[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r626 - trunk
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Wed May 23 15:11:27 CEST 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-05-23 16:11:26 +0300 (Wed, 23 May 2018)
New Revision: 626
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Through latex-info's Environments. Expand minipage, parbox.
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-05-21 15:59:01 UTC (rev 625)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-05-23 13:11:26 UTC (rev 626)
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2018-05-23 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
+ * latex2e.texi Continue going through latex-info. Through that
+ doc's Environments. Adjust wording as it arises.
+ (minipage, parbox) Expand on options, add examples.
+
2018-05-19 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
* latex2e.texi Continue going through latex-info. Through that
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-05-21 15:59:01 UTC (rev 625)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-05-23 13:11:26 UTC (rev 626)
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
<li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-quotation-and-quote-1" href="#quotation-and-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
@@ -3562,7 +3562,7 @@
extension <samp>.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing
the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <samp>calculus.tex</samp> then
the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
-information in that file every time it across a <code>\label</code>.
+information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
@@ -3575,16 +3575,15 @@
marks ‘<samp>??</samp>’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
-to resolve this just compile the document a second time.
+resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a>
<a name="index-cleveref-package"></a>
-
-<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing
-features. You can have the format of the cross-references determined
-automatically according to the type of cross-reference, such as
-equation, section, etc., and the context in which you use that
-reference.
+<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s
+cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
+<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
+<code>\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output ‘<samp>Theorem 3.21</samp>’, without you
+having to enter the “Theorem.”
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -3831,7 +3830,7 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
@@ -3955,8 +3954,10 @@
double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
</p>
<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
-alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
-<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var>, and of the
+alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
+<code>\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the
+first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
+<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</p>
@@ -4029,13 +4030,23 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ text on first line \\
+ text on second line \\
+ ...
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
-double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
-If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX
-will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
-shrinking any interword space.
+If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
+breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
+interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
<a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
@@ -4086,10 +4097,24 @@
<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
-<p>A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
-most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
-<code>parbox</code>.
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\centering ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{group}
+ \centering ...
+\end{group}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
+environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does
not add vertical space above and below the text.
</p>
@@ -4116,7 +4141,7 @@
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
-<p>The scope of the <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
+<p>The scope of this <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -4145,7 +4170,7 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s <var>label</var> is
-typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item</samp>’.
@@ -4455,17 +4480,16 @@
<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
-<p>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has
-infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
-inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article “Avoid
-eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
+<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
+including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
+(See “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
should include the <samp>amsmath</samp> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
-environment.
+environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
+working with old documents.
</p>
-<p>Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old
-documents, a synopsis:
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray}
@@ -4543,17 +4567,15 @@
</pre></div>
<p>Make a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>) with an
-equation number in the right margin.
+equation number in the right margin. The equation number is generated
+using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
-<p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
-</p>
<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and
-<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
-missing dollar sign, $<code>$</code>.
+<code>\begin{equation}</code> or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign.
</p>
-<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents.
+<p>The package <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -4576,8 +4598,8 @@
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>]
figure body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
\end{figure}
</pre></div>
@@ -4586,28 +4608,31 @@
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>]
figure body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional
+ \label{<var>label}</var> % optional
\end{figure*}
</pre></div>
-<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+<p>The figure body is made up of imported graphics, or text, LaTeX
+commands, etc. It is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width
+<code>\textwidth</code>.
</p>
-<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
-float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+<p>Figures are not part of the normal text. A long figure will not be
+split between two pages. Because of this, they are not typeset in
+sequence with the normal text but instead are “floated” to a
+convenient place, such as the top of a following page (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).
</p>
+<p>The possible values of <var>placement</var> are <code>h</code> for ‘<samp>here</samp>’,
+<code>t</code> for ‘<samp>top</samp>’, <code>b</code> for ‘<samp>bottom</samp>’, and <code>p</code> for
+‘<samp>on a separate page of floats</samp>’. For the effect of these options on
+the float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
+</p>
<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
-</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
@@ -4718,19 +4743,36 @@
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
-<p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
+<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+left-hand margin and ragged right. LaTeX will break long lines to
+avoid hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line
+with a double backslash <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
</p>
+<p>This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text
+flush left and ragged right.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
+\begin{flushleft}
+ A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{} at a convenient spot. \\
+ And, a forced fresh line.
+\end{flushleft}
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
@@ -4751,17 +4793,45 @@
<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>
-<p>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
-<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+<p>Synopses:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\raggedright ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedright
+ ...
+\end{<var>environment</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
+ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
+</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
+<p>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing
+very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
+that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces <code>{...}</code> to
+delimit its effect.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
+ Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
+ Team beta &{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
+ cooler is never empty.} \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="flushright"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -4779,17 +4849,21 @@
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
-<p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
+<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+right-hand margin and ragged left. LaTeX will break long lines to
+avoid hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line
+with a double backslash <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
+see <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>.
</p>
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</td></tr>
@@ -4810,16 +4884,33 @@
<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>
-<p>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
-<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.
+<p>Synopses:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\raggedleft ... }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedleft
+ ...
+\end{<var>environment</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
+ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
+see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>.
+</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="itemize"></a>
@@ -4848,11 +4939,10 @@
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted”
-list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of
-this environment; see below. Each <code>itemize</code> list environment must
-have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error
-‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’.
+<p>Produces an “unordered,” or “bulleted,” list. The format of the
+labelling depends on the nesting level; see below. Each <code>itemize</code>
+list environment must have at least one item; having none causes the
+LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’.
</p>
<p>This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, •.
@@ -4985,21 +5075,16 @@
\end{list}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment for constructing
-more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
-<code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments
-(see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
+<p>A generic environment for constructing more specialized lists. It is
+most often used to create lists via the <code>description</code>,
+<code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> environments (see <a href="#description">description</a>,
+<a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>). Also, many standard LaTeX
+environments that are not visually lists are constructed using
+<code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>,
+<code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a>,
+see <a href="#center">center</a>, see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>).
</p>
-<p>Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists
-are constructed using <code>list</code>, including <code>quotation</code>,
-<code>quote</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, and plenty more
-(see <a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>, see <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>).
-</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
-<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
-
-<p>The third-party package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
-Here, we describe the <code>list</code> environment by defining a new custom
+<p>This uses the <code>list</code> environment to define a new custom
environment.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -5019,48 +5104,47 @@
\end{named}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>list</code> environment’s mandatory first argument,
-<var>labeling</var>, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can
-contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both
-‘<samp>Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>’. LaTeX forms the label by
-putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box of width
-<code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional
-material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you
-can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an optional
-argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
-<code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
+<p>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default
+labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as
+above where it contains both ‘<samp>Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>’.
+LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box
+of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
+additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
+list you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
+optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
+above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
</p>
+<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> has a list of commands. One
+that goes in here is <code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>). Use this to tell LaTeX to number the items
+using the given counter. The counter will be reset to zero each time
+LaTeX enters the environment, and the counter is incremented by one
+each time LaTeX encounters an <code>\item</code>.
+</p>
<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
-<p>The label box is constructed by the command <code>\makelabel</code>. By
-default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument,
-the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing
-its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
-<code>named</code> environment add
+<p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is <code>\makelabel</code>, which
+constructs the label box. By default it positions the contents flush
+right. It takes one argument, the label. It typesets the contents in
+LR mode. One example of changing its definition is that to the above
+<code>named</code> example before the definition of the environment add
<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
-framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
+framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below,
+in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment.
</p>
-<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> can have a list of
-commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
-<code>\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}</code>. If this argument is empty,
-i.e., <code>{}</code>, then the list will have the default spacing given
-below. To number the items using a counter, put
-<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> in this argument
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>).
+<p>Also often in <var>spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the
+list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
+(Default values for derived environments such as <code>itemize</code> can be
+different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
+the list. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are
+normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components,
+to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
+command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
+For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
-<p>Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
-figure below. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical
-spaces are normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
-components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change
-each with a command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt}</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or
-negative. Default values for derived environments such as
-<code>itemize</code> can be changed from the values shown here for the basic
-<code>list</code>.
-</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
@@ -5293,6 +5377,11 @@
</dd>
</dl>
+<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
+<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
+
+<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
+</p>
<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>.
@@ -5467,25 +5556,138 @@
<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{<var>width</var>}
+ <var>contents</var>
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>contents</var>
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a
-block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
-<code>\parbox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>,
-other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
+<p>Put <var>contents</var> into a box that is <var>width</var> wide. This is like a
+small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized
+lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code>minipage</code>
+is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>) but here you can have
+paragraphs.
</p>
-<p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>).
+<p>This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of the
+page.
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
+\begin{minipage}{2.5in}
+ \begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \textsc{Monarch} &\textsc{Reign} \\ \hline
+ Elizabeth II &63 years\footnote{to date} \\
+ Victoria &63 years \\
+ George III &59 years
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The required argument <var>width</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset.
+</p>
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
+<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
+default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
+<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm] <var>contents</var> \end{minipage}</code>.
+(Get the natural height with an empty argument, <code>[]</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code>
+vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
+Plain TeX calls <code>\vcenter</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain TeX’s <code>\vtop</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain TeX’s <code>\vbox</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>To see the effects of these, contrast running this
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+\end{minipage}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with the results of changing <code>c</code> to <code>b</code> or <code>t</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+It sets the height of the <code>minipage</code>. You can enter any value
+larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural
+height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set
+it to a height of zero or a negative value.
+</p>
+<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var>content</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+default is the value of <var>position</var>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place <var>content</var> at the top of the box.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place it in the vertical center.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Place it at the box bottom.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Stretch <var>contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically
+stretchable space.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> options
+is set to a value larger than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural height. To
+see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
+in place of <code>b</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Text before
+\begin{center}
+ ---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+Text after
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
-<p>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
-environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
-<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.
+<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
+that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
+the start of <var>contents</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
@@ -5496,15 +5698,38 @@
uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
-<p>However, don’t put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+<p>If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
+Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
+<code>\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place.
</p>
+<p>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
+are vertically centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}
+ \hspace{0.1\textwidth}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{r|l}
+ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &Pop (million) \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &$1.5$ \\
+ Brooklyn &$2.6$ \\
+ Manhattan &$1.6$ \\
+ Queens &$2.3$ \\
+ Staten Island &$0.5$
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
<a name="picture"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation and quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation & quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="picture-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
@@ -5562,51 +5787,57 @@
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, a position
-(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). This specifies the size of the box into
-which LaTeX puts the picture. This box size need not be how large
-the picture really is; LaTeX will happily draw things from the
-picture outside the picture’s box, or even off the page. This size only
-determines how much room LaTeX leaves on the page.
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
+numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the value
+<code>\unitlength</code> to get the size of the box that LaTeX places on
+the output page. This box size need not be how large the picture really
+is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture outside the picture’s
+box.
</p>
-<p>This environment also has an optional position argument
-(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>) that follows the size argument, used to
-change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this one is not
-contained in square brackets.) It gives the coordinates of the point at
-the lower-left corner of the picture. For example, if
-<code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
+<p>This environment also has an optional argument
+(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. (Unlike
+most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.)
+As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
+Multiply these by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the point at the lower-left
+corner of the picture.
</p>
+<p>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the
+command
+</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre></div>
-<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
-millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
-origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
-picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
-optional argument.
+<p>produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+millimeters. The picture’s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the
+lower-left corner is there, and the upper-right corner is at
+(110mm,220mm). When you first draw a picture you typically omit the
+optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you
+then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just
+add the appropriate optional argument.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX’s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. Change it with
-the <code>\setlength</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). You should only
-make this change outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
-</p>
<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
<p>The <var>picture commands</var> tell LaTeX where to put something by
naming its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
-giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a number, not a
-length. It may have a decimal point and a minus sign. It specifies a
-length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if
-<code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54
-specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length,
+it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>,
+so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate
+2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
</p>
+<p>LaTeX’s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. it is a rigid
+length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
+environment.
+</p>
<p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
-braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
+unlike in some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are
+further up the page.
</p>
-<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code>
+<p>The most often used way to put things in a picture is the <code>\put</code>
command. The command
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -5678,12 +5909,12 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}
+<pre class="example">\circle{<var>diameter</var>}
+\circle*{<var>diameter</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
-to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command
-draws a solid circle.
+<p>Produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as
+possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command draws a filled-in circle.
</p>
<p>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.
</p>
@@ -6036,13 +6267,13 @@
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="quotation-and-quote"></a>
+<a name="quotation-_0026-quote"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="quotation-and-quote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></h3>
+<a name="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></h3>
<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
@@ -6061,7 +6292,7 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>text</var>
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -6069,31 +6300,24 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quote}
-<var>text</var>
+ <var>text</var>
\end{quote}
</pre></div>
-<p>Include a quotation.
+<p>Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides by
+<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified.
</p>
-<p>In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
-<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is justified at both. As with the main
-text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
+<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code>quotation</code>
+environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space
+between paragraphs is small, <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code>
+environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space
+between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
</p>
-<p>To compare the two: in the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are
-indented by 1.5em and the space between paragraphs is small,
-<code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code> environment, paragraphs are
-not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the
-rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). Thus, the <code>quotation</code> environment
-may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an
-indent rather than by a vertical separation. In addition, <code>quote</code>
-may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short
-quotations.
-</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{quotation}
-\it Four score and seven years ago
+<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small\it
+ Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
-\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
+ \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
@@ -6102,7 +6326,7 @@
<a name="tabbing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-and-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation and quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation & quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
@@ -6124,10 +6348,11 @@
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment aligns text in columns. It works by
-setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
-It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
-and known in advance.
+<p>Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
+was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments
+<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array">array</a>) because
+in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be
+known in advance.
</p>
<p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
@@ -6352,28 +6577,53 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
- table body
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
-\label{<var>label}</var>
+ <var>table body</var>
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+<p>or:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>]
+ <var>table body</var>
+ \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
+ \label{<var>label}</var>
+\end{table}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages
+and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
+are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
+</p>
+<p>This <code>table</code> environment contains a tabular environment.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+ \centering\small
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}
+ &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}} \\ \hline
+ Bach &Cello Suite Number 1 \\
+ Beethoven &Cello Sonata Number 3 \\
+ Brahms &Cello Sonata Number 1
+ \end{tabular}
+ \caption{Top cello pieces}
+ \label{tab:cello}
+\end{table}
+</pre></div>
+
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
+<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
+It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
-The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
-table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
-used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
+The <code>\caption</code> command is alo optional. It specifies caption text
+for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
+instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -6425,9 +6675,9 @@
\end{tabular*}
</pre></div>
-<p>These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
-horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
-in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
+<p>Produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of horizontal rows.
+Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically in columns. This
+illustrates many of the features.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|l}
@@ -6558,12 +6808,13 @@
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>.
+<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if
+it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command.
</p>
-<p>Note that a line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the
-item, except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>,
-or <code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope
-of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
+<p>A line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item,
+except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or
+<code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope of
+a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
@@ -6820,7 +7071,7 @@
<a name="index-_005chline"></a>
-<p>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
+<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
</p>
@@ -6861,15 +7112,14 @@
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.
+<p>Produce a bibliography or reference list.
</p>
-<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
-‘<samp>References</samp>’ and the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in
-the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’ and the
-label is stored in macro <code>\bibname</code>.
+<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this list is labelled ‘<samp>References</samp>’ and
+the label is stored in macro <code>\refname</code>; in the <code>report</code>
+class, it is labelled ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’ and the label is stored in
+macro <code>\bibname</code>.
</p>
-<p>You can change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or
+<p>Change the label by redefining the command <code>\refname</code> or
<code>\bibname</code>, whichever is applicable depending on the class:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -6886,9 +7136,8 @@
<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
-<p>Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
-<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>; language support packages like
-<samp>babel</samp> do this.
+<p>Language support packages such as <samp>babel</samp> will redefine
+<code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code>.
</p>
<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
@@ -6921,12 +7170,18 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bibitem{<var>cite_key</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>.
-If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically
-generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
+<p>Generate an entry labelled by <var>label</var>. If the optional <var>label</var>
+argument is missing then LaTeX automatically generates a number using
+the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is a
<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
<em>citation key</em> consisting in any sequence of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
@@ -6953,13 +7208,19 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\cite{<var>keys</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>), separated by commas. This command generates an
-in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries
-in the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
+<p>Generate an in-text citation to the references associated with
+<var>keys</var>, using entries in the <samp>.aux</samp> file. The <var>keys</var>
+argument is a list of one or more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>),
+separated by commas.
</p>
<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
@@ -6983,8 +7244,8 @@
<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code>
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
+<p>Produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>, which is a list of one or more
+citation keys, to the <samp>.aux</samp> file.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -7065,16 +7326,38 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{theorem}
-<var>theorem-text</var>
+ <var>theorem body</var>
\end{theorem}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in
-boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering
-possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
+<p>Produces ‘<samp>Theorem <var>n</var></samp>’ in boldface followed by <var>theorem
+body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under
+<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
+\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
+ ...
+\begin{lem} % in document body
+ text of lemma
+\end{lem}
+The next result follows immediately.
+\begin{thm}[Gauss] % put `Gauss' in parens after theorem head
+ text of theorem
+\end{thm}
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-2"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a>
+<a name="index-amsthm-package"></a>
+<p>Most new documents use the packages
+<code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code> from the American Mathematical Society.
+Among other things these packages include a large number of options for
+theorem environments, such as styling options.
+</p>
+
<hr>
<a name="titlepage"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -7098,15 +7381,12 @@
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading. The
-following page will be numbered page one.
+<p>Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading, and
+with the succeeding page numbered page one.
</p>
-<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
-environment you can use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
+<p>In this example all formatting, including vertical spacing, is left to
+the author.
</p>
-<p>Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
-is left to the author.
-</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage}
\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
@@ -7130,6 +7410,9 @@
\end{titlepage}
</pre></div>
+<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
+environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="verbatim"></a>
@@ -7157,14 +7440,14 @@
\end{verbatim}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
-which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
-<code>\</code> character produces a printed ‘<samp>\</samp>’. It turns LaTeX
-into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
-effect that they would on a typewriter.
+<p>A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces exactly what
+you type in; for instance the <code>\</code> character produces a printed
+‘<samp>\</samp>’. Carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output
+appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
-(<code>\tt</code>).
+<p>For typesetting computer code there are quite a few packages that are an
+improvement over using the <code>verbatim</code> environment, such as
+<code>listings</code>, and <code>minted</code>. For a list of them, see CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
@@ -7186,16 +7469,26 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
-\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
+<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal text</var><var>char</var>
+\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal text</var><var>char</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input,
-including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
-(<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or
-<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
-verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
+<p>Typeset <var>literal text</var> as it is input, including special characters
+and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font.
</p>
+<p>The first <code>\verb</code> below has the <var>literal text</var> demarcated with
+exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second <code>\verb</code> instead uses plus,
+<code>+</code>, as <var>char</var>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
+And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>No spaces can come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and the
+delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The
+delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
+</p>
<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
“visible space” character.
@@ -7219,9 +7512,9 @@
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
-...
+ <var>line1</var> \\
+ <var>line2</var> \\
+ ...
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
@@ -12946,62 +13239,66 @@
<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>
-<p>Synopsis:
+<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\parbox{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
</pre></div>
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
-<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
-in <em>paragraph mode</em>. It should be used to make a box small
-pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
-shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
-<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
-containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
-<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
+
+<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make
+a box small pieces of text; its contents are created in <em>paragraph
+mode</em>. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
+paragraph-making environment, use a <code>minipage</code> environment
+(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
</p>
-<p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:
-</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
-<dd><p>the width of the parbox;
-</p></dd>
-<dt><var>text</var></dt>
-<dd><p>the text that goes inside the parbox.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0)
+ ...
+ \put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
+ this semilog paper, the relationship is exponential.}}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
-<p>By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
-lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
-optional <var>position</var> argument is present and equal either to ‘<samp>t</samp>’
-or ‘<samp>b</samp>’, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
-bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
-may also specify ‘<samp>m</samp>’ for <var>position</var> to get the default
-behaviour.
+<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>content</var>) are the same
+as those for <var>minipage</var>. So a summary of those options is here but
+see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a> for a complete description.
</p>
-<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+<p>There are two required argument to <code>\parbox</code>. The <var>width</var> is a
+rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which
+LaTeX typesets <var>contents</var>. The <var>contents</var> is the text that
+is placed in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
</p>
-<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside
-the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.
+<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
+<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
+<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> (the vertical center of the
+<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line; this is the
+default), or <code>t</code> (match either the top line of the <code>parbox</code>
+with the baseline of the surrounding material), or <code>b</code> (match the
+bottom line).
</p>
-<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is placed at the top of the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is centered in the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-</p></dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
-<dd><p>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
-for this to work.
-</p></dd>
-</dl>
+<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> overrides the natural height of the
+box.
+</p>
+<p>The optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
+<var>content</var> inside the <code>parbox</code>. Its default is the value of
+<var>position</var>. Its possible values are: <code>t</code> to put the
+<var>content</var> at the top of the box, <code>c</code> to put it in the vertical
+center, <code>b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code>s</code> to
+stretch it out vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
+space.
+</p>
+<p>This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
-
<hr>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -13016,13 +13313,18 @@
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed
-in LR mode.
+<p>Raise (or lower) <var>text</var>. The first mandatory argument specifies how
+high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount).
+<var>text</var> itself is processed in LR mode.
</p>
<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If
they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain
@@ -14052,8 +14354,7 @@
text, with the two vertically centered.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
- \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
@@ -16925,7 +17226,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
@@ -17081,8 +17384,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
@@ -17408,6 +17711,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
@@ -17442,8 +17747,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17482,8 +17787,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
@@ -18792,8 +19097,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
@@ -18867,8 +19172,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-and-quote">quotation and quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-05-21 15:59:01 UTC (rev 625)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-05-23 13:11:26 UTC (rev 626)
@@ -2159,7 +2159,7 @@
extension '.aux' and with the same base name as the file containing the
'\label'. So if '\label' is in 'calculus.tex' then the information is
in 'calculus.aux'. LaTeX puts the information in that file every time
-it across a '\label'.
+it runs across a '\label'.
The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a "forward reference", a '\ref' that
@@ -2169,13 +2169,13 @@
the output the forward reference will appear as two question marks '??',
in boldface. A similar thing happens if you change some things so the
references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the
-old reference information. In both cases, to resolve this just compile
-the document a second time.
+old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the
+document a second time.
The 'cleveref' package enhances LaTeX's cross referencing features.
-You can have the format of the cross-references determined automatically
-according to the type of cross-reference, such as equation, section,
-etc., and the context in which you use that reference.
+You can arrange that if you enter
+'\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}' then '\cref{th:Nerode}' will
+output 'Theorem 3.21', without you having to enter the "Theorem."
* Menu:
@@ -2338,7 +2338,7 @@
* math:: In-line math.
* minipage:: Miniature page.
* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-* quotation and quote:: Include a quotation.
+* quotation & quote:: Include a quotation.
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
@@ -2424,8 +2424,10 @@
double-backslashes (*note \\::).
The required argument COLS describes the number of columns, their
-alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See *note
-tabular:: for the complete description of COLS, and of the other common
+alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
+'\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}' gives three columns: the first flush
+right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See *note
+tabular:: for the complete description of COLS and of the other common
features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument.
There are two ways that 'array' diverges from 'tabular'. The first
@@ -2474,12 +2476,19 @@
... text ...
\end{center}
+ or
+
+ \begin{center}
+ text on first line \\
+ text on second line \\
+ ...
+ \end{center}
+
Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
-double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (*note \\::).
-If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX will
-insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
-shrinking any interword space.
+double-backslash, '\\', to get a line break (*note \\::). If some text
+is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line breaks that
+avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any interword space.
This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a 'figure'
@@ -2518,10 +2527,19 @@
8.3.1 '\centering'
------------------
-A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
-most often used inside an environment such as 'figure', or in a
-'parbox'.
+Synopsis:
+ {\centering ... }
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{group}
+ \centering ...
+ \end{group}
+
+ Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
+environment such as 'figure', or in a 'parbox'.
+
Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
add vertical space above and below the text.
@@ -2545,7 +2563,7 @@
\caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
\end{figure}
- The scope of the '\centering' ends with the '\end{figure}'.
+ The scope of this '\centering' ends with the '\end{figure}'.
File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments
@@ -2562,7 +2580,7 @@
\end{description}
Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's LABEL is
-typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
\item'.
@@ -2776,16 +2794,16 @@
8.8 'eqnarray'
==============
-First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment is depreciated. It has
-infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
-inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article "Avoid
-eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
+The 'eqnarray' environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including
+spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See
+"Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
<http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>). New documents should
include the 'amsmath' package and use the displayed mathematics
-environments provided there, such as the 'align' environment.
+environments provided there, such as the 'align' environment. We
+include a description only for completeness and for working with old
+documents.
- Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with
-old documents, a synopsis:
+ Synopsis:
\begin{eqnarray}
FIRST FORMULA LEFT &FIRST FORMULA MIDDLE &FIRST FORMULA RIGHT \\
@@ -2840,17 +2858,15 @@
\end{equation}
Make a 'displaymath' environment (*note displaymath::) with an
-equation number in the right margin.
+equation number in the right margin. The equation number is generated
+using the 'equation' counter.
- The equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter.
-
You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and
-'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
-dollar sign, $'$'.
+'\begin{equation}' or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing dollar
+sign.
- Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents.
+ The package 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. New documents should include this package.
File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: filecontents, Prev: equation, Up: Environments
@@ -2862,35 +2878,37 @@
\begin{figure}[PLACEMENT]
figure body
- \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE}
- \label{LABEL}
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE} % optional
+ \label{LABEL} % optional
\end{figure}
or
\begin{figure*}[PLACEMENT]
figure body
- \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE}
- \label{LABEL}
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE} % optional
+ \label{LABEL} % optional
\end{figure*}
- A class of floats (*note Floats::). Because they cannot be split
-across pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but
-instead are "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a
-following page.
+ The figure body is made up of imported graphics, or text, LaTeX
+commands, etc. It is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth'.
- For the possible values of PLACEMENT and their effect on the float
-placement algorithm, see *note Floats::.
+ Figures are not part of the normal text. A long figure will not be
+split between two pages. Because of this, they are not typeset in
+sequence with the normal text but instead are "floated" to a convenient
+place, such as the top of a following page (*note Floats::).
+ The possible values of PLACEMENT are 'h' for 'here', 't' for 'top',
+'b' for 'bottom', and 'p' for 'on a separate page of floats'. For the
+effect of these options on the float placement algorithm, see *note
+Floats::.
+
The starred form 'figure*' is used when a document is in
double-column mode (*note \twocolumn::). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of PLACEMENT 'b' in *note
Floats::.
- The figure body is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth' and so
-it can contain text, commands, etc.
-
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text
for the figure. By default it is numbered. If LOFTITLE is present, it
@@ -2968,16 +2986,30 @@
8.12 'flushleft'
================
+Synopsis:
+
\begin{flushleft}
- LINE1 \\
- LINE2 \\
- ...
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
\end{flushleft}
- The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right. Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.
+ An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+left-hand margin and ragged right. LaTeX will break long lines to avoid
+hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line with a
+double backslash '\\'. For the declaration form see *note
+\raggedright::.
+ This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the
+text flush left and ragged right.
+
+ \noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{} at a convenient spot. \\
+ And, a forced fresh line.
+ \end{flushleft}
+ \end{minipage}
+
* Menu:
* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the 'flushleft' environment.
@@ -2988,16 +3020,36 @@
8.12.1 '\raggedright'
---------------------
-The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft'
-environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
-'quote' or in a 'parbox'.
+Synopses:
+ {\raggedright ... }
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{ENVIRONMENT} \raggedright
+ ...
+ \end{ENVIRONMENT}
+
+ A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
+ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or
+in a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushleft::.
+
Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.
+ Here '\raggedright' in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing very
+awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note that
+'\raggedright' is inside the curly braces '{...}' to delimit its effect.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
+ Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
+ Team beta &{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
+ cooler is never empty.} \\
+ \end{tabular}
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments
@@ -3005,15 +3057,19 @@
=================
\begin{flushright}
- LINE1 \\
- LINE2 \\
- ...
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
\end{flushright}
- The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence '\\'.
+ An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+right-hand margin and ragged left. LaTeX will break long lines to avoid
+hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line with a
+double backslash '\\'. For the declaration form see *note
+\raggedleft::.
+ For an example related to this environment, see *note flushleft::.
+
* Menu:
* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the 'flushright' environment.
@@ -3024,16 +3080,28 @@
8.13.1 '\raggedleft'
--------------------
-The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright'
-environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
-'quote' or in a 'parbox'.
+Synopses:
+ {\raggedleft ... }
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{ENVIRONMENT} \raggedleft
+ ...
+ \end{ENVIRONMENT}
+
+ A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
+ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in
+a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushright::.
+
Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.
+ For an example related to this environment, see *note \raggedright::.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
@@ -3048,11 +3116,10 @@
...
\end{itemize}
- The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
-The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this
-environment; see below. Each 'itemize' list environment must have at
-least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's
-wrong--perhaps a missing \item'.
+ Produces an "unordered," or "bulleted," list. The format of the
+labelling depends on the nesting level; see below. Each 'itemize' list
+environment must have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX
+error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'.
This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, *.
@@ -3142,20 +3209,16 @@
...
\end{list}
- The 'list' environment is a generic environment for constructing more
-specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
-'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments (*note
-description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::).
+ A generic environment for constructing more specialized lists. It is
+most often used to create lists via the 'description', 'enumerate', and
+'itemize' environments (*note description::, *note enumerate::, and
+*note itemize::). Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not
+visually lists are constructed using 'list', including 'quotation',
+'quote', 'center', 'verbatim', and plenty more (*note quotation &
+quote::, *note center::, *note flushright::).
- Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists
-are constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', 'quote', 'center',
-'verbatim', and plenty more (*note quotation and quote::, *note
-center::, *note flushright::).
+ This uses the 'list' environment to define a new custom environment.
- The third-party package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists.
-Here, we describe the 'list' environment by defining a new custom
-environment.
-
\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
\newenvironment{named}
{\begin{list}
@@ -3171,42 +3234,44 @@
\item Shows as ``Item~II.''
\end{named}
- The 'list' environment's mandatory first argument, LABELING,
-specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and
-LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both 'Item' and
-'\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by putting the LABELING argument
-in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the label is wider than that, the
-additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
-list you can override the default labeling by giving '\item' an optional
-argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
-'\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::.
+ The mandatory first argument LABELING specifies the default labeling
+of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where
+it contains both 'Item' and '\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by
+putting the LABELING argument in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the
+label is wider than that, the additional material extends to the right.
+When making an instance of a list you can override the default labeling
+by giving '\item' an optional argument by including square braces and
+the text, as in the above '\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::.
- The label box is constructed by the command '\makelabel'. By default
-it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the
-label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing its
-definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
-'named' environment add '\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}',
-and between the '\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the
-SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the
-items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second
-code line to '\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box.
-Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
+ The mandatory second argument SPACING has a list of commands. One
+that goes in here is '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' (*note \usecounter::).
+Use this to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The
+counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment,
+and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
+'\item'.
- The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to
-redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
-'\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}'. If this argument is empty, i.e., '{}',
-then the list will have the default spacing given below. To number the
-items using a counter, put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this argument
-(*note \usecounter::).
+ Another command that can go in SPACING is '\makelabel', which
+constructs the label box. By default it positions the contents flush
+right. It takes one argument, the label. It typesets the contents in
+LR mode. One example of changing its definition is that to the above
+'named' example before the definition of the environment add
+'\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', and between the
+'\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the SPACING
+argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the items will
+be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to
+'\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. Another
+example of the '\makelabel' command is below, in the definition of the
+'redlabel' environment.
- Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
-figure below. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces
-are normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give
-TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as
+ Also often in SPACING are commands to redefine the spacing for the
+list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
+(Default values for derived environments such as 'itemize' can be
+different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
+the list. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces are
+normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give TeX
+flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as
'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these
-lengths should be zero or negative. Default values for derived
-environments such as 'itemize' can be changed from the values shown here
-for the basic 'list'.
+lengths should be zero or negative.
'\itemindent'
Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the
@@ -3395,6 +3460,8 @@
The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default
'-51').
+ The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists.
+
This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. *Note
\usecounter::.
@@ -3521,21 +3588,112 @@
8.18 'minipage'
===============
+Synopses:
+
+ \begin{minipage}{WIDTH}
+ CONTENTS
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ or:
+
\begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}
- TEXT
+ CONTENTS
\end{minipage}
- The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
-will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the '\parbox'
-command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making
-environments can be used inside a minipage.
+ Put CONTENTS into a box that is WIDTH wide. This is like a small
+version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized lists,
+etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So 'minipage' is
+similar to '\parbox' (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs.
- The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::).
+ This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of
+the page.
- By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage'
-environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
-'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.
+ \begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
+ \begin{minipage}{2.5in}
+ \begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \textsc{Monarch} &\textsc{Reign} \\ \hline
+ Elizabeth II &63 years\footnote{to date} \\
+ Victoria &63 years \\
+ George III &59 years
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{center}
+ The required argument WIDTH is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
+gives the width of the box into which CONTENTS are typeset.
+
+ There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS.
+You need not include all three. For example, get the default POSITION
+and set the HEIGHT with '\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm] CONTENTS
+\end{minipage}'. (Get the natural height with an empty argument, '[]'.)
+
+ The optional argument POSITION governs how the 'minipage' vertically
+aligns with the surrounding material.
+
+'c'
+ (synonym 'm') Default. Positions the 'minipage' so its vertical
+ center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
+ Plain TeX calls '\vcenter').
+
+'t'
+ Match the top line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the
+ surrounding text (Plain TeX's '\vtop'.
+
+'b'
+ Match the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the
+ surrounding text (Plain TeX's '\vbox'.
+
+ To see the effects of these, contrast running this
+
+ ---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ with the results of changing 'c' to 'b' or 't'.
+
+ The optional argument HEIGHT is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It
+sets the height of the 'minipage'. You can enter any value larger than,
+or equal to, or smaller than the 'minipage''s natural height and LaTeX
+will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of
+zero or a negative value.
+
+ The final optional argument INNER-POS controls the placement of
+CONTENT inside the box. These are the possible values are (the default
+is the value of POSITION).
+
+'t'
+ Place CONTENT at the top of the box.
+
+'c'
+ Place it in the vertical center.
+
+'b'
+ Place it at the box bottom.
+
+'s'
+ Stretch CONTENTS out vertically; it must contain vertically
+ stretchable space.
+
+ The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT options is set to
+a value larger than the 'minipage''s natural height. To see the effect
+of the options, run this example with the various choices in place of
+'b'.
+
+ Text before
+ \begin{center}
+ ---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{center}
+ Text after
+
+ By default paragraphs are not indented in a 'minipage'. Change that
+with a command such as '\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' at the start of
+CONTENTS.
+
Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
@@ -3543,11 +3701,32 @@
'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
Counters::).
- However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+ If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
+Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
+'\end{minipage}' which may not be their logical place.
+ This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic.
+They are vertically centered.
+
+ \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+ ...
+ \begin{center}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}
+ \hspace{0.1\textwidth}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{r|l}
+ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &Pop (million) \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &$1.5$ \\
+ Brooklyn &$2.6$ \\
+ Manhattan &$1.6$ \\
+ Queens &$2.3$ \\
+ Staten Island &$0.5$
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{center}
+
-File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation and quote, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
+File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation & quote, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
8.19 'picture'
==============
@@ -3590,47 +3769,52 @@
\end{picture}
\end{center}
- The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, a position
-(WIDTH,HEIGHT). This specifies the size of the box into which LaTeX
-puts the picture. This box size need not be how large the picture
-really is; LaTeX will happily draw things from the picture outside the
-picture's box, or even off the page. This size only determines how much
-room LaTeX leaves on the page.
+ The 'picture' environment has one required argument, a pair of
+numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value '\unitlength' to
+get the size of the box that LaTeX places on the output page. This box
+size need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things
+from the picture outside the picture's box.
- This environment also has an optional position argument
-(XOFFSET,YOFFSET) that follows the size argument, used to change the
-origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this one is not contained
-in square brackets.) It gives the coordinates of the point at the
-lower-left corner of the picture. For example, if '\unitlength' has
-been set to '1mm', the command
+ This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It
+is used to shift the origin. (Unlike most optional arguments, this one
+is not contained in square brackets.) As with the required argument, it
+consists of two real numbers. Multiply these by '\unitlength' to get
+the point at the lower-left corner of the picture.
+ For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command
+
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
-produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
-whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
-corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture
-you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
-lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
-everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.
+produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The
+picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner
+is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you
+first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving
+the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
+picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
+optional argument.
- LaTeX's default for '\unitlength' is '1pt'. Change it with the
-'\setlength' command (*note \setlength::). You should only make this
-change outside of a 'picture' environment.
-
The PICTURE COMMANDS tell LaTeX where to put something by naming its
position. A "position" is a pair such as '(2.4,-5)' giving the x- and
-y-coordinates. A "coordinate" is a number, not a length. It may have a
-decimal point and a minus sign. It specifies a length in multiples of
-the unit length '\unitlength', so if '\unitlength' has been set to
-'1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+y-coordinates. A "coordinate" is a not a length, it is a real number
+(it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It specifies a length in
+multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if '\unitlength' has been
+set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
+centimeters.
+ LaTeX's default for '\unitlength' is '1pt'. it is a rigid length
+(*note Lengths::). Change it with the '\setlength' command (*note
+\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a 'picture'
+environment.
+
Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with '\put(1,2){...}', it is not enclosed in braces
-since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also, unlike in
+some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are further up the
+page.
- Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command.
-The command
+ The most often used way to put things in a picture is the '\put'
+command. The command
\put(11.3,-.3){...}
@@ -3673,11 +3857,11 @@
Synopsis:
- \circle[*]{DIAMETER}
+ \circle{DIAMETER}
+ \circle*{DIAMETER}
- The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
-the specified one as possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a
-solid circle.
+ Produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as
+possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a filled-in circle.
Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.
@@ -3905,46 +4089,40 @@
+4, inclusive.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation and quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
+File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation & quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
-8.20 'quotation' and 'quote'
-============================
+8.20 'quotation' & 'quote'
+==========================
Synopsis:
\begin{quotation}
- TEXT
+ TEXT
\end{quotation}
or
\begin{quote}
- TEXT
+ TEXT
\end{quote}
- Include a quotation.
+ Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides
+by '\leftmargin' and the text is right-justified.
- In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
-'\leftmargin' and the text is justified at both. As with the main text,
-leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
+ They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the 'quotation'
+environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space between
+paragraphs is small, '0pt plus 1pt'. In the 'quote' environment,
+paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space between
+paragraphs (it is the rubber length '\parsep').
- To compare the two: in the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are
-indented by 1.5em and the space between paragraphs is small, '0pt plus
-1pt'. In the 'quote' environment, paragraphs are not indented and there
-is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the rubber length
-'\parsep'). Thus, the 'quotation' environment may be more suitable for
-documents where new paragraphs are marked by an indent rather than by a
-vertical separation. In addition, 'quote' may be more suitable for a
-short quotation or a sequence of short quotations.
-
- \begin{quotation}
- \it Four score and seven years ago
+ \begin{quotation} \small\it
+ Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
- \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
+ \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
-File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quotation and quote, Up: Environments
+File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quotation & quote, Up: Environments
8.21 'tabbing'
==============
@@ -3957,10 +4135,11 @@
...
\end{tabbing}
- The 'tabbing' environment aligns text in columns. It works by
-setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
-It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
-and known in advance.
+ Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much
+as was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the
+environments 'tabular' (*note tabular::) or 'array' (*note array::)
+because in those the width of each column need not be constant and need
+not be known in advance.
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below):
@@ -4102,27 +4281,48 @@
Synopsis:
\begin{table}[PLACEMENT]
- table body
- \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE}
- \label{LABEL}
+ TABLE BODY
\end{table}
- A class of floats (*note Floats::). Because they cannot be split
-across pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but
-instead are "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a
+ or:
+
+ \begin{table}[PLACEMENT]
+ TABLE BODY
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TITLE}
+ \label{LABEL}
+ \end{table}
+
+ A class of floats (*note Floats::). They cannot be split across
+pages and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but
+instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a
following page.
+ This 'table' environment contains a tabular environment.
+
+ \begin{table}
+ \centering\small
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}
+ &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}} \\ \hline
+ Bach &Cello Suite Number 1 \\
+ Beethoven &Cello Sonata Number 3 \\
+ Brahms &Cello Sonata Number 1
+ \end{tabular}
+ \caption{Top cello pieces}
+ \label{tab:cello}
+ \end{table}
+
For the possible values of PLACEMENT and their effect on the float
placement algorithm, see *note Floats::.
- The table body is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth' and so
-it can contain text, commands, etc.
+ The table body is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth'. It
+can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
-references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text
-for the table. By default it is numbered. If LOTTITLE is present, it
-is used in the list of tables instead of TITLE (*note Tables of
-contents::).
+references::). The '\caption' command is alo optional. It specifies
+caption text for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+LOTTITLE is present then that text is used in the list of tables instead
+of TITLE (*note Tables of contents::).
In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a
page, unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -4158,9 +4358,9 @@
...
\end{tabular*}
- These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
-horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
-in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
+ Produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of horizontal rows.
+Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically in columns. This
+illustrates many of the features.
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textit{Player name} &\textit{Career home runs} \\
@@ -4273,16 +4473,17 @@
specifier.
'p{WD}'
- Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width WD.
+ Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width WD, as
+ if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{wd}{...}' command.
- Note that a line break double backslash '\\' may not appear in
- the item, except inside an environment like 'minipage',
- 'array', or 'tabular', or inside an explicit '\parbox', or in
- the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or '\raggedleft'
- declaration (when used in a 'p'-column element these
- declarations must appear inside braces, as with '{\centering
- .. \\ ..}'). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double
- backslash as ending the row.
+ A line break double backslash '\\' may not appear in the item,
+ except inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
+ 'tabular', or inside an explicit '\parbox', or in the scope of
+ a '\centering', '\raggedright', or '\raggedleft' declaration
+ (when used in a 'p'-column element these declarations must
+ appear inside braces, as with '{\centering .. \\ ..}').
+ Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
+ ending the row.
'*{NUM}{COLS}'
Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
@@ -4467,7 +4668,7 @@
8.23.4 '\hline'
---------------
-Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing 'tabular' or 'array'
+Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing 'tabular' or 'array'
environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
and between the rows of a table.
@@ -4494,15 +4695,14 @@
...
\end{thebibliography}
- The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.
+ Produce a bibliography or reference list.
- In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled 'References'
-and the label is stored in macro '\refname'; in the 'report' class, it
-is labelled 'Bibliography' and the label is stored in macro '\bibname'.
+ In the 'article' class, this list is labelled 'References' and the
+label is stored in macro '\refname'; in the 'report' class, it is
+labelled 'Bibliography' and the label is stored in macro '\bibname'.
- You can change the label by redefining the command '\refname' or
-'\bibname', whichever is applicable depending on the class:
+ Change the label by redefining the command '\refname' or '\bibname',
+whichever is applicable depending on the class:
* For standard classes whose top level sectioning is '\chapter' (such
as 'book' and 'report'), the label is in the macro '\bibname';
@@ -4510,9 +4710,8 @@
* For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is '\section'
(such as 'article'), the label is in macro '\refname'.
- Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
-'\refname' or '\bibname'; language support packages like 'babel' do
-this.
+ Language support packages such as 'babel' will redefine '\refname' or
+'\bibname'.
The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as
wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It
@@ -4534,13 +4733,16 @@
Synopsis:
+ \bibitem{CITE_KEY}
+
+ or:
+
\bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
- The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the
-LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
-'enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is a "citation key" consisting in any
-sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a
-comma.
+ Generate an entry labelled by LABEL. If the optional LABEL argument
+is missing then LaTeX automatically generates a number using the 'enumi'
+counter. The CITE_KEY is a "citation key" consisting in any sequence of
+letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
CITE_KEY and LABEL. When the '.aux' file is read by the
@@ -4556,12 +4758,15 @@
Synopsis:
+ \cite{KEYS}
+
+ or:
+
\cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS}
- The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys (*note
-\bibitem::), separated by commas. This command generates an in-text
-citation to the references associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux'
-file.
+ Generate an in-text citation to the references associated with KEYS,
+using entries in the '.aux' file. The KEYS argument is a list of one or
+more citation keys (*note \bibitem::), separated by commas.
The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.
@@ -4576,8 +4781,8 @@
\nocite{KEYS}
- The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes KEYS, which is a
-list of one or more citation keys, to the '.aux' file.
+ Produces no text, but writes KEYS, which is a list of one or more
+citation keys, to the '.aux' file.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography
@@ -4628,13 +4833,30 @@
Synopsis:
\begin{theorem}
- THEOREM-TEXT
+ THEOREM BODY
\end{theorem}
- The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
-by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
-under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).
+ Produces 'Theorem N' in boldface followed by THEOREM BODY in italics.
+The numbering possibilities for N are described under '\newtheorem'
+(*note \newtheorem::).
+ \newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
+ \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
+ ...
+ \begin{lem} % in document body
+ text of lemma
+ \end{lem}
+
+ The next result follows immediately.
+ \begin{thm}[Gauss] % put `Gauss' in parens after theorem head
+ text of theorem
+ \end{thm}
+
+ Most new documents use the packages 'amsthm' and 'amsmath' from the
+American Mathematical Society. Among other things these packages
+include a large number of options for theorem environments, such as
+styling options.
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments
@@ -4647,15 +4869,12 @@
... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
- Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading.
-The following page will be numbered page one.
+ Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading,
+and with the succeeding page numbered page one.
- To instead produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage'
-environment you can use '\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::).
+ In this example all formatting, including vertical spacing, is left
+to the author.
- Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical
-spacing, is left to the author.
-
\begin{titlepage}
\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
\begin{center}
@@ -4677,6 +4896,9 @@
\vspace{\stretch{2}}
\end{titlepage}
+ To instead produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage'
+environment, use '\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::).
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
@@ -4689,14 +4911,14 @@
LITERAL-TEXT
\end{verbatim}
- The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which
-LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character
-produces a printed '\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage
-returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
-typewriter.
+ A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces exactly what
+you type in; for instance the '\' character produces a printed '\'.
+Carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output appears in
+a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').
- The 'verbatim' environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
-('\tt').
+ For typesetting computer code there are quite a few packages that are
+an improvement over using the 'verbatim' environment, such as
+'listings', and 'minted'. For a list of them, see CTAN.
* Menu:
@@ -4710,15 +4932,23 @@
Synopsis:
- \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
- \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
+ \verbCHARLITERAL TEXTCHAR
+ \verb*CHARLITERAL TEXTCHAR
- The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
-special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font. No
-spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
-which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear
-in LITERAL-TEXT.
+ Typeset LITERAL TEXT as it is input, including special characters and
+spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font.
+ The first '\verb' below has the LITERAL TEXT demarcated with
+exclamation point, '!'. The second '\verb' instead uses plus, '+', as
+CHAR.
+
+ This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
+ And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
+
+ No spaces can come between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter
+CHAR, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not
+appear in LITERAL-TEXT.
+
The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
space" character.
@@ -4731,9 +4961,9 @@
Synopsis:
\begin{verse}
- LINE1 \\
- LINE2 \\
- ...
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
\end{verse}
The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
@@ -8357,46 +8587,53 @@
20.5 '\parbox'
==============
-Synopsis:
+Synopses:
- \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}
+ \parbox{WIDTH}{CONTENTS}
- The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
-"paragraph mode". It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
-with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
-paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument. For larger
-pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
-environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).
+ or:
- '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:
+ \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{CONTENTS}
-WIDTH
- the width of the parbox;
-TEXT
- the text that goes inside the parbox.
+ Produce a box of text that is WIDTH wide. Use this command to make a
+box small pieces of text; its contents are created in "paragraph mode".
+For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+environment, use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).
- By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
-lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
-optional POSITION argument is present and equal either to 't' or 'b',
-this allows you respectively to align either the top or bottom line in
-the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You may also
-specify 'm' for POSITION to get the default behaviour.
+ \begin{picture}(0,0)
+ ...
+ \put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
+ this semilog paper, the relationship is exponential.}}
+ \end{picture}
- The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+ The options for '\parbox' (except for CONTENT) are the same as those
+for MINIPAGE. So a summary of those options is here but see *note
+minipage:: for a complete description.
- The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
-box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.
+ There are two required argument to '\parbox'. The WIDTH is a rigid
+length (*note Lengths::). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
+typesets CONTENTS. The CONTENTS is the text that is placed in that box.
+It should not have any paragraph-making components.
-'t'
- text is placed at the top of the box.
-'c'
- text is centered in the box.
-'b'
- text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-'s'
- stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
- space for this to work.
+ There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS.
+The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the 'parbox' with respect
+to the surrounding material. The possible values are 'c' or 'm' (the
+vertical center of the 'parbox' lines up with the center of the adjacent
+line; this is the default), or 't' (match either the top line of the
+'parbox' with the baseline of the surrounding material), or 'b' (match
+the bottom line).
+ The optional argument HEIGHT overrides the natural height of the box.
+
+ The optional argument INNER-POS controls the placement of CONTENT
+inside the 'parbox'. Its default is the value of POSITION. Its
+possible values are: 't' to put the CONTENT at the top of the box, 'c'
+to put it in the vertical center, 'b' to put it at the bottom of the
+box, and 's' to stretch it out vertically; the text must contain
+vertically stretchable space.
+
+ This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes
@@ -8405,11 +8642,15 @@
Synopsis:
+ \raisebox{DISTANCE}{TEXT}
+
+ or:
+
\raisebox{DISTANCE}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{TEXT}
- The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory
-argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
-negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.
+ Raise (or lower) TEXT. The first mandatory argument specifies how
+high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). TEXT
+itself is processed in LR mode.
The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are
specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
@@ -9159,8 +9400,7 @@
This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
text, with the two vertically centered.
- \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
- \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+ \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
@@ -10955,13 +11195,15 @@
* additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6)
* ae ligature: Additional Latin letters.
(line 16)
-* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 144)
+* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 145)
* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6)
* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
-* amsmath package: array. (line 40)
+* amsmath package: array. (line 42)
* amsmath package <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
+* amsmath package <2>: theorem. (line 28)
* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* amsthm package: theorem. (line 28)
* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 37)
* aring: Additional Latin letters.
(line 12)
@@ -10975,7 +11217,7 @@
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 19)
* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12)
* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33)
-* babel package: thebibliography. (line 29)
+* babel package: thebibliography. (line 28)
* babel package <1>: Accents. (line 6)
* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
@@ -11045,7 +11287,7 @@
* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 33)
* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
-* citation key: \bibitem. (line 12)
+* citation key: \bibitem. (line 16)
* class and package commands: Class and package commands.
(line 6)
* class and package difference: Class and package construction.
@@ -11141,9 +11383,9 @@
(line 15)
* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6)
* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7)
-* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation and quote.
+* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
-* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation and quote.
+* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* document class commands: Class and package construction.
(line 6)
@@ -11186,7 +11428,7 @@
* ending and starting: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
-* enumitem package: list. (line 24)
+* enumitem package: list. (line 247)
* environment: Starting and ending. (line 22)
* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* environments: Environments. (line 6)
@@ -11219,10 +11461,10 @@
* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 21)
-* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 144)
+* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 145)
* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135)
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
-* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21)
+* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 112)
* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6)
* file, root: Splitting the input. (line 10)
* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 92)
@@ -11251,7 +11493,7 @@
(line 10)
* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
-* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 21)
+* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 112)
* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6)
* Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 35)
* Footnotes, in a table: Footnotes in a table.
@@ -11324,7 +11566,7 @@
* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6)
-* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17)
+* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 108)
* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': Indexes. (line 16)
* indexes: Indexes. (line 6)
* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6)
@@ -11398,7 +11640,7 @@
* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* list of figures file: Output files. (line 43)
* list of tables file: Output files. (line 43)
-* listings package: tabbing. (line 144)
+* listings package: tabbing. (line 145)
* lists of items: itemize. (line 6)
* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6)
* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
@@ -11444,7 +11686,7 @@
(line 45)
* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27)
* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
-* minted package: tabbing. (line 144)
+* minted package: tabbing. (line 145)
* modes: Modes. (line 6)
* monospace font: Font styles. (line 92)
* moving arguments: \protect. (line 19)
@@ -11512,17 +11754,19 @@
(line 6)
* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
-* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 144)
-* package, amsmath: array. (line 40)
+* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 145)
+* package, amsmath: array. (line 42)
* package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
-* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 29)
+* package, amsmath <2>: theorem. (line 28)
+* package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28)
+* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 28)
* package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 6)
* package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 38)
* package, datetime: \today. (line 22)
-* package, enumitem: list. (line 24)
+* package, enumitem: list. (line 247)
* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
(line 110)
-* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 144)
+* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, flafter: Floats. (line 82)
* package, float: Floats. (line 52)
* package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings.
@@ -11531,15 +11775,15 @@
(line 40)
* package, geometry <1>: Document class options.
(line 44)
-* package, listings: tabbing. (line 144)
+* package, listings: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
(line 39)
* package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28)
* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case.
(line 45)
-* package, minted: tabbing. (line 144)
+* package, minted: tabbing. (line 145)
* package, multind: Indexes. (line 39)
-* package, picture: picture. (line 95)
+* package, picture: picture. (line 100)
* package, setspace: Low-level font commands.
(line 118)
* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 35)
@@ -11560,12 +11804,12 @@
* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
* page styles: Page styles. (line 6)
* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6)
-* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 17)
-* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote. (line 6)
-* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote.
+* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 108)
+* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote. (line 6)
+* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 10)
+* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 14)
* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 44)
* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
@@ -11579,7 +11823,7 @@
* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138)
* pica: Units of length. (line 14)
* pict2e package: \line. (line 13)
-* picture package: picture. (line 95)
+* picture package: picture. (line 100)
* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44)
* placement of floats: Floats. (line 31)
@@ -11592,7 +11836,7 @@
(line 36)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
(line 60)
-* position, in picture: picture. (line 71)
+* position, in picture: picture. (line 68)
* positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 41)
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
@@ -11607,9 +11851,9 @@
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 30)
* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 156)
* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 160)
-* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote.
+* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
-* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote.
+* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote.
(line 6)
* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
@@ -11643,7 +11887,7 @@
* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 6)
-* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 45)
+* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 46)
* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6)
* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
@@ -11789,7 +12033,7 @@
* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6)
* vertical space <1>: \vspace. (line 6)
* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6)
-* visible space: \verb. (line 17)
+* visible space: \verb. (line 25)
* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 181)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 58)
@@ -11848,15 +12092,15 @@
* \%: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20)
-* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 86)
+* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87)
* \(: Math formulas. (line 16)
* \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \): Math formulas. (line 16)
* \*: Math miscellany. (line 6)
-* \+: tabbing. (line 78)
+* \+: tabbing. (line 79)
* \,: Spacing in math mode.
(line 25)
-* \-: tabbing. (line 82)
+* \-: tabbing. (line 83)
* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25)
* \/: \/. (line 6)
@@ -11864,23 +12108,23 @@
(line 21)
* \;: Spacing in math mode.
(line 16)
-* \<: tabbing. (line 74)
+* \<: tabbing. (line 75)
* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29)
-* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 68)
-* \>: tabbing. (line 72)
+* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 69)
+* \>: tabbing. (line 73)
* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
(line 21)
-* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 71)
+* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72)
* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
-* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 237)
-* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 245)
+* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 235)
+* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 243)
* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23)
* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
-* \@itempenalty: list. (line 241)
+* \@itempenalty: list. (line 239)
* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
-* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 101)
-* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
-* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
+* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
+* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
+* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters.
(line 12)
* \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -11915,9 +12159,9 @@
* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12)
* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15)
* \arg: Math functions. (line 18)
-* \arraycolsep: array. (line 37)
-* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 156)
-* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 162)
+* \arraycolsep: array. (line 39)
+* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 157)
+* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 163)
* \ast: Math symbols. (line 39)
* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 48)
* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6)
@@ -11929,7 +12173,7 @@
* \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands.
(line 14)
* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11)
-* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102)
+* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 103)
* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46)
* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51)
* \bar: Math accents. (line 13)
@@ -11944,7 +12188,7 @@
* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 23)
+* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 22)
* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 58)
* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 62)
* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 66)
@@ -11988,8 +12232,8 @@
* \capitalring: Accents. (line 75)
* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 81)
* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 43)
-* \caption: figure. (line 40)
-* \caption <1>: table. (line 26)
+* \caption: figure. (line 42)
+* \caption <1>: table. (line 47)
* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 121)
* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 25)
@@ -12099,7 +12343,7 @@
* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 182)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
* \dots: Text symbols. (line 34)
-* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 167)
+* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168)
* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 186)
* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 190)
* \ell: Math symbols. (line 194)
@@ -12250,9 +12494,9 @@
* \item: description. (line 29)
* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29)
* \item <2>: itemize. (line 6)
-* \item <3>: itemize. (line 28)
-* \itemindent: list. (line 80)
-* \itemsep: list. (line 84)
+* \item <3>: itemize. (line 27)
+* \itemindent: list. (line 78)
+* \itemsep: list. (line 82)
* \itshape: Font styles. (line 33)
* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66)
* \jmath: Math accents. (line 37)
@@ -12260,7 +12504,7 @@
* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70)
* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284)
* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
-* \kill: tabbing. (line 106)
+* \kill: tabbing. (line 107)
* \l (/l): Additional Latin letters.
(line 36)
* \L (/L): Additional Latin letters.
@@ -12270,12 +12514,12 @@
* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 56)
* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 56)
* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 56)
-* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 35)
-* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 35)
-* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 35)
-* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 35)
-* \labelsep: list. (line 96)
-* \labelwidth: list. (line 101)
+* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 34)
+* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 34)
+* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 34)
+* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 34)
+* \labelsep: list. (line 94)
+* \labelwidth: list. (line 99)
* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287)
* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290)
* \land: Math symbols. (line 293)
@@ -12297,14 +12541,14 @@
* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46)
* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335)
* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338)
-* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 121)
-* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 54)
-* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 54)
+* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 119)
+* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 53)
+* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 53)
* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 341)
* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346)
* \leq: Math symbols. (line 351)
@@ -12326,7 +12570,7 @@
(line 34)
* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16)
* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16)
-* \listparindent: list. (line 138)
+* \listparindent: list. (line 136)
* \ll: Math symbols. (line 366)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370)
@@ -12346,7 +12590,7 @@
* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6)
-* \makelabel: list. (line 53)
+* \makelabel: list. (line 55)
* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 395)
@@ -12507,14 +12751,14 @@
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14)
* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 502)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
-* \parindent: minipage. (line 17)
+* \parindent: minipage. (line 108)
* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6)
-* \parsep: list. (line 144)
+* \parsep: list. (line 142)
* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6)
-* \parskip example: itemize. (line 73)
+* \parskip example: itemize. (line 72)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 8)
* \partial: Math symbols. (line 505)
-* \partopsep: list. (line 153)
+* \partopsep: list. (line 151)
* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
(line 198)
* \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands.
@@ -12529,8 +12773,8 @@
* \pi: Math symbols. (line 520)
* \pm: Math symbols. (line 524)
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
-* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 112)
-* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 113)
+* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113)
+* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114)
* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
* \prec: Math symbols. (line 527)
@@ -12554,7 +12798,7 @@
* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550)
* \psi: Math symbols. (line 553)
-* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 115)
+* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 116)
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
(line 38)
@@ -12574,7 +12818,7 @@
* \Re: Math symbols. (line 571)
* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6)
-* \refname: thebibliography. (line 26)
+* \refname: thebibliography. (line 25)
* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
@@ -12597,7 +12841,7 @@
* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610)
* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613)
* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616)
-* \rightmargin: list. (line 168)
+* \rightmargin: list. (line 166)
* \rm: Font styles. (line 79)
* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30)
* \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
@@ -12682,8 +12926,8 @@
(line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
* \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
-* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 120)
-* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 171)
+* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 121)
+* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 172)
* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
@@ -12784,7 +13028,7 @@
* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
(line 123)
-* \topsep: list. (line 173)
+* \topsep: list. (line 171)
* \topskip: Page layout parameters.
(line 130)
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -12851,12 +13095,12 @@
* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6)
* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 895)
* \[: Math formulas. (line 16)
-* \\ (for center): center. (line 14)
+* \\ (for center): center. (line 22)
* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 20)
-* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 65)
-* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12)
+* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66)
+* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 14)
* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 50)
* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34)
* \\ for verse: verse. (line 17)
@@ -12869,7 +13113,7 @@
* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33)
* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37)
-* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 92)
+* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93)
* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \|: Math symbols. (line 19)
* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13)
@@ -12936,8 +13180,8 @@
* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 6)
* environment, picture: picture. (line 6)
-* environment, quotation: quotation and quote. (line 6)
-* environment, quote: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 6)
+* environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
* environment, table: table. (line 6)
* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 6)
@@ -12982,7 +13226,7 @@
* letterpaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
* list environment: list. (line 6)
-* lR box: picture. (line 90)
+* lR box: picture. (line 95)
* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
* lshort document: About this document. (line 41)
* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 29)
@@ -13007,8 +13251,8 @@
* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20)
* picture environment: picture. (line 6)
* pt: Units of length. (line 10)
-* quotation environment: quotation and quote. (line 6)
-* quote environment: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
+* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 6)
* report class: Document classes. (line 11)
* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 47)
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
@@ -13082,226 +13326,226 @@
Ref: \@startsection/afterskip83932
Ref: \@startsection/style85243
Node: Cross references89079
-Node: \label91212
-Node: \pageref93009
-Node: \ref93809
-Node: Environments94686
-Node: abstract96689
-Node: array98278
-Node: center100536
-Node: \centering102177
-Node: description103549
-Node: displaymath105736
-Node: document107514
-Node: \AtBeginDocument107944
-Node: \AtEndDocument108568
-Node: enumerate109212
-Node: eqnarray112009
-Node: equation114063
-Node: figure114733
-Node: filecontents116545
-Node: flushleft118298
-Node: \raggedright118791
-Node: flushright119350
-Node: \raggedleft119848
-Node: itemize120405
-Node: letter123906
-Node: list124144
-Node: \item136855
-Node: trivlist138108
-Node: math139636
-Node: minipage139942
-Node: picture141134
-Node: \circle146150
-Node: \makebox (picture)146493
-Node: \framebox (picture)147199
-Node: \dashbox147689
-Node: \frame148212
-Node: \line148538
-Node: \linethickness148996
-Node: \thicklines149417
-Node: \thinlines149727
-Node: \multiput150029
-Node: \oval150396
-Node: \put151117
-Node: \shortstack151408
-Node: \vector151882
-Node: quotation and quote152196
-Node: tabbing153403
-Node: table159341
-Node: tabular160768
-Node: \multicolumn167976
-Node: \vline171861
-Node: \cline173206
-Node: \hline173890
-Node: thebibliography174573
-Node: \bibitem176187
-Node: \cite176945
-Node: \nocite177464
-Node: Using BibTeX177752
-Node: theorem179261
-Node: titlepage179647
-Node: verbatim180937
-Node: \verb181576
-Node: verse182126
-Node: Line breaking182620
-Node: \\183717
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr184755
-Node: \newline185157
-Node: \- (hyphenation)185991
-Node: \discretionary186606
-Node: \fussy186898
-Node: \sloppy187288
-Node: \hyphenation187615
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak188240
-Node: Page breaking188892
-Node: \cleardoublepage189500
-Node: \clearpage189929
-Node: \newpage190226
-Node: \enlargethispage190457
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak190984
-Node: Footnotes191678
-Node: \footnote192932
-Node: \footnotemark194728
-Node: \footnotetext195972
-Node: Footnotes in a table196462
-Node: Footnotes in section headings198319
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes199175
-Node: Multiple reference to footnotes199942
-Node: Footnote parameters200800
-Node: Definitions201550
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand202427
-Node: \providecommand206673
-Node: \newcounter207334
-Node: \newlength208485
-Node: \newsavebox209131
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment209741
-Node: \newtheorem214472
-Node: \newfont217945
-Node: \protect219240
-Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend221626
-Node: Counters224375
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol226048
-Node: \usecounter228877
-Node: \value229740
-Node: \setcounter230669
-Node: \addtocounter231271
-Node: \refstepcounter231736
-Node: \stepcounter232394
-Node: \day \month \year232736
-Node: Lengths233281
-Node: Units of length235071
-Node: \setlength236565
-Node: \addtolength236969
-Node: \settodepth237287
-Node: \settoheight237578
-Node: \settowidth237875
-Node: Predefined lengths238183
-Node: Making paragraphs238698
-Node: \indent239270
-Node: \noindent239732
-Node: \parskip240241
-Node: Marginal notes240499
-Node: Math formulas242311
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts244095
-Node: Math symbols245433
-Node: Math functions270762
-Node: Math accents271705
-Node: Spacing in math mode272677
-Node: Math miscellany274144
-Node: Modes276694
-Node: \ensuremath278534
-Node: Page styles279450
-Node: \maketitle279944
-Node: \pagenumbering281014
-Node: \pagestyle281510
-Node: \thispagestyle282651
-Node: Spaces282957
-Node: \hspace283827
-Node: \hfill284782
-Node: \spacefactor285174
-Node: \(SPACE) and \@287886
-Ref: \AT288029
-Node: \frenchspacing289506
-Node: \normalsfcodes290122
-Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence290311
-Node: \thinspace291222
-Node: \/291542
-Node: \hrulefill \dotfill292724
-Node: \addvspace293717
-Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip294763
-Node: \vfill295655
-Node: \vspace296524
-Node: Boxes297517
-Node: \mbox298229
-Node: \fbox and \framebox298516
-Node: lrbox299320
-Node: \makebox299678
-Node: \parbox300398
-Node: \raisebox301966
-Node: \savebox302563
-Node: \sbox302978
-Node: \usebox303427
-Node: Color303688
-Node: Color package options304532
-Node: Color models306178
-Node: Commands for color308487
-Node: Define colors308902
-Node: Colored text309617
-Node: Colored boxes311992
-Node: Colored pages313431
-Node: Graphics314124
-Node: Graphics package options316243
-Node: Graphics package configuration318999
-Node: \graphicspath319801
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions322724
-Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule324521
-Node: Commands for graphics327710
-Node: \includegraphics328215
-Node: \rotatebox341241
-Node: \scalebox344036
-Node: \resizebox345088
-Node: Special insertions346280
-Node: Reserved characters347084
-Node: Upper and lower case348285
-Node: Symbols by font position350200
-Node: Text symbols350820
-Node: Accents354268
-Node: Additional Latin letters356810
-Ref: Non-English characters356981
-Node: \rule357998
-Node: \today358427
-Node: Splitting the input359181
-Node: \endinput360558
-Node: \include & \includeonly361825
-Node: \input365842
-Node: Front/back matter366550
-Node: Tables of contents366755
-Node: \addcontentsline367816
-Node: \addtocontents368834
-Node: Glossaries369367
-Node: Indexes369886
-Node: Letters371519
-Node: \address375197
-Node: \cc376067
-Node: \closing376485
-Node: \encl376796
-Node: \location377211
-Node: \makelabels377480
-Node: \name378481
-Node: \opening378711
-Node: \ps379051
-Node: \signature379340
-Node: \telephone380432
-Node: Terminal input/output380797
-Node: \typein381062
-Node: \typeout381647
-Node: Command line382270
-Node: Document templates383222
-Node: beamer template383629
-Node: book template384280
-Node: tugboat template384648
-Node: Concept Index387012
-Node: Command Index449995
+Node: \label91189
+Node: \pageref92986
+Node: \ref93786
+Node: Environments94663
+Node: abstract96666
+Node: array98255
+Node: center100653
+Node: \centering102384
+Node: description103831
+Node: displaymath106018
+Node: document107796
+Node: \AtBeginDocument108226
+Node: \AtEndDocument108850
+Node: enumerate109494
+Node: eqnarray112291
+Node: equation114289
+Node: figure114917
+Node: filecontents116991
+Node: flushleft118744
+Node: \raggedright119673
+Node: flushright120874
+Node: \raggedleft121537
+Node: itemize122330
+Node: letter125784
+Node: list126022
+Node: \item138822
+Node: trivlist140075
+Node: math141603
+Node: minipage141909
+Node: picture146770
+Node: \circle151936
+Node: \makebox (picture)152282
+Node: \framebox (picture)152988
+Node: \dashbox153478
+Node: \frame154001
+Node: \line154327
+Node: \linethickness154785
+Node: \thicklines155206
+Node: \thinlines155516
+Node: \multiput155818
+Node: \oval156185
+Node: \put156906
+Node: \shortstack157197
+Node: \vector157671
+Node: quotation & quote157985
+Node: tabbing158884
+Node: table164889
+Node: tabular166913
+Node: \multicolumn174163
+Node: \vline178048
+Node: \cline179393
+Node: \hline180077
+Node: thebibliography180759
+Node: \bibitem182259
+Node: \cite183042
+Node: \nocite183577
+Node: Using BibTeX183843
+Node: theorem185352
+Node: titlepage186274
+Node: verbatim187547
+Node: \verb188262
+Node: verse189042
+Node: Line breaking189542
+Node: \\190639
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr191677
+Node: \newline192079
+Node: \- (hyphenation)192913
+Node: \discretionary193528
+Node: \fussy193820
+Node: \sloppy194210
+Node: \hyphenation194537
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak195162
+Node: Page breaking195814
+Node: \cleardoublepage196422
+Node: \clearpage196851
+Node: \newpage197148
+Node: \enlargethispage197379
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak197906
+Node: Footnotes198600
+Node: \footnote199854
+Node: \footnotemark201650
+Node: \footnotetext202894
+Node: Footnotes in a table203384
+Node: Footnotes in section headings205241
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes206097
+Node: Multiple reference to footnotes206864
+Node: Footnote parameters207722
+Node: Definitions208472
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand209349
+Node: \providecommand213595
+Node: \newcounter214256
+Node: \newlength215407
+Node: \newsavebox216053
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment216663
+Node: \newtheorem221394
+Node: \newfont224867
+Node: \protect226162
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend228548
+Node: Counters231297
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol232970
+Node: \usecounter235799
+Node: \value236662
+Node: \setcounter237591
+Node: \addtocounter238193
+Node: \refstepcounter238658
+Node: \stepcounter239316
+Node: \day \month \year239658
+Node: Lengths240203
+Node: Units of length241993
+Node: \setlength243487
+Node: \addtolength243891
+Node: \settodepth244209
+Node: \settoheight244500
+Node: \settowidth244797
+Node: Predefined lengths245105
+Node: Making paragraphs245620
+Node: \indent246192
+Node: \noindent246654
+Node: \parskip247163
+Node: Marginal notes247421
+Node: Math formulas249233
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts251017
+Node: Math symbols252355
+Node: Math functions277684
+Node: Math accents278627
+Node: Spacing in math mode279599
+Node: Math miscellany281066
+Node: Modes283616
+Node: \ensuremath285456
+Node: Page styles286372
+Node: \maketitle286866
+Node: \pagenumbering287936
+Node: \pagestyle288432
+Node: \thispagestyle289573
+Node: Spaces289879
+Node: \hspace290749
+Node: \hfill291704
+Node: \spacefactor292096
+Node: \(SPACE) and \@294808
+Ref: \AT294951
+Node: \frenchspacing296428
+Node: \normalsfcodes297044
+Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence297233
+Node: \thinspace298144
+Node: \/298464
+Node: \hrulefill \dotfill299646
+Node: \addvspace300639
+Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip301685
+Node: \vfill302577
+Node: \vspace303446
+Node: Boxes304439
+Node: \mbox305151
+Node: \fbox and \framebox305438
+Node: lrbox306242
+Node: \makebox306600
+Node: \parbox307320
+Node: \raisebox309431
+Node: \savebox310044
+Node: \sbox310459
+Node: \usebox310908
+Node: Color311169
+Node: Color package options312013
+Node: Color models313659
+Node: Commands for color315968
+Node: Define colors316383
+Node: Colored text317098
+Node: Colored boxes319473
+Node: Colored pages320912
+Node: Graphics321605
+Node: Graphics package options323724
+Node: Graphics package configuration326480
+Node: \graphicspath327282
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions330205
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule332002
+Node: Commands for graphics335191
+Node: \includegraphics335696
+Node: \rotatebox348665
+Node: \scalebox351460
+Node: \resizebox352512
+Node: Special insertions353704
+Node: Reserved characters354508
+Node: Upper and lower case355709
+Node: Symbols by font position357624
+Node: Text symbols358244
+Node: Accents361692
+Node: Additional Latin letters364234
+Ref: Non-English characters364405
+Node: \rule365422
+Node: \today365851
+Node: Splitting the input366605
+Node: \endinput367982
+Node: \include & \includeonly369249
+Node: \input373266
+Node: Front/back matter373974
+Node: Tables of contents374179
+Node: \addcontentsline375240
+Node: \addtocontents376258
+Node: Glossaries376791
+Node: Indexes377310
+Node: Letters378943
+Node: \address382621
+Node: \cc383491
+Node: \closing383909
+Node: \encl384220
+Node: \location384635
+Node: \makelabels384904
+Node: \name385905
+Node: \opening386135
+Node: \ps386475
+Node: \signature386764
+Node: \telephone387856
+Node: Terminal input/output388221
+Node: \typein388486
+Node: \typeout389071
+Node: Command line389694
+Node: Document templates390646
+Node: beamer template391053
+Node: book template391704
+Node: tugboat template392072
+Node: Concept Index394436
+Node: Command Index457701
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-05-21 15:59:01 UTC (rev 625)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-05-23 13:11:26 UTC (rev 626)
@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@
@c xx merge display style math
@c xx vertical mode, horizontal mode
@c xx JH Discuss restricted execution
- at c xx explain nfss somewhere
+ at c xx JH explain nfss somewhere
+ at c xx JH picture: put vs multiput vs qspline to put things in picture
+ at c xx JH expand BiBTeX
+ at c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math
+ at c xx JH expand verbatim, verb, add something on code listings
@c
@c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel
@c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included.
@@ -2834,7 +2838,7 @@
extension @file{.aux} and with the same base name as the file containing
the @code{\label}. So if @code{\label} is in @file{calculus.tex} then
the information is in @file{calculus.aux}. @LaTeX{} puts the
-information in that file every time it across a @code{\label}.
+information in that file every time it runs across a @code{\label}.
@cindex forward reference
@cindex reference, forward
@@ -2847,14 +2851,13 @@
marks at tie{}@samp{??}, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
-to resolve this just compile the document a second time.
+resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
- at PkgIndex{cleveref}
-The @code{cleveref} package enhances @LaTeX{}'s cross referencing
-features. You can have the format of the cross-references determined
-automatically according to the type of cross-reference, such as
-equation, section, etc., and the context in which you use that
-reference.
+ at PkgIndex{cleveref} The @code{cleveref} package enhances @LaTeX{}'s
+cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
+ at code{\begin@{thm@}\label@{th:Nerode@}...\end@{thm@}} then
+ at code{\cref@{th:Nerode@}} will output @samp{Theorem 3.21}, without you
+having to enter the ``Theorem.''
@menu
* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -3050,7 +3053,7 @@
* math:: In-line math.
* minipage:: Miniature page.
* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-* quotation and quote:: Include a quotation.
+* quotation & quote:: Include a quotation.
* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
* table:: Floating tables.
* tabular:: Align text in columns.
@@ -3150,8 +3153,10 @@
double-backslashes (@pxref{\\}).
The required argument @var{cols} describes the number of columns, their
-alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
- at ref{tabular} for the complete description of @var{cols}, and of the
+alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
+ at code{\begin@{array@}@{rcl@}...\end@{array@}} gives three columns: the
+first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
+ at ref{tabular} for the complete description of @var{cols} and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
@var{pos} argument.
@@ -3214,13 +3219,23 @@
\end@{center@}
@end example
+or
+
+ at example
+\begin@{center@}
+ text on first line \\
+ text on second line \\
+ ...
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
-double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (@pxref{\\}).
+double-backslash, @code{\\}, to get a line break (@pxref{\\}).
@findex \\ @r{(for @code{center})}
-If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, @LaTeX{}
-will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
-shrinking any interword space.
+If some text is too long to fit on a line then @LaTeX{} will insert line
+breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
+interword space.
This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
@ref{\centering} to avoid such space, for example inside a @code{figure}
@@ -3264,10 +3279,24 @@
@findex \centering
@cindex centering text, declaration for
-A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
-most often used inside an environment such as @code{figure}, or in a
- at code{parbox}.
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+@{\centering ... @}
+ at end example
+
+or
+
+ at example
+\begin@{group@}
+ \centering ...
+\end@{group@}
+ at end example
+
+Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an
+environment such as @code{figure}, or in a @code{parbox}.
+
Unlike the @code{center} environment, the @code{\centering} command does
not add vertical space above and below the text.
@@ -3294,7 +3323,7 @@
\end@{figure@}
@end example
-The scope of the @code{\centering} ends with the @code{\end@{figure@}}.
+The scope of this @code{\centering} ends with the @code{\end@{figure@}}.
@node description
@@ -3315,7 +3344,7 @@
@end example
Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's @var{label} is
-typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the
+typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the
first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having
none causes the @LaTeX{} error @samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item}.
@@ -3579,17 +3608,16 @@
@cindex align @r{environment, from @code{amsmath}}
@cindex amsmath @r{package, replacing @code{eqnarray}}
@cindex Madsen, Lars
-First, a caveat: the @code{eqnarray} environment is depreciated. It has
-infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
-inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article ``Avoid
-eqnarray!''@: by Lars Madsen
+The @code{eqnarray} environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
+including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
+(See ``Avoid eqnarray!''@: by Lars Madsen
@url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf}). New documents
should include the @file{amsmath} package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the @code{align}
-environment.
+environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
+working with old documents.
-Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old
-documents, a synopsis:
+Synopsis:
@example
\begin@{eqnarray@}
@@ -3659,17 +3687,15 @@
@end example
Make a @code{displaymath} environment (@pxref{displaymath}) with an
-equation number in the right margin.
+equation number in the right margin. The equation number is generated
+using the @code{equation} counter.
-The equation number is generated using the @code{equation} counter.
-
You should have no blank lines between @code{\begin@{equation@}} and
- at code{\begin@{equation@}}, or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a
-missing dollar sign, at tie{}$@code{$}.
+ at code{\begin@{equation@}} or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign.
-Note that the @file{amsmath} package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents.
+The package @file{amsmath} package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. New documents should include this package.
@node figure
@@ -3684,8 +3710,8 @@
@example
\begin@{figure@}[@var{placement}]
figure body
-\caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@}
-\label@{@var{label@}}
+ \caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@} % optional
+ \label@{@var{label@}} % optional
\end@{figure@}
@end example
@@ -3694,28 +3720,31 @@
@example
\begin@{figure*@}[@var{placement}]
figure body
-\caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@}
-\label@{@var{label@}}
+ \caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@} % optional
+ \label@{@var{label@}} % optional
\end@{figure*@}
@end example
-A class of floats (@pxref{Floats}). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are ``floated'' to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+The figure body is made up of imported graphics, or text, LaTeX
+commands, etc. It is typeset in a @code{parbox} of width
+ at code{\textwidth}.
-For the possible values of @var{placement} and their effect on the
-float placement algorithm, see @ref{Floats}.
+Figures are not part of the normal text. A long figure will not be
+split between two pages. Because of this, they are not typeset in
+sequence with the normal text but instead are ``floated'' to a
+convenient place, such as the top of a following page (@pxref{Floats}).
+The possible values of @var{placement} are @code{h} for @samp{here},
+ at code{t} for @samp{top}, @code{b} for @samp{bottom}, and @code{p} for
+ at samp{on a separate page of floats}. For the effect of these options on
+the float placement algorithm, see @ref{Floats}.
+
The starred form @code{figure*} is used when a document is in
double-column mode (@pxref{\twocolumn}). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of @var{placement} @code{b}
in @ref{Floats}.
-The figure body is typeset in a @code{parbox} of width @code{\textwidth}
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
-
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (@pxref{Cross
references}).
@findex \caption
@@ -3810,19 +3839,36 @@
@cindex left-justifying text, environment for
@cindex ragged right text, environment for
+Synopsis:
+
@example
\begin@{flushleft@}
- at var{line1} \\
- at var{line2} \\
-...
+ @var{line1} \\
+ @var{line2} \\
+ ...
\end@{flushleft@}
@end example
@findex \\ @r{for @code{flushleft}}
-The @code{flushleft} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right. Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
+An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+left-hand margin and ragged right. @LaTeX{} will break long lines to
+avoid hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line
+with a double backslash @code{\\}. For the declaration form
+see at tie{}@ref{\raggedright}.
+This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text
+flush left and ragged right.
+
+ at example
+\noindent\begin@{minipage@}@{3in@}
+\begin@{flushleft@}
+ A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX@{@} at a convenient spot. \\
+ And, a forced fresh line.
+\end@{flushleft@}
+\end@{minipage@}
+ at end example
+
+
@menu
* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the @code{flushleft} environment.
@end menu
@@ -3836,17 +3882,45 @@
@cindex left-justifying text
@cindex justification, ragged right
-The @code{\raggedright} declaration corresponds to the
- at code{flushleft} environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as @code{quote} or in a @code{parbox}.
+Synopses:
+ at example
+@{\raggedright ... @}
+ at end example
+
+or
+
+ at example
+\begin@{@var{environment}@} \raggedright
+ ...
+\end@{@var{environment}@}
+ at end example
+
+A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
+ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as @code{quote}
+or in a @code{parbox}. For the environment form
+see at tie{}@ref{flushleft}.
+
Unlike the @code{flushleft} environment, the @code{\raggedright}
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how @LaTeX{}
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end}
command that ends the paragraph unit.
+Here @code{\raggedright} in each second column keeps @LaTeX{} from doing
+very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
+that @code{\raggedright} is inside the curly braces @code{@{...@}} to
+delimit its effect.
+ at example
+\begin@{tabular@}@{rp@{2in@}@}
+ Team alpha &@{\raggedright This team does all the real work.@} \\
+ Team beta &@{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
+ cooler is never empty.@} \\
+\end@{tabular@}
+ at end example
+
+
@node flushright
@section @code{flushright}
@@ -3856,17 +3930,21 @@
@example
\begin@{flushright@}
- at var{line1} \\
- at var{line2} \\
-...
+ @var{line1} \\
+ @var{line2} \\
+ ...
\end@{flushright@}
@end example
@findex \\ (for @code{flushright})
-The @code{flushright} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence @code{\\}.
+An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
+right-hand margin and ragged left. @LaTeX{} will break long lines to
+avoid hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. Force a new line
+with a double backslash @code{\\}. For the declaration form
+see at tie{}@ref{\raggedleft}.
+For an example related to this environment, see at tie{}@ref{flushleft}.
+
@menu
* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the @code{flushright} environment.
@end menu
@@ -3880,17 +3958,34 @@
@cindex justification, ragged left
@cindex right-justifying text
-The @code{\raggedleft} declaration corresponds to the
- at code{flushright} environment. This declaration can be used inside an
-environment such as @code{quote} or in a @code{parbox}.
+Synopses:
+ at example
+@{\raggedleft ... @}
+ at end example
+
+or
+
+ at example
+\begin@{@var{environment}@} \raggedleft
+ ...
+\end@{@var{environment}@}
+ at end example
+
+A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
+ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as @code{quote}
+or in a @code{parbox}. For the environment form
+see at tie{}@ref{flushright}.
+
Unlike the @code{flushright} environment, the @code{\raggedleft}
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how @LaTeX{}
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end}
command that ends the paragraph unit.
+For an example related to this environment, see at tie{}@ref{\raggedright}.
+
@node itemize
@section @code{itemize}
@@ -3910,11 +4005,10 @@
\end@{itemize@}
@end example
-The @code{itemize} environment produces an ``unordered'', ``bulleted''
-list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of
-this environment; see below. Each @code{itemize} list environment must
-have at least one item; having none causes the @LaTeX{} error
- at samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item}.
+Produces an ``unordered,'' or ``bulleted,'' list. The format of the
+labelling depends on the nesting level; see below. Each @code{itemize}
+list environment must have at least one item; having none causes the
+ at LaTeX{} error @samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item}.
This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, @bullet{}.
@@ -4036,19 +4130,16 @@
\end@{list@}
@end example
-The @code{list} environment is a generic environment for constructing
-more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the
- at code{description}, @code{enumerate}, and @code{itemize} environments
-(@pxref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize}).
+A generic environment for constructing more specialized lists. It is
+most often used to create lists via the @code{description},
+ at code{enumerate}, and @code{itemize} environments (@pxref{description},
+ at ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize}). Also, many standard @LaTeX{}
+environments that are not visually lists are constructed using
+ at code{list}, including @code{quotation}, @code{quote}, @code{center},
+ at code{verbatim}, and plenty more (@pxref{quotation & quote},
+ at pxref{center}, @pxref{flushright}).
-Also, many standard @LaTeX{} environments that are not visually lists
-are constructed using @code{list}, including @code{quotation},
- at code{quote}, @code{center}, @code{verbatim}, and plenty more
-(@pxref{quotation and quote}, @pxref{center}, @pxref{flushright}).
-
- at PkgIndex{enumitem}
-The third-party package @code{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists.
-Here, we describe the @code{list} environment by defining a new custom
+This uses the @code{list} environment to define a new custom
environment.
@example
@@ -4068,48 +4159,47 @@
\end@{named@}
@end example
-The @code{list} environment's mandatory first argument,
- at var{labeling}, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can
-contain text and @LaTeX{} commands, as above where it contains both
- at samp{Item} and @samp{\Roman@{...@}}. @LaTeX{} forms the label by
-putting the @var{labeling} argument in a box of width
- at code{\labelwidth}. If the label is wider than that, the additional
-material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you
-can override the default labeling by giving @code{\item} an optional
-argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above
- at code{\item[Special label.]}; @pxref{\item}.
+The mandatory first argument @var{labeling} specifies the default
+labeling of list items. It can contain text and @LaTeX{} commands, as
+above where it contains both @samp{Item} and @samp{\Roman@{...@}}.
+ at LaTeX{} forms the label by putting the @var{labeling} argument in a box
+of width @code{\labelwidth}. If the label is wider than that, the
+additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
+list you can override the default labeling by giving @code{\item} an
+optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
+above @code{\item[Special label.]}; @pxref{\item}.
+The mandatory second argument @var{spacing} has a list of commands. One
+that goes in here is @code{\usecounter@{@var{countername}@}}
+(@pxref{\usecounter}). Use this to tell @LaTeX{} to number the items
+using the given counter. The counter will be reset to zero each time
+ at LaTeX{} enters the environment, and the counter is incremented by one
+each time @LaTeX{} encounters an @code{\item}.
+
@findex \makelabel
-The label box is constructed by the command @code{\makelabel}. By
-default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument,
-the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing
-its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the
- at code{named} environment add
+Another command that can go in @var{spacing} is @code{\makelabel}, which
+constructs the label box. By default it positions the contents flush
+right. It takes one argument, the label. It typesets the contents in
+LR mode. One example of changing its definition is that to the above
+ at code{named} example before the definition of the environment add
@code{\newcommand@{\namedmakelabel@}[1]@{\textsc@{#1@}@}}, and between
the @code{\setlength} command and the parenthesis that closes the
@var{spacing} argument also add @code{\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel}.
Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to @code{\let\makelabel\fbox} puts the labels inside a
-framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
+framed box. Another example of the @code{\makelabel} command is below,
+in the definition of the @code{redlabel} environment.
-The mandatory second argument @var{spacing} can have a list of
-commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
- at code{\setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{2em@}}. If this argument is empty,
-i.e., @code{@{@}}, then the list will have the default spacing given
-below. To number the items using a counter, put
- at code{\usecounter@{@var{countername}@}} in this argument
-(@pxref{\usecounter}).
+Also often in @var{spacing} are commands to redefine the spacing for the
+list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values.
+(Default values for derived environments such as @code{itemize} can be
+different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
+the list. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical spaces are
+normally rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus} components,
+to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
+command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt minus1pt@}}.
+For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
-Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the
-figure below. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical
-spaces are normally rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus}
-components, to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change
-each with a command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt@}}. For some effects these lengths should be zero or
-negative. Default values for derived environments such as
- at code{itemize} can be changed from the values shown here for the basic
- at code{list}.
-
@ftable @code
@item \itemindent
Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond @code{leftmargin}, of the
@@ -4295,6 +4385,9 @@
@end ftable
+ at PkgIndex{enumitem}
+The package @code{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists.
+
This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
@xref{\usecounter}.
@@ -4440,26 +4533,131 @@
@EnvIndex{minipage}
@cindex minipage, creating a
+Synopses:
+
@example
+\begin@{minipage@}@{@var{width}@}
+ @var{contents}
+\end@{minipage@}
+ at end example
+
+or:
+
+ at example
\begin@{minipage@}[@var{position}][@var{height}][@var{inner-pos}]@{@var{width}@}
- at var{text}
+ @var{contents}
\end@{minipage@}
@end example
-The @code{minipage} environment typesets its body @var{text} in a
-block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
- at code{\parbox} command (@pxref{\parbox}), but unlike @code{\parbox},
-other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
+Put @var{contents} into a box that is @var{width} wide. This is like a
+small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized
+lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
+floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So @code{minipage}
+is similar to @code{\parbox} (@pxref{\parbox}) but here you can have
+paragraphs.
- at c (xxref positions)
-The arguments are the same as for @code{\parbox} (@pxref{\parbox}).
+This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of the
+page.
+ at example
+\begin@{center@} % center the minipage on the line
+\begin@{minipage@}@{2.5in@}
+ \begin@{center@} % center the table inside the minipage
+ \begin@{tabular@}@{ll@}
+ \textsc@{Monarch@} &\textsc@{Reign@} \\ \hline
+ Elizabeth II &63 years\footnote@{to date@} \\
+ Victoria &63 years \\
+ George III &59 years
+ \end@{tabular@}
+ \end@{center@}
+\end@{minipage@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+The required argument @var{width} is a rigid length (@pxref{Lengths}).
+It gives the width of the box into which @var{contents} are typeset.
+
+There are three optional arguments, @var{position}, @var{height}, and
+ at var{inner-pos}. You need not include all three. For example, get the
+default @var{position} and set the @var{height} with
+ at code{\begin@{minipage@}[c][2.54cm] @var{contents} \end@{minipage@}}.
+(Get the natural height with an empty argument, @code{[]}.)
+
+The optional argument @var{position} governs how the @code{minipage}
+vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item c
+(synonym @code{m}) Default. Positions the @code{minipage} so its
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
+Plain @TeX{} calls @code{\vcenter}).
+
+ at item t
+Match the top line in the @code{minipage} with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain @TeX{}'s @code{\vtop}.
+
+ at item b
+Match the bottom line in the @code{minipage} with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (Plain @TeX{}'s @code{\vbox}.
+ at end table
+
+To see the effects of these, contrast running this
+
+ at example
+---\begin@{minipage@}[c]@{0.25in@}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+\end@{minipage@}
+ at end example
+
+with the results of changing @code{c} to @code{b} or at tie{}@code{t}.
+
+The optional argument @var{height} is a rigid length (@pxref{Lengths}).
+It sets the height of the @code{minipage}. You can enter any value
+larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the @code{minipage}'s natural
+height and @LaTeX{} will not give an error or warning. You can also set
+it to a height of zero or a negative value.
+
+The final optional argument @var{inner-pos} controls the placement of
+ at var{content} inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+default is the value of @var{position}).
+
+ at table @code
+ at item t
+Place @var{content} at the top of the box.
+
+ at item c
+Place it in the vertical center.
+
+ at item b
+Place it at the box bottom.
+
+ at item s
+Stretch @var{contents} out vertically; it must contain vertically
+stretchable space.
+
+ at end table
+
+The @var{inner-pos} argument makes sense when the @var{height} options
+is set to a value larger than the @code{minipage}'s natural height. To
+see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
+in place of @code{b}.
+
+ at example
+Text before
+\begin@{center@}
+ ---\begin@{minipage@}[c][3in][b]@{0.25\textwidth@}
+ first\\ second\\ third
+ \end@{minipage@}
+\end@{center@}
+Text after
+ at end example
+
@cindex indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
@cindex paragraph indentation, in minipage
@findex \parindent
-By default, paragraphs are not indented in the @code{minipage}
-environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
- at code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{1pc@}} command.
+By default paragraphs are not indented in a @code{minipage}. Change
+that with a command such as @code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{1pc@}} at
+the start of @var{contents}.
@cindex footnotes in figures
@cindex figures, footnotes in
@@ -4470,10 +4668,33 @@
uses the @code{\mpfootnote} counter instead of the ordinary
@code{footnote} counter (@pxref{Counters}).
-However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes.
+Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
+ at code{\end@{minipage@}} which may not be their logical place.
+This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
+are vertically centered.
+ at example
+\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begin@{tabular@}@{@@@{@}c@@@{@}@}#1\end@{tabular@}@}
+ ...
+\begin@{center@}
+ \vcenteredhbox@{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]@{nyc.png@}@}
+ \hspace@{0.1\textwidth@}
+ \begin@{minipage@}@{0.5\textwidth@}
+ \begin@{tabular@}@{r|l@}
+ \multicolumn@{1@}@{r@}@{Borough@} &Pop (million) \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &$1.5$ \\
+ Brooklyn &$2.6$ \\
+ Manhattan &$1.6$ \\
+ Queens &$2.3$ \\
+ Staten Island &$0.5$
+ \end@{tabular@}
+ \end@{minipage@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+
@node picture
@section @code{picture}
@@ -4528,56 +4749,63 @@
\end@{center@}
@end example
-The @code{picture} environment has one mandatory argument, a position
-(@var{width}, at var{height}). This specifies the size of the box into
-which @LaTeX{} puts the picture. This box size need not be how large
-the picture really is; @LaTeX{} will happily draw things from the
-picture outside the picture's box, or even off the page. This size only
-determines how much room @LaTeX{} leaves on the page.
+The @code{picture} environment has one required argument, a pair of
+numbers (@var{width}, at var{height}). Multiply these by the value
+ at code{\unitlength} to get the size of the box that @LaTeX{} places on
+the output page. This box size need not be how large the picture really
+is; @LaTeX{} will draw things from the picture outside the picture's
+box.
-This environment also has an optional position argument
-(@var{xoffset}, at var{yoffset}) that follows the size argument, used to
-change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this one is not
-contained in square brackets.) It gives the coordinates of the point at
-the lower-left corner of the picture. For example, if
- at code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1mm}, the command
+This environment also has an optional argument
+(@var{xoffset}, at var{yoffset}). It is used to shift the origin. (Unlike
+most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.)
+As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
+Multiply these by @code{\unitlength} to get the point at the lower-left
+corner of the picture.
+For example, if @code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1mm}, the
+command
+
@example
\begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20)
@end example
- at noindent produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
-millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the
-origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
-picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
-optional argument.
+ at noindent produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+millimeters. The picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the
+lower-left corner is there, and the upper-right corner is at
+(110mm,220mm). When you first draw a picture you typically omit the
+optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you
+then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just
+add the appropriate optional argument.
- at LaTeX{}'s default for @code{\unitlength} is @code{1pt}. Change it with
-the @code{\setlength} command (@pxref{\setlength}). You should only
-make this change outside of a @code{picture} environment.
-
@cindex position, in picture
The @var{picture commands} tell @LaTeX{} where to put something by
naming its position. A @dfn{position} is a pair such as @code{(2.4,-5)}
-giving the x- and y-coordinates. A @dfn{coordinate} is a number, not a
-length. It may have a decimal point and a minus sign. It specifies a
-length in multiples of the unit length @code{\unitlength}, so if
- at code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1cm}, then the coordinate 2.54
-specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+giving the x- and y-coordinates. A @dfn{coordinate} is a not a length,
+it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length @code{\unitlength},
+so if @code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1cm}, then the coordinate
+2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+ at LaTeX{}'s default for @code{\unitlength} is @code{1pt}. it is a rigid
+length (@pxref{Lengths}). Change it with the @code{\setlength} command
+(@pxref{\setlength}). Make this change only outside of a @code{picture}
+environment.
+
Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with @code{\put(1,2)@{...@}}, it is not enclosed in
-braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
+unlike in some compute graphics settings, larger y-coordinates are
+further up the page.
-Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the @code{\put}
+The most often used way to put things in a picture is the @code{\put}
command. The command
@example
\put(11.3,-.3)@{...@}
@end example
+ at c xx JH wrong: multiput, qbezier
@noindent places the object in the picture with its reference point at
coordinates @math{(11.3,-.3)}. The reference points for various objects
@@ -4622,12 +4850,12 @@
Synopsis:
@example
-\circle[*]@{@var{diameter}@}
+\circle@{@var{diameter}@}
+\circle*@{@var{diameter}@}
@end example
-The @code{\circle} command produces a circle with a diameter as close
-to the specified one as possible. The @code{*}-form of the command
-draws a solid circle.
+Produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as
+possible. The @code{*}-form of the command draws a filled-in circle.
Circles up to 40 at dmn{pt} can be drawn.
@@ -4891,8 +5119,8 @@
values must lie between @minus{}4 and +4, inclusive.
- at node quotation and quote
- at section @code{quotation} and @code{quote}
+ at node quotation & quote
+ at section @code{quotation} & @code{quote}
@EnvIndex{quotation}
@cindex quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying
@@ -4907,7 +5135,7 @@
@example
\begin@{quotation@}
- at var{text}
+ @var{text}
\end@{quotation@}
@end example
@@ -4915,31 +5143,24 @@
@example
\begin@{quote@}
- at var{text}
+ @var{text}
\end@{quote@}
@end example
-Include a quotation.
+Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides by
+ at code{\leftmargin} and the text is right-justified.
-In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
- at code{\leftmargin} and the text is justified at both. As with the main
-text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
+They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the @code{quotation}
+environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5 at dmn{em} and the space
+between paragraphs is small, @code{0pt plus 1pt}. In the @code{quote}
+environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space
+between paragraphs (it is the rubber length @code{\parsep}).
-To compare the two: in the @code{quotation} environment, paragraphs are
-indented by 1.5 at dmn{em} and the space between paragraphs is small,
- at code{0pt plus 1pt}. In the @code{quote} environment, paragraphs are
-not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the
-rubber length @code{\parsep}). Thus, the @code{quotation} environment
-may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an
-indent rather than by a vertical separation. In addition, @code{quote}
-may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short
-quotations.
-
@example
-\begin@{quotation@}
-\it Four score and seven years ago
+\begin@{quotation@} \small\it
+ Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
-\hspace@{1em plus 1fill@}---Abraham Lincoln
+ \hspace@{1em plus 1fill@}---Abraham Lincoln
\end@{quotation@}
@end example
@@ -4962,10 +5183,11 @@
\end@{tabbing@}
@end example
-The @code{tabbing} environment aligns text in columns. It works by
-setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter.
-It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
-and known in advance.
+Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
+was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments
+ at code{tabular} (@pxref{tabular}) or @code{array} (@pxref{array}) because
+in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be
+known in advance.
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit
widths, ended by a @code{\kill} command (which is described below):
@@ -5135,30 +5357,54 @@
@example
\begin@{table@}[@var{placement}]
- table body
-\caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@}
-\label@{@var{label@}}
+ @var{table body}
\end@{table@}
@end example
-A class of floats (@pxref{Floats}). Because they cannot be split across
-pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
-are ``floated'' to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
-page.
+or:
+ at example
+\begin@{table@}[@var{placement}]
+ @var{table body}
+ \caption[@var{loftitle}]@{@var{title}@}
+ \label@{@var{label@}}
+\end@{table@}
+ at end example
+
+A class of floats (@pxref{Floats}). They cannot be split across pages
+and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
+are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
+
+This @code{table} environment contains a tabular environment.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{table@}
+ \centering\small
+ \begin@{tabular@}@{ll@}
+ \multicolumn@{1@}@{c@}@{\textit@{Author@}@}
+ &\multicolumn@{1@}@{c@}@{\textit@{Piece@}@} \\ \hline
+ Bach &Cello Suite Number 1 \\
+ Beethoven &Cello Sonata Number 3 \\
+ Brahms &Cello Sonata Number 1
+ \end@{tabular@}
+ \caption@{Top cello pieces@}
+ \label@{tab:cello@}
+\end@{table@}
+ at end example
+
For the possible values of @var{placement} and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see @ref{Floats}.
-The table body is typeset in a @code{parbox} of width @code{\textwidth}
-and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
+The table body is typeset in a @code{parbox} of width @code{\textwidth}.
+It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
The label is optional; it is used for cross references (@pxref{Cross
references}).
@findex \caption
-The optional @code{\caption} command specifies caption text for the
-table. By default it is numbered. If @var{lottitle} is present, it is
-used in the list of tables instead of @var{title} (@pxref{Tables of
-contents}).
+The @code{\caption} command is alo optional. It specifies caption text
+for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+ at var{lottitle} is present then that text is used in the list of tables
+instead of @var{title} (@pxref{Tables of contents}).
In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -5203,9 +5449,9 @@
\end@{tabular*@}
@end example
-These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
-horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
-in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
+Produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of horizontal rows.
+Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically in columns. This
+illustrates many of the features.
@example
\begin@{tabular@}@{l|l@}
@@ -5330,12 +5576,13 @@
@c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages...
@item p@{@var{wd}@}
-Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width @var{wd}.
+Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width @var{wd}, as if
+it were the argument of a @code{\parbox[t]@{wd@}@{...@}} command.
-Note that a line break double backslash @code{\\} may not appear in the
-item, except inside an environment like @code{minipage}, @code{array},
-or @code{tabular}, or inside an explicit @code{\parbox}, or in the scope
-of a @code{\centering}, @code{\raggedright}, or @code{\raggedleft}
+A line break double backslash @code{\\} may not appear in the item,
+except inside an environment like @code{minipage}, @code{array}, or
+ at code{tabular}, or inside an explicit @code{\parbox}, or in the scope of
+a @code{\centering}, @code{\raggedright}, or @code{\raggedleft}
declaration (when used in a @code{p}-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with @code{@{\centering .. \\
..@}}). Otherwise @LaTeX{} will misinterpret the double backslash as
@@ -5550,7 +5797,7 @@
@findex \hline
-Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing @code{tabular} or
+Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing @code{tabular} or
@code{array} environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
@@ -5583,15 +5830,14 @@
\end@{thebibliography@}
@end example
-The @code{thebibliography} environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list.
+Produce a bibliography or reference list.
-In the @code{article} class, this reference list is labelled
- at samp{References} and the label is stored in macro @code{\refname}; in
-the @code{report} class, it is labelled @samp{Bibliography} and the
-label is stored in macro @code{\bibname}.
+In the @code{article} class, this list is labelled @samp{References} and
+the label is stored in macro @code{\refname}; in the @code{report}
+class, it is labelled @samp{Bibliography} and the label is stored in
+macro @code{\bibname}.
-You can change the label by redefining the command @code{\refname} or
+Change the label by redefining the command @code{\refname} or
@code{\bibname}, whichever is applicable depending on the class:
@itemize
@@ -5608,9 +5854,8 @@
@end itemize
@PkgIndex{babel}
-Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine
- at code{\refname} or @code{\bibname}; language support packages like
- at file{babel} do this.
+Language support packages such as @file{babel} will redefine
+ at code{\refname} or @code{\bibname}.
The mandatory @var{widest-label} argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the @code{\bibitem}
@@ -5633,12 +5878,18 @@
Synopsis:
@example
+\bibitem@{@var{cite_key}@}
+ at end example
+
+or:
+
+ at example
\bibitem[@var{label}]@{@var{cite_key}@}
@end example
-The @code{\bibitem} command generates an entry labelled by @var{label}.
-If the @var{label} argument is missing, a number is automatically
-generated using the @code{enumi} counter. The @var{cite_key} is a
+Generate an entry labelled by @var{label}. If the optional @var{label}
+argument is missing then @LaTeX{} automatically generates a number using
+the @code{enumi} counter. The @var{cite_key} is a
@cindex citation key
@dfn{citation key} consisting in any sequence of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
@@ -5659,13 +5910,19 @@
Synopsis:
@example
+\cite@{@var{keys}@}
+ at end example
+
+or:
+
+ at example
\cite[@var{subcite}]@{@var{keys}@}
@end example
-The @var{keys} argument is a list of one or more citation keys
-(@pxref{\bibitem}), separated by commas. This command generates an
-in-text citation to the references associated with @var{keys} by entries
-in the @file{.aux} file.
+Generate an in-text citation to the references associated with
+ at var{keys}, using entries in the @file{.aux} file. The @var{keys}
+argument is a list of one or more citation keys (@pxref{\bibitem}),
+separated by commas.
The text of the optional @var{subcite} argument appears after the
citation. For example, @code{\cite[p.~314]@{knuth@}} might produce
@@ -5683,8 +5940,8 @@
@code{\nocite@{@var{keys}@}}
@end example
-The @code{\nocite} command produces no text, but writes @var{keys},
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the @file{.aux} file.
+Produces no text, but writes @var{keys}, which is a list of one or more
+citation keys, to the @file{.aux} file.
@node Using BibTeX
@@ -5747,16 +6004,34 @@
@example
\begin@{theorem@}
- at var{theorem-text}
+ @var{theorem body}
\end@{theorem@}
@end example
-The @code{theorem} environment produces ``Theorem @var{n}'' in
-boldface followed by @var{theorem-text}, where the numbering
-possibilities for @var{n} are described under @code{\newtheorem}
-(@pxref{\newtheorem}).
+Produces @samp{Theorem @var{n}} in boldface followed by @var{theorem
+body} in italics. The numbering possibilities for @var{n} are described under
+ at code{\newtheorem} (@pxref{\newtheorem}).
+ at example
+\newtheorem@{lem@}@{Lemma@} % in preamble
+\newtheorem@{thm@}@{Theorem@}
+ ...
+\begin@{lem@} % in document body
+ text of lemma
+\end@{lem@}
+The next result follows immediately.
+\begin@{thm@}[Gauss] % put `Gauss' in parens after theorem head
+ text of theorem
+\end@{thm@}
+ at end example
+
+ at PkgIndex{amsmath} @PkgIndex{amsthm} Most new documents use the packages
+ at code{amsthm} and @code{amsmath} from the American Mathematical Society.
+Among other things these packages include a large number of options for
+theorem environments, such as styling options.
+
+
@node titlepage
@section @code{titlepage}
@@ -5772,15 +6047,12 @@
\end@{titlepage@}
@end example
-Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading. The
-following page will be numbered page one.
+Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading, and
+with the succeeding page numbered page one.
-To instead produce a standard title page without a @code{titlepage}
-environment you can use @code{\maketitle} (@pxref{\maketitle}).
+In this example all formatting, including vertical spacing, is left to
+the author.
-Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical spacing,
-is left to the author.
-
@example
\begin@{titlepage@}
\vspace*@{\stretch@{1@}@}
@@ -5804,7 +6076,10 @@
\end@{titlepage@}
@end example
+To instead produce a standard title page without a @code{titlepage}
+environment, use @code{\maketitle} (@pxref{\maketitle}).
+
@node verbatim
@section @code{verbatim}
@@ -5823,14 +6098,14 @@
\end@{verbatim@}
@end example
-The @code{verbatim} environment is a paragraph-making environment in
-which @LaTeX{} produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
- at code{\} character produces a printed @samp{\}. It turns @LaTeX{}
-into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
-effect that they would on a typewriter.
+A paragraph-making environment in which @LaTeX{} produces exactly what
+you type in; for instance the @code{\} character produces a printed
+ at samp{\}. Carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output
+appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font (@code{\tt}).
-The @code{verbatim} environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font
-(@code{\tt}).
+For typesetting computer code there are quite a few packages that are an
+improvement over using the @code{verbatim} environment, such as
+ at code{listings}, and @code{minted}. For a list of them, see CTAN.
@menu
* \verb:: The macro form of the @code{verbatim} environment.
@@ -5845,16 +6120,26 @@
Synopsis:
@example
-\verb at var{char}@var{literal-text}@var{char}
-\verb*@var{char}@var{literal-text}@var{char}
+\verb at var{char}@var{literal text}@var{char}
+\verb*@var{char}@var{literal text}@var{char}
@end example
-The @code{\verb} command typesets @var{literal-text} as it is input,
-including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
-(@code{\tt}) font. No spaces are allowed between @code{\verb} or
- at code{\verb*} and the delimiter @var{char}, which begins and ends the
-verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in @var{literal-text}.
+Typeset @var{literal text} as it is input, including special characters
+and spaces, using the typewriter (@code{\tt}) font.
+The first @code{\verb} below has the @var{literal text} demarcated with
+exclamation point, @code{!}. The second @code{\verb} instead uses plus,
+ at code{+}, as @var{char}.
+
+ at example
+This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever.
+And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
+ at end example
+
+No spaces can come between @code{\verb} or @code{\verb*} and the
+delimiter @var{char}, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The
+delimiter must not appear in @var{literal-text}.
+
@cindex visible space
The @code{*}-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
``visible space'' character.
@@ -5873,9 +6158,9 @@
@example
\begin@{verse@}
- at var{line1} \\
- at var{line2} \\
-...
+ @var{line1} \\
+ @var{line2} \\
+ ...
\end@{verse@}
@end example
@@ -10097,56 +10382,66 @@
@findex \parbox
-Synopsis:
+Synopses:
@example
-\parbox[@var{position}][@var{height}][@var{inner-pos}]@{@var{width}@}@{@var{text}@}
+\parbox@{@var{width}@}@{@var{contents}@}
@end example
+or:
+
+ at example
+\parbox[@var{position}][@var{height}][@var{inner-pos}]@{@var{width}@}@{@var{contents}@}
+ at end example
+
@cindex paragraph mode
-The @code{\parbox} command produces a box whose contents are created
-in @dfn{paragraph mode}. It should be used to make a box small
-pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
-shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
- at code{\parbox} argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
-containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
- at code{minipage} environment (@pxref{minipage}).
- at code{\parbox} has two mandatory arguments:
+Produce a box of text that is @var{width} wide. Use this command to make
+a box small pieces of text; its contents are created in @dfn{paragraph
+mode}. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
+paragraph-making environment, use a @code{minipage} environment
+(@pxref{minipage}).
- at table @var
- at item width
-the width of the parbox;
- at item text
-the text that goes inside the parbox.
- at end table
+ at example
+\begin@{picture@}(0,0)
+ ...
+ \put(1,2)@{\parbox@{1.75in@}@{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
+ this semilog paper, the relationship is exponential.@}@}
+\end@{picture@}
+ at end example
-By default @LaTeX{} will position vertically a parbox so its center
-lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
-optional @var{position} argument is present and equal either to @samp{t}
-or @samp{b}, this allows you respectively to align either the top or
-bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You
-may also specify @samp{m} for @var{position} to get the default
-behaviour.
+The options for @code{\parbox} (except for @var{content}) are the same
+as those for @var{minipage}. So a summary of those options is here but
+see at tie{}@ref{minipage} for a complete description.
-The optional @var{height} argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+There are two required argument to @code{\parbox}. The @var{width} is a
+rigid length (@pxref{Lengths}). It sets the width of the box into which
+ at LaTeX{} typesets @var{contents}. The @var{contents} is the text that
+is placed in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
-The @var{inner-pos} argument controls the placement of the text inside
-the box, as follows; if it is not specified, @var{position} is used.
+There are three optional arguments, @var{position}, @var{height}, and
+ at var{inner-pos}. The @var{position} gives the vertical alignment of the
+ at code{parbox} with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+values are @code{c} or @code{m} (the vertical center of the
+ at code{parbox} lines up with the center of the adjacent line; this is the
+default), or @code{t} (match either the top line of the @code{parbox}
+with the baseline of the surrounding material), or @code{b} (match the
+bottom line).
- at table @code
- at item t
-text is placed at the top of the box.
- at item c
-text is centered in the box.
- at item b
-text is placed at the bottom of the box.
- at item s
-stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
-for this to work.
- at end table
+The optional argument @var{height} overrides the natural height of the
+box.
+The optional argument @var{inner-pos} controls the placement of
+ at var{content} inside the @code{parbox}. Its default is the value of
+ at var{position}. Its possible values are: @code{t} to put the
+ at var{content} at the top of the box, @code{c} to put it in the vertical
+center, @code{b} to put it at the bottom of the box, and @code{s} to
+stretch it out vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
+space.
+This command is fragile (@pxref{\protect}).
+
+
@node \raisebox
@section @code{\raisebox}
@@ -10155,13 +10450,18 @@
Synopsis:
@example
+\raisebox@{@var{distance}@}@{@var{text}@}
+ at end example
+
+or:
+
+ at example
\raisebox@{@var{distance}@}[@var{height}][@var{depth}]@{@var{text}@}
@end example
-The @code{\raisebox} command raises or lowers @var{text}. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high @var{text} is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). @var{text} itself is processed
-in LR mode.
+Raise (or lower) @var{text}. The first mandatory argument specifies how
+high @var{text} is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount).
+ at var{text} itself is processed in LR mode.
The optional arguments @var{height} and @var{depth} are dimensions. If
they are specified, @LaTeX{} treats @var{text} as extending a certain
@@ -11046,8 +11346,7 @@
text, with the two vertically centered.
@example
-\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begingroup
- \setbox0=\hbox@{#1@}\parbox@{\wd0@}@{\box0@}\endgroup@}
+\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begin@{tabular@}@{@@@{@}c@@@{@}@}#1\end@{tabular@}@}
...
\begin@{center@}
\vcenteredhbox@{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]@{plot@}@}
More information about the latexrefman-commits
mailing list