[latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r611 - in trunk: . latex2e-figures
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua
Wed Mar 14 16:19:29 CET 2018
Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-03-14 17:19:29 +0200 (Wed, 14 Mar 2018)
New Revision: 611
Added:
trunk/latex2e-figures/list.txt
Modified:
trunk/ChangeLog
trunk/latex2e.html
trunk/latex2e.info
trunk/latex2e.pdf
trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
Create Graphics chapter, with \includegraphics and related commands
Modified: trunk/ChangeLog
===================================================================
--- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610)
+++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611)
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+ * latex2e.texi (Graphics): Create as a new chapter. Include all
+ commands and options from grfguide.pdf.
+ * list.txt Create. ASCII graphic of the list illustration.
+
+2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon at smcvt.edu>
+
* latex2e.texi (Color): Create. Include all commands and
options from grfguide.pdf.
* latex2e.css (code) Create file, so in HTML inside of @math{} the
Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611)
@@ -116,12 +116,13 @@
<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">22 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">23 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">24 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">25 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">26 Terminal input/output</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">27 Command line</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">27 Terminal input/output</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li>
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Color-package-options-1" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 Color package options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commands-1" href="#Commands">21.3 Commands</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
@@ -399,53 +400,70 @@
<li><a name="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">22 Special insertions</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">22.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">22.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">22.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">22.4 Text symbols</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">22.5 Accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">22.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">22.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">22.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-options-1" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 Graphics package options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Graphics-package-configuration-1" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 Graphics package configuration</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">23 Splitting the input</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">23.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">23.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">23.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">24 Front/back matter</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">24.1 Tables of contents</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">24.1 <code>\include</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">25.1 Tables of contents</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">24.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">24.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">24.2 Glossaries</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">24.3 Indexes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.2 Glossaries</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.3 Indexes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">25 Letters</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">25.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">25.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">25.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">25.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">25.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">25.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">25.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">25.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">25.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">25.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">26 Terminal input/output</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">27 Terminal input/output</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">27 Command line</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
@@ -514,6 +532,8 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color">Color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
+</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
@@ -4494,6 +4514,10 @@
</p>
<p>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
+<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and
+<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign, $<code>$</code>.
+</p>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
@@ -12981,7 +13005,7 @@
<a name="Color"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Color-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
@@ -13005,7 +13029,7 @@
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands" accesskey="3">Commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -13072,7 +13096,7 @@
<a name="Color-models"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Color-models-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
@@ -13135,13 +13159,13 @@
<hr>
-<a name="Commands"></a>
+<a name="Commands-for-color"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commands-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands</h3>
+<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
<a name="index-color-package-commands"></a>
@@ -13163,7 +13187,7 @@
<a name="Define-colors"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Define-colors-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
@@ -13198,7 +13222,7 @@
<a name="Colored-text"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-text-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
@@ -13293,7 +13317,7 @@
<a name="Colored-boxes"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
@@ -13352,7 +13376,7 @@
<a name="Colored-pages"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
@@ -13385,15 +13409,1012 @@
</pre></div>
+<hr>
+<a name="Graphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
+<a name="index-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
+You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX.
+This example is the short how-to.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
+ ...
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
+either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or
+<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. (Most of the time, <samp>graphicx</samp> is
+the better choice.)
+</p>
+<p>Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector.
+LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry
+for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example
+is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a
+list of instructions such as ‘<samp>draw a circle with this radius and
+that center</samp>’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
+program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
+because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other
+problems, and because they often have a smaller size.
+</p>
+<p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
+LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
+as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment
+(see <a href="#picture">picture</a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
+such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
+external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
+commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
+Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
+Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
<hr>
+<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-package-options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.1 Graphics package options</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
+<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The two packages <samp>graphics</samp> and <code>graphicx</code> offering the same
+capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to
+commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format).
+When you load the <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp> package there are
+two kinds of available options.
+</p>
+<p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a
+<em>printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver
+option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One
+advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
+</p>
+<p>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant
+ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, <samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>,
+<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two <samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are
+essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> (and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome).
+Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>,
+<samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, <samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>,
+<samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, <samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>,
+<samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, <samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an
+alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a
+<samp>.def</samp> extension, such as <samp>pdftex.def</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The second kind of options are below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>demo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt
+rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
+<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
+the file must be present.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>final</code></dt>
+<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the
+document shows the contents of the graphic files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiderotate</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hidescale</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
+standard <code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using
+integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of
+1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
+multiples, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This option has LaTeX
+to read the size from the latter.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Graphics-package-configuration-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.2 Graphics package configuration</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-1"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
+<a name="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<a name="index-EPS-files"></a>
+<a name="index-JPEG-files"></a>
+<a name="index-JPG-files"></a>
+<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a>
+<a name="index-PNG-files"></a>
+
+<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for
+the graphic.
+</p>
+<p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
+dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
+the documention in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
+TeX distribution’s documentation.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
+you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
+instead of having to give its path.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+<samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
+ ...
+\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include
+it then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it
+usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code>\input at path</code>). In
+particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
+directory.
+</p>
+<p>You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above
+it says ‘<samp><code>{pix}</code></samp>’. This is true even if there is only one
+directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp>/</samp>.
+This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward
+slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document
+portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name
+then use double quotes, as with <code>{"my docs/"}</code>. If you get one of
+these wrong then LaTeX will report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>'
+not found</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Basically, the algorithm is that for this example,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+...
+\usepackage{lion.png}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name
+and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp> and if
+that fails then it tries <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means
+that the <code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search
+subdirectories: if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the
+graphic is in <samp>a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It
+also means that you can use absolute paths such as
+<code>\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or
+<code>\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using
+these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
+protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
+parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.)
+</p>
+<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> in the preamble or in the document
+body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list.
+For debugging, show its value with
+<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
+suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp>
+and it contains <code>\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in
+<samp>chap1.tex</samp> you put <code>\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then
+LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp>book/chapters/plots</samp>, but
+instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the
+order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files
+by giving the filename without the extension, as in
+<code>\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF
+files.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
+ ...
+\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Because the file name <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, for each
+directory in the graphics path (see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will
+try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file
+then it reports ‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>' not found</samp>’.
+Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions.
+</p>
+<p>Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
+platform is not case sensitive.
+</p>
+<p>Your document does not need to have a <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code>
+declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
+the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has the extension list
+‘<samp><code>.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2</code></samp>’.
+</p>
+<p>You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You
+can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var>extension</var>}{<var>type</var>}{<var>size-file extension</var>}{<var>command</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension
+<var>ext</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This example declares that all files with names have the form
+<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
+input the file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>,
+<samp>filename.2</samp>, etc.
+</p>
+<p>This describes the four arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
+after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>type</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
+in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>,
+<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>.
+All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
+by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp>pdftex</samp>
+recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>,
+<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>size-file extension</var></dt>
+<dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
+graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var>
+but it may be different.
+</p>
+<p>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it
+might be compressed into a <samp>.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not
+easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a
+separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must
+specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
+<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+for reading <samp>.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
+other format is available.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><var>command</var></dt>
+<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the
+file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+single backward quote. Thus,
+<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
+#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should
+be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the the BoundingBox information
+stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command
+<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+</p>
+<p>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX
+system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure
+modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it.
+See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+
+<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and
+<samp>graphicx</samp> packages.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics-2"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
+<a name="index-including-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-importing-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-EPS-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-JPEG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-JPG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-PNG-files-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>}
+\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will
+clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
+part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
+over-print the surrounding area.
+</p>
+<p>This
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{plot.pdf}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>,
+centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
+as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
+of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>.
+</p>
+<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with
+<code>\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
+type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
+use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>
+and then LaTeX tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and
+<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
+them with curly braces, as in
+<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use
+the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
+<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
+with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can
+move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
+(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}
+ \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at
+this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or
+resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a
+caption.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
+ \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
+text, with the two vertically centered.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
+ \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+\vcenteredhbox{
+ \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
+\hspace{1em}
+\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x)
+ \end{displaymath}
+ \end{minipage}}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a>).
+When one optional argument is present then it is
+<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
+right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In
+this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
+If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
+<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s
+lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for
+the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches
+tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>graphicx</samp> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So
+the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while
+the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the
+graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}
+ \hspace{2em}
+ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
+</p>
+<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
+traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may
+go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
+page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
+graphic.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>width</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
+is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
+TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
+<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
+(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
+<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than
+the width of the text with
+<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>height</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
+convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance,
+<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
+graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
+instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
+but a large depth.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>, then if you
+give as options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or
+<code>totalheight</code>) then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as
+possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither
+is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or
+<code>totalheight</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
+<code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code> makes the graphic twice its
+nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
+and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
+it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>angle</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
+The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
+complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
+see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
+values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
+<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
+for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</p>
+<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These are lesser-used options.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
+separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. The
+dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin
+specified by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
+by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
+<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>.
+These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX
+will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on
+the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the
+top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic is
+cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using
+the starred form of the command, as
+<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>page</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default
+<code>page=1</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
+<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
+<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
+files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The
+MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the
+region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when
+displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page
+should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
+of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s meaningful
+content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
+present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
+driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
+set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
+<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specified it with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}</code>, then the graphic will not
+appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead,
+LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename
+printed in it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
+<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
+giving the lower <em>x</em> coordinate, lower <em>y</em> coordinate, upper
+<em>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em>y</em> coordinate. The units are
+PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.
+For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
+20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
+60/72 inch tall.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
+dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
+0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the
+BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
+only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
+to change it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for
+compatibility with old packages.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
+<code>\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}</code>
+is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
+<code>\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}</code>, then LaTeX will look
+for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of <code>%%BoundingBox</code>
+lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only natural numbers while the
+<code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
+TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of
+<code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of
+choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
+is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
+will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
+<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-rotation"></a>
+<a name="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
+<a name="index-rotating-text"></a>
+<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees counterclockwise.
+</p>
+<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
+ A &AL-FAH \\
+ B &BRAH-VOH
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>You can get the same effect using the <samp>graphicx</samp> package alone
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+</p>
+<p>To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets
+<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
+The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point.
+The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated
+material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left
+edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box
+from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
+bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when
+typesetting this material.
+</p>
+<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the roatation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use <samp>graphicx</samp> then these are
+the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens.
+Possible values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
+left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
+<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus,
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
+gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives the
+vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>x, y</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
+<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX
+dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset
+from the box’s reference point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>units</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
+Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
+setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-scaling"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-resizing"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cscalebox"></a>
+<a name="index-_005creflectbox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}[<var>vertical factor</var>]{<var>material</var>}
+\reflectbox{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Scale the <var>material</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the
+first text and doubles the size of the second.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it
+defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
+</p>
+<p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
+<code>\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}</code>. If you use the
+<samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same thing with
+optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
+<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
+I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp>Able was I</samp>’
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a>
+<a name="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-_005cresizebox"></a>
+
+<p>Synopses:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\resizebox{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+\resizebox*{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it
+that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var>
+is an exclamation point <code>!</code> then the other argument is used
+to determine a scale factor for both directions.
+</p>
+<p>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
+vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
+the box’s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
+be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
+quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This
+box has both height and depth.}}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
+<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
+text two inches wide but keep the original height with
+<code>\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">22 Special insertions</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
<a name="index-special-insertions"></a>
<a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
@@ -13428,7 +14449,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
@@ -13484,7 +14505,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
<a name="index-Upper-case"></a>
<a name="index-Lower-case"></a>
@@ -13552,7 +14573,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
@@ -13576,7 +14597,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
@@ -14053,7 +15074,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.5 Accents</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
<a name="index-accents"></a>
<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
@@ -14246,7 +15267,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
@@ -14365,7 +15386,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
@@ -14400,7 +15421,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
@@ -14438,7 +15459,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">23 Splitting the input</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
<a name="index-input-file"></a>
@@ -14472,7 +15493,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\include</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
@@ -14503,7 +15524,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
@@ -14529,7 +15550,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>
@@ -14556,7 +15577,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">24 Front/back matter</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
@@ -14575,7 +15596,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.1 Tables of contents</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.1 Tables of contents</h3>
<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
@@ -14619,7 +15640,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">24.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
@@ -14677,7 +15698,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">24.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
@@ -14705,7 +15726,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.2 Glossaries</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.2 Glossaries</h3>
<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
@@ -14734,7 +15755,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.3 Indexes</h3>
+<h3 class="section">25.3 Indexes</h3>
<a name="index-indexes"></a>
@@ -14809,7 +15830,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Letters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">25 Letters</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
<a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
<a name="index-writing-letters"></a>
@@ -14932,7 +15953,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>
@@ -14971,7 +15992,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -15001,7 +16022,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
@@ -15028,7 +16049,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>
@@ -15057,7 +16078,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>
@@ -15078,7 +16099,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
@@ -15112,7 +16133,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cname"></a>
@@ -15133,7 +16154,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
@@ -15160,7 +16181,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
@@ -15185,7 +16206,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15233,7 +16254,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
@@ -15256,7 +16277,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">26 Terminal input/output</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">27 Terminal input/output</h2>
<a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
@@ -15276,7 +16297,7 @@
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>
@@ -15302,7 +16323,7 @@
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
@@ -15331,7 +16352,7 @@
Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">27 Command line</h2>
+<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
<a name="index-command-line"></a>
@@ -15750,7 +16771,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands">Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
@@ -15762,11 +16783,13 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
@@ -15852,6 +16875,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
@@ -15917,7 +16942,19 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -15944,7 +16981,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
@@ -15960,6 +16999,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -16096,6 +17139,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -16152,6 +17196,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -16161,6 +17207,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -16195,6 +17243,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -16209,6 +17259,9 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
@@ -16217,6 +17270,8 @@
<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -16288,6 +17343,10 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
@@ -16713,6 +17772,8 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -16805,6 +17866,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -16842,6 +17904,7 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
@@ -17128,11 +18191,13 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -17151,12 +18216,14 @@
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611)
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
* Boxes:: Making boxes.
* Color:: Defining and using colors.
+* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
@@ -2819,6 +2820,10 @@
The equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter.
+ You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and
+'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing
+dollar sign, $'$'.
+
Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
@@ -8353,7 +8358,7 @@
a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Graphics, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top
21 Color
********
@@ -8374,7 +8379,7 @@
* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
* Color models:: How colors are represented.
-* Commands:: The available commands.
+* Commands for color:: The available commands.
File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color
@@ -8418,7 +8423,7 @@
memory space.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands for color, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color
21.2 Color models
=================
@@ -8468,10 +8473,10 @@
(See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::).
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands, Prev: Color models, Up: Color
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color
-21.3 Commands
-=============
+21.3 Commands for color
+=======================
These are the commands available with the 'color' package.
@@ -8483,7 +8488,7 @@
* Colored pages:: A whole page colored.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
21.3.1 Define colors
--------------------
@@ -8506,7 +8511,7 @@
class or style, rather than in the document body.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands for color
21.3.2 Colored text
-------------------
@@ -8575,7 +8580,7 @@
has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green.
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands for color
21.3.3 Colored boxes
--------------------
@@ -8615,7 +8620,7 @@
\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color
21.3.4 Colored pages
--------------------
@@ -8639,9 +8644,777 @@
\nopagecolor
-File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Color, Up: Top
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Color, Up: Top
-22 Special insertions
+22 Graphics
+***********
+
+You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
+You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. This
+example is the short how-to.
+
+ \include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
+ ...
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
+
+ To use the commands described here your document preamble must
+contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'.
+(Most of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice.)
+
+ Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector.
+LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for
+each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a
+photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list
+of instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that
+center'. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
+program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
+because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other
+problems, and because they often have a smaller size.
+
+ There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
+LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as
+in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note
+picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other
+ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such
+systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
+external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
+commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
+Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
+Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Graphics package options:: Options when you load the package.
+* Graphics package configuration:: Where to look for files, which file types.
+* Commands for graphics:: The available commands.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package options, Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics
+
+22.1 Graphics package options
+=============================
+
+Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+
+ \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphics}
+
+ or
+
+ \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx}
+
+ The two packages 'graphics' and 'graphicx' offering the same
+capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to
+commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format).
+When you load the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package there are two kinds
+of available options.
+
+ The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer
+driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the
+document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of
+this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
+
+ For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently
+relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex',
+'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips'
+(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new
+systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex',
+'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex'
+(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files
+with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'.
+
+ The second kind of options are below.
+
+'demo'
+ Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt
+ rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
+ '\includegraphics' command).
+
+'draft'
+ For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+ printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the
+ size, the file must be present.
+
+'final'
+ (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the
+ document shows the contents of the graphic files.
+
+'hiderotate'
+ Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+ previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
+
+'hidescale'
+ Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+ previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
+
+'hiresbb'
+ In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways.
+ The standard '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using
+ integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples
+ of 1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows
+ decimal multiples, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This option has
+ LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics
+
+22.2 Graphics package configuration
+===================================
+
+These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the
+graphic.
+
+ The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
+dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
+the documention in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX
+distribution's documentation.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \graphicspath:: Directories to search.
+* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions:: File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+* \DeclareGraphicsRule:: How to handle file types.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphicspath, Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
+
+22.2.1 '\graphicspath'
+----------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \graphicspath{LIST OF DIR NAMES INSIDE CURLY BRACKETS}
+
+ Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This
+allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}'
+instead of having to give its path.
+
+ LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+'pix', and then '../pix'.
+
+ \usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
+ ...
+ \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+
+ The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it
+then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually
+looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input at path'). In particular, in
+this case one of the places it looks is the current directory.
+
+ You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example,
+above it says ''{pix}''. This is true even if there is only one
+directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This
+is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes
+for all the directory separators since it makes the document portable to
+other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use
+double quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. If you get one of these wrong
+then LaTeX will report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'.
+
+ Basically, the algorithm is that for this example,
+
+ \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
+ ...
+ \usepackage{lion.png}
+
+ for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name
+and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and if that
+fails then it tries '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the
+'\graphicspath' command does not recursively search subdirectories: if
+you issue '\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png'
+then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute
+paths such as '\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or
+'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these
+means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
+protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file
+parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.)
+
+ You can use '\graphicspath' in the preamble or in the document body.
+You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. For
+debugging, show its value with
+'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother'.
+
+ The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
+suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and
+it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put
+'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in
+'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration
+
+22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions'
+-----------------------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{COMMA-SEPARATED LIST OF FILE EXTENSIONS}
+
+ Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify
+the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic
+files by giving the filename without the extension, as in
+'\includegraphics{functionplot}'.
+
+ In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF
+files.
+
+ \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
+ ...
+ \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf
+
+ Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, for each
+directory in the graphics path (*note \graphicspath::), LaTeX will try
+the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file then
+it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. Note that you must
+include the periods at the start of the extensions.
+
+ Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
+platform is not case sensitive.
+
+ Your document does not need to have a '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions'
+declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
+the most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list
+''.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2''.
+
+ You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body.
+You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration
+
+22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule'
+-----------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \DeclareGraphicsRule{EXTENSION}{TYPE}{SIZE-FILE EXTENSION}{COMMAND}
+
+ Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension
+EXT.
+
+ This example declares that all files with names have the form
+'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
+input the file.
+
+ \DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
+
+ This
+
+ \DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
+
+ tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1',
+'filename.2', etc.
+
+ This describes the four arguments.
+
+EXT
+ The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is
+ anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use
+ the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all
+ undeclared extensions.
+
+TYPE
+ The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be
+ defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions
+ '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All
+ files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
+ by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex'
+ recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'.
+
+SIZE-FILE EXTENSION
+ The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
+ graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as EXTENSION
+ but it may be different.
+
+ As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller,
+ it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are
+ not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box
+ information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty
+ then you must specify size information in the arguments of
+ '\includegraphics'.
+
+ If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
+ 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+ for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+ files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no
+ other format is available.)
+
+COMMAND
+ A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often
+ left blank. This command must start with a single backward quote.
+ Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}'
+ specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be
+ treated as an 'eps' file, with the the BoundingBox information
+ stored in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command
+ 'gunzip -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+
+ Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX
+ system must allow you to run external commands; as a security
+ measure modern systems restrict running commands unless you
+ explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX
+ distribution.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics
+
+22.3 Commands for graphics
+==========================
+
+These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx'
+packages.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \includegraphics:: Using a graphic in your document.
+* \rotatebox:: Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+* \scalebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+* \resizebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
+
+22.3.1 '\includegraphics'
+-------------------------
+
+Synopses for 'graphics' package:
+
+ \includegraphics{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics*{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME}
+
+ Synopses for 'graphicx' package:
+
+ \includegraphics{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics*{FILENAME}
+ \includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME}
+
+ Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will
+clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
+part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
+over-print the surrounding area.
+
+ This
+
+ \usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{plot.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+
+ will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf',
+centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
+as with '\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of
+locations to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::.
+
+ If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as
+with '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'.
+
+ The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of
+graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can use FILENAME
+with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}' and then LaTeX tries a
+sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds a file
+with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::).
+
+ If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can
+hide them with curly braces, as in
+'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the
+'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see
+below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package
+'grffile'.
+
+ This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can move
+it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note
+figure::).
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}
+ \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at
+this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or
+resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a
+caption.
+
+ \usepackage{caption} % in preamble
+ ...
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
+ \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption
+ \end{center}
+
+ This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
+text, with the two vertically centered.
+
+ \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup
+ \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup}
+ ...
+ \begin{center}
+ \vcenteredhbox{
+ \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
+ \hspace{1em}
+ \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x)
+ \end{displaymath}
+ \end{minipage}}
+ \end{center}
+
+ If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::).
+When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it
+gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of
+TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they
+default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is
+assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the
+leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's
+lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the
+graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so
+its origin is at (0,0).
+
+ The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in
+a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So the
+first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while the
+second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic
+is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}
+ \hspace{2em}
+ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}
+ \end{center}
+
+ There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
+
+ Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
+traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
+go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
+page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
+graphic.
+
+'width'
+ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An
+ example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the
+ standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also
+ convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document,
+ '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is
+ that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm
+ narrow than the width of the text with
+ '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'.
+
+'height'
+ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You
+ can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and
+ also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page
+ layout parameters::). For instance,
+ '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the
+ graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+
+'totalheight'
+ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+ depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated.
+ For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero
+ height but a large depth.
+
+'keepaspectratio'
+ If set to 'true', or just specified as with
+ '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}', then if you give
+ as options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight') then LaTeX
+ will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion.
+ That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic wider than
+ 'width' nor taller than 'height' (or 'totalheight').
+
+'scale'
+ Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
+ '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}' makes the graphic twice its
+ nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
+ and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
+ it.
+
+'angle'
+ Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and
+ counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see
+ that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is
+ typeset, *note \rotatebox::.
+
+'origin'
+ The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens.
+ Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for
+ left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top,
+ and 'B' for baseline. Thus,
+ '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture
+ upside down from the center, while
+ '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its
+ picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c'
+ gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical
+ center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'.
+
+ To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::.
+
+ These are lesser-used options.
+
+'viewport'
+ Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
+ separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
+ '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The
+ dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the
+ origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' option.
+
+'trim'
+ Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments,
+ separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
+ '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'.
+ These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX
+ will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the
+ bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See
+ also the 'viewport' option.
+
+'clip'
+ If set to 'true', or just specified as with
+ '\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}', then the graphic is cropped
+ to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using the
+ starred form of the command, as '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'.
+
+'page'
+ Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default
+ 'page=1'.
+
+'pagebox'
+ Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
+ 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF
+ files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but
+ may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives
+ the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region
+ to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed.
+ The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should
+ be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
+ of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's
+ meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on
+ CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others,
+ with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always
+ present.
+
+'interpolate'
+ Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer.
+ Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as with
+ '\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}'.
+
+'quiet'
+ Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
+ 'quiet=true' or just specified it with
+ '\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}',
+
+'draft'
+ If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specified it with
+ '\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}', then the graphic will not
+ appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink.
+ Instead, LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the
+ filename printed in it.
+
+ These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox'
+that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x
+coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y
+coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big
+points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line
+'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
+60/72 inch tall.
+
+'bb'
+ Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is
+ four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[..,
+ bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads
+ the BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this
+ option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file
+ or if you want to change it.
+
+'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury'
+ Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained
+ for compatibility with old packages.)
+
+'natwidth, natheight'
+ An alternative for 'bb'. Setting
+ '\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}' is
+ the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'.
+
+'hiresbb'
+ If set to 'true', or just specified as with
+ '\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}', then LaTeX will look for
+ '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The
+ 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural numbers while the
+ 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
+ TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of
+ 'true', you can set it to 'false'.
+
+ These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of
+choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
+is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read
+the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these,
+*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::.
+
+'type'
+ Specify the graphics type.
+
+'ext'
+ Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with
+ the option 'type'.
+
+'read'
+ Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in
+ conjunction with the option 'type'.
+
+'command'
+ Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
+ conjunction with the option 'type'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \rotatebox, Next: \scalebox, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics
+
+22.3.2 '\rotatebox'
+-------------------
+
+Synopsis for 'graphics' package:
+
+ \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
+
+ Synopses for 'graphicx' package:
+
+ \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
+ \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
+
+ Put MATERIAL in a box and rotate it ANGLE degrees counterclockwise.
+
+ This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
+ \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
+ A &AL-FAH \\
+ B &BRAH-VOH
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ The MATERIAL can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+
+ \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
+
+ You can get the same effect using the 'graphicx' package alone (*note
+\includegraphics::).
+
+ To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets
+MATERIAL in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The
+second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The
+third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated material.
+Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left edge of this
+new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box from the first
+step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its
+new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this
+material.
+
+ If you use the 'graphics' package then the roatation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use 'graphicx' then these are the
+options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST.
+
+'origin'
+ The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens.
+ Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for
+ left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top,
+ and 'B' for baseline. Thus,
+ '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture
+ upside down from the center, while
+ '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its
+ picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c'
+ gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives the vertical
+ center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'.
+
+'x, y'
+ Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX
+ DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These
+ give the offset from the box's reference point.
+
+'units'
+ This key allows you to change the default of degrees
+ counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to
+ degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians
+ counterclockwise.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \scalebox, Next: \resizebox, Prev: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics
+
+22.3.3 '\scalebox'
+------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}{MATERIAL}
+ \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}[VERTICAL FACTOR]{MATERIAL}
+ \reflectbox{MATERIAL}
+
+ Scale the MATERIAL.
+
+ This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of
+the first text and doubles the size of the second.
+
+ \scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
+
+ If you do not specify the optional VERTICAL FACTOR then it defaults
+to the same value as the HORIZONTAL FACTOR.
+
+ You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
+'\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}'. If you use the 'graphicx'
+package then you can accomplish the same thing with optional arguments
+to '\includegraphics' (*note \includegraphics::).
+
+ The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'.
+Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was
+I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics
+
+22.3.4 '\resizebox'
+-------------------
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL}
+ \resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL}
+
+ Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size.
+If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation
+point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor
+for both directions.
+
+ This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
+vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
+
+ \resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
+
+ The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's
+height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth.
+For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter inch with
+'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This box has both height and
+depth.}}'.
+
+ You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to
+refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches
+wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two
+inches}'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top
+
+23 Special insertions
*********************
LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
@@ -8661,7 +9434,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
-22.1 Reserved characters
+23.1 Reserved characters
========================
LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
@@ -8695,7 +9468,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
-22.2 Upper and lower case
+23.2 Upper and lower case
=========================
Synopsis:
@@ -8742,7 +9515,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
-22.3 Symbols by font position
+23.3 Symbols by font position
=============================
You can access any character of the current font using its number with
@@ -8757,7 +9530,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions
-22.4 Text symbols
+23.4 Text symbols
=================
LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
@@ -8940,7 +9713,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
-22.5 Accents
+23.5 Accents
============
LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
@@ -9039,7 +9812,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions
-22.6 Additional Latin letters
+23.6 Additional Latin letters
=============================
Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond A-Z)
@@ -9099,7 +9872,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions
-22.7 '\rule'
+23.7 '\rule'
============
Synopsis:
@@ -9121,7 +9894,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions
-22.8 '\today'
+23.8 '\today'
=============
The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
@@ -9146,7 +9919,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top
-23 Splitting the input
+24 Splitting the input
**********************
A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
@@ -9167,7 +9940,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
-23.1 '\include'
+24.1 '\include'
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -9188,7 +9961,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input
-23.2 '\includeonly'
+24.2 '\includeonly'
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -9206,7 +9979,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
-23.3 '\input'
+24.3 '\input'
=============
Synopsis:
@@ -9224,7 +9997,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top
-24 Front/back matter
+25 Front/back matter
********************
* Menu:
@@ -9236,7 +10009,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter
-24.1 Tables of contents
+25.1 Tables of contents
=======================
A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command.
@@ -9265,7 +10038,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents
-24.1.1 '\addcontentsline'
+25.1.1 '\addcontentsline'
-------------------------
Synopsis:
@@ -9302,7 +10075,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents
-24.1.2 '\addtocontents'
+25.1.2 '\addtocontents'
-----------------------
The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting
@@ -9320,7 +10093,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter
-24.2 Glossaries
+25.2 Glossaries
===============
The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.
@@ -9338,7 +10111,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter
-24.3 Indexes
+25.3 Indexes
============
The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the
@@ -9381,7 +10154,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top
-25 Letters
+26 Letters
**********
Synopsis:
@@ -9477,7 +10250,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters
-25.1 '\address'
+26.1 '\address'
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -9506,7 +10279,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters
-25.2 '\cc'
+26.2 '\cc'
==========
Synopsis:
@@ -9525,7 +10298,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters
-25.3 '\closing'
+26.3 '\closing'
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -9540,7 +10313,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters
-25.4 '\encl'
+26.4 '\encl'
============
Synopsis:
@@ -9558,7 +10331,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters
-25.5 '\location'
+26.5 '\location'
================
Synopsis:
@@ -9571,7 +10344,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters
-25.6 '\makelabels'
+26.6 '\makelabels'
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -9596,7 +10369,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters
-25.7 '\name'
+26.7 '\name'
============
Synopsis:
@@ -9609,7 +10382,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters
-25.8 '\opening'
+26.8 '\opening'
===============
Synopsis:
@@ -9625,7 +10398,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters
-25.9 '\ps'
+26.9 '\ps'
==========
Synopsis:
@@ -9640,7 +10413,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters
-25.10 '\signature'
+26.10 '\signature'
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -9672,7 +10445,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters
-25.11 '\telephone'
+26.11 '\telephone'
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -9687,7 +10460,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top
-26 Terminal input/output
+27 Terminal input/output
************************
* Menu:
@@ -9698,7 +10471,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output
-26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
+27.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
========================
Synopsis:
@@ -9715,7 +10488,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output
-26.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
+27.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
====================
Synopsis:
@@ -9734,7 +10507,7 @@
File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top
-27 Command line
+28 Command line
***************
The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
@@ -10063,7 +10836,7 @@
* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 6)
* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 6)
* color models: Color models. (line 6)
-* color package commands: Commands. (line 6)
+* color package commands: Commands for color. (line 6)
* color package options: Color package options.
(line 6)
* color, define: Define colors. (line 6)
@@ -10080,6 +10853,8 @@
* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
* commands, document class: Class and package construction.
(line 6)
+* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics.
+ (line 6)
* commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend.
(line 6)
* commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
@@ -10087,6 +10862,8 @@
* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6)
* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
+* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
* contents file: Output files. (line 43)
* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12)
* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
@@ -10178,6 +10955,9 @@
* environments: Environments. (line 6)
* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
+* EPS files: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* EPS files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options.
(line 63)
@@ -10259,7 +11039,23 @@
* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
* glossary package: Glossaries. (line 15)
* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
+* graphics: Graphics. (line 6)
+* graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
+* graphics package: Graphics. (line 6)
+* graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
+* graphics package commands: Commands for graphics.
+ (line 6)
+* graphics package options: Graphics package options.
+ (line 6)
* graphics packages: \line. (line 13)
+* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
+* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* grave accent: Accents. (line 37)
* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29)
* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125)
@@ -10286,7 +11082,9 @@
* ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters.
(line 32)
* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
+* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* in-line formulas: math. (line 6)
+* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17)
@@ -10301,6 +11099,12 @@
* insertions of special characters: Special insertions. (line 6)
* italic correction: \/. (line 6)
* italic font: Font styles. (line 77)
+* JPEG files: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* JPEG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
+* JPG files: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* JPG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6)
* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6)
@@ -10452,6 +11256,8 @@
* options, document class <1>: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
* options, global: Additional packages. (line 15)
+* options, graphics package: Graphics package options.
+ (line 6)
* options, package: Class and package structure.
(line 6)
* options, package <1>: Class and package commands.
@@ -10526,6 +11332,9 @@
* parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
+* PDF graphic files: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* PDF graphic files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20)
* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12)
* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138)
@@ -10535,6 +11344,9 @@
* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44)
* placement of floats: Floats. (line 31)
+* PNG files: Graphics package configuration.
+ (line 6)
+* PNG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6)
* Point: Units of length. (line 10)
* polish l: Additional Latin letters.
@@ -10572,6 +11384,8 @@
* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 21)
* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30)
* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 166)
* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 88)
@@ -10587,6 +11401,9 @@
* robust commands: \protect. (line 6)
* roman font: Font styles. (line 80)
* root file: Splitting the input. (line 9)
+* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6)
+* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6)
+* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 45)
* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6)
* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
@@ -10594,6 +11411,8 @@
* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 86)
* Scaled point: Units of length. (line 36)
+* scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 74)
* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47)
@@ -10676,6 +11495,10 @@
(line 6)
* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61)
* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6)
+* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
+* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6)
+* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6)
* textcase package: Upper and lower case.
(line 42)
* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134)
@@ -11002,6 +11825,10 @@
* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 159)
* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22)
* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 29)
+* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
+ (line 6)
+* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule.
+ (line 6)
* \DeclareOption: Class and package commands.
(line 66)
* \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands.
@@ -11114,6 +11941,7 @@
* \gg: Math symbols. (line 242)
* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8)
* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11)
+* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6)
* \grave: Math accents. (line 28)
* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 26)
* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 27)
@@ -11162,6 +11990,7 @@
* \imath: Math accents. (line 34)
* \in: Math symbols. (line 265)
* \include: \include. (line 6)
+* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6)
* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6)
* \indent: \indent. (line 6)
* \index: Indexes. (line 9)
@@ -11503,6 +12332,7 @@
* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568)
* \Re: Math symbols. (line 571)
* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
+* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \refname: thebibliography. (line 26)
* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
@@ -11511,6 +12341,7 @@
(line 310)
* \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands.
(line 310)
+* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576)
@@ -11532,12 +12363,14 @@
(line 23)
* \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
(line 26)
+* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 6)
* \rq: Text symbols. (line 54)
* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
* \S: Text symbols. (line 57)
* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6)
* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6)
* \sc: Font styles. (line 82)
+* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6)
* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \scshape: Font styles. (line 51)
* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 619)
@@ -11969,254 +12802,265 @@
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-Node: Overview5369
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-Node: Page layout parameters65371
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+Node: Line breaking179677
+Node: \\180774
+Node: \obeycr & \restorecr181812
+Node: \newline182214
+Node: \- (hyphenation)183048
+Node: \discretionary183663
+Node: \fussy183955
+Node: \sloppy184345
+Node: \hyphenation184672
+Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak185297
+Node: Page breaking185949
+Node: \cleardoublepage186557
+Node: \clearpage186986
+Node: \newpage187283
+Node: \enlargethispage187514
+Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak188041
+Node: Footnotes188735
+Node: \footnote189989
+Node: \footnotemark191785
+Node: \footnotetext193029
+Node: Footnotes in a table193519
+Node: Footnotes in section headings195376
+Node: Footnotes of footnotes196232
+Node: Multiple reference to footnotes196999
+Node: Footnote parameters197857
+Node: Definitions198607
+Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand199484
+Node: \providecommand203320
+Node: \newcounter203981
+Node: \newlength204952
+Node: \newsavebox205599
+Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment206210
+Node: \newtheorem210570
+Node: \newfont214059
+Node: \protect215624
+Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend218010
+Node: Counters220760
+Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol222360
+Node: \usecounter224432
+Node: \value225264
+Node: \setcounter226207
+Node: \addtocounter226693
+Node: \refstepcounter227158
+Node: \stepcounter227816
+Node: \day \month \year228158
+Node: Lengths228703
+Node: Units of length230493
+Node: \setlength231987
+Node: \addtolength232391
+Node: \settodepth232709
+Node: \settoheight233000
+Node: \settowidth233297
+Node: Predefined lengths233605
+Node: Making paragraphs234120
+Node: \indent234692
+Node: \noindent235154
+Node: \parskip235663
+Node: Marginal notes235921
+Node: Math formulas237733
+Node: Subscripts & superscripts239517
+Node: Math symbols240855
+Node: Math functions266185
+Node: Math accents267128
+Node: Spacing in math mode268100
+Node: Math miscellany269567
+Node: Modes272117
+Node: \ensuremath273957
+Node: Page styles274873
+Node: \maketitle275367
+Node: \pagenumbering276437
+Node: \pagestyle276933
+Node: \thispagestyle278074
+Node: Spaces278380
+Node: \hspace279250
+Node: \hfill280205
+Node: \spacefactor280597
+Node: \(SPACE) and \@283309
+Ref: \AT283452
+Node: \frenchspacing284929
+Node: \normalsfcodes285545
+Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence285734
+Node: \thinspace286645
+Node: \/286965
+Node: \hrulefill \dotfill288147
+Node: \addvspace289140
+Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip290186
+Node: \vfill291078
+Node: \vspace291947
+Node: Boxes292940
+Node: \mbox293652
+Node: \fbox and \framebox293939
+Node: lrbox294743
+Node: \makebox295101
+Node: \parbox295821
+Node: \raisebox297389
+Node: \savebox297986
+Node: \sbox298401
+Node: \usebox298850
+Node: Color299111
+Node: Color package options299955
+Node: Color models301597
+Node: Commands for color303906
+Node: Define colors304321
+Node: Colored text305036
+Node: Colored boxes307411
+Node: Colored pages308850
+Node: Graphics309543
+Node: Graphics package options311677
+Node: Graphics package configuration314418
+Node: \graphicspath315203
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions318142
+Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule319857
+Node: Commands for graphics323048
+Node: \includegraphics323553
+Node: \rotatebox336548
+Node: \scalebox339287
+Node: \resizebox340339
+Node: Special insertions341531
+Node: Reserved characters342335
+Node: Upper and lower case343536
+Node: Symbols by font position345451
+Node: Text symbols346071
+Node: Accents349519
+Node: Additional Latin letters352061
+Ref: Non-English characters352232
+Node: \rule353249
+Node: \today353678
+Node: Splitting the input354432
+Node: \include355196
+Node: \includeonly355787
+Node: \input356300
+Node: Front/back matter356795
+Node: Tables of contents357000
+Node: \addcontentsline358061
+Node: \addtocontents359079
+Node: Glossaries359612
+Node: Indexes360131
+Node: Letters361764
+Node: \address365442
+Node: \cc366312
+Node: \closing366730
+Node: \encl367041
+Node: \location367456
+Node: \makelabels367725
+Node: \name368726
+Node: \opening368956
+Node: \ps369296
+Node: \signature369585
+Node: \telephone370677
+Node: Terminal input/output371042
+Node: \typein371307
+Node: \typeout371892
+Node: Command line372515
+Node: Document templates373467
+Node: beamer template373874
+Node: book template374525
+Node: tugboat template374893
+Node: Concept Index377257
+Node: Command Index440028
End Tag Table
Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf
===================================================================
(Binary files differ)
Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610)
+++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611)
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@
* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
* Boxes:: Making boxes.
* Color:: Defining and using colors.
+* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside @LaTeX{}.
* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
@@ -3629,6 +3630,10 @@
The equation number is generated using the @code{equation} counter.
+You should have no blank lines between @code{\begin@{equation@}} and
+ at code{\begin@{equation@}}, or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a
+missing dollar sign, at tie{}$@code{$}.
+
Note that the @file{amsmath} package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
new documents.
@@ -10137,7 +10142,7 @@
@menu
* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package.
* Color models:: How colors are represented.
-* Commands:: The available commands.
+* Commands for color:: The available commands.
@end menu
@@ -10246,8 +10251,8 @@
@end table
- at node Commands
- at section Commands
+ at node Commands for color
+ at section Commands for color
@cindex color package commands
@@ -10463,9 +10468,899 @@
\nopagecolor
@end example
- at c ===========================================
+ at node Graphics
+ at chapter Graphics
+ at cindex graphics
+ at cindex graphics package
+
+You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your @LaTeX{} document.
+You need an additional package, which comes standard with @LaTeX{}.
+This example is the short how-to.
+
+ at example
+\include@{graphicx@} % goes in the preamble
+ ...
+\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]@{plot.pdf@}
+ at end example
+
+To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
+either @code{\usepackage@{graphicx@}} or
+ at code{\usepackage@{graphics@}}. (Most of the time, @file{graphicx} is
+the better choice.)
+
+Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector.
+ at LaTeX{} can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry
+for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example
+is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a
+list of instructions such as @samp{draw a circle with this radius and
+that center}. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
+program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful
+because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other
+problems, and because they often have a smaller size.
+
+There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
+ at LaTeX{} document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
+as in your document. @LaTeX{} comes with a @code{picture} environment
+(@pxref{picture}) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
+such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
+external to @LaTeX{}, that generate a graphic that you include using the
+commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are
+Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
+Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
+see their documentation.
+
+ at menu
+* Graphics package options:: Options when you load the package.
+* Graphics package configuration:: Where to look for files, which file types.
+* Commands for graphics:: The available commands.
+ at end menu
+
+
+ at node Graphics package options
+ at section Graphics package options
+
+ at cindex graphics package options
+ at cindex options, graphics package
+
+Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
+
+ at example
+\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{graphics@}
+ at end example
+
+or
+
+ at example
+\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{graphicx@}
+ at end example
+
+The two packages @file{graphics} and @code{graphicx} offering the same
+capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to
+commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format).
+When you load the @file{graphics} or @file{graphicx} package there are
+two kinds of available options.
+
+The first is that @LaTeX{} does not contain information about different
+output systems but instead depends on information stored in a
+ at dfn{printer driver} file. Normally you should not specify the driver
+option in the document, and instead rely on your system's default. One
+advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems.
+
+For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant
+ones are: @file{dvipdfmx}, @file{dvips}, @file{dvisvgm}, @file{luatex},
+ at file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}. The two @file{xdvi} and @file{oztex} are
+essentially aliases for @file{dvips} (and @file{xdvi} is monochrome).
+Ones that should not be used for new systems are: @file{dvipdf},
+ at file{dvipdfm}, @file{dviwin}, @file{dvipsone}, @file{emtex},
+ at file{pctexps}, @file{pctexwin}, @file{pctexhp}, @file{pctex32},
+ at file{truetex}, @file{tcidvi}, @file{vtex} (and @file{dviwindo} is an
+alias for @file{dvipsone}). These are stored in files with a
+ at file{.def} extension, such as @file{pdftex.def}.
+
+The second kind of options are below.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item demo
+Instead of an image file, @LaTeX{} puts in a 150 at tie{}pt by 100 at tie{}pt
+rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
+ at code{\includegraphics} command).
+
+ at item draft
+For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
+the file must be present.
+
+ at item final
+(Default) Override any previous @code{draft} option, so that the
+document shows the contents of the graphic files.
+
+ at item hiderotate
+Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
+ at c what does it show?
+
+ at item hidescale
+Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
+previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
+ at c what does it show?
+
+ at item hiresbb
+In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
+standard @code{%%BoundingBox} lines describe the graphic size using
+integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of
+1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal
+multiples, in @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines. This option has @LaTeX{}
+to read the size from the latter.
+
+ at end table
+
+
+ at node Graphics package configuration
+ at section Graphics package configuration
+
+ at cindex graphics
+ at cindex graphics package
+ at cindex configuration, graphics package
+ at cindex EPS files
+ at cindex JPEG files
+ at cindex JPG files
+ at cindex PDF graphic files
+ at cindex PNG files
+
+These commands configure the way @LaTeX{} searches the file system for
+the graphic.
+
+The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform
+dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as
+those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
+the documention in @file{grfguide.pdf}, or the @LaTeX{} source, or your
+ at TeX{} distribution's documentation.
+
+ at menu
+* \graphicspath:: Directories to search.
+* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions:: File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+* \DeclareGraphicsRule:: How to handle file types.
+ at end menu
+
+
+ at node \graphicspath
+ at subsection @code{\graphicspath}
+
+ at findex \graphicspath
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\graphicspath@{@var{list of dir names inside curly brackets}@}
+ at end example
+
+Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
+you to later say something like @code{\includegraphics@{lion.png@}}
+instead of having to give its path.
+
+ at LaTeX{} always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
+ at file{pix}, and then @file{../pix}.
+
+ at example
+\usepackage@{graphicx@} % or graphics; put in preamble
+ ...
+\graphicspath@{ @{pix/@} @{../pix/@} @}
+ at end example
+
+The @code{\graphicspath} declaration is optional. If you don't include
+it then @LaTeX{}'s default is to search all of the places that it
+usually looks for a file (it uses @LaTeX{}'s @code{\input@@path}). In
+particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
+directory.
+
+You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above
+it says @samp{@code{@{pix@}}}. This is true even if there is only one
+directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, @file{/}.
+This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward
+slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document
+portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name
+then use double quotes, as with @code{@{"my docs/"@}}. If you get one of
+these wrong then @LaTeX{} will report @code{Error: File `@var{filename}'
+not found}.
+
+Basically, the algorithm is that for this example,
+
+ at example
+\graphicspath@{ @{pix/@} @{../pix/@} @}
+...
+\usepackage@{lion.png@}
+ at end example
+
+for each of the directories, @LaTeX{} concatenates it with the file name
+and searches for the result, checking for @file{pix/lion.png} and if
+that fails then it tries @file{../pix/lion.png}. This algorithm means
+that the @code{\graphicspath} command does not recursively search
+subdirectories: if you issue @code{\graphicspath@{@{a/@}@}} and the
+graphic is in @file{a/b/lion.png} then @LaTeX{} will not find it. It
+also means that you can use absolute paths such as
+ at code{\graphicspath@{@{/home/jim/logos/@}@}} or
+ at code{\graphicspath@{@{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/@}@}}. However, using
+these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
+protability by adjusting your @TeX{} system settings configuration file
+parameter @code{TEXINPUTS}; see the documentation of your system.)
+
+You can use @code{\graphicspath} in the preamble or in the document
+body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list.
+For debugging, show its value with
+ at code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Ginput@@path@}\makeatother}.
+
+The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is,
+suppose that you are working on a document based on @file{book/book.tex}
+and it contains @code{\include@{chapters/chap1@}}. If in
+ at file{chap1.tex} you put @code{\graphicspath@{@{plots/@}@}} then
+ at LaTeX{} will not search for graphics in @file{book/chapters/plots}, but
+instead in @file{book/plots}.
+
+
+ at node \DeclareGraphicsExtensions
+ at subsection @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions}
+
+ at findex \DeclareGraphicsExtensions
+
+Synopses:
+
+ at example
+\DeclareGraphicsExtensions@{@var{comma-separated list of file extensions}@}
+ at end example
+
+Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the
+order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files
+by giving the filename without the extension, as in
+ at code{\includegraphics@{functionplot@}}.
+
+In this example, @LaTeX{} will find files in the PNG format before PDF
+files.
+
+ at example
+\DeclareGraphicsExtensions@{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF@}
+ ...
+\includegraphics@{lion@} % will find @file{lion.png} before @file{lion.pdf}
+ at end example
+
+Because the file name @file{lion} does not have a period, for each
+directory in the graphics path (@pxref{\graphicspath}), @LaTeX{} will
+try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file
+then it reports @samp{! LaTeX Error: File `@file{lion}' not found}.
+Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions.
+
+Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of
+file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows
+platform is not case sensitive.
+
+Your document does not need to have a @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions}
+declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
+the most recent @file{pdftex.def} has the extension list
+ at samp{@code{.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2}}.
+
+You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You
+can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with
+ at code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Gin@@extensions@}\makeatother}.
+
+
+ at node \DeclareGraphicsRule
+ at subsection @code{\DeclareGraphicsRule}
+
+ at findex \DeclareGraphicsRule
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ at example
+\DeclareGraphicsRule@{@var{extension}@}@{@var{type}@}@{@var{size-file extension}@}@{@var{command}@}
+ at end example
+
+Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension
+ at var{ext}.
+
+This example declares that all files with names have the form
+ at file{filename-without-dot.mps} will be treated as output from MetaPost,
+meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
+input the file.
+
+ at example
+\DeclareGraphicsRule@{.mps@}@{mps@}@{.mps@}@{@}
+ at end example
+
+This
+
+ at example
+\DeclareGraphicsRule@{*@}@{mps@}@{*@}@{@}
+ at end example
+
+tells @LaTeX{} that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an
+extension not covered by another rule, so it covers @file{filename.1},
+ at file{filename.2}, etc.
+
+This describes the four arguments.
+
+ at table @var
+ at item ext
+The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
+after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
+ at code{*}, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+
+ at item type
+The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
+in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions @file{.ps},
+ at file{.eps}, or @file{.ps.gz} may all be classed as type @code{eps}.
+All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command
+by the printer driver. For example, the file types that @file{pdftex}
+recognizes are: @code{jpg}, @code{jbig2}, @code{mps}, @code{pdf},
+ at code{png}, @code{tif}.
+
+ at item size-file extension
+The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
+graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as @var{extension}
+but it may be different.
+
+As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it
+might be compressed into a @file{.ps.gz} file. Compressed files are not
+easily read by @LaTeX{} so you can put the bounding box information in a
+separate file. If @var{size-file extension} is empty then you must
+specify size information in the arguments of @code{\includegraphics}.
+
+If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for
+ at code{type} then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure
+for reading @file{.eps} files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap
+files in a file with a PostScript style @code{%%BoundingBox} line if no
+other format is available.)
+
+ at item command
+A command that will be applied to the
+file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+single backward quote. Thus,
+ at code{\DeclareGraphicsRule@{.eps.gz@}@{eps@}@{.eps.bb@}@{`gunzip -c
+#1@}} specifies that any file with the extension @file{.eps.gz} should
+be treated as an @code{eps} file, with the the BoundingBox information
+stored in the file with extension @file{.eps.bb}, and that the command
+ at code{gunzip -c} will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+
+Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your @TeX{}
+system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure
+modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it.
+See the documentation for your @TeX{} distribution.
+
+ at c xx Discuss restricted execution
+
+ at end table
+
+ at node Commands for graphics
+ at section Commands for graphics
+
+ at cindex graphics package commands
+ at cindex commands, graphics package
+
+These are the commands available with the @file{graphics} and
+ at file{graphicx} packages.
+
+ at menu
+* \includegraphics:: Using a graphic in your document.
+* \rotatebox:: Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+* \scalebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+* \resizebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+ at end menu
+
+
+ at node \includegraphics
+ at subsection @code{\includegraphics}
+
+ at cindex graphics
+ at cindex graphics package
+ at cindex including graphics
+ at cindex importing graphics
+ at cindex EPS files
+ at cindex JPEG files
+ at cindex JPG files
+ at cindex PDF graphic files
+ at cindex PNG files
+ at findex \includegraphics
+
+Synopses for @file{graphics} package:
+
+ at example
+\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics[@var{llx}, at var{lly}][@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics*@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics*[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics*[@var{llx}, at var{lly}][@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@}
+ at end example
+
+Synopses for @file{graphicx} package:
+
+ at example
+\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics*@{@var{filename}@}
+\includegraphics*[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{filename}@}
+ at end example
+
+Include a graphics file. The starred form @code{\includegraphics*} will
+clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
+part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
+over-print the surrounding area.
+
+This
+
+ at example
+\usepackage@{graphicx@} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin@{center@}
+ \includegraphics@{plot.pdf@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+will incorporate into the document the graphic in @file{plot.pdf},
+centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
+as with @code{\includegraphics@{graphics/plot.pdf@}}. To specify a list
+of locations to search for the file, @pxref{\graphicspath}.
+
+If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with
+ at code{\includegraphics@{"sister picture.jpg"@}}.
+
+The @code{\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@}} command decides on the
+type of graphic by splitting @var{filename} on the first dot. You can
+use @var{filename} with no dot, as in @code{\includegraphics@{turing@}}
+and then @LaTeX{} tries a sequence of extensions such as @code{.png} and
+ at code{.pdf} until it finds a file with that extension
+(@pxref{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions}).
+
+If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
+them with curly braces, as in
+ at code{\includegraphics@{@{plot.2018.03.12.a@}.pdf@}}. Or, if you use
+the @file{graphicx} package then you can use the options @code{type} and
+ at code{ext}; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
+with the package @file{grffile}.
+
+This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so @LaTeX{} can
+move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
+(@pxref{figure}).
+
+ at example
+\begin@{figure@}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]@{lungxray.jpg@}
+ \caption@{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.@} \label@{fig:xray@}
+\end@{figure@}
+ at end example
+
+This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at
+this point in the document even if makes @LaTeX{} stretch the text or
+resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a
+caption.
+
+ at example
+\usepackage@{caption@} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin@{center@}
+ \includegraphics@{pix/nix.png@}
+ \captionof@{figure@}@{The spirit of the night@} \label@{pix:nix@} % if you want a caption
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having
+text, with the two vertically centered.
+
+ at example
+\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begingroup
+ \setbox0=\hbox@{#1@}\parbox@{\wd0@}@{\box0@}\endgroup@}
+ ...
+\begin@{center@}
+\vcenteredhbox@{
+ \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]@{plot@}@}
+\hspace@{1em@}
+\vcenteredhbox@{\begin@{minipage@}@{0.4\textwidth@}
+ \begin@{displaymath@}
+ f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x)
+ \end@{displaymath@}
+ \end@{minipage@}@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+If you use the @file{graphics} package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see @ref{\rotatebox} and @ref{\scalebox}).
+When one optional argument is present then it is
+ at code{[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]} and it gives the coordinates of the top
+right corner of the image, as a pair of @TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units
+of length}). If the units are omitted they default to @code{bp}. In
+this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
+If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
+ at code{[@var{llx}, at var{lly}]}, specifying the coordinates of the image's
+lower left. Thus, @code{\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]@{...@}} calls for
+the graphic to be placed so it is 1 at tie{}inch wide and 0.618 at tie{}inches
+tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
+
+The @file{graphicx} package gives you many more options. Specify them
+in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So
+the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while
+the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the
+graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{center@}
+ \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]@{lion@}
+ \hspace@{2em@}
+ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]@{lion@}
+\end@{center@}
+ at end example
+
+There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
+
+Note that a graphic is placed by @LaTeX{} into a box, which is
+traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may
+go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when @LaTeX{} makes up a
+page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
+graphic.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item width
+The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
+is @code{\includegraphics[width=1in]@{plot@}}. You can use the standard
+ at TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units of length}) and also convenient is
+ at code{\linewidth}, or in a two-column document, @code{\columnwidth}
+(@pxref{Page layout parameters}). An example is that by using the
+ at file{calc} package you can make the graphic be 1 at tie{}cm narrow than
+the width of the text with
+ at code{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]@{hefferon.jpg@}}.
+
+ at item height
+The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+use the standard @TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units of length}), and also
+convenient are @code{\pageheight} and @code{\textheight} (@pxref{Page
+layout parameters}). For instance,
+ at code{\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]@{godel@}} will make the
+graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area.
+
+ at item totalheight
+The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
+instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
+but a large depth.
+
+ at item keepaspectratio
+If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]@{...@}}, then if you
+give as options both @code{width} and @code{height} (or
+ at code{totalheight}) then @LaTeX{} will make the graphic is as large as
+possible without distortion. That is, @LaTeX{} will ensure that neither
+is the graphic wider than @code{width} nor taller than @code{height} (or
+ at code{totalheight}).
+
+ at item scale
+Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying
+ at code{\includegraphics[scale=2.0]@{...@}} makes the graphic twice its
+nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1
+and at tie{}0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect
+it.
+
+ at item angle
+Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
+The graphic is rotated about its @code{origin}; see that option. For a
+complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
+ at pxref{\rotatebox}.
+
+ at item origin
+The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
+values are any string containing one or two of: @code{l} for left,
+ at code{r} for right, @code{b} for bottom, @code{c} for center, @code{t}
+for top, and @code{B} for baseline. Thus,
+ at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]@{moon@}} will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+ at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]@{LeBateau@}} will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character @code{c}
+gives the horizontal center in @code{bc} or @code{tc}, but gives the
+vertical center in @code{lc} or @code{rc}.) The default is @code{lB}.
+
+To rotate about an arbitrary point, @pxref{\rotatebox}.
+
+ at end table
+
+These are lesser-used options.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item viewport
+Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
+separated by spaces and given in @TeX{} dimensions, as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. The
+dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin
+specified by the bounding box. See also the @code{trim} option.
+
+ at item trim
+Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
+by spaces, that are given in @TeX{} dimensions, as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]@{...@}}.
+These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, @LaTeX{}
+will crop the picture by 0 at tie{}inches on the left, 0.1 at tie{}inches on
+the bottom, 0.2 at tie{}inches on the right, and 0.3 at tie{}inches on the
+top. See also the @code{viewport} option.
+
+ at item clip
+If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,clip,...]@{...@}}, then the graphic is
+cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using
+the starred form of the command, as
+ at code{\includegraphics*[...]@{...@}}.
+
+ at item page
+Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default
+ at code{page=1}.
+
+ at item pagebox
+Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
+ at code{mediabox}, @code{cropbox}, @code{bleedbox}, @code{trimbox}, or
+ at code{artbox}. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
+files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The
+MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the
+region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when
+displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page
+should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions
+of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's meaningful
+content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
+present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
+driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
+
+ at item interpolate
+Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
+set with @code{interpolate=true} or just specified as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]@{...@}}.
+
+ at item quiet
+Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
+ at code{quiet=true} or just specified it with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,quite,...]@{...@}},
+
+ at item draft
+If you set it with @code{draft=true} or just specified it with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,draft,...]@{...@}}, then the graphic will not
+appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead,
+ at LaTeX{} will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename
+printed in it.
+
+ at end table
+
+These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
+graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
+ at code{%%BoundingBox} that appears in the file. It has four values,
+giving the lower @math{x} coordinate, lower @math{y} coordinate, upper
+ at math{x} coordinate, and upper @math{y} coordinate. The units are
+PostScript points, equivalent to @TeX{}'s big points, 1/72 at tie{}inch.
+For example, if an @file{.eps} file has the line @code{%%BoundingBox 10
+20 40 80} then its natural size is 30/72 at tie{}inch wide by
+60/72 at tie{}inch tall.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item bb
+Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
+dimensions separated by spaces, as with @code{\includegraphics[.., bb=
+0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. Usually @code{\includegraphics} reads the
+BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
+only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
+to change it.
+
+ at item bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury
+Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for
+compatibility with old packages.)
+
+ at item natwidth, natheight
+An alternative for @code{bb}. Setting
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]@{...@}}
+is the same as setting @code{bb=0 0 1in 0.618in}.
+
+ at item hiresbb
+If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with
+ at code{\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]@{...@}}, then @LaTeX{} will look
+for @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines instead of @code{%%BoundingBox}
+lines. (The @code{BoundingBox} lines use only natural numbers while the
+ at code{HiResBoundingBox} lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to
+ at TeX{}'s big points, 1/72 at tie{}inch.) To override a prior setting of
+ at code{true}, you can set it to @code{false}.
+
+ at end table
+
+These following options allow a user to override @LaTeX{}'s method of
+choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
+is that @code{\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]@{lion@}}
+will read the file @file{lion.xxx} as though it were
+ at file{lion.png}. For more on these, @pxref{\DeclareGraphicsRule}.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item type
+Specify the graphics type.
+
+ at item ext
+Specify the graphics extension.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}.
+
+ at item read
+Specify the file extension of the read file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}.
+
+ at item command
+Specify a command to be applied to this file.
+Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}.
+ at c write18 and restricted execution.
+
+ at end table
+
+
+ at node \rotatebox
+ at subsection @code{\rotatebox}
+
+ at cindex rotation
+ at cindex rotating graphics
+ at cindex rotating text
+ at findex \rotatebox
+
+Synopsis for @file{graphics} package:
+
+ at example
+\rotatebox@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@}
+ at end example
+
+Synopses for @file{graphicx} package:
+
+ at example
+\rotatebox@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@}
+\rotatebox[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@}
+ at end example
+
+Put @var{material} in a box and rotate it @var{angle} degrees counterclockwise.
+
+This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+
+ at example
+\begin@{tabular@}@{ll@}
+ \rotatebox@{45@}@{Character@} &\rotatebox@{45@}@{NATO phonetic@} \\
+ A &AL-FAH \\
+ B &BRAH-VOH
+\end@{tabular@}
+ at end example
+
+The @var{material} can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic.
+
+ at example
+ \rotatebox[origin=c]@{45@}@{\includegraphics[width=1in]@{lion@}@}
+ at end example
+
+You can get the same effect using the @file{graphicx} package alone
+(@pxref{\includegraphics}).
+
+To place the rotated material, the first step is that @LaTeX{} sets
+ at var{material} in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline.
+The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point.
+The third step is that @LaTeX{} computes a box to bound the rotated
+material. Fourth, @LaTeX{} moves this box horizontally so that the left
+edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box
+from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
+bounding box, in its new position, is what @LaTeX{} uses as the box when
+typesetting this material.
+
+If you use the @file{graphics} package then the roatation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use @file{graphicx} then these are
+the options that can go in the @var{key-value list}.
+
+ at table @code
+ at item origin
+The point of the @var{material}'s box about which the rotation happens.
+Possible values are any string containing one or two of: @code{l} for
+left, @code{r} for right, @code{b} for bottom, @code{c} for center,
+ at code{t} for top, and @code{B} for baseline. Thus,
+ at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]@{moon@}} will turn the
+picture upside down from the center, while
+ at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]@{LeBateau@}} will turn its
+picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character @code{c}
+gives the horizontal center in @code{bc} or @code{tc} but gives the
+vertical center in @code{lc} or @code{rc}.) The default is @code{lB}.
+
+ at item x, y
+Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
+ at code{\rotatebox[x=@var{@TeX{} dimension},y=@var{@TeX{}
+dimension}]@{...@}} (@pxref{Units of length}). These give the offset
+from the box's reference point.
+
+ at item units
+This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
+Setting @code{units=-360} changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
+setting @code{units=6.283185} changes to radians counterclockwise.
+
+ at end table
+
+
+ at node \scalebox
+ at subsection @code{\scalebox}
+
+ at cindex graphics, scaling
+ at cindex graphics, resizing
+ at cindex scaling
+ at cindex resizing
+ at cindex text, scaling
+ at cindex text, resizing
+ at findex \scalebox
+ at findex \reflectbox
+
+Synopses:
+
+ at example
+\scalebox@{@var{horizontal factor}@}@{@var{material}@}
+\scalebox@{@var{horizontal factor}@}[@var{vertical factor}]@{@var{material}@}
+\reflectbox@{@var{material}@}
+ at end example
+
+Scale the @var{material}.
+
+This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the
+first text and doubles the size of the second.
+
+ at example
+\scalebox@{0.5@}@{DRINK ME@} and \scalebox@{2.0@}@{Eat Me@}
+ at end example
+
+If you do not specify the optional @var{vertical factor} then it
+defaults to the same value as the @var{horizontal factor}.
+
+You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with
+ at code{\scalebox@{0.5@}@{\includegraphics@{lion@}@}}. If you use the
+ at file{graphicx} package then you can accomplish the same thing with
+optional arguments to @code{\includegraphics}
+(@pxref{\includegraphics}).
+
+The @code{\reflectbox} command abbreviates
+ at code{\scalebox@{-1@}[1]@{@var{material}@}}. Thus, @code{Able was
+I\reflectbox@{Able was I@}} will show the phrase @samp{Able was I}
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+
+
+ at node \resizebox
+ at subsection @code{\resizebox}
+
+ at cindex graphics, scaling
+ at cindex graphics, resizing
+ at cindex scaling
+ at cindex resizing
+ at cindex text, scaling
+ at cindex text, resizing
+ at findex \resizebox
+
+Synopses:
+
+ at example
+\resizebox@{@var{horizontal length}@}@{@var{vertical length}@}@{@var{material}@}
+\resizebox*@{@var{horizontal length}@}@{@var{vertical length}@}@{@var{material}@}
+ at end example
+
+Given a size, such as @code{3cm}, transform @var{material} to make it
+that size. If either @var{horizontal length} or @var{vertical length}
+is an exclamation point at tie{}@code{!} then the other argument is used
+to determine a scale factor for both directions.
+
+This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it
+vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
+
+ at example
+\resizebox@{0.5in@}@{!@}@{\includegraphics@{lion@}@}
+ at end example
+
+The unstarred form @code{\resizebox} takes @var{vertical length} to be
+the box's height while the starred form @code{\resizebox*} takes it to
+be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
+quarter inch with @code{\resizebox*@{!@}@{0.25in@}@{\parbox@{1in@}@{This
+box has both height and depth.@}@}}.
+
+You can use @code{\depth}, @code{\height}, @code{\totalheight}, and
+ at code{\width} to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
+text two inches wide but keep the original height with
+ at code{\resizebox@{2in@}@{\height@}@{Two inches@}}.
+
+
@node Special insertions
@chapter Special insertions
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