[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r639 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Tue Jun 5 01:40:39 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-06-05 02:40:39 +0300 (Tue, 05 Jun 2018)
New Revision: 639
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Adjust Making Paragaphs, including adding \par and adjusting Modes. Combine \noindent and \indent, and add \parindent to \parskip.
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-02 14:23:19 UTC (rev 638)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-06-04 23:40:39 UTC (rev 639)
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+2018-06-04 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi (Modes) Include all six modes, with the vertical ones.
+ Adjust wording.
+ (Making paragraphs) Add \par. Combine \noindent and \indent.
+ Add \parindent to \parskip.
+
2018-06-01 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
* latex2e.texi (Page breaking) Next in latex-info. Adjust wording.
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-02 14:23:19 UTC (rev 638)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-06-04 23:40:39 UTC (rev 639)
@@ -333,9 +333,9 @@
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
@@ -5024,7 +5024,7 @@
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):
+see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
@@ -5273,14 +5273,14 @@
<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
-to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>). The defaults for the first three
-levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’
-classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, <code>4pt
-plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11
-point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
-and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point are:
-<code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, and
-<code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
+to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>). The defaults for
+the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and
+‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
+<code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12
+point are: <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>,
+and <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -10718,93 +10718,243 @@
<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>
-<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not
-containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
+<p>Once LaTeX has all of a paragraph’s contents it divides it into
+lines, in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>). To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of
+a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
+
+However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
+first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds
+of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property
+of some one or other of their daughters.
+
+``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
+``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
+character, <code>%</code>.
+</p>
+<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a
+blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before the
+<code>\end{equation}</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ 2^{|S|} > |S|
+
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will get you the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank
+line in this <code>section</code> argument
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\section{aaa
+
+bbb}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gets ‘<samp>Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
+complete</samp>’.
+</p>
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="1">\indent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Indent this paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\noindent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Do not indent this paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent & \noindent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent & \parskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Putting remarks in the margin.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cpar"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\indent & \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cpar-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cpar"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
-<p><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
-<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
-to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
+consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
</p>
-<p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
-mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
-<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\par
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with
+a blank line but the <code>\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This
+command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
+<p>This example uses <code>\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for
+readability.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
+</pre></div>
+<p>You cannot use this command in math mode or in the argument of many
+commands such as the <code>\section</code> command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>
+and see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from the <code>\paragraph</code> command in
+that the latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
+sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from <code>\newline</code> and the line break
+double backslash, <code>\\</code>, in that \par ends the paragraph not just
+the line. It also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph
+vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The output from this example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">xyz
+
+\setlength{\parindent}{3in}
+\setlength{\parskip}{5in}
+\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>is: after ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then
+‘<samp>test</samp>’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line,
+there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then
+‘<samp>test1</samp>’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of
+5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of
+3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text ‘<samp>test2</samp>’.
+</p>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parindent & \parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\par</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
+<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
-<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
-paragraph indentation, as in this example.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\indent
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code>\indent</code> command
+first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
+commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a> for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
+paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code>\noindent</code> command has no effect,
+because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The
+<code>\indent</code> command’s only effect is to output a space.
+</p>
+<p>This example starts a fresh paragraph.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
</pre></div>
-<p>It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+<p>and this continues an interrupted paragraph.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">The data
+
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+\noindent shows this clearly.
+</pre></div>
+
<p>To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
-<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble.
+<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
+you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
+<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a>).
</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a>
+<a name="index-indentfirst-package"></a>
+<p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
+not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
+look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
+</p>
+
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a>
+<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent & \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<a name="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
+<a name="index-paragraph-indentation"></a>
<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>
-<p><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
-before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\parskip}{<var>horizontal len</var>}
+\setlength{\parinden}{<var>vertical len</var>}
+</pre></div>
+<p>Both are a rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They give the indentation
+of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
+(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+</p>
+<p>This, put in the preamble,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
+but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lower case
+‘<samp>x</samp>’.
+</p>
+<p>In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
+in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
+<code>10pt</code> , <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
+<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. The default
+value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX’s standard document styles is
+<code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parindent & \parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
@@ -10820,9 +10970,9 @@
<pre class="example">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first
-line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.
+<p>Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the
+same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code>
+occurs.
</p>
<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text
will be placed
@@ -13143,49 +13293,66 @@
<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
<a name="index-modes"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
-<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
+<p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
+modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
+modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
+in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
+the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> Paragraph mode
-</li><li> Math mode
-</li><li> Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
-</li></ul>
+<li> <a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
+text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
+pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
-<p>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
+<p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
+making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
+LaTeX’s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
+in paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
+keeps going from left to right. (When it tries to put that box into a
+line, most likely LaTeX will complain because the box is too wide to
+fit.)
</p>
-<p><em>Paragraph mode</em> is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in
-when processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the
-input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
+</li><li> <a name="index-math-mode"></a>
+<em>Math mode</em> happens when LaTeX is generating an inline
+mathematical formula.
+
+<a name="index-display-math-mode"></a>
+<p><em>Display math mode</em> happens when LaTeX is generating a displayed
+mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
+ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
+differs in the two situations.)
</p>
-<p>LaTeX is in <em>math mode</em> when it’s generating a mathematical
-formula, either displayed math or within a line.
+</li><li> <a name="index-vertical-mode"></a>
+<em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
+when it starts a document.
+
+<a name="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a>
+<p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"></a>
-<p>In <em>LR mode</em>, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output
-that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
-However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to
-right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a
-hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting
-them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely
-complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line).
-LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
-<code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside
-the box—for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
-formula in the box.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with
+‘<samp>Let \( x \) be ...</samp>’ then these are the modes. First, LaTeX
+starts every document in vertical mode. It reads the ‘<samp>L</samp>’ and
+switches to paragraph mode. The next switch happens at the ‘<samp>\(</samp>’,
+where LaTeX changes to math mode. Then, when it leaves the formula,
+it resets itself to paragraph mode.
</p>
-<p>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by
-one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>.
-When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
-be in “inner paragraph mode” (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
-mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.
+<a name="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command or
+<code>minipage</code> environment then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode; it
+is dividing string of words into lines. But it will not put a page
+break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a <em>parbox</em>, LaTeX
+is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual situation, where it
+can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em> (see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active
@@ -13207,34 +13374,26 @@
<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\ensuremath</code> command ensures that <var>formula</var> is typeset in
-math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+<p>Ensure that <var>formula</var> is typeset in math mode.
</p>
-<p>For instance:
+<p>For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used only
+in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain text.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
-\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
-\begin{document}
-Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
-\end{document}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
+In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
</pre></div>
-<p>One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
-they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
-<code>\leadsto</code>:
+<p>Caution: the <code>\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\documentclass{report}
-\usepackage{amssymb}
-\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
-\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
-\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
-\begin{document}
-All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
-\end{document}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\alf2}{\ensuremath{\alpha2}}
+You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
+But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with the spacing in \alf+\alf.
</pre></div>
+<p>Best is to typeset math things in a math mode.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Page-styles"></a>
@@ -18342,6 +18501,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
@@ -18501,17 +18661,19 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -18663,6 +18825,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
@@ -18694,6 +18857,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-and-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter and \makeatother</a></td></tr>
@@ -18719,12 +18883,14 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
@@ -18929,9 +19095,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code>verbatimbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -19440,7 +19607,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
@@ -19576,7 +19743,6 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"><code>\mbox<span class="roman">, and LR mode</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr>
@@ -19616,7 +19782,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
@@ -19667,13 +19833,15 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-02 14:23:19 UTC (rev 638)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-06-04 23:40:39 UTC (rev 639)
@@ -3177,8 +3177,8 @@
Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
-within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
-\parskip::):
+within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \parindent
+& \parskip::):
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
@@ -3368,13 +3368,14 @@
'\topsep'
Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in
- addition to '\parskip' (*note \parskip::). The defaults for the
- first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report'
- classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt', '4pt plus2pt
- minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 11 point
- are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt
- plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt plus4pt
- minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt'.
+ addition to '\parskip' (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The
+ defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book',
+ and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt',
+ '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults
+ at 11 point are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt',
+ and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt
+ plus4pt minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt'.
This shows the horizontal and vertical distances.
@@ -7311,61 +7312,182 @@
15 Making paragraphs
********************
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
-containing even a '%'. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
+Once LaTeX has all of a paragraph's contents it divides it into lines,
+in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (*note Line
+breaking::). To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
+ It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of
+ a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
+
+ However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
+ first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds
+ of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property
+ of some one or other of their daughters.
+
+ ``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
+ ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
+
+ The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
+character, '%'.
+
+ There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
+blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the line before the
+'\end{equation}'
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ 2^{|S|} > |S|
+
+ \end{equation}
+
+ will get you the error 'Missing $ inserted'. Similarly, the blank
+line in this 'section' argument
+
+ \section{aaa
+
+ bbb}
+
+ gets 'Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was
+complete'.
+
* Menu:
-* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
-* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
-* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
-* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
+* \par:: End the current paragraph.
+* \indent & \noindent:: Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
+* \parindent & \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
+* Marginal notes:: Put remarks in the margin.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \par, Next: \indent & \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.1 '\indent'
-==============
+15.1 '\par'
+===========
-'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
-'\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used to
-add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two consecutive
+newlines to a '\par'):
- The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode,
-otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em'
-for '12pt'.
+ \par
+ End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is
+with a blank line but the '\par' command is entirely equivalent. This
+command is robust (*note \protect::).
+
+ This example uses '\par' rather than a blank line simply for
+readability.
+
+ \newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
+
+ You cannot use this command in math mode or in the argument of many
+commands such as the '\section' command (*note Making paragraphs:: and
+*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
+
+ The '\par' command differs from the '\paragraph' command in that the
+latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning unit used by
+the standard LaTeX documents.
+
+ The '\par' command differs from '\newline' and the line break double
+backslash, '\\', in that \par ends the paragraph not just the line. It
+also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph vertical space
+'\parskip' (*note \parindent & \parskip::).
+
+ The output from this example
+
+ xyz
+
+ \setlength{\parindent}{3in}
+ \setlength{\parskip}{5in}
+ \noindent test\indent test1\par test2
+
+ is: after 'xyz' there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then 'test'
+appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line, there is an
+empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then 'test1' appears. Finally.
+there is a vertical space of 5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph
+with a paragraph indent of 3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text
+'test2'.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Making paragraphs
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent & \noindent, Next: \parindent & \parskip, Prev: \par, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.2 '\noindent'
-================
+15.2 '\indent' & '\noindent'
+============================
-When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
-paragraph indentation, as in this example.
+Synopsis:
+ \indent
+
+ or:
+
+ \noindent
+
+ Go into horizontal mode (*note Modes::). The '\indent' command first
+outputs an empty box whose width is '\parindent'. These commands are
+robust (*note \protect::).
+
+ Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
+*Note \par:: for the difference between this command and '\par'. To
+start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
+paragraph, use '\noindent'.
+
+ In the middle of a paragraph the '\noindent' command has no effect,
+because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The '\indent'
+command's only effect is to output a space.
+
+ This example starts a fresh paragraph.
+
... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
- It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+ and this continues an interrupted paragraph.
+ The data
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+
+ \noindent shows this clearly.
+
To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
-'\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}' in the preamble.
+'\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}' in the preamble. If you do that, you may
+want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, '\parskip'
+(*note \parindent & \parskip::).
+ Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
+not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
+look on CTAN for the package 'indentfirst'.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \parindent & \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \indent & \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
-15.3 '\parskip'
-===============
+15.3 '\parindent' & '\parskip'
+==============================
-'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before
-each paragraph. The default is '0pt plus1pt'.
+Synopsis:
+ \setlength{\parskip}{HORIZONTAL LEN}
+ \setlength{\parinden}{VERTICAL LEN}
+
+ Both are a rubber lengths (*note Lengths::). They give the
+indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
+(*note minipage::), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+
+ This, put in the preamble,
+
+ \setlength{\parindent}{0em}
+ \setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
+
+ arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not
+indented, but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a
+lower case 'x'.
+
+ In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for '\parindent' in
+one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt' ,
+'17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' for '12pt'. In two-column documents it
+is '1em'. The default value for '\parskip' in LaTeX's standard document
+styles is '0pt plus1pt'.
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parindent & \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs
15.4 Marginal notes
===================
@@ -7374,9 +7496,8 @@
\marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}
- The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first
-line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the '\marginpar' occurs.
+ Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have
+the same baseline as the line in the text where the '\marginpar' occurs.
When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
placed
@@ -8671,42 +8792,53 @@
17 Modes
********
-When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
+As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
+modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
+modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
+in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
+the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
- * Paragraph mode
- * Math mode
- * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+ * "Paragraph mode" is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text.
+ It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
+ pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
- Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
-when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
-commands.
+ "LR mode" (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+ "restricted horizontal mode") is in effect when LaTeX starts making
+ a box with an '\mbox' command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX's
+ output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in
+ paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just
+ keeps going from left to right. (When it tries to put that box
+ into a line, most likely LaTeX will complain because the box is too
+ wide to fit.)
- "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
-processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the input text
-into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
+ * "Math mode" happens when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical
+ formula.
- LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula,
-either displayed math or within a line.
+ "Display math mode" happens when LaTeX is generating a displayed
+ mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from
+ inline ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on
+ '\int' differs in the two situations.)
- In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that
-it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However,
-unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never
-starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an
-'\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a
-single box (and then most likely complain because the resulting box was
-too wide to fit on the line). LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making
-a box with an '\mbox' command. You can get it to enter a different mode
-inside the box--for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
-formula in the box.
+ * "Vertical mode" is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+ other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is
+ in when it starts a document.
- There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by one of
-these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'. When LaTeX is
-in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
-paragraph mode" (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph mode, which it
-starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".
+ "Internal vertical mode" is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+ '\vbox'. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with 'Let \( x \) be ...'
+then these are the modes. First, LaTeX starts every document in
+vertical mode. It reads the 'L' and switches to paragraph mode. The
+next switch happens at the '\(', where LaTeX changes to math mode.
+Then, when it leaves the formula, it resets itself to paragraph mode.
+
+ Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a '\parbox' command or
+'minipage' environment then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode; it is
+dividing string of words into lines. But it will not put a page break
+here. Inside one of these boxes, called a "parbox", LaTeX is in "inner
+paragraph mode". Its more usual situation, where it can put page
+breaks, is "outer paragraph mode" (*note Page breaking::).
+
* Menu:
* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active
@@ -8721,30 +8853,23 @@
\ensuremath{FORMULA}
- The '\ensuremath' command ensures that FORMULA is typeset in math
-mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+ Ensure that FORMULA is typeset in math mode.
- For instance:
+ For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used
+only in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain
+text.
- \documentclass{report}
- \newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
- \begin{document}
- Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
- \end{document}
+ \newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
+ In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
- One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
-they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
-'\leadsto':
+ Caution: the '\ensuremath' command is useful but not a panacea.
- \documentclass{report}
- \usepackage{amssymb}
- \newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
- \let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
- \renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
- \begin{document}
- All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
- \end{document}
+ \newcommand{\alf2}{\ensuremath{\alpha2}}
+ You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
+ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with the spacing in \alf+\alf.
+ Best is to typeset math things in a math mode.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Page styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top
@@ -12185,6 +12310,7 @@
(line 15)
* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6)
* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7)
+* display math mode: Modes. (line 28)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
@@ -12230,7 +12356,7 @@
* ending and starting: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
-* enumitem package: list. (line 247)
+* enumitem package: list. (line 248)
* environment: Starting and ending. (line 22)
* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* environments: Environments. (line 6)
@@ -12370,18 +12496,20 @@
* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* in-line formulas: math. (line 6)
* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
-* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
-* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6)
+* indent, forcing: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 108)
+* indentfirst package: \indent & \noindent. (line 48)
* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': Indexes. (line 16)
* indexes: Indexes. (line 6)
* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6)
* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6)
+* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 46)
* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
* input/output, to terminal: Terminal input/output.
(line 6)
* inserting figures: figure. (line 6)
* insertions of special characters: Special insertions. (line 6)
+* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 37)
* italic correction: \/. (line 6)
* italic font: Font styles. (line 77)
* JPEG files: Graphics package configuration.
@@ -12419,7 +12547,7 @@
(line 63)
* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
-* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 16)
* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6)
* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 6)
* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6)
@@ -12463,7 +12591,7 @@
(line 6)
* Lower case: Upper and lower case.
(line 6)
-* LR mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* LR mode: Modes. (line 16)
* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 6)
* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 29)
* m-width: Units of length. (line 38)
@@ -12483,7 +12611,7 @@
* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6)
* math functions: Math functions. (line 6)
* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 6)
-* math mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* math mode: Modes. (line 25)
* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 6)
* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode.
(line 6)
@@ -12553,6 +12681,7 @@
* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135)
* oslash: Additional Latin letters.
(line 44)
+* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 46)
* overbar accent: Accents. (line 29)
* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
@@ -12576,7 +12705,7 @@
* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 26)
* package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 34)
* package, datetime: \today. (line 22)
-* package, enumitem: list. (line 247)
+* package, enumitem: list. (line 248)
* package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 49)
* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
@@ -12589,6 +12718,7 @@
* package, geometry <1>: Document class options.
(line 44)
* package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 48)
+* package, indentfirst: \indent & \noindent. (line 48)
* package, listings: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 31)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
@@ -12622,13 +12752,16 @@
* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
* page styles: Page styles. (line 6)
* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
+* paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip.
+ (line 6)
* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 108)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
-* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 12)
* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 14)
* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 44)
+* paragraph, ending: \par. (line 6)
* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* parameters, for footnotes: \footnote. (line 34)
* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
@@ -12851,9 +12984,11 @@
* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 37)
* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
+* vertical mode: Modes. (line 33)
* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6)
* vertical space <1>: \vspace. (line 6)
-* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6)
+* vertical space before paragraphs: \parindent & \parskip.
+ (line 6)
* visible space: \verb. (line 12)
* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 181)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
@@ -12937,11 +13072,11 @@
(line 21)
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
-* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 235)
-* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 243)
+* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 236)
+* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 244)
* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 24)
* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
-* \@itempenalty: list. (line 239)
+* \@itempenalty: list. (line 240)
* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
@@ -13300,7 +13435,7 @@
* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* \includeonly: \include & \includeonly.
(line 6)
-* \indent: \indent. (line 6)
+* \indent: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
* \index: Indexes. (line 9)
* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12)
* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
@@ -13422,13 +13557,13 @@
(line 40)
* \marginparpush <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 43)
-* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 36)
-* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 40)
+* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 35)
+* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 39)
* \marginparwidth: Page layout parameters.
(line 42)
* \marginparwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 43)
-* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 44)
+* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 43)
* \marginsep: Page layout parameters.
(line 41)
* \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -13451,7 +13586,6 @@
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 130)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6)
-* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 24)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 36)
* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 14)
@@ -13499,7 +13633,7 @@
* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 21)
* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 21)
* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 21)
-* \noindent: \noindent. (line 6)
+* \noindent: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
(line 6)
* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
@@ -13507,7 +13641,7 @@
* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 57)
-* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24)
+* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23)
* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6)
* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \not: Math symbols. (line 449)
@@ -13571,13 +13705,17 @@
(line 85)
* \paperwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 86)
+* \par: \par. (line 6)
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14)
* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 502)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
* \parindent: minipage. (line 108)
-* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6)
+* \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6)
+* \parindent <2>: \parindent & \parskip.
+ (line 6)
* \parsep: list. (line 142)
-* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6)
+* \parskip: \parindent & \parskip.
+ (line 6)
* \parskip example: itemize. (line 72)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 8)
* \partial: Math symbols. (line 505)
@@ -13654,7 +13792,7 @@
(line 6)
* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576)
* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 581)
-* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24)
+* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23)
* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 586)
* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 590)
* \rho: Math symbols. (line 597)
@@ -14173,202 +14311,202 @@
Node: flushright120876
Node: \raggedleft121539
Node: itemize122332
-Node: letter125786
-Node: list126024
-Node: \item138824
-Node: trivlist140077
-Node: math141605
-Node: minipage141911
-Node: picture146772
-Node: \put153199
-Node: \multiput153677
-Node: \qbezier154397
-Node: \graphpaper155325
-Node: \line156122
-Node: \linethickness157901
-Node: \thinlines158350
-Node: \thicklines158761
-Node: \circle159145
-Node: \oval159685
-Node: \shortstack160664
-Node: \vector162058
-Node: \makebox (picture)162901
-Node: \framebox (picture)163822
-Node: \frame164619
-Node: \dashbox165020
-Node: quotation & quote165746
-Node: tabbing166645
-Node: table172650
-Node: tabular174675
-Node: \multicolumn181925
-Node: \vline185810
-Node: \cline187155
-Node: \hline187839
-Node: thebibliography188521
-Node: \bibitem190934
-Node: \cite193216
-Node: \nocite194873
-Node: Using BibTeX195362
-Node: theorem197309
-Node: titlepage198231
-Node: verbatim199514
-Node: \verb201024
-Node: verse202493
-Node: Line breaking203221
-Node: \\204587
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr207033
-Node: \newline207833
-Node: \- (hyphenation)208771
-Node: \discretionary210412
-Node: \fussy & \sloppy211299
-Node: sloppypar212081
-Node: \hyphenation213220
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak213806
-Node: Page breaking214874
-Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage216903
-Node: \newpage218385
-Node: \enlargethispage219678
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak220633
-Node: Footnotes222218
-Node: \footnote223364
-Node: \footnotemark226312
-Node: \footnotetext228657
-Node: Footnotes in section headings229258
-Node: Footnotes in a table230085
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes232963
-Node: Definitions233667
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand234544
-Node: \providecommand239755
-Node: \newcounter240904
-Node: \newlength242649
-Node: \newsavebox243509
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment244453
-Node: \newtheorem249563
-Node: \newfont253092
-Node: \protect254388
-Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend256774
-Node: Counters259523
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol261196
-Node: \usecounter264025
-Node: \value264888
-Node: \setcounter265817
-Node: \addtocounter266419
-Node: \refstepcounter266884
-Node: \stepcounter267542
-Node: \day \month \year267884
-Node: Lengths268429
-Node: Units of length270219
-Node: \setlength271713
-Node: \addtolength272490
-Node: \settodepth273464
-Node: \settoheight274219
-Node: \settowidth274978
-Node: Predefined lengths275761
-Node: Making paragraphs276276
-Node: \indent276848
-Node: \noindent277310
-Node: \parskip277819
-Node: Marginal notes278077
-Node: Math formulas279889
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts281673
-Node: Math symbols283011
-Node: Math functions308340
-Node: Math accents309283
-Node: Spacing in math mode310255
-Node: Math miscellany311722
-Node: Modes314272
-Node: \ensuremath316112
-Node: Page styles317028
-Node: \maketitle317522
-Node: \pagenumbering318592
-Node: \pagestyle319088
-Node: \thispagestyle320229
-Node: Spaces320535
-Node: \hspace321405
-Node: \hfill322360
-Node: \spacefactor322752
-Node: \(SPACE) and \@325464
-Ref: \AT325607
-Node: \frenchspacing327084
-Node: \normalsfcodes327700
-Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence327889
-Node: \thinspace328800
-Node: \/329120
-Node: \hrulefill \dotfill330302
-Node: \addvspace331295
-Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip332341
-Node: \vfill333233
-Node: \vspace334102
-Node: Boxes335095
-Node: \mbox335807
-Node: \fbox and \framebox336094
-Node: lrbox336898
-Node: \makebox337256
-Node: \parbox337976
-Node: \raisebox340087
-Node: \savebox340700
-Node: \sbox341115
-Node: \usebox341564
-Node: Color341825
-Node: Color package options342669
-Node: Color models344315
-Node: Commands for color346624
-Node: Define colors347039
-Node: Colored text347754
-Node: Colored boxes350129
-Node: Colored pages351568
-Node: Graphics352261
-Node: Graphics package options354388
-Node: Graphics package configuration357144
-Node: \graphicspath357946
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions360869
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule362666
-Node: Commands for graphics365855
-Node: \includegraphics366360
-Node: \rotatebox379329
-Node: \scalebox382124
-Node: \resizebox383176
-Node: Special insertions384368
-Node: Reserved characters385172
-Node: Upper and lower case386373
-Node: Symbols by font position388288
-Node: Text symbols388908
-Node: Accents392356
-Node: Additional Latin letters394898
-Ref: Non-English characters395069
-Node: \rule396086
-Node: \today396515
-Node: Splitting the input397269
-Node: \endinput398646
-Node: \include & \includeonly399913
-Node: \input403949
-Node: Front/back matter404657
-Node: Tables of contents404862
-Node: \addcontentsline405923
-Node: \addtocontents406941
-Node: Glossaries407474
-Node: Indexes407993
-Node: Letters409626
-Node: \address413292
-Node: \cc414103
-Node: \closing414521
-Node: \encl414798
-Node: \location415213
-Node: \makelabels415477
-Node: \name417629
-Node: \opening417870
-Node: \ps418151
-Node: \signature418440
-Node: \telephone419657
-Node: Terminal input/output420022
-Node: \typein420287
-Node: \typeout420872
-Node: Command line421495
-Node: Document templates422447
-Node: beamer template422854
-Node: book template423505
-Node: tugboat template423873
-Node: Concept Index426237
-Node: Command Index491232
+Node: letter125799
+Node: list126037
+Node: \item138855
+Node: trivlist140108
+Node: math141636
+Node: minipage141942
+Node: picture146803
+Node: \put153230
+Node: \multiput153708
+Node: \qbezier154428
+Node: \graphpaper155356
+Node: \line156153
+Node: \linethickness157932
+Node: \thinlines158381
+Node: \thicklines158792
+Node: \circle159176
+Node: \oval159716
+Node: \shortstack160695
+Node: \vector162089
+Node: \makebox (picture)162932
+Node: \framebox (picture)163853
+Node: \frame164650
+Node: \dashbox165051
+Node: quotation & quote165777
+Node: tabbing166676
+Node: table172681
+Node: tabular174706
+Node: \multicolumn181956
+Node: \vline185841
+Node: \cline187186
+Node: \hline187870
+Node: thebibliography188552
+Node: \bibitem190965
+Node: \cite193247
+Node: \nocite194904
+Node: Using BibTeX195393
+Node: theorem197340
+Node: titlepage198262
+Node: verbatim199545
+Node: \verb201055
+Node: verse202524
+Node: Line breaking203252
+Node: \\204618
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr207064
+Node: \newline207864
+Node: \- (hyphenation)208802
+Node: \discretionary210443
+Node: \fussy & \sloppy211330
+Node: sloppypar212112
+Node: \hyphenation213251
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak213837
+Node: Page breaking214905
+Node: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage216934
+Node: \newpage218416
+Node: \enlargethispage219709
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak220664
+Node: Footnotes222249
+Node: \footnote223395
+Node: \footnotemark226343
+Node: \footnotetext228688
+Node: Footnotes in section headings229289
+Node: Footnotes in a table230116
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes232994
+Node: Definitions233698
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand234575
+Node: \providecommand239786
+Node: \newcounter240935
+Node: \newlength242680
+Node: \newsavebox243540
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment244484
+Node: \newtheorem249594
+Node: \newfont253123
+Node: \protect254419
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend256805
+Node: Counters259554
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol261227
+Node: \usecounter264056
+Node: \value264919
+Node: \setcounter265848
+Node: \addtocounter266450
+Node: \refstepcounter266915
+Node: \stepcounter267573
+Node: \day \month \year267915
+Node: Lengths268460
+Node: Units of length270250
+Node: \setlength271744
+Node: \addtolength272521
+Node: \settodepth273495
+Node: \settoheight274250
+Node: \settowidth275009
+Node: Predefined lengths275792
+Node: Making paragraphs276307
+Node: \par277962
+Node: \indent & \noindent279644
+Node: \parindent & \parskip281200
+Node: Marginal notes282239
+Node: Math formulas284038
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts285822
+Node: Math symbols287160
+Node: Math functions312489
+Node: Math accents313432
+Node: Spacing in math mode314404
+Node: Math miscellany315871
+Node: Modes318421
+Node: \ensuremath321035
+Node: Page styles321752
+Node: \maketitle322246
+Node: \pagenumbering323316
+Node: \pagestyle323812
+Node: \thispagestyle324953
+Node: Spaces325259
+Node: \hspace326129
+Node: \hfill327084
+Node: \spacefactor327476
+Node: \(SPACE) and \@330188
+Ref: \AT330331
+Node: \frenchspacing331808
+Node: \normalsfcodes332424
+Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence332613
+Node: \thinspace333524
+Node: \/333844
+Node: \hrulefill \dotfill335026
+Node: \addvspace336019
+Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip337065
+Node: \vfill337957
+Node: \vspace338826
+Node: Boxes339819
+Node: \mbox340531
+Node: \fbox and \framebox340818
+Node: lrbox341622
+Node: \makebox341980
+Node: \parbox342700
+Node: \raisebox344811
+Node: \savebox345424
+Node: \sbox345839
+Node: \usebox346288
+Node: Color346549
+Node: Color package options347393
+Node: Color models349039
+Node: Commands for color351348
+Node: Define colors351763
+Node: Colored text352478
+Node: Colored boxes354853
+Node: Colored pages356292
+Node: Graphics356985
+Node: Graphics package options359112
+Node: Graphics package configuration361868
+Node: \graphicspath362670
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions365593
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule367390
+Node: Commands for graphics370579
+Node: \includegraphics371084
+Node: \rotatebox384053
+Node: \scalebox386848
+Node: \resizebox387900
+Node: Special insertions389092
+Node: Reserved characters389896
+Node: Upper and lower case391097
+Node: Symbols by font position393012
+Node: Text symbols393632
+Node: Accents397080
+Node: Additional Latin letters399622
+Ref: Non-English characters399793
+Node: \rule400810
+Node: \today401239
+Node: Splitting the input401993
+Node: \endinput403370
+Node: \include & \includeonly404637
+Node: \input408673
+Node: Front/back matter409381
+Node: Tables of contents409586
+Node: \addcontentsline410647
+Node: \addtocontents411665
+Node: Glossaries412198
+Node: Indexes412717
+Node: Letters414350
+Node: \address418016
+Node: \cc418827
+Node: \closing419245
+Node: \encl419522
+Node: \location419937
+Node: \makelabels420201
+Node: \name422353
+Node: \opening422594
+Node: \ps422875
+Node: \signature423164
+Node: \telephone424381
+Node: Terminal input/output424746
+Node: \typein425011
+Node: \typeout425596
+Node: Command line426219
+Node: Document templates427171
+Node: beamer template427578
+Node: book template428229
+Node: tugboat template428597
+Node: Concept Index430961
+Node: Command Index496668
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-02 14:23:19 UTC (rev 638)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-06-04 23:40:39 UTC (rev 639)
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
@c xx JH \strut
@c xx JH \section
@c xx JH ligatures
+ at c xx JH \xspace
@c
@c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel
@c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included.
@@ -4097,7 +4098,7 @@
space between items. Here is an example defining an @code{itemize*}
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (@code{\parskip} is not list-specific,
- at pxref{\parskip}):
+ at pxref{\parindent & \parskip}):
@example
\newenvironment@{itemize*@}%
@@ -4301,14 +4302,14 @@
@item \topsep
Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
-to @code{\parskip} (@pxref{\parskip}). The defaults for the first three
-levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and @samp{report}
-classes at 10 point size are: @code{8pt plus2pt minus4pt}, @code{4pt
-plus2pt minus1pt}, and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The defaults at 11
-point are: @code{9pt plus3pt minus5pt}, @code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt},
-and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The defaults at 12 point are:
- at code{10pt plus4pt minus6pt}, @code{5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt}, and
- at code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}.
+to @code{\parskip} (@pxref{\parindent & \parskip}). The defaults for
+the first three levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and
+ at samp{report} classes at 10 point size are: @code{8pt plus2pt minus4pt},
+ at code{4pt plus2pt minus1pt}, and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The
+defaults at 11 point are: @code{9pt plus3pt minus5pt}, @code{4.5pt
+plus2pt minus1pt}, and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The defaults at 12
+point are: @code{10pt plus4pt minus6pt}, @code{5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt},
+and @code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}.
@end ftable
@@ -8962,66 +8963,215 @@
@cindex making paragraphs
@cindex paragraphs
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines---lines not
-containing even a @code{%}. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
+Once @LaTeX{} has all of a paragraph's contents it divides it into
+lines, in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (@pxref{Line
+breaking}). To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
+ at example
+It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of
+a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
+
+However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
+first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds
+of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property
+of some one or other of their daughters.
+
+``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
+``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
+ at end example
+
+The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
+character, @code{%}.
+
+There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a
+blank line in math mode (@pxref{Modes}); here the line before the
+ at code{\end@{equation@}}
+
+ at example
+\begin@{equation@}
+ 2^@{|S|@} > |S|
+
+\end@{equation@}
+ at end example
+
+will get you the error @samp{Missing $ inserted}. Similarly, the blank
+line in this @code{section} argument
+
+ at example
+\section@{aaa
+
+bbb@}
+ at end example
+
+gets @samp{Runaway argument? @{aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@@sect was
+complete}.
+
+
@menu
-* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
-* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
-* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
-* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
+* \par:: End the current paragraph.
+* \indent & \noindent:: Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
+* \parindent & \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
+* Marginal notes:: Put remarks in the margin.
@end menu
- at node \indent
- at section @code{\indent}
+ at node \par
+ at section @code{\par}
+ at findex \par
+ at cindex paragraph, ending
+
+Synopsis (note that while reading the input @TeX{} converts two
+consecutive newlines to a @code{\par}):
+
+ at example
+\par
+ at end example
+
+End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with
+a blank line but the @code{\par} command is entirely equivalent. This
+command is robust (@pxref{\protect}).
+
+This example uses @code{\par} rather than a blank line simply for
+readability.
+
+ at example
+\newcommand@{\syllabusLegalese@}@{\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou@}
+ at end example
+
+You cannot use this command in math mode or in the argument of many
+commands such as the @code{\section} command (@pxref{Making paragraphs}
+and @pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand}).
+
+The @code{\par} command differs from the @code{\paragraph} command in
+that the latter is, like @code{\section} or @code{\subsection}, a
+sectioning unit used by the standard @LaTeX{} documents.
+
+The @code{\par} command differs from @code{\newline} and the line break
+double backslash, @code{\\}, in that \par ends the paragraph not just
+the line. It also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph
+vertical space @code{\parskip} (@pxref{\parindent & \parskip}).
+
+The output from this example
+
+ at example
+xyz
+
+\setlength@{\parindent@}@{3in@}
+\setlength@{\parskip@}@{5in@}
+\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
+ at end example
+
+is: after @samp{xyz} there is a vertical skip of 5 at tie{}inches and then
+ at samp{test} appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line,
+there is an empty horizontal space of 3 at tie{}inches and then
+ at samp{test1} appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of
+5 at tie{}inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of
+3 at tie{}inches, and then @LaTeX{} puts the text @samp{test2}.
+
+
+ at node \indent & \noindent
+ at section @code{\indent} & @code{\noindent}
+
@findex \indent
+ at findex \noindent
@findex \parindent
@cindex indent, forcing
- at code{\indent} produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
- at code{\parindent} length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
-to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+Synopsis:
-The default value for @code{\parindent} is @code{1em} in two-column
-mode, otherwise @code{15pt} for @code{10pt} documents, @code{17pt} for
- at code{11pt}, and @code{1.5em} for @code{12pt}.
+ at example
+\indent
+ at end example
+or:
- at node \noindent
- at section @code{\noindent}
+ at example
+\noindent
+ at end example
- at findex \noindent
- at cindex indent, suppressing
+Go into horizontal mode (@pxref{Modes}). The @code{\indent} command
+first outputs an empty box whose width is @code{\parindent}. These
+commands are robust (@pxref{\protect}).
-When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
-paragraph indentation, as in this example.
+Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
+ at xref{\par} for the difference between this command and @code{\par}. To
+start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
+paragraph, use @code{\noindent}.
+In the middle of a paragraph the @code{\noindent} command has no effect,
+because @LaTeX{} is already in horizontal mode there. The
+ at code{\indent} command's only effect is to output a space.
+
+This example starts a fresh paragraph.
+
@example
... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
@end example
-It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+and this continues an interrupted paragraph.
+ at example
+The data
+
+\begin@{center@}
+ \begin@{tabular@}@{rl@} ... \end@{tabular@}
+\end@{center@}
+
+\noindent shows this clearly.
+ at end example
+
To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
- at code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{0pt@}} in the preamble.
+ at code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{0pt@}} in the preamble. If you do that,
+you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
+ at code{\parskip} (@pxref{\parindent & \parskip}).
+ at PkgIndex{indentfirst}
+Default @LaTeX{} styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
+not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
+look on CTAN for the package @code{indentfirst}.
- at node \parskip
- at section @code{\parskip}
+ at node \parindent & \parskip
+ at section @code{\parindent} & @code{\parskip}
+
+ at findex \parindent
@findex \parskip
+ at cindex paragraph indentation
@cindex vertical space before paragraphs
- at code{\parskip} is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
-before each paragraph. The default is @code{0pt plus1pt}.
+Synopsis:
+ at example
+\setlength@{\parskip@}@{@var{horizontal len}@}
+\setlength@{\parinden@}@{@var{vertical len}@}
+ at end example
+Both are a rubber lengths (@pxref{Lengths}). They give the indentation
+of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
+(@pxref{minipage}), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+
+This, put in the preamble,
+
+ at example
+\setlength@{\parindent@}@{0em@}
+\setlength@{\parskip@}@{1ex@}
+ at end example
+
+arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
+but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lower case
+ at samp{x}.
+
+In standard @LaTeX{} documents, the default value for @code{\parindent}
+in one-column documents is @code{15pt} when the default text size is
+ at code{10pt} , @code{17pt} for @code{11pt}, and @code{1.5em} for
+ at code{12pt}. In two-column documents it is @code{1em}. The default
+value for @code{\parskip} in @LaTeX{}'s standard document styles is
+ at code{0pt plus1pt}.
+
+
@node Marginal notes
@section Marginal notes
@@ -9036,9 +9186,9 @@
\marginpar[@var{left}]@{@var{right}@}
@end example
-The @code{\marginpar} command creates a note in the margin. The first
-line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
-where the @code{\marginpar} occurs.
+Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the
+same baseline as the line in the text where the @code{\marginpar}
+occurs.
When you only specify the mandatory argument @var{right}, the text
will be placed
@@ -10499,53 +10649,70 @@
@chapter Modes
@cindex modes
+
+As @LaTeX{} processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
+modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
+modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
+in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
+the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
+
+ at itemize @bullet
+ at item
@cindex paragraph mode
- at cindex math mode
+ at dfn{Paragraph mode} is what @LaTeX{} is in when processing ordinary
+text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
+pages. This is the mode @LaTeX{} is in most of the time.
+
@cindex left-to-right mode
@cindex LR mode
+ at dfn{LR mode} (for left-to-right mode; in plain @TeX{} this is called
+ at dfn{restricted horizontal mode}) is in effect when @LaTeX{} starts
+making a box with an @code{\mbox} command. As in paragraph mode,
+ at LaTeX{}'s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
+in paragraph mode, in LR mode @LaTeX{} never starts a new line, it just
+keeps going from left to right. (When it tries to put that box into a
+line, most likely @LaTeX{} will complain because the box is too wide to
+fit.)
-When @LaTeX{} is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
+ at item
+ at cindex math mode
+ at dfn{Math mode} happens when @LaTeX{} is generating an inline
+mathematical formula.
- at itemize @bullet
+ at cindex display math mode
+ at dfn{Display math mode} happens when @LaTeX{} is generating a displayed
+mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
+ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on @code{\int}
+differs in the two situations.)
+
@item
-Paragraph mode
- at item
-Math mode
- at item
-Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
- at end itemize
+ at cindex vertical mode
+ at dfn{Vertical mode} is when @LaTeX{} is building the list of lines and
+other material making the output page. This is the mode @LaTeX{} is in
+when it starts a document.
-Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
- at LaTeX{} is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+ at cindex internal vertical mode
+ at dfn{Internal vertical mode} is in effect when @LaTeX{} starts making a
+ at code{\vbox}. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
- at dfn{Paragraph mode} is the most common; it's the one @LaTeX{} is in
-when processing ordinary text. In this mode, @LaTeX{} breaks the
-input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
+ at end itemize
- at LaTeX{} is in @dfn{math mode} when it's generating a mathematical
-formula, either displayed math or within a line.
+ at noindent For instance, if you begin a @LaTeX{} article with
+ at samp{Let \( x \) be ...} then these are the modes. First, @LaTeX{}
+starts every document in vertical mode. It reads the @samp{L} and
+switches to paragraph mode. The next switch happens at the @samp{\(},
+where @LaTeX{} changes to math mode. Then, when it leaves the formula,
+it resets itself to paragraph mode.
- at findex \mbox at r{, and LR mode}
-In @dfn{LR mode}, as in paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} considers the output
-that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
-However, unlike paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} keeps going from left to
-right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a
-hundred words into an @code{\mbox}, @LaTeX{} would keep typesetting
-them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely
-complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line).
- at LaTeX{} is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
- at code{\mbox} command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside
-the box---for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
-formula in the box.
+ at cindex inner paragraph mode
+ at cindex outer paragraph mode
+Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a @code{\parbox} command or
+ at code{minipage} environment then @LaTeX{} is put into paragraph mode; it
+is dividing string of words into lines. But it will not put a page
+break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a @dfn{parbox}, @LaTeX{}
+is in @dfn{inner paragraph mode}. Its more usual situation, where it
+can put page breaks, is @dfn{outer paragraph mode} (@pxref{Page breaking}).
-There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put @LaTeX{} into paragraph mode. The box made by
-one of these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}.
-When @LaTeX{} is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
-be in ``inner paragraph mode'' (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
-mode, which it starts out in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''.
-
@menu
* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active
@end menu
@@ -10559,38 +10726,27 @@
\ensuremath@{@var{formula}@}
@end example
-The @code{\ensuremath} command ensures that @var{formula} is typeset in
-math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+Ensure that @var{formula} is typeset in math mode.
-For instance:
+For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used only
+in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain text.
@example
-\documentclass@{report@}
-\newcommand@{\ab@}@{\ensuremath@{(\delta, \varepsilon)@}@}
-\begin@{document@}
-Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac@{1@}@{\pi@}, 0)\), ...
-\end@{document@}
+\newcommand@{\dx@}@{\ensuremath@{dx@}@}
+In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx@{@} is an infinitesimal.
@end example
-One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
-they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
- at code{\leadsto}:
+Caution: the @code{\ensuremath} command is useful but not a panacea.
- at c Vincent 2 Karl : "Tous les chemins mènent à Rome" is a French saying
- at c meaning that there are many different ways to get the same result. I
- at c am not sure whether in English the given example is also funny.
@example
-\documentclass@{report@}
-\usepackage@{amssymb@}
-\newcommand@{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo@}@{@}
-\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
-\renewcommand\leadsto@{\ensuremath@{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo@}@}
-\begin@{document@}
-All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
-\end@{document@}
+\newcommand@{\alf2@}@{\ensuremath@{\alpha2@}@}
+You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
+But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with the spacing in \alf+\alf.
@end example
+Best is to typeset math things in a math mode.
+
@node Page styles
@chapter Page styles
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