12 @@
* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 53)
* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 53)
-* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 341)
-* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346)
-* \leq: Math symbols. (line 351)
-* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 355)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 351)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 356)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 360)
* \lg: Math functions. (line 63)
-* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 358)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 363)
* \lim: Math functions. (line 66)
* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69)
* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72)
@@ -13529,20 +13767,20 @@
* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16)
* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16)
* \listparindent: list. (line 136)
-* \ll: Math symbols. (line 366)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 371)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
-* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 375)
* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
(line 144)
* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 144)
* \location: \location. (line 6)
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
-* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 373)
-* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 378)
-* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 382)
-* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 387)
-* \lor: Math symbols. (line 392)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 378)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 383)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 387)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 392)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 397)
* \lq: Text symbols. (line 39)
* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6)
* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
@@ -13551,7 +13789,7 @@
* \makelabel: list. (line 55)
* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 395)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 400)
* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* \marginparpush: Page layout parameters.
(line 40)
@@ -13592,25 +13830,25 @@
* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 15)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 21)
-* \mho: Math symbols. (line 399)
-* \mid: Math symbols. (line 404)
+ (line 27)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 404)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 409)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
-* \models: Math symbols. (line 414)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 419)
* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \mp: Math symbols. (line 419)
-* \mu: Math symbols. (line 422)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 424)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 427)
* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
-* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 425)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 430)
* \name: \name. (line 6)
-* \natural: Math symbols. (line 428)
-* \ne: Math symbols. (line 431)
-* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 434)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 433)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 436)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 439)
* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
(line 176)
-* \neg: Math symbols. (line 437)
-* \neq: Math symbols. (line 441)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 442)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 446)
* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
@@ -13628,7 +13866,7 @@
(line 40)
* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
(line 40)
-* \ni: Math symbols. (line 444)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 449)
* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 21)
* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 21)
@@ -13644,10 +13882,10 @@
* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23)
* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6)
* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \not: Math symbols. (line 449)
-* \notin: Math symbols. (line 457)
-* \nu: Math symbols. (line 461)
-* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 464)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 454)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 462)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 466)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 469)
* \o (/o): Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
* \O (/O): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -13660,27 +13898,27 @@
(line 66)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \odot: Math symbols. (line 467)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 472)
* \oe (oe): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
* \OE (OE): Additional Latin letters.
(line 48)
-* \oint: Math symbols. (line 472)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 477)
* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 134)
-* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 476)
-* \omega: Math symbols. (line 479)
-* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 482)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 481)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 484)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 487)
* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
-* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 485)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 490)
* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
(line 192)
-* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 489)
-* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 492)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 494)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 497)
* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
* \overbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 58)
* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 62)
-* \owns: Math symbols. (line 497)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 502)
* \P: Text symbols. (line 42)
* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
(line 41)
@@ -13707,7 +13945,7 @@
(line 86)
* \par: \par. (line 6)
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14)
-* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 502)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 507)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
* \parindent: minipage. (line 108)
* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
@@ -13718,7 +13956,7 @@
(line 6)
* \parskip example: itemize. (line 72)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 8)
-* \partial: Math symbols. (line 505)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 510)
* \partopsep: list. (line 151)
* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
(line 198)
@@ -13728,26 +13966,26 @@
(line 40)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
(line 40)
-* \perp: Math symbols. (line 508)
-* \phi: Math symbols. (line 513)
-* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 517)
-* \pi: Math symbols. (line 520)
-* \pm: Math symbols. (line 524)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 513)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 518)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 522)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 525)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 529)
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113)
* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114)
* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
-* \prec: Math symbols. (line 527)
-* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 530)
-* \prime: Math symbols. (line 535)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 532)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 535)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 540)
* \printindex: Indexes. (line 28)
* \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 232)
* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
(line 232)
-* \prod: Math symbols. (line 544)
-* \propto: Math symbols. (line 547)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 549)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 552)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
@@ -13757,15 +13995,15 @@
* \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands.
(line 270)
* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
-* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550)
-* \psi: Math symbols. (line 553)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 555)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 558)
* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 116)
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 44)
+* \quad: Spacing in math mode.
(line 38)
-* \quad: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 32)
* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 50)
* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 51)
* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 75)
@@ -13773,11 +14011,11 @@
* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
-* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 556)
-* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 560)
-* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 564)
-* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568)
-* \Re: Math symbols. (line 571)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 561)
+* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 565)
+* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 569)
+* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 573)
+* \Re: Math symbols. (line 576)
* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
@@ -13790,18 +14028,18 @@
* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
-* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576)
-* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 581)
+* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 581)
+* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 586)
* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23)
-* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 586)
-* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 590)
-* \rho: Math symbols. (line 597)
+* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 591)
+* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 595)
+* \rho: Math symbols. (line 602)
* \right: Math miscellany. (line 36)
-* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 601)
-* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 605)
-* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610)
-* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613)
-* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616)
+* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 606)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 610)
+* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 615)
+* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 618)
+* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 621)
* \rightmargin: list. (line 166)
* \rm: Font styles. (line 79)
* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30)
@@ -13819,7 +14057,7 @@
* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \scshape: Font styles. (line 51)
-* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 619)
+* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 624)
* \sec: Math functions. (line 93)
* \section: Sectioning. (line 11)
* \seename: Indexes. (line 20)
@@ -13827,62 +14065,62 @@
(line 131)
* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6)
* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6)
-* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 622)
+* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 627)
* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
* \sf: Font styles. (line 85)
* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 48)
-* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 628)
+* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 633)
* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
-* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 631)
-* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 634)
+* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 636)
+* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 639)
* \signature: \signature. (line 11)
-* \sim: Math symbols. (line 638)
-* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 641)
+* \sim: Math symbols. (line 643)
+* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 646)
* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
* \sl: Font styles. (line 88)
* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6)
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 45)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 644)
+* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 649)
* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 19)
* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 20)
-* \smile: Math symbols. (line 648)
+* \smile: Math symbols. (line 653)
* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10)
-* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 651)
-* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 654)
-* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 658)
+* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 656)
+* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 659)
+* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 663)
* \sqrt[ROOT]{ARG}: Math miscellany. (line 66)
-* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 662)
-* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 667)
-* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 672)
-* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 677)
+* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 667)
+* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 672)
+* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 677)
+* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 682)
* \ss (ss): Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 71)
-* \star: Math symbols. (line 681)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 686)
* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
* \stop: Command line. (line 18)
* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 15)
* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 12)
-* \subset: Math symbols. (line 688)
-* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 691)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 693)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 696)
* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 13)
-* \succ: Math symbols. (line 694)
-* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 698)
-* \sum: Math symbols. (line 703)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 699)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 703)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 708)
* \sup: Math functions. (line 102)
* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 87)
-* \supset: Math symbols. (line 707)
-* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 710)
-* \surd: Math symbols. (line 713)
-* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 718)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 712)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 715)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 718)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 723)
* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
(line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
@@ -13892,7 +14130,7 @@
* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
-* \tau: Math symbols. (line 721)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 726)
* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 60)
* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 98)
@@ -13968,23 +14206,23 @@
(line 56)
* \TH (TH): Additional Latin letters.
(line 56)
-* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 21)
-* \theta: Math symbols. (line 724)
+* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 45)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 729)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 16)
+ (line 22)
* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6)
* \thinspace: Spacing in math mode.
- (line 25)
+ (line 31)
* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace. (line 6)
* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
* \tilde: Math accents. (line 43)
-* \times: Math symbols. (line 728)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 733)
* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 25)
-* \to: Math symbols. (line 732)
+* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 49)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 737)
* \today: \today. (line 6)
-* \top: Math symbols. (line 736)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 741)
* \topfraction: Floats. (line 107)
* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
@@ -13995,31 +14233,34 @@
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 131)
* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12)
-* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 741)
-* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 744)
-* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 750)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 746)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 749)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 755)
* \tt: Font styles. (line 91)
* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 54)
* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
* \typein: \typein. (line 6)
* \typeout: \typeout. (line 6)
* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 86)
-* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
+* \unboldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 6)
+* \unboldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath.
+ (line 14)
* \underbar: Accents. (line 89)
* \underbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 75)
* \underline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 79)
* \unitlength: picture. (line 25)
-* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 756)
-* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 763)
-* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 770)
-* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 774)
-* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 778)
-* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 783)
-* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 788)
-* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 793)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 761)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 768)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 775)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 779)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 783)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 788)
+* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 793)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 798)
* \upshape: Font styles. (line 42)
-* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 800)
-* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 803)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 805)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 808)
* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
@@ -14027,35 +14268,34 @@
* \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6)
* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 97)
* \value: \value. (line 6)
-* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 811)
-* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 806)
-* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 816)
-* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 820)
-* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 824)
-* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 828)
-* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 832)
-* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 836)
-* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 84)
+* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 816)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 811)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 821)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 825)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 829)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 833)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 837)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 841)
+* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 86)
* \vec: Math accents. (line 46)
* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
-* \vee: Math symbols. (line 840)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 845)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
-* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 845)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 861)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 850)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 866)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 879)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 884)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 49)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 52)
* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 883)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 886)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 889)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 892)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 888)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 891)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 894)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 897)
* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 895)
-* \[: Math formulas. (line 16)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 900)
* \\ (for center): center. (line 22)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
@@ -14065,18 +14305,17 @@
* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 49)
* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34)
* \\ for verse: verse. (line 21)
-* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 12)
-* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 26)
+* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 35)
+* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 50)
* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6)
* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 37)
-* \]: Math formulas. (line 16)
* \^: Reserved characters. (line 20)
* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33)
* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37)
* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93)
* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13)
-* \|: Math symbols. (line 19)
+* \|: Math symbols. (line 24)
* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \~: Reserved characters. (line 20)
* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 43)
@@ -14408,105 +14647,108 @@
Node: \parindent & \parskip281200
Node: Marginal notes282239
Node: Math formulas284038
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts285822
-Node: Math symbols287160
-Node: Math functions312489
-Node: Math accents313432
-Node: Spacing in math mode314404
-Node: Math miscellany315871
-Node: Modes318421
-Node: \ensuremath321035
-Node: Page styles321752
-Node: \maketitle322246
-Node: \pagenumbering323316
-Node: \pagestyle323812
-Node: \thispagestyle324953
-Node: Spaces325259
-Node: \hspace326129
-Node: \hfill327084
-Node: \spacefactor327476
-Node: \(SPACE) and \@330188
-Ref: \AT330331
-Node: \frenchspacing331808
-Node: \normalsfcodes332424
-Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence332613
-Node: \thinspace333524
-Node: \/333844
-Node: \hrulefill \dotfill335026
-Node: \addvspace336019
-Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip337065
-Node: \vfill337957
-Node: \vspace338826
-Node: Boxes339819
-Node: \mbox340531
-Node: \fbox and \framebox340818
-Node: lrbox341622
-Node: \makebox341980
-Node: \parbox342700
-Node: \raisebox344811
-Node: \savebox345424
-Node: \sbox345839
-Node: \usebox346288
-Node: Color346549
-Node: Color package options347393
-Node: Color models349039
-Node: Commands for color351348
-Node: Define colors351763
-Node: Colored text352478
-Node: Colored boxes354853
-Node: Colored pages356292
-Node: Graphics356985
-Node: Graphics package options359112
-Node: Graphics package configuration361868
-Node: \graphicspath362670
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions365593
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule367390
-Node: Commands for graphics370579
-Node: \includegraphics371084
-Node: \rotatebox384053
-Node: \scalebox386848
-Node: \resizebox387900
-Node: Special insertions389092
-Node: Reserved characters389896
-Node: Upper and lower case391097
-Node: Symbols by font position393012
-Node: Text symbols393632
-Node: Accents397080
-Node: Additional Latin letters399622
-Ref: Non-English characters399793
-Node: \rule400810
-Node: \today401239
-Node: Splitting the input401993
-Node: \endinput403370
-Node: \include & \includeonly404637
-Node: \input408673
-Node: Front/back matter409381
-Node: Tables of contents409586
-Node: \addcontentsline410647
-Node: \addtocontents411665
-Node: Glossaries412198
-Node: Indexes412717
-Node: Letters414350
-Node: \address418016
-Node: \cc418827
-Node: \closing419245
-Node: \encl419522
-Node: \location419937
-Node: \makelabels420201
-Node: \name422353
-Node: \opening422594
-Node: \ps422875
-Node: \signature423164
-Node: \telephone424381
-Node: Terminal input/output424746
-Node: \typein425011
-Node: \typeout425596
-Node: Command line426219
-Node: Document templates427171
-Node: beamer template427578
-Node: book template428229
-Node: tugboat template428597
-Node: Concept Index430961
-Node: Command Index496668
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts287959
+Node: Math symbols290072
+Node: Blackboard bold315841
+Node: Caligraphic316616
+Node: \boldmath & \unboldmath317186
+Node: Math functions318693
+Node: Math accents320302
+Node: Spacing in math mode321122
+Node: Math miscellany322669
+Node: Modes325368
+Node: \ensuremath327982
+Node: Page styles328699
+Node: \maketitle329462
+Node: \pagenumbering331502
+Node: \pagestyle331998
+Node: \thispagestyle333139
+Node: Spaces333445
+Node: \hspace334315
+Node: \hfill335270
+Node: \spacefactor335662
+Node: \(SPACE) and \@338374
+Ref: \AT338517
+Node: \frenchspacing339994
+Node: \normalsfcodes340610
+Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence340799
+Node: \thinspace341710
+Node: \/342102
+Node: \hrulefill \dotfill343284
+Node: \addvspace344277
+Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip345323
+Node: \vfill346215
+Node: \vspace347084
+Node: Boxes348077
+Node: \mbox348789
+Node: \fbox and \framebox349076
+Node: lrbox349880
+Node: \makebox350238
+Node: \parbox350958
+Node: \raisebox353069
+Node: \savebox353682
+Node: \sbox354097
+Node: \usebox354546
+Node: Color354807
+Node: Color package options355651
+Node: Color models357297
+Node: Commands for color359606
+Node: Define colors360021
+Node: Colored text360736
+Node: Colored boxes363111
+Node: Colored pages364550
+Node: Graphics365243
+Node: Graphics package options367370
+Node: Graphics package configuration370126
+Node: \graphicspath370928
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions373851
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule375648
+Node: Commands for graphics378837
+Node: \includegraphics379342
+Node: \rotatebox392311
+Node: \scalebox395106
+Node: \resizebox396158
+Node: Special insertions397350
+Node: Reserved characters398154
+Node: Upper and lower case399355
+Node: Symbols by font position401270
+Node: Text symbols401890
+Node: Accents405338
+Node: Additional Latin letters407880
+Ref: Non-English characters408051
+Node: \rule409068
+Node: \today409497
+Node: Splitting the input410251
+Node: \endinput411628
+Node: \include & \includeonly412895
+Node: \input416931
+Node: Front/back matter417639
+Node: Tables of contents417844
+Node: \addcontentsline418905
+Node: \addtocontents419923
+Node: Glossaries420456
+Node: Indexes420975
+Node: Letters422608
+Node: \address426274
+Node: \cc427085
+Node: \closing427503
+Node: \encl427780
+Node: \location428195
+Node: \makelabels428459
+Node: \name430611
+Node: \opening430852
+Node: \ps431133
+Node: \signature431422
+Node: \telephone432639
+Node: Terminal input/output433004
+Node: \typein433269
+Node: \typeout433854
+Node: Command line434477
+Node: Document templates435429
+Node: beamer template435836
+Node: book template436487
+Node: tugboat template436855
+Node: Concept Index439219
+Node: Command Index507005
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-05 15:29:46 UTC (rev 640)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-06 19:01:02 UTC (rev 641)
@@ -9195,11 +9195,14 @@
@itemize @bullet
@item
-in the right margin for one-sided layout (option @code{oneside}, see @ref{Document class options});
+in the right margin for one-sided layout (option @code{oneside}, see
+ at ref{Document class options});
@item
-in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option @code{twoside}, see @ref{Document class options});
+in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option @code{twoside}, see
+ at ref{Document class options});
@item
-in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option @code{twocolumn}, see @ref{Document class options}).
+in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option @code{twocolumn},
+see @ref{Document class options}).
@end itemize
@findex \reversemarginpar
@@ -9250,65 +9253,93 @@
@EnvIndex{displaymath}
@EnvIndex{equation}
-There are three environments that put @LaTeX{} in math mode:
+Produce mathematical text by putting @LaTeX{} into math mode or display
+math mode (@pxref{Modes}). This example shows both.
- at table @code
- at item math
-For formulas that appear right in the text.
- at item displaymath
-For formulas that appear on their own line.
- at item equation
-The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.
- at end table
-
- at findex \(
- at findex \)
- at findex \[
- at findex \]
-The @code{math} environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the @code{displaymath} and @code{equation} environments can be used
-only in paragraph mode. The @code{math} and @code{displaymath}
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
-
@example
-\(...\) @r{instead of} \begin@{math@}...\end@{math@}
-\[...\] @r{instead of} \begin@{displaymath@}...\end@{displaymath@}
+The wave equation for \( u \) is
+\begin@{displaymath@}
+ \frac@{\partial^2u@}@{\partial t^2@} = c^2\nabla^2u
+\end@{displaymath@}
+where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
@end example
- at findex $
-In fact, the @code{math} environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
+Math mode is for inline mathematics. It is invoked by the starting
+ at code{\(} and finished by the matching ending @code{\)}. Display math
+mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
+ at code{displaymath} environment. Note that any mathematical text
+whatever, including that consisting of single characters, is handled in
+math mode.
+ at PkgIndex{amsmath} @PkgIndex{amsfonts} @PkgIndex{mathtools}
+The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
+packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
+ at file{amsmath} and @file{amssymb} (also be aware of the
+ at file{mathtools} package that is an extension to, and loads,
+ at file{amsmath}). New documents that will have mathematical text should
+use these packages. Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope
+of this document; see their documentation on CTAN.
+
+When in math mode or display math mode, @LaTeX{} handles many aspects of
+your input text differently than in other text modes. For example,
+
@example
-$ ... $ @r{instead of} \(...\)
+contrast x+y with \( x+y \).
@end example
- at findex \boldmath
- at findex \unboldmath
-The @code{\boldmath} command changes math letters and symbols to be in
-a bold font. It is used @emph{outside} of math mode. Conversely, the
- at code{\unboldmath} command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
-it too is used @emph{outside} of math mode.
+in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus
+sign is different.
- at c xx own section? Math fonts?
+To make inline formulas put @LaTeX{} in math mode with either
+ at code{\(@var{mathematical material}\)}, or @code{$@var{mathematical
+material}$}, or @code{\begin@{math@}@var{mathematical
+material\end@{math@}}}. The first form is preferred, and the third form
+is very rarely used. These can be used in paragraph mode or in LR mode
+(@pxref{Modes}).
+
+To make displayed formulas, put @LaTeX{} into display math mode with
+either @code{\begin@{displaymath@}@var{mathematical
+material}\end@{displaymath@}}, or
+ at code{\begin@{equation@}@var{mathematical material}\end@{equation@}}.
+These behave the same way except that with the @code{equation}
+environment, @LaTeX{} puts a formula number alongside the formula, which
+by default has the form @samp{(@var{arabic number})}. The construct
+ at code{\[ @var{math} \]} is equivalent to @code{\begin@{displaymath@}
+ at var{math} \end@{displaymath@}}. These environments can only be used in
+paragraph mode (@pxref{Modes}).
+
@findex \displaystyle
-The @code{\displaystyle} declaration forces the size and style of the
-formula to be that of @code{displaymath}, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example:
+The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
+One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
+math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
+together. Sometimes you want the display math treatment to happen in
+the inline math mode. For this, the @code{\displaystyle} declaration
+forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
+ at code{displaymath}. Thus @code{\(\displaystyle \sum_@{n=0@}^\infty
+x_n\)} will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next
+to it. Another example is that
@example
-$\displaystyle \sum_@{n=0@}^\infty x_n $
+\begin@{tabular@}@{r|cc@}
+ \textsc@{Name@} &\textsc@{Series@} &\textsc@{Sum@} \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
+ &\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac@{b@}@{2@}\) \\
+ Geometric &\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^@{n-1@} \)
+ &\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac@{1-b^n@}@{1-b@}\) \\
+\end@{tabular@}
@end example
- at c xx see also \cal, \mathcal
+because it has no @code{\displaystyle}, the Arithmetic line's fraction
+will be scrunched. But, because of its @code{\displaystyle}, the
+Geometric line's fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same
+size as in the rest of the line.
@menu
* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
* Math accents:: Accents in math.
-* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
+* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
@end menu
@@ -9322,44 +9353,77 @@
@findex _
@findex ^
-In math mode, use the caret character at tie{}@code{^} to make the
- at var{exp} appear as a superscript: @code{^@{@var{exp}@}}.
-Similarly, in math mode, underscore at tie{}@code{_@{@var{exp}@}} makes a
-subscript out of @var{exp}.
+Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode):
-In this example the @code{0} and @code{1} appear as subscripts while the
- at code{2} is a superscript.
+ at example
+ at var{base}^@var{exp}
+ at end example
+or:
+
@example
-\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
+ at var{base}_ at var{exp}
@end example
-To have more than one character in @var{exp} use curly braces as in
- at code{e^@{-2x@}}.
+Make @var{exp} appear as a superscript of @var{base} (with the caret
+character, at tie{}@code{^}) or a subscript (with
+underscore, at tie{}@code{_}).
- at LaTeX{} handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
-the natural way, so expressions such as @code{e^@{x^2@}} and
- at code{x_@{a_0@}} will look right. It also does the right thing when
-something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the
- at code{0} appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the @code{10}
-appears at the top.
-
+In this example the @code{0}'s and @code{1}'s are subscripts while the
+ at code{2}'s are superscripts.
+
@example
-\int_0^@{10@} x^2 \,dx
+\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
+ at end example
+
+To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character,
+surround the expression with curly braces, as in @code{e^@{-2x@}}.
+This example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression
+for the exponent.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{displaymath@}
+ (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
+ \qquad
+ 3^@{(3^3)@}=3^@{27@}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
+\end@{displaymath@}
@end example
-You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct
-such as @code{@{@}_t K^2} in math mode (the initial @code{@{@}} prevents
-the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
-expression).
+ at LaTeX{} knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a
+subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
+expressions such as @code{e^@{x^2@}} and @code{x_@{i_0@}} give correct
+output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
+ at var{base} a determined @var{exp}. If you enter @code{\(3^3^3\)} then
+you get @samp{Double superscript}.
-Outside of math mode, a construct like @code{A
-test$_\textnormal@{subscript@}$} will produce a subscript typeset in
-text mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for
-writing Chemical formulas such as @file{mhchem}.
- at c xx display mode
+ at LaTeX{} does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
+superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
+the correct place without any author intervention.
+ at example
+\begin@{displaymath@}
+ \int_@{x=a@}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
+\end@{displaymath@}
+ at end example
+ at noindent Note the parentheses around @code{x=a} to make the entire
+expression a subscript.
+
+To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like
+ at code{@{@}_t K^2}. The empty curly braces @code{@{@}} give the
+subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
+attaching to a prior symbols.
+
+Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+display math mode, as in @code{the expression x^2}, will get you
+the error @samp{Missing $ inserted}.
+
+ at PkgIndex{mhchem}
+A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
+typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+ at file{mhchem}; see CTAN.
+
+
@node Math symbols
@section Math symbols
@@ -9370,13 +9434,19 @@
@LaTeX{} provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
For example, if you include @code{$\pi$} in your source, you will get
the pi symbol @BES{03C0,\pi}.
-
-Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
-exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
-its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
-be used only in math mode.
+ at PkgIndex{symbols}
+Virtually any technical symbol anyone has ever used is available for
+use in @LaTeX{}. See the @file{Comprehensive @LaTeX{} Symbol List} at
+ at url{https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/}. Some
+of these require the use of external packages.
+
+Below is a list of commonly-used symbols that come standard with
+ at LaTeX{}. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Each symbol here is
+described with a short phrase, and its symbol class (which determines
+the spacing around it) is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise,
+the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode.
+
To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode,
see @ref{\ensuremath}.
@@ -10243,7 +10313,133 @@
@end ftable
+ at menu
+* Blackboard bold:: Doublestruck characters.
+* Caligraphic:: Cursive characters.
+* \boldmath & \unboldmath:: Symbols in boldface.
+ at end menu
+
+ at node Blackboard bold
+ at subsection Blackboard bold
+
+ at cindex blackboard bold
+ at cindex doublestruck
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\usepackage@{amssymb@} % in preamble
+ ...
+\mathbb@{@var{uppercase-letter}@}
+ at end example
+
+Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck
+letters, used to denote number sets such as the natural numbers, the
+integers, etc.
+
+Here
+
+ at example
+\( \forall n \in \mathbb@{N@}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
+ at end example
+
+the @code{\mathbb@{N@}} gives blackboard bold symbol @BES{2115,}
+representing the natural numbers.
+
+If you use other than an upper case letter then you do not get an error
+but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+
+There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
+capital letters; look on CTAN.
+
+
+ at node Caligraphic
+ at subsection Caligraphic
+
+ at cindex caligraphic
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\mathcal@{@var{uppercase-letters}@}
+ at end example
+
+Use a script-like font.
+
+In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font.
+
+ at example
+Let the graph be \( \mathcal@{G@} \).
+ at end example
+
+If you use something other than an upper case letter then you do not get
+an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
+ at code{\mathcal@{g@}} outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
+ at code{\mathcal@{+@}} outputs a plus sign.
+
+
+ at node \boldmath & \unboldmath
+ at subsection @code{\boldmath} & @code{\unboldmath}
+
+ at cindex boldface mathematics
+ at cindex symbols, boldface
+ at findex \boldmath
+ at findex \unboldmath
+
+Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+
+ at example
+\boldmath \( @var{math} \)
+ at end example
+
+or
+
+ at example
+\unboldmath \( @var{math} \)
+ at end example
+
+
+ at findex \boldmath
+ at findex \unboldmath
+ at c xx Refer to package bm: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/595/121234
+Declarations to change the letters and symbols in @var{math} to be in a
+bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the unbolded default.
+They must be used when not in math mode or display math mode
+(@pxref{Modes}). Both commands are fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+
+In this example each @code{\boldmath} command takes place inside an
+ at code{\mbox},
+
+ at example
+we have $\mbox@{\boldmath \( v \)@} = 5\cdot\mbox@{\boldmath \( u \)$@}$
+ at end example
+
+ at noindent which means @code{\boldmath} is only called in a text mode,
+here LR mode, and explains why @LaTeX{} must switch to math mode to set
+ at code{v} and @code{u}.
+
+If you use either command inside math mode, as with @code{Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)}, then you get something like @samp{LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11} and @samp{LaTeX
+Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
+11}.
+
+ at PkgIndex{bm}
+There are many issues with @code{\boldmath}. New documents should use
+the @file{bm} package provided by the @LaTeX{} Project team. A complete
+description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
+documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+
+ at example
+\usepackage@{bm@} % in preamble
+...
+we have $\bm@{v@} = 5\cdot\bm@{u@}$
+ at end example
+
+strongly suggests that it is an improvement over @code{\boldmath}.
+
+
@node Math functions
@section Math functions
@@ -10255,118 +10451,227 @@
@ftable @code
@item \arccos
+Inverse cosine
+ at iftex
@math{\arccos}
+ at end iftex
@item \arcsin
+Inverse sine
+ at iftex
@math{\arcsin}
+ at end iftex
@item \arctan
+Inverse tangent
+ at iftex
@math{\arctan}
+ at end iftex
@item \arg
+Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
+ at iftex
@math{\arg}
+ at end iftex
@item \bmod
-Binary modulo operator (@math{x \bmod y})
+Binary modulo operator, used as in @code{\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)}
+ at iftex
+ at math{5 \bmod 3}
+ at end iftex
@item \cos
+Cosine
+ at iftex
@math{\cos}
+ at end iftex
@item \cosh
+Hyperbolic cosine
+ at iftex
@math{\cosh}
+ at end iftex
@item \cot
+Cotangent
+ at iftex
@math{\cot}
+ at end iftex
@item \coth
+Hyperbolic cotangent
+ at iftex
@math{\coth}
+ at end iftex
@item \csc
+Cosecant
+ at iftex
@math{\csc}
+ at end iftex
@item \deg
+Degrees
+ at iftex
@math{\deg}
+ at end iftex
@item \det
+Determinant
+ at iftex
@math{\det}
+ at end iftex
@item \dim
+Dimension
+ at iftex
@math{\dim}
+ at end iftex
@item \exp
+Exponential
+ at iftex
@math{\exp}
+ at end iftex
@item \gcd
+Greatest common divisor
+ at iftex
@math{\gcd}
+ at end iftex
@item \hom
+Homomorphisms
+ at iftex
@math{\hom}
+ at end iftex
@item \inf
+Infinum
+ at iftex
@math{\inf}
+ at end iftex
@item \ker
+Kernel
+ at iftex
@math{\ker}
+ at end iftex
@item \lg
+Base 2 logarithm
+ at iftex
@math{\lg}
+ at end iftex
@item \lim
+Limit
+ at iftex
@math{\lim}
+ at end iftex
@item \liminf
+Limit inferior
+ at iftex
@math{\liminf}
+ at end iftex
@item \limsup
+Limit superior
+ at iftex
@math{\limsup}
+ at end iftex
@item \ln
+Natural logarithm
+ at iftex
@math{\ln}
+ at end iftex
@item \log
+Logarithm
+ at iftex
@math{\log}
+ at end iftex
@item \max
+Maximum
+ at iftex
@math{\max}
+ at end iftex
@item \min
+Minimum
+ at iftex
@math{\min}
+ at end iftex
@item \pmod
-parenthesized modulus, as in (@math{\pmod 2^n - 1})
+Parenthesized modulus, as used in @code{\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)}
+ at iftex
+ at math{5\equiv 2\pmod 3}
+ at end iftex
@item \Pr
+Probability
+ at iftex
@math{\Pr}
+ at end iftex
@item \sec
+Secant
+ at iftex
@math{\sec}
+ at end iftex
@item \sin
+Sine
+ at iftex
@math{\sin}
+ at end iftex
@item \sinh
+Hyperbolic sine
+ at iftex
@math{\sinh}
+ at end iftex
@item \sup
@iftex
+Supremum
+ at iftex
@math{\mathop {\rm sup}}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
- at math{\sup}
+sup
@end ifnottex
@c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a
@c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions
@c when it's just three roman letters anyway.
@item \tan
+Tangent
+ at iftex
@math{\tan}
+ at end iftex
@item \tanh
+Hyperbolic tangent
+ at iftex
@math{\tanh}
+ at end iftex
@end ftable
+ at PkgIndex{amsmath} The @file{amsmath} package adds improvements on some
+of these, and also allows you to define your own. See the full
+documentation on CTAN, but
+ at code{\DeclareMathOperator@{\identity@}@{id@}} creates an operator like
+the ones above but printed as @samp{id}. The starred form
+ at code{\DeclareMathOperator*@{\op@}@{op@}} sets any limits above and
+below, as is traditional with @code{\lim}, @code{\sup}, or @code{\max}.
+
@node Math accents
@section Math accents
@@ -10380,67 +10685,106 @@
@ftable @code
@item \acute
@cindex acute accent, math
-Math acute accent: @math{\acute{x}}.
+Math acute accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\acute{x}}.
+ at end iftex
@item \bar
@cindex bar-over accent, math
@cindex macron accent, math
-Math bar-over accent: @math{\bar{x}}.
+Math bar-over accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\bar{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \breve
@cindex breve accent, math
-Math breve accent: @math{\breve{x}}.
+Math breve accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\breve{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \check
@cindex check accent, math
@cindex h@'a at v{c}ek accent, math
-Math h@'a at v{c}ek (check) accent: @math{\check{x}}.
+Math h@'a at v{c}ek (check) accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\check{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \ddot
@cindex double dot accent, math
-Math dieresis accent: @math{\ddot{x}}.
+Math dieresis accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\ddot{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \dot
@cindex overdot accent, math
@cindex dot over accent, math
-Math dot accent: @math{\dot{x}}.
+Math dot accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\dot{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \grave
@cindex grave accent, math
-Math grave accent: @math{\grave{x}}.
+Math grave accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\grave{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \hat
@cindex hat accent, math
@cindex circumflex accent, math
-Math hat (circumflex) accent: @math{\hat{x}}.
+Math hat (circumflex) accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\hat{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \imath
@cindex dotless i, math
-Math dotless i.
+Math dotless i
@item \jmath
@cindex dotless j, math
-Math dotless j.
+Math dotless j
@item \mathring
@cindex ring accent, math
-Math ring accent: @ringaccent{x}. @c don't bother implementing in texinfo
+Math ring accent @c don't bother implementing in texinfo
+ at iftex
+ at ringaccent{x}
+ at end iftex
@item \tilde
@cindex tilde accent, math
-Math tilde accent: @math{\tilde{x}}.
+Math tilde accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\tilde{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \vec
@cindex vector symbol, math
-Math vector symbol: @math{\vec{x}}.
+Math vector symbol
+ at iftex
+ at math{\vec{x}}
+ at end iftex
@item \widehat
@cindex wide hat accent, math
-Math wide hat accent: @math{\widehat{x+y}}.
+Math wide hat accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\widehat{x+y}}
+ at end iftex
@item \widetilde
@cindex wide tilde accent, math
-Math wide tilde accent: @math{\widetilde{x+y}}.
+Math wide tilde accent
+ at iftex
+ at math{\widetilde{x+y}}
+ at end iftex
@end ftable
@@ -10451,35 +10795,44 @@
@cindex spacing within math mode
@cindex math mode, spacing
-In a @code{math} environment, @LaTeX{} ignores the spaces that you use
-in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
-rules for mathematics texts.
+When typesetting mathematics, @LaTeX{} puts in spacing according to the
+normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter @code{y=m x} then
+ at LaTeX{} ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x.
-Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
- at dfn{mu} given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family (@pxref{Units of length}).
- at LaTeX{} provides the following commands for use in math mode:
+But @LaTeX{}'s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
+ at code{f(x)} and the @code{dx}.
+ at example
+\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+ at end example
+
+ at LaTeX{} provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many
+of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+ at dfn{mu}. It is defined as 1/18 em, where the em is taken from the
+current math symbols family (@pxref{Units of length}).
+
@table @code
@item \;
@findex \;
@findex \thickspace
-Normally @code{5.0mu plus 5.0mu}. The longer name is
- at code{\thickspace}. Math mode only.
+Synonym: @code{\thickspace}. Normally @code{5.0mu plus 5.0mu}. Math
+mode only.
@item \:
@itemx \>
@findex \:
@findex \>
@findex \medspace
-Normally @code{4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu}. The longer name is
- at code{\medspace}. Math mode only.
+Synonym: @code{\medspace}. Normally @code{4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu}.
+Math mode only.
@item \,
@findex \,
@findex \thinspace
-Normally @code{3mu}. The longer name is @code{\thinspace}. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode. @xref{\thinspace}.
+Synonym: @code{\thinspace} (@pxref{\thinspace}).
+Normally @code{3mu}.
+Can be used in both math mode and text mode.
@item \!
@findex \!
@@ -10499,14 +10852,7 @@
both text and math mode.
@end table
-In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
-infinitesimal.
- at example
-\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
- at end example
-
-
@node Math miscellany
@section Math miscellany
@@ -10578,7 +10924,7 @@
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
@item \mathellipsis
-Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: @dots{}.
+Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: @dots{}
@item \mathparagraph
Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: @BES{00B6,\P}.
@@ -10628,6 +10974,7 @@
The result looks like this: @math{\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}}.
@end ifset
+ at PkgIndex{ulem}
@item \underline@{@var{text}@}
Causes @var{text}, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
@@ -10635,9 +10982,12 @@
@ifset HAS-MATH
The result looks like this: @math{\underline{xyz}}
@end ifset
+(The package @file{ulem} does underlining and allows line breaking as
+well as a number of other underline-related features. The documentation
+is on CTAN.)
@item \vdots
-Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+Vertical ellipsis.
@ifset HAS-MATH
The result looks like this: @math{\vdots}.
@end ifset
@@ -10753,9 +11103,16 @@
@cindex styles, page
@cindex page styles
-The @code{\documentclass} command determines the size and position of
-the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+The style of a page determines where @LaTeX{} places the components of
+that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
+includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
+special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
+the first page of an article.
+ at PkgIndex{fancyhdr}
+The package @file{fancyhdr} is very helpful for constructing page
+styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
+
@menu
* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
@@ -10770,38 +11127,64 @@
@cindex titles, making
@findex \maketitle
-The @code{\maketitle} command generates a title on a separate title
-page---except in the @code{article} class, where the title is placed
-at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
-is obtained from the following declarations:
+Generate a title. It is on a separate title page, except in the
+ at code{article} class where it is at the top of the first page.
+This example
+
+ at example
+\documentclass@{article@}
+\title@{On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies@}
+\author@{A~Einstein\thanks@{%
+ Gratefully acknowledged is the support of the Swiss Patent Office.@}@}
+\date@{1905-Jun-30@}
+\begin@{document@}
+\maketitle
+It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamics---as usually understood at the
+present time---when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which
+do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena.
+ ...
+In conclusion I wish to say that in working at the problem here dealt
+with I have had the loyal assistance of my friend and colleague M~Besso,
+and that I am indebted to him for several valuable suggestions.
+\end@{document@}
+ at end example
+
+shows the @code{\maketitle} command appearing immediately after the
+ at code{\begin@{document@}}.
+
+Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following
+declarations. These must come before the @code{\maketitle}, either in
+the preamble or in the document body.
+
@ftable @code
@item \author@{@var{name} \and @var{name2}@}
@cindex author, for titlepage
@findex \\ @r{for @code{\author}}
@findex \and @r{for @code{\author}}
-The @code{\author} command declares the document author(s), where the
-argument is a list of authors separated by @code{\and} commands. Use
- at code{\\} to separate lines within a single author's entry---for
-example, to give the author's institution or address.
+Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
+list of authors separated by @code{\and} commands. Use @code{\\} to
+separate lines within a single author's entry---for example, to give the
+author's institution or address. If you omit this then you get
+ at samp{LaTeX Warning: No \author given}.
@item \date@{@var{text}@}
@cindex date, for titlepage
-The @code{\date} command declares @var{text} to be the document's
-date. With no @code{\date} command, the current date (@pxref{\today})
-is used.
+Optional. Declare @var{text} to be the document's date. If you omit it
+then @LaTeX{} uses the current date (@pxref{\today}).
@item \thanks@{@var{text}@}
@cindex thanks, for titlepage
@cindex credit footnote
-The @code{\thanks} command produces a @code{\footnote} to the title,
-usually used for credit acknowledgements.
+Optional. Produce a footnote to the title, usually for
+acknowledgements.
@item \title@{@var{text}@}
@cindex title, for titlepage
@findex \\ @r{for @code{\title}}
-The @code{\title} command declares @var{text} to be the title of the
-document. Use @code{\\} to force a line break, as usual.
+Required. Declare @var{text} to be the title of the document. Inside
+ at var{text}, use @code{\\} to get line breaks. If you omit this command
+then you get @samp{LaTeX Error: No \title given}.
@end ftable
@@ -11131,9 +11514,10 @@
@findex \thinspace
- at code{\thinspace} produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
-quotes, as in '@dmn{}''. at c Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo.
+Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6 of an em. This is
+the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in '@dmn{}''. at c Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo.
+Some style guides call for a @code{\thinspace} between an ellipsis and a
+sentence ending period.
@node \/
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