texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex

% $Id$
% TeX Live documentation.  Originally written by Sebastian Rahtz and
% Michel Goossens, now maintained by Karl Berry and others.
% Public domain.
%
\documentclass{article}
\let\tldocenglish=1  % for live4ht.cfg
\usepackage{tex-live}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} % translators: use your preferred encodings.
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\title{%
  {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide---2021}}
}

\author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
        \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}
       }

\date{September 2021}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{multicols}{2}
\tableofcontents
%\listoftables
\end{multicols}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

\subsection{\protect\TeX\protect\ Live and the \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection}

This document describes the main features of the \TL{} software
distribution\Dash \TeX{} and related programs for \GNU/Linux
and other Unix flavors, \MacOSX, and Windows systems.

You may have acquired \TL{} by downloading, or on the \TK{} \DVD, which
\TeX{} user groups distribute among their members, or in other ways.
Section \ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} briefly describes the contents of the
\DVD.  Both \TL{} and the \TK{} are cooperative efforts by the \TeX{}
user groups. This document mainly describes \TL{} itself.

\TL{} includes executables for \TeX{}, \LaTeXe{}, \ConTeXt,
\MF, \MP, \BibTeX{} and many other programs; an extensive collection
of macros, fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in
many different scripts from around the world.

For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of \TL{},
see the end of the document, section~\ref{sec:history}
(\p.\pageref{sec:history}).


\htmlanchor{platforms}
\subsection{Operating system support}
\label{sec:os-support}

\TL{} contains binaries for many Unix-based platforms, including
\GNU/Linux, \MacOSX, and Cygwin.  The included sources can be compiled
on platforms for which we do not provide binaries.

As to Windows: Windows~7 and later are supported. Windows Vista
may still mostly work, but \TL{} will no longer even install on Windows
XP or earlier.  \TL{} includes no
64-bit executables for Windows, but the 32-bit executables should
run on 64-bit systems. But see
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html} for options to add
64-bit binaries.

See section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} for alternate solutions
for Windows and \MacOSX.

\subsection{Basic installation of \protect\TL{}}
\label{sec:basic}

You can install \TL{} either from \DVD{} or over the Internet
(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html}). The net installer itself is
small, and downloads everything requested from the Internet.

The \DVD{} installer lets you install to a local disk.  You cannot run
\TL{} directly from the \TK{} \DVD{} (or its \code{.iso} image), but you
can prepare a runnable installation on, e.g., a \USB{} stick (see
section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}).  Installation is described in later
sections (\p.\pageref{sec:install}), but here is a quick start:

\begin{itemize*}

\item For Unix, the installation script is \filename{install-tl}; on
  Windows, one should instead invoke \filename{install-tl-windows}.
  The installer will operate in a graphical mode given the option
  \code{-gui} (default for Windows and \MacOSX), or a text mode given
  the option \code{-gui=text} (default for everything else).

\item One of the installed items is the `\TL\ Manager' program,
  named \prog{tlmgr}.  Like the installer, it can be used in both \GUI{}
  mode and in text mode. You can use it to install and uninstall
  packages and do various configuration tasks.

\end{itemize*}


\htmlanchor{security}
\subsection{Security considerations}
\label{sec:security}

To the best of our knowledge, the core \TeX\ programs themselves are
(and always have been) extremely robust.  However, the contributed
programs in \TeX\ Live may not reach the same level, despite everyone's
best efforts.  As always, you should be careful when running programs on
untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new subdirectory or chroot.

This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general
Windows finds programs in the current directory before anything else,
regardless of the search path.  This opens up a wide variety of possible
attacks.  We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some remain,
especially with third-party programs.  Thus, we recommend checking for
suspicious files in the current directory, especially executables
(binaries or scripts).  Ordinarily they should not be present, and
definitely should not normally be created by merely processing a document.

Finally, \TeX\ (and its companion programs) are able to write files when
processing documents, a feature that can also be abused in a wide
variety of ways.  Again, processing unknown documents in a new
subdirectory is the safest bet.

Another aspect of security is ensuring that downloaded material has not
been changed from what was created. The \prog{tlmgr} program
(section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) will automatically perform cryptographic
verification on downloads if the \prog{gpg} (GNU Privacy Guard) program
is available. It is not distributed as part of \TL, but see
\url{https://texlive.info/tlgpg/} for information about \prog{gpg} if
need be.

\subsection{Getting help}
\label{sec:help}

The \TeX{} community is active and friendly, and most serious questions
end up getting answered.  However, the support is informal, done by
volunteers and casual users, so it's especially important that you do
your homework before asking.  (If you prefer guaranteed commercial
support, you can forgo \TL{} completely and purchase a vendor's system;
\url{https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors} has a list.)

Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend
using them:

\begin{description}
\item [Getting started] If you are new to \TeX, the web page
\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} gives a brief introduction to the system.

\item [\TeX{} FAQ] The \TeX{} FAQ is a huge compendium
  of answers to all sorts of questions, from the most basic to the
  most arcane.  It is included on \TL{} in
  \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/}, and is available
  on the Internet through \url{https://texfaq.org}.  Please
  check here first.

\item [\TeX{} Catalogue] If you are looking for a particular package,
font, program, etc., the \TeX{} Catalogue is the place to look.  It is a
huge collection of all \TeX{}-related items.  See
\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/catalogue}.

\item [\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
\url{https://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-related links, in
particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
the system.

\item [support archives] Principal support forums for \TeX\ include
the \LaTeX{} community site at \url{https://latex.org}, the
q\&a site \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com}, the Usenet newsgroup
\url{news:comp.text.tex}, and the mailing list \email{texhax@tug.org}.
Their archives have years of past questions and answers for your
searching pleasure, via, for the latter two,
\url{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics} and
\url{https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax}.  And a general web search
never hurts.

\item [asking questions] If you cannot find an answer, you can post to 
\url{http://latex-community.org/} and
\url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/} through their web interfaces, to
\dirname{comp.text.tex} through Google or your newsreader, or to
\email{texhax@tug.org} through email.  But before you post anywhere,
please read this FAQ entry, to maximize your chances of getting a useful
answer:
\url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion}.

\item [\TL{} support] If you want to report a bug or have
suggestions or comments on the \TL{} distribution, installation, or
documentation, the mailing list is \email{tex-live@tug.org}.  However,
if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
\TL{}, please write to that program's maintainer or
mailing list.  Often running a program with the \code{-{}-help} option
will provide a bug reporting address.

\end{description}

The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions.  All
the above resources are open to anyone, so feel free to join, start
reading, and help out where you can.


% don't use \TL so the \uppercase in the headline works.  Also so
% tex4ht ends up with the right TeX.  Likewise the \protect's.
\section{Overview of \protect\TeX\protect\ Live}
\label{sec:overview-tl}

This section describes the contents of \TL{} and the \TK{} of which it
is a part.

\subsection{The \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection: \protect\TL,
           pro\protect\TeX{}t, Mac\protect\TeX}
\label{sec:tl-coll-dists}

The \TK{} \DVD{} comprises the following:

\begin{description}

\item [\TL] A complete \TeX{} system to be installed to disk.  Home
page: \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}.

\item [Mac\TeX] for \MacOSX\ (currently named macOS by Apple, but we
continue to use the older name in this document), this adds a native
\MacOSX\ installer and other Mac applications to \TL{}. Home page:
\url{https://tug.org/mactex/}.

\item [pro\TeX{}t] An enhancement of the \MIKTEX\ distribution for Windows,
\ProTeXt\ adds a few extra tools to \MIKTEX, and simplifies
installation.  It is entirely independent of \TL{}, and has its own
installation instructions.  Home page:
\url{https://tug.org/protext/}.

\item [CTAN] A snapshot of the \CTAN{} repository (\url{https://ctan.org/}).

\end{description}

\CTAN{} and \pkgname{protext} do not follow the same copying conditions
as \TL{}, so be careful when redistributing or modifying.


\subsection{Top level \protect\TL{} directories}
\label{sec:tld}

Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in a
\TL{} installation.  

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[bin] The \TeX{} system programs, arranged by platform.
%
\item[readme-*.dir] Quick overview and useful links for \TL{},
in various languages, in both \HTML{} and plain text.
%
\item[source] The source to all included programs, including the main
  \Webc{}-based \TeX{} distributions.
%
\item[texmf-dist] The principal tree; see \dirname{TEXMFDIST} below.
%
\item[tlpkg] Scripts, programs and data for managing the
  installation, and special support for Windows.
\end{ttdescription}

For documentation, the comprehensive links in the top-level file
\OnCD{doc.html} may be helpful.  The documentation for nearly everything
(packages, formats, fonts, program manuals, man pages, Info files) is in
\dirname{texmf-dist/doc}.  You can use the \cmdname{texdoc} program to
find documentation wherever it is located.

This \TL\ documentation itself is in \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/texlive},
available in several languages:

\begin{itemize*}
\item{Czech/Slovak:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz}
\item{German:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de}
\item{English:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en}
\item{French:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr}
\item{Italian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it}
\item{Japanese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja}
\item{Polish:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl}
\item{Russian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru}
\item{Serbian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr}
\item{Simplified Chinese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn}
\end{itemize*}

\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
\label{sec:texmftrees}

This section lists the predefined variables specifying the texmf trees
used by the system, and their intended purpose, and the default layout
of \TL{}. The command \texttt{tlmgr~conf} shows the values of these
variables, so that you can easily find out how they map to particular
directories in your installation.

All of the trees, including the personal ones, should follow the \TeX\
Directory Structure (\TDS, \url{https://tug.org/tds}), with all its
myriad subdirectories, or files may not be found.  Section
\ref{sec:local-personal-macros} (\p.\pageref{sec:local-personal-macros})
describes this in more detail.  The order here is the reverse order in
which the trees are searched, that is, later trees in the list override
earlier ones.

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [TEXMFDIST] The tree which holds nearly all of the files in the original
  distribution---configuration files, scripts, packages, fonts, etc.
  (The main exception are the per-platform executables, which are stored
  in a sibling directory \code{bin/}.)
\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] The (site-wide) tree used by \verb+texconfig-sys+,
  \verb+updmap-sys+ and \verb+fmtutil-sys+, and also by \verb+tlmgr+, to
  store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The (site-wide) tree used by the utilities
  \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
  store modified configuration data.
\item [TEXMFLOCAL] The tree which administrators can use for system-wide
  installation of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
\item [TEXMFHOME] The tree which users can use for their own individual
  installations of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
  The expansion of this variable dynamically adjusts for each user to
  their own individual directory.
\item [TEXMFVAR] The (personal) tree used by \verb+texconfig+,
  \verb+updmap-user+ and \verb+fmtutil-user+ to store (cached) runtime data such
  as format files and generated map files.
\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The (personal) tree used by the utilities
  \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to store modified
  configuration data.
\item [TEXMFCACHE] The tree(s) used by \ConTeXt\ MkIV and Lua\LaTeX\
  to store (cached) runtime data; defaults to \code{TEXMFSYSVAR},
  or (if that's not writable), \code{TEXMFVAR}.
\end{ttdescription}

\noindent
The default layout is:
\begin{description}
  \item[system-wide root] can span multiple \TL{} releases
  (\texttt{/usr/local/texlive} by default on Unix):
  \begin{ttdescription}
    \item[2020] A previous release.
    \item[2021] The current release.
    \begin{ttdescription}
      \item [bin] ~
      \begin{ttdescription}
        \item [i386-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (32-bit)
        \item [...]
        \item [universal-darwin] \MacOSX\ binaries
        \item [x86\_64-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (64-bit)
        \item [win32] Windows binaries
      \end{ttdescription}
      \item [texmf-dist\ \ ]      \envname{TEXMFDIST} and \envname{TEXMFMAIN}
      \item [texmf-var \ \ ]      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
      \item [texmf-config]        \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
    \end{ttdescription}
    \item [texmf-local] \envname{TEXMFLOCAL}, intended to be
      retained from release to release.
  \end{ttdescription}
  \item[user's home directory] (\texttt{\$HOME} or
      \texttt{\%USERPROFILE\%})
    \begin{ttdescription}
      \item[.texlive2020] Privately generated and configuration data
        for a previous release.
      \item[.texlive2021] Privately generated and configuration data
        for the current release.
      \begin{ttdescription}
        \item [texmf-var\ \ \ ] \envname{TEXMFVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
        \item [texmf-config]    \envname{TEXMFCONFIG}
      \end{ttdescription}
    \item[texmf] \envname{TEXMFHOME} Personal macros, etc.
  \end{ttdescription}
\end{description}


\subsection{Extensions to \protect\TeX}
\label{sec:tex-extensions}

Knuth's original \TeX{} itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It
is present in \TL\ as the program \prog{tex}, and will remain so
for the foreseeable future.  \TL{} also contains several extended versions of
\TeX\ (also known as \TeX\ engines):

\begin{description}

\item [\eTeX] adds a set of new primitives
\label{text:etex} (related to macro expansion, character scanning,
classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
\TeXXeT{} extensions for bidirectional typesetting.  In default mode,
\eTeX{} is 100\% compatible with ordinary \TeX. See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf}.

\item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for
writing PDF output as well as \dvi{}, and many non-output-related
extensions.  This is the program invoked for many common formats, e.g.,
\prog{etex}, \prog{latex}, \prog{pdflatex}.  Its web site is
\url{http://www.pdftex.org/}.  See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf} for the manual, and
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex} for example
usage of some of its features.

\item [Lua\TeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
TrueType- and system fonts. It also incorporates a Lua interpreter
(\url{https://lua.org/}), enabling solutions for many thorny \TeX{}
problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it functions as a standalone
Lua interpreter. Its web site is \url{http://www.luatex.org/}, and the
reference manual is \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.

\item [(e)(u)p\TeX] have native support for Japanese typesetting
requirements; p\TeX\ is the basic engine, while the e- variants add
\eTeX\ functionality and u- add Unicode support.

\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
TrueType- and system fonts, implemented using standard third-party
libraries. See \url{https://tug.org/xetex}.

\item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
also supports so-called `\OMEGA{} Translation Processes' (OTPs),
for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input.  Omega is no
longer included in \TL{} as a separate program; only Aleph is provided:

\item [Aleph] combines the \OMEGA\ and \eTeX\ extensions.
See \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}.

\end{description}


\subsection{Other notable programs in \protect\TL}

Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in \TL{}:

\begin{cmddescription}

\item [bibtex, biber] bibliography support.

\item [makeindex, xindy] index support.

\item [dvips] convert \dvi{} to \PS{}.

\item [xdvi] \dvi{} previewer for the X Window System.

\item [dviconcat, dviselect] cut and paste pages
from \dvi{} files.

\item [dvipdfmx] convert \dvi{} to PDF, an alternative approach
to pdf\TeX\ (mentioned above).

\item [psselect, psnup, \ldots] \PS{} utilities.

\item [pdfjam, pdfjoin, \ldots] PDF utilities.

\item [context, mtxrun] Con\TeX{}t and PDF processor.

\item [htlatex, \ldots] \cmdname{tex4ht}: \AllTeX{} to HTML (and
XML and more) converter.

\end{cmddescription}


\htmlanchor{installation}
\section{Installation}
\label{sec:install}

\subsection{Starting the installer}
\label{sec:inst-start}

To begin, get the \TK{} \DVD{} or download the \TL{} net installer.  See
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html} for more information and other
methods of getting the software.

\begin{description}
\item [Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:] Download from \CTAN, under
\dirname{systems/texlive/tlnet}; the url
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet} should redirect to a
nearby, up-to-date, mirror.  You can retrieve either
\filename{install-tl.zip} which can be used under Unix and Windows, or
the considerably smaller \filename{install-unx.tar.gz} for Unix
only. After unpacking, \filename{install-tl} and
\filename{install-tl-windows.bat} will be in the \dirname{install-tl}
subdirectory.

\item[Net installer, Windows .exe:] Download from \CTAN{} as above,
and double-click. This starts up a first-stage installer and unpacker;
see figure~\ref{fig:nsis}. It gives two choices: ``Install''
and``Unpack only''.

\item [\TeX{} Collection \DVD:] go to the \DVD's \dirname{texlive}
subdirectory. Under Windows, the installer normally starts automatically
when you insert the \DVD.  You can get the \DVD\ by becoming a member of
a \TeX\ user group (highly recommended,
\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}), or purchasing it separately
(\url{https://tug.org/store}), or burning your own from the \ISO\ image.
You can also mount the \ISO\ directly on most systems.  After installing
from \DVD\ or \ISO, if you want to get continuing updates from the
Internet, please see section~\ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.

\end{description}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{nsis_installer}{.6\linewidth}
\caption{First stage of Windows \code{.exe} installer}\label{fig:nsis}
\end{figure}

The same installer program is run, whatever the source.  The most
visible difference between the two is that with the net installer, what
you end up with is the packages that are currently available.  This is
in contrast to the \DVD\ and \ISO\ images, which are not updated between
the major public releases.

If you need to download through proxies, use a \filename{~/.wgetrc} file
or environment variables with the proxy settings for Wget
(\url{https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html}),
or the equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does
not matter if you are installing from the \DVD\ or \ISO\ image.

The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.

\subsubsection{Unix}

Below, \texttt{>} denotes the shell prompt; user input is
\Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.
The \filename{install-tl} program is a Perl script.  The simplest way
to start it on a Unix-compatible system is as follows:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{perl /path/to/installer/install-tl}
\end{alltt}
(Or you can invoke \Ucom{/path/to/installer/install-tl} if it stayed
executable, or \texttt{cd} to the directory first, etc.; we won't repeat
all the variations.)  You may have to enlarge your terminal window so
that it shows the full text installer screen
(figure~\ref{fig:text-main}).

To install in \GUI\ mode (figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}), you'll need to
have Tcl/Tk installed.  Given that, you can run:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{perl install-tl -gui}
\end{alltt}

The old \code{wizard} and \code{perltk}/\code{expert} options are
still available, but now do the same thing as \code{-gui}. For
a complete listing of the various options:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{perl install-tl -help}
\end{alltt}

\textbf{About Unix permissions:} Your \code{umask} at the time
of installation will be respected by the \TL{} installer.  Therefore, if
you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make
sure your setting is sufficiently permissive, for instance, \code{umask
002}.  For more information about \code{umask}, consult your system
documentation.

\textbf{Special considerations for Cygwin:} Unlike other
Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin does not by default include all of the
prerequisite programs needed by the \TL{} installer.  See
section~\ref{sec:cygwin}.


\subsubsection{\MacOSX}
\label{sec:macosx}

As mentioned in section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, a separate distribution
is prepared for \MacOSX, named Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex}).
We recommend using the native Mac\TeX\ installer instead of the \TL\
installer on \MacOSX, because the native installer makes a few
Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to allow easily switching
between the various \TeX\ distributions for \MacOSX\ (Mac\TeX, Fink,
MacPorts, \ldots) using the so-called \TeX{}Dist data structure.

Mac\TeX\ is firmly based on \TL, and the main \TeX\ trees and binaries
are precisely the same.  It adds a few extra folders with Mac-specific
documentation and applications.


\subsubsection{Windows}\label{sec:wininst}

If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the \DVD\
installer failed to start automatically, double-click
\filename{install-tl-windows.bat}.

You can also start the installer from the command-prompt.  Below,
\texttt{>} denotes the prompt; user input is \Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.  If
you are in the installer directory, run just:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{install-tl-windows}
\end{alltt}

Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{D:\bs{}texlive\bs{}install-tl-windows}
\end{alltt}
for the \TK\ \DVD, supposing that \dirname{D:} is the optical
drive. Figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32} displays the initial basic screen
of the \GUI\ installer, which is the default for Windows.

To install in text mode, use:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -no-gui}
\end{alltt}

For a complete listing of the various options:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -help}
\end{alltt}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{boxedverbatim}
Installing TeX Live 2021 from: ...
Platform: x86_64-linux => 'GNU/Linux on x86_64'
Distribution: inst (compressed)
Directory for temporary files: /tmp
...
 Detected platform: GNU/Linux on Intel x86_64
 
 <B> binary platforms: 1 out of 16

 <S> set installation scheme: scheme-full

 <C> customizing installation collections
     40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 7172 MB

 <D> directories:
   TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
     /usr/local/texlive/2021
   ...

 <O> options:
   [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
   ...
 
 <V> set up for portable installation

Actions:
 <I> start installation to hard disk
 <P> save installation profile to 'texlive.profile' and exit
 <H> help
 <Q> quit
\end{boxedverbatim}
\vskip-.5\baselineskip
\caption{Main text installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:text-main}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{basic-w32}{.6\linewidth}
\caption{Basic installer screen (Windows); the Advanced button will
  result in something like figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}}\label{fig:basic-w32}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{advanced-lnx}{\linewidth}
\caption{Advanced \GUI{} installer screen
  (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:advanced-lnx}
\end{figure}


\htmlanchor{cygwin}
\subsubsection{Cygwin}
\label{sec:cygwin}

Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin's \filename{setup.exe} program to
install the \filename{perl} and \filename{wget} packages if you have
not already done so.  The following additional packages are
recommended:
\begin{itemize*}
\item \filename{fontconfig} [needed by \XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX]
\item \filename{ghostscript} [needed by various utilities]
\item \filename{libXaw7} [needed by \code{xdvi}]
\item \filename{ncurses} [provides the \code{clear} command used by the installer]
\end{itemize*}


\subsubsection{The text installer}

Figure~\ref{fig:text-main} displays the main text mode screen under
Unix.  The text installer is the default on Unix.

This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at
all.  For instance, you cannot tab around checkboxes or input fields.
You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt and press the
Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with
adjusted content.

The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run
on as many platforms as possible, even with a minimal Perl.

\subsubsection{The graphical installer}
\label{sec:graphical-inst}

The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a
few options; see figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32}. It can be started with
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{install-tl -gui}
\end{alltt}
The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text
installer; see figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}.

The \texttt{perltk}/\texttt{expert} and \texttt{wizard} \GUI{}
options now invoke the regular graphical installer.

\subsection{Running the installer}
\label{sec:runinstall}

The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a
few notes about the various options and submenus.

\subsubsection{Binary systems menu (Unix only)}
\label{sec:binary}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{boxedverbatim}
Available platforms:
===============================================================================
   a [ ] Cygwin on Intel x86 (i386-cygwin)
   b [ ] Cygwin on x86_64 (x86_64-cygwin)
   c [ ] MacOSX current (10.14-) on ARM/x86_64 (universal-darwin)
   d [ ] MacOSX legacy (10.6-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwinlegacy)
   e [ ] FreeBSD on x86_64 (amd64-freebsd)
   f [ ] FreeBSD on Intel x86 (i386-freebsd)
   g [ ] GNU/Linux on ARM64 (aarch64-linux)
   h [ ] GNU/Linux on ARMv6/RPi (armhf-linux)
   i [ ] GNU/Linux on Intel x86 (i386-linux)
   j [X] GNU/Linux on x86_64 (x86_64-linux)
   k [ ] GNU/Linux on x86_64 with musl (x86_64-linuxmusl)
   l [ ] NetBSD on x86_64 (amd64-netbsd)
   m [ ] NetBSD on Intel x86 (i386-netbsd)
   o [ ] Solaris on Intel x86 (i386-solaris)
   p [ ] Solaris on x86_64 (x86_64-solaris)
   s [ ] Windows (win32)
\end{boxedverbatim}
\vskip-.5\baselineskip
\caption{Binaries menu}\label{fig:bin-text}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} displays the text mode binaries menu.  By
default, only the binaries for your current platform will be installed.
From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other
platforms as well.  This can be useful if you are sharing a \TeX\
tree across a network of heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot
system.

\subsubsection{Selecting what is to be installed}
\label{sec:components}

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{boxedverbatim}
Select scheme:
===============================================================================
 a [X] full scheme (everything)
 b [ ] medium scheme (small + more packages and languages)
 c [ ] small scheme (basic + xetex, metapost, a few languages)
 d [ ] basic scheme (plain and latex)
 e [ ] minimal scheme (plain only)
 f [ ] ConTeXt scheme
 g [ ] GUST TeX Live scheme
 h [ ] infrastructure-only scheme (no TeX at all)
 i [ ] teTeX scheme (more than medium, but nowhere near full)
 j [ ] custom selection of collections
\end{boxedverbatim}
\vskip-.5\baselineskip
\caption{Scheme menu}\label{fig:scheme-text}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:scheme-text} displays the \TL\ scheme menu; from here,
you choose a ``scheme'', which is an overall set of package collections.
The default \optname{full} scheme installs everything available. This is
recommended, but you can also choose the \optname{basic} scheme for
just plain and \LaTeX, \optname{small} for a few more programs
(equivalent to the so-called Basic\TeX\ installation of Mac\TeX),
\optname{minimal} for testing purposes, and \optname{medium} or
\optname{teTeX} to get something in between. There are also various
specialized and country-specific schemes.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering \tlpng{stdcoll}{.7\linewidth}
\caption{Collections menu}\label{fig:collections-gui}
\end{figure}

You can refine your scheme selection with the `collections' menu
(figure~\ref{fig:collections-gui}, shown in \GUI\ mode for a change).

Collections are one level more detailed than schemes\Dash in essence, a
scheme consists of several collections, a collection consists of one or
more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in \TL) contains
the actual \TeX\ macro files, font files, and so on.

If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use
the \TeX\ Live Manager (\prog{tlmgr}) program after installation (see
section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}); using that, you can control the installation
at the package level.

\subsubsection{Directories}
\label{sec:directories}

The default layout is described in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees},
\p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.  The default installation directory is
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2021} on Unix and
|%SystemDrive%\texlive\2021| on Windows.  This arrangement enables
having many parallel \TL\ installations, such as one for each release
(typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them merely by
altering your search path.

That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called
\dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer.  The \GUI\ screen for this and other
options is shown in figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}.  The most common reasons
to change it are either lacking enough disk space in that partition (the
full \TL\ needs several gigabytes), or lacking write permission for the
default location (you don't have to be root or administrator to install
\TL, but you do need write access to the target directory).

The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of
environment variables before running the installer (most likely,
\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_PREFIX} or
\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXDIR}); see the documentation from
|install-tl --help| (available online at
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html}) for the full list and
more details.

A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home,
especially if you will be the sole user. Use `|~|' to indicate this, as
in `|~/texlive/2021|'.

We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different
releases of \TL{} side by side.  (You may wish to also maintain a
version-independent name, such as \dirname{/usr/local/texlive-cur}, via a
symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the new release.)

Changing \dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer will also change
\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL}, \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR} and
\dirname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}.

\dirname{TEXMFHOME} is the recommended location for personal macro files
or packages.  The default value is |~/texmf| (|~/Library/texmf| on
Macs).  In contrast to \dirname{TEXDIR}, here a |~| is preserved in the
newly-written configuration files, since it usefully refers to the home
directory of the user running \TeX.  It expands to \dirname{$HOME} on
Unix and \verb|%USERPROFILE%| on Windows.  Special redundant note:
\envname{TEXMFHOME}, like all trees, must be organized according to the
\TDS, or files may not be found.

\dirname{TEXMFVAR} is the location for storing most cached runtime data
specific to each user.  \dirname{TEXMFCACHE} is the variable name used
for that purpose by Lua\LaTeX\ and \ConTeXt\ MkIV (see
section~\ref{sec:context-mkiv}, \p.\pageref{sec:context-mkiv}); its
default value is \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, or (if that's not writable),
\dirname{TEXMFVAR}.


\subsubsection{Options}
\label{sec:options}

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\begin{boxedverbatim}
Options customization:
===============================================================================
 <P> use letter size instead of A4 by default: [ ]
 <E> execution of restricted list of programs: [X]
 <F> create all format files:                  [X]
 <D> install font/macro doc tree:              [X]
 <S> install font/macro source tree:           [X]
 <L> create symlinks in standard directories:  [ ]
            binaries to:
            manpages to:
                info to:
 <Y> after install, set CTAN as source for package updates: [X]
\end{boxedverbatim}
\vskip-.5\baselineskip
\caption{Options menu (Unix)}\label{fig:options-text}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:options-text} shows the text mode options menu.
More info on each:

\begin{description}
\item[use letter size instead of A4 by default:] The default paper
  size selection.  Of course, individual documents can and should
  specify a specific paper size, if desired.

\item[execution of restricted list of programs:] As of \TL\ 2010,
  execution of a few external programs is allowed by default.  The (very
  short) list of allowed programs is given in the \filename{texmf.cnf}.
  See the 2010 news (section~\ref{sec:2010news}) for more details.

\item[create all format files:] We recommend leaving this option
  checked, to avoid unnecessary problems when creating formats
  dynamically.  See the \prog{fmtutil} documentation for more details.

\item[install font/macro \ldots\ tree:] Download/install the
  documentation and source files included in most packages.  Unchecking
  is not recommended.

\item[create symlinks in standard directories:]
  This option (Unix only) bypasses the need to change environment
  variables. Without this option, \TL{} directories usually have to be
  added to \envname{PATH}, \envname{MANPATH} and \envname{INFOPATH}. You
  will need write permissions to the target directories.  This option is
  intended for accessing the \TeX\ system through directories that are
  already known to users, such as \dirname{/usr/local/bin}, which don't
  already contain any \TeX\ files.  Do not overwrite existing files on
  your system with this option, e.g., by specifying system directories.
  The safest and recommended approach is to leave the option unchecked.

\item[after install, set CTAN as source for package updates:]
  When installing from \DVD, this
  option is enabled by default, since usually one wants to take any
  subsequent package updates from the \CTAN\ area that is updated
  throughout the year.  The only likely reason to disable it is if you
  install only a subset from the \DVD\ and plan to augment the
  installation later.  In any case, the package repository for the
  installer, and for updates after installation, can be set
  independently as needed; see section~\ref{sec:location} and
  section~\ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.
\end{description}
Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced \GUI{}
interface:
\begin{description}
\item[adjust searchpath] This ensures that all
  programs will see the \TL{} binary directory on their search path.

\item[add menu shortcuts] If set, there will be a \TL{} submenu of
  the Start menu. There is a third option `Launcher entry' besides
  `TeX Live menu' and `No shortcuts'. This option is described in
  section \ref{sec:sharedinstall}.

\item[File associations] The options are `Only new' (create
  file associations, but do not overwrite existing ones), `All' and
  `None'.

\item[install \TeX{}works front end]
\end{description}
When all the settings are to your liking, you can type `I' in the
text interface, or press the `Install' button in the
\GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done,
skip to section~\ref{sec:postinstall} to read what else needs to be
done, if anything.

\subsection{Command-line install-tl options}
\label{sec:cmdline}

Type
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{install-tl -help}
\end{alltt}
for a listing of command-line options.  Either |-| or |--| can be used
to introduce option names.  These are the most common ones:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[-gui] Use the \GUI{} installer if possible. This requires
  Tcl/Tk version 8.5 or higher. This is the case on \MacOSX\ and is
  distributed with \TL{} on Windows. The legacy options
  \texttt{-gui=perltk} and \texttt{-gui=wizard} are still available
  but invoke the same \GUI{} interface; if Tcl/Tk is not available,
  installation continues in text mode.

\item[-no-gui] Force using the text mode installer.

\item[-lang {\sl LL}] Specify the installer interface
  language as a standard (usually two-letter) code.  The installer tries
  to automatically determine the right language but if it fails, or if
  the right language is not available, then it uses English as a
  fallback.  Run \verb|install-tl --help| to get the list of available
  languages.

\item[-portable] Install for portable use on, e.g., a \USB{} stick.
  Also selectable from within the text installer with the \code{V}
  command, and from the \GUI{} installer.  See
  section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}.

\item[-profile {\sl file}] Load the installation profile \var{file} and
  do the installation with no user interaction.  The installer always
  writes a file \filename{texlive.profile} to the \dirname{tlpkg}
  subdirectory of your installation.  That file can be given as the
  argument to redo the exact same installation on a different system,
  for example.  Alternatively, you can use a custom profile, most easily
  created by starting from a generated one and changing values, or an
  empty file, which will take all the defaults.

\item [-repository {\sl url-or-directory}] Specify package
  repository from which to install; see following.

\htmlanchor{opt-in-place}
\item[-in-place] (Documented only for completeness: Do not use this
  unless you know what you are doing.) If you already have an rsync, svn,
  or other copy of \TL{} (see
  \url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html}) then this option
  will use what you've got, as-is, and do only the necessary
  post-install actions.  Be warned that the file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}
  may be overwritten; saving it is your responsibility.  Also, package
  removal has to be done manually. This option cannot be toggled via the
  installer interface.
\end{ttdescription}


\subsubsection{The \optname{-repository} option}
\label{sec:location}

The default network package repository is a \CTAN{} mirror chosen
automatically via \url{http://mirror.ctan.org}.

If you want to override that, the location value can be a url
starting with \texttt{ftp:}, \texttt{http:}, \texttt{https:},
\texttt{file:/}, or a plain directory path.  (When giving an
\texttt{http:}, \texttt{https:} or \texttt{ftp:}\ location, trailing
`\texttt{/}' characters and/or a trailing `\texttt{/tlpkg}'
component are ignored.)

For example, you could choose a particular \CTAN\ mirror with something
like: \url{http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/},
substituting a real hostname and its particular top-level \CTAN\ path
for |ctan.example.org/tex-archive|.  The list of \CTAN\ mirrors is
maintained at \url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.

If the given argument is local (either a path or a \texttt{file:/} url),
compressed files in an \dirname{archive} subdirectory of the repository
path are used (even if uncompressed files are available as well).

\htmlanchor{postinstall}
\subsection{Post-install actions}
\label{sec:postinstall}

Some post-installation may be required.

\subsubsection{Environment variables for Unix}
\label{sec:env}

If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in
section~\ref{sec:options}), then there is no need to edit environment
variables.  Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the binaries
for your platform must be added to the search path.  (On Windows, the
installer takes care of this.)

Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under
\dirname{TEXDIR/bin}. See figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} for the list of
subdirectories and corresponding platforms.

Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories
to their respective search paths, if you want the system tools to find
them.  The man pages might be found automatically after the addition to
\envname{PATH}.

For Bourne-compatible shells such as \prog{bash}, and using Intel x86
GNU/Linux and the \TL\ default directory setup as an example, the file to edit
might be \filename{$HOME/.profile} (or another file sourced by
\filename{.profile}), and the lines to add would look like this:

\begin{sverbatim}
PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH; export PATH
MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
\end{sverbatim}

For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically \filename{$HOME/.cshrc}, and
the lines to add might look like:

\begin{sverbatim}
setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
\end{sverbatim}

If you're not on an \code{x86\_64-linux} platform, use the appropriate
platform name; similarly, if you didn't install in the default
directory, change the directory name. The \TL\ installer reports the
full lines to use at the end of installation.

If you already have \envname{PATH} settings somewhere in your startup
files, merge in the \TL\ directories as you see fit.


\subsubsection{Environment variables: Global configuration}
\label{sec:envglobal}

If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to
the system, then you are on your own; there is just too much variation
between systems in how and where these things are configured.

Our two hints are: 1)~you may want to check for a file
\filename{/etc/manpath.config} and, if present, add lines such as

\begin{sverbatim}
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux \
            /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man
\end{sverbatim}

And 2)~check for a file \filename{/etc/environment} which may define the
search path and other default environment variables.

In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named
\code{man} to the directory \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/man}.  Some \code{man}
programs, such as the standard \MacOSX\ \code{man}, will automatically
find that, obviating the need for any man page setup.


\subsubsection{Internet updates after \DVD\ installation}
\label{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}

If you installed \TL\ from \DVD\ and then wish to get updates from the
Internet, you need to run this command---\emph{after} you've updated
your search path (as described in the previous section):

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr option repository http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet}
\end{alltt}

This tells \cmdname{tlmgr} to use a nearby \CTAN\ mirror for future updates.
This is done by default when installing from \DVD, via the option
described in section~\ref{sec:options}.

If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can
specify a particular \CTAN\ mirror from the list at
\url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.  Use the exact path to the
\dirname{tlnet} subdir on that mirror, as shown above.


\htmlanchor{xetexfontconfig}  % keep historical anchor working
\htmlanchor{sysfontconfig}
\subsubsection{System font configuration for \protect\XeTeX\protect\ and Lua\protect\TeX}
\label{sec:font-conf-sys}

\XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX\ can use any font installed on the system, not just
those in the \TeX\ trees.  They do these via related but not identical
methods.

On Windows, fonts shipped with \TL\ are automatically made available to
\XeTeX\ by font name.  On \MacOSX, supporting font name lookups requires
additional steps; please see the Mac\TeX\ web pages
(\url{https://tug.org/mactex}).  For other Unix systems, the procedure to
be able to find the fonts shipped with \TL\ via font name follows.

To facilitate this, when the \pkgname{xetex} package is installed
(either at initial installation or later), the necessary configuration
file is created in
\filename{TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf}.

To set up the \TL{} fonts for system-wide use (assuming you have
suitable privileges), proceed as follows:
\begin{enumerate*}
\item Copy the \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to
\dirname{/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf}.
\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fsv}.
\end{enumerate*}

If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above,
or if you want to make the \TL{} fonts available to only one user,
you can do the following:
\begin{enumerate*}
\item Copy the \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to
      \filename{~/.fonts.conf}, where \filename{~} is your home directory.
\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fv}.
\end{enumerate*}

You can run \code{fc-list} to see the names of the system fonts.  The
incantation \code{fc-list : family style file spacing} (all arguments
are literal strings) shows some generally interesting information.


\subsubsection{\protect\ConTeXt{} Mark IV}
\label{sec:context-mkiv}

Both the `old' \ConTeXt{} (Mark II) and the `new' \ConTeXt{}
(Mark IV) should run out of the box after \TL{} installation,
and should need no special attention as long as you stick to
using \verb+tlmgr+ for updates.

However, because \ConTeXt{} MkIV does not use the kpathsea
library, some setup will be required whenever you install new 
files manually (without using \verb+tlmgr+). After each such 
installation, each MkIV user must run:
\begin{sverbatim}
context --generate
\end{sverbatim}
to refresh the \ConTeXt{} disk cache data.
The resulting files are stored under \code{TEXMFCACHE},
whose default value in \TL\ is \verb+TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR+. 

\ConTeXt\ MkIV will read from
all paths mentioned in \verb+TEXMFCACHE+, and write to the first
path that is writable. While reading, the last found match will 
take precedence in the case of duplicated cache data.

For more information, see
\url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV}.


\subsubsection{Integrating local and personal macros}
\label{sec:local-personal-macros}

This is already mentioned implicitly in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}:
\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} (by default,
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local} or
\verb|%SystemDrive%\texlive\texmf-local| on Windows)
is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros; and
\dirname{TEXMFHOME} (by default, \dirname{$HOME/texmf} or
\verb|%USERPROFILE%\texmf|), is for personal fonts and macros.  These
directories are intended to stick around from release to release, and
have their content seen automatically by a new \TL{} release.
Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of
\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} to be too far away from the main \TL{} directory,
or you will need to manually change future releases.

For both trees, files should be placed in their proper \TeX\ Directory
Structure (\TDS) subdirectories; see \url{https://tug.org/tds} or consult
\filename{texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}. For instance, a \LaTeX{} class file or
package should be placed in \dirname{TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex} or
\dirname{TEXMFHOME/tex/latex}, or a subdirectory thereof.

\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} requires an up-to-date filename database, or files
will not be found.  You can update it with the command
\cmdname{mktexlsr} or use the `Reinit file database' button on the
configuration tab of the \TeX\ Live Manager \GUI.

By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory,
as shown.  This is not a hard-and-fast requirement.  If you need to
easily switch back and forth between different versions of large
packages, for example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own
purposes.  This is done by setting \dirname{TEXMFHOME} to the
list of directories, within braces, separated by commas:

\begin{verbatim}
  TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}
\end{verbatim}

Section~\ref{sec:brace-expansion} describes brace expansion further.


\subsubsection{Integrating third-party fonts}

This is unfortunately a messy topic for \TeX\ and pdf\TeX. Forget about
it unless you want to delve into many details of the \TeX{}
installation. Many fonts are included in \TL\ already, so take a look if
you like; the web pages under \url{https://tug.org/FontCatalogue}
display nearly all of the text fonts included in the main \TeX\
distributions, categorized in various ways.

If you do want to install your own fonts, see
\url{https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html} for our best effort at
describing the procedure.

Also consider using \XeTeX\ or Lua\TeX\ (see
section~\ref{sec:tex-extensions}), which let you use operating
system fonts without any installation in \TeX. (But beware that using
system fonts makes your documents instantly unusable by anyone in a
different environment.)

\subsection{Testing the installation}
\label{sec:test-install}

After installing \TL{}, you naturally want to test it out, so you can
start creating beautiful documents and\slash or fonts.

One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which
to edit files.  \TL{} installs \TeX{}works
(\url{https://tug.org/texworks}) on Windows (only), and Mac\TeX\ installs
TeXShop (\url{https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop}).  On other Unix
systems, it's left up to you to choose an editor.  There are many
choices available, some of which are listed in the next section; see
also \url{https://tug.org/interest.html#editors}.  Any plain text editor
will work; something \TeX-specific is not required.

The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that
the new system is functional.  We give Unix commands here; under
\MacOSX{} and Windows, you're more likely to run the tests through a
graphical interface, but the principles are the same.

\begin{enumerate}

\item Make sure that you can run the \cmdname{tex} program in the first
place:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tex -{}-version}
TeX 3.14159265 (TeX Live ...)
Copyright ... D.E. Knuth.
...
\end{alltt}
If this comes back with `command not found' instead of version and
copyright information, or with an older version, most likely you don't
have the correct \dirname{bin} subdirectory in your \envname{PATH}.  See
the environment-setting information on \p.\pageref{sec:env}.

\item Process a basic \LaTeX{} file, generating PDF:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{pdflatex sample2e.tex}
This is pdfTeX 3.14...
...
Output written on sample2e.pdf (3 pages, 142120 bytes).
Transcript written on sample2e.log.
\end{alltt}
If this fails to find \filename{sample2e.tex} or other files,
you may have interference from old environment variables or
configuration files; we recommend unsetting all \TeX-related environment
variables for a start.  (For a deep analysis, you can ask \TeX{} to
report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see ``Debugging
actions'' on page~\pageref{sec:debugging}.)

\item Preview the PDF file, for example:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{xpdf sample2e.pdf}
\end{alltt}
You should see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the
basics of \LaTeX{}.  (It's well worth reading, by the way, if you're new
to \TeX.)  

Of course there are many other PDF viewers; on Unix systems,
\cmdname{evince} and \cmdname{okular} are commonly used. For Windows, we
recommend trying Sumatra PDF
(\url{https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html}). No PDF
viewers are included in \TL{}, so you must install whatever you want to
use separately.

\item Of course you can still generate \TeX's original \dvi{} format:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{latex sample2e.tex}
\end{alltt}

\item And preview the \dvi{} online:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{xdvi sample2e.dvi}    # Unix
> \Ucom{dviout sample2e.dvi}  # Windows
\end{alltt}
You do have to be running under X for \cmdname{xdvi} to work; if
you're not, or your \envname{DISPLAY} environment variable is set
incorrectly, you'll get an error \samp{Can't open display}.

\item To create a \PS{} file from the \dvi:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{dvips sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.ps}
\end{alltt}

\item Or to create PDF from the \dvi{}, an alternate path to using
pdf\TeX\ (or Xe\TeX\ or Lua\TeX) which can be useful sometimes:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{dvipdfmx sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.pdf}
\end{alltt}

\item Other standard test files you may find useful in addition to
\filename{sample2e.tex}:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [small2e.tex] A simpler document than \filename{sample2e}, to
reduce the input size if you're having troubles.
\item [testpage.tex] Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
\item [nfssfont.tex] For printing font tables and tests.
\item [testfont.tex] Also for font tables, but using plain \TeX{}.
\item [story.tex] The most canonical (plain) \TeX{} test file of all.
You must type \samp{\bs bye} to the \code{*} prompt after \samp{tex
story.tex}.
\end{ttdescription}

\item If you have installed the \filename{xetex} package, you can test
its access to system fonts as follows:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{xetex opentype-info.tex}
This is XeTeX, Version 3.14\dots
...
Output written on opentype-info.pdf (1 page).
Transcript written on opentype-info.log.
\end{alltt}

If you get an error message saying ``Invalid fontname `Latin Modern
Roman/ICU'\dots'', then you need to configure your system so that the
fonts shipped with \TL\ can be found.  See
section~\ref{sec:font-conf-sys}.

\end{enumerate}

\htmlanchor{uninstall}
\subsection{Uninstalling \TL}
\label{sec:uninstall}

To uninstall \TL\ (after a successful installation):

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr uninstall --all}
\end{alltt}

You will be asked for confirmation, else nothing will be done.
(Without \code{-{}-all}, the \code{uninstall} action is used to remove
individual packages.)

This does not remove user-specific directories, namely (see also
section~{sec:texmftrees}):

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [TEXMFCONFIG] This is intended for user configuration changes. 
If you want to preserve them, be sure you know how to recreate them
before removing.

\item [TEXMFVAR] This is intended to store automatically-generated
runtime data, such as local format files. Unless you've used it for
other purposes, it should be safe to remove.

\item[TEXMFHOME] Contains only files you yourself installed, typically
those not available in the distributions. Unless you are completely
stopping using \TeX, or want to start over from scratch, you probably
don't want to remove this.

\end{ttdescription}

\noindent You can find the directory paths for these variables by
running \code{kpsewhich -var-value=\ttvar{var}}.

This \prog{tlmgr} uninstallation also does not undo post-install
actions, such as \envname{PATH} changes in your shell initialization
files and system access to the fonts in \TL\ (see
section~\ref{sec:postinstall}). You must manually reverse such actions,
if desired.

On Windows, uninstallation can be done through the \GUI; see
section~\ref{sec:winfeatures}.


\subsection{Links for additional downloadable software}

If you are new to \TeX{}, or otherwise need help with actually writing
\TeX{} or \LaTeX{} documents, please visit
\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} for some introductory resources.

Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
\begin{description}
\item[Ghostscript] \url{https://ghostscript.com/}, a free PostScript and
      PDF interpreter.
\item[Perl] \url{https://perl.org/} with
      supplementary packages from CPAN, \url{https://cpan.org/}.
\item[ImageMagick] \url{https://imagemagick.org}, for graphics
      processing and conversion.
\item[NetPBM] \url{http://netpbm.sourceforge.net}, also for graphics.

\item[\TeX-oriented editors] There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the
      user's taste. Here is a selection in alphabetical order (a few
      here are for Windows only).
  \begin{itemize*}
  \item \cmdname{GNU Emacs} is also available natively under Windows, see
        \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html}.
  \item \cmdname{Emacs with Auc\TeX} for Windows is available from \CTAN.
        The AuC\TeX\ home page is \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex}.
  \item \cmdname{SciTE} is available from
        \url{https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html}.
  \item \cmdname{Texmaker} is free software, available from
        \url{https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker}.
  \item \cmdname{TeXstudio} started as a fork of
    \cmdname{Texmaker} and given additional features; available from
    \url{https://texstudio.org/} and in the pro\TeX{}t distribution.
  \item \cmdname{TeXnicCenter} is free software, available from
        \url{https://www.texniccenter.org}.
  \item \cmdname{TeXworks} is free software, available from
        \url{https://tug.org/texworks} and installed as part of \TL\ for
        Windows (only).
  \item \cmdname{Vim} is free software, available from
        \url{https://www.vim.org}.
  \item \cmdname{WinEdt} is shareware available though
        \url{https://tug.org/winedt} or \url{https://www.winedt.com}.
  \item \cmdname{WinShell} is available from \url{https://www.winshell.de}.
  \end{itemize*}
\end{description}
For a much longer list of packages and programs, see
\url{https://tug.org/interest.html}.


\section{Specialized installations}

The previous sections described the basic installation process.  Here we
turn to some specialized cases.

\htmlanchor{tlsharedinstall}
\subsection{Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations}
\label{sec:sharedinstall}

\TL{} has been designed to be shared between different systems on a
network. With a standard directory layout, no hard paths are
configured: the locations for files needed by \TL{} programs are
found relative to the programs.  You can see this in the principal
configuration file
\filename{$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf}, which contains lines such as
\begin{sverbatim}
TEXMFROOT = $SELFAUTOPARENT
...
TEXMFDIST = $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist
...
TEXMFLOCAL = $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local
\end{sverbatim}
This means that adding the directory for \TL{} executables for their
platform to their search path is sufficient to get a working setup.

By the same token, you can also install \TL{} locally and then move
the entire hierarchy afterwards to a network location.

For Windows, \TL{} includes a launcher \filename{tlaunch}. Its main
window contains menu entries and buttons for various \TeX-related
programs and documentation, customizable via an \code{ini} file.  On
first use, it replicates the usual Windows-specific post-install,
\emph{i.e.}, search path modification and file associations, but only
for the current user. Therefore, workstations with access to \TL{} on
the local network only need a menu shortcut for the launcher.  See the
\code{tlaunch} manual (\code{texdoc tlaunch}, or
\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch}).


\htmlanchor{tlportable}
\subsection{Portable (\USB{}) installations}
\label{sec:portable-tl}

The \code{-portable} installer option (or \code{V} command in the text
installer or corresponding \GUI{} option) creates a completely
self-contained \TL{} installation under a common root and forgoes system
integration. You can create such an installation directly on a \USB{}
stick, or copy it to a \USB{} stick afterwards.

Technically, the portable installation is made self-contained by setting
the default values of \envname{TEXMFHOME}, \envname{TEXMFVAR}, and
\envname{TEXMFCONFIG} to be the same as \envname{TEXMFLOCAL},
\envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} respectively; thus,
per-user configuration and caches will not be created.

To run \TeX\ using this portable installation, you need to add the
appropriate binary directory to the search path during your terminal
session, as usual.

On Windows, you can double-click \filename{tl-tray-menu} at the root
of the installation and create a temporary `tray menu' offering a
choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this screenshot:

\medskip
\tlpng{tray-menu}{4cm}
\smallskip

\noindent The `More\ldots' entry explains how you can customize this menu.


%\htmlanchor{tlisoinstall}
%\subsection{\ISO\ (or \DVD) installations}
%\label{sec:isoinstall}
%
%If you don't need to update or otherwise modify your installation often,
%and\slash or have several systems on which to use \TL{}, it may be
%convenient to create an \ISO\ of your \TL{} installation, because:
%
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Copying an \ISO\ between different computers is much
%  faster than copying a normal installation.
%\item If you are dual-booting between different operating systems
%  and want them to share a \TL{} installation, an \ISO
%  installation is not tied to the idiosyncrasies and limitations of
%  other mutually supported filesystems (FAT32, NTFS,
%  HFS+).
%\item Virtual machines can simply mount such an \ISO.
%\end{itemize}
%
%Of course you can also burn an \ISO\ to \DVD, if that is useful for you.
%
%Desktop \GNU/Linux/Unix systems, including \MacOSX, are able to
%mount an \ISO. Windows 8 is the first(!) Windows version which can
%do this. Apart from that, nothing changes compared to a normal hard
%disk installation, see section \ref{sec:env}.
%
%When preparing such an \ISO\ installation, it is best to omit the
%subdirectory for the release year, and have
%\filename{texmf-local} at the same level as the other trees
%(\filename{texmf-dist}, \filename{texmf-var}, etc.).  You can do this with
%the normal directory options in the installer.
%
%For a physical (rather than virtual) Windows system, you can burn
%the \ISO\ to DVD. However, it may be worth your while to
%investigate free \ISO-mounting options such as WinCDEmu at
%\url{http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/}.
%
%For Windows system integration, you can include the \filename{w32client}
%scripts described in section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall} and at
%\url{http://tug.org/texlive/w32client.html}, which work just as well for
%an \ISO\ as for a network installation.
%
%On \MacOSX, TeXShop will be able to use the DVD
%installation if a symlink \filename{/usr/texbin} points to the
%appropriate binary directory, e.g.,
%\begin{verbatim}
%sudo ln -s /Volumes/MyTeXLive/bin/universal-darwin /usr/texbin
%\end{verbatim}
%
%Historical note: \TL{} 2010 was the first \TL{} edition which was no
%longer distributed `live'.  However, it always required some acrobatics
%to run from \DVD\ or \ISO; in particular, there was no way around
%setting at least one extra environment variable.  If you create your
%\ISO\ from an existing installation then there is no need for this.


\htmlanchor{tlmgr}
\section{\cmdname{tlmgr}: Managing your installation}
\label{sec:tlmgr}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{tlshell-macos}{\linewidth}
\caption{\prog{tlshell} \GUI, showing the Actions menu (\MacOSX)}
\label{fig:tlshell}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{tlcockpit-packages}{.8\linewidth}
\caption{\prog{tlcockpit} \GUI{} for \prog{tlmgr}}
\label{fig:tlcockpit}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\tlpng{tlmgr-gui}{\linewidth}
\caption{Legacy \prog{tlmgr} \GUI\ mode: main window, after `Load'}
\label{fig:tlmgr-gui}
\end{figure}

\TL{} includes a program named \prog{tlmgr} for managing \TL{} after the
initial installation.  Its capabilities include:

\begin{itemize*}
\item installing, updating, backing up, restoring, and uninstalling
  individual packages, optionally taking dependencies into account;
\item searching for and listing packages and their descriptions;
\item listing, adding, and removing platforms;
\item changing installation options such as paper size and source
  location (see section~\ref{sec:location}).
\end{itemize*}

\prog{tlmgr}'s functionality completely subsumes the \prog{texconfig}
program.  We still distribute and maintain \prog{texconfig} for the sake
of anyone used to its interface, but we recommend using \prog{tlmgr}
nowadays.

\subsection{\GUI{} interfaces for \cmdname{tlmgr}}

\TL{} contains several \GUI{} front-ends for \prog{tlmgr}. Two notable
ones: (1)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlshell} shows \cmdname{tlshell}, which is
written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows and \MacOSX;
(2)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlcockpit} shows \prog{tlcockpit}, which requires
Java version~8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate packages.

\prog{tlmgr} also has a native \GUI{} mode (shown in
figure~\ref{fig:tlmgr-gui}), which is started with:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr -gui}
\end{alltt}
However, this \GUI\ extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no
longer included in \TL's Perl distribution for Windows.

\subsection{Sample \cmdname{tlmgr} command-line invocations}

After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest
versions available with:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all}
\end{alltt}
If this makes you nervous, first try
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all -dry-run}
\end{alltt}
or (less verbose):
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr update -list}
\end{alltt}

This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine \XeTeX, from
a local directory:

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr -repository /local/mirror/tlnet install collection-xetex}
\end{alltt}
It generates the following output (abridged):
\begin{fverbatim}
install: collection-xetex
install: arabxetex
...
install: xetex
install: xetexconfig
install: xetex.i386-linux
running post install action for xetex
install: xetex-def
...
running mktexlsr
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/ls-R...
...
running fmtutil-sys --missing
...
Transcript written on xelatex.log.
fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
\end{fverbatim}

As you can see, \prog{tlmgr} installs dependencies, and takes care of any
necessary post-install actions, including updating the filename database
and (re)generating formats.  In the above, we generated new formats for
\XeTeX.

To describe a package (or collection or scheme):
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr show collection-latexextra}
\end{alltt}
which produces output like this:
\begin{fverbatim}
package:    collection-latexextra
category:   Collection
shortdesc:  LaTeX supplementary packages
longdesc:   A very large collection of add-on packages for LaTeX.
installed:  Yes
revision:   46963
sizes:      657941k
\end{fverbatim}

Last and most important, for full documentation see
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html}, or:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tlmgr -help}
\end{alltt}


\section{Notes on Windows}
\label{sec:windows}

\subsection{Windows-specific features}
\label{sec:winfeatures}

Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
\begin{description}
\item[Menus and shortcuts.] A new `\TL{}' submenu of the
  Start menu is installed, which contains entries for some \GUI{}
  programs (\prog{tlmgr}, \prog{texdoctk} and some documentation.
\item[File associations.] If enabled, \prog{TeXworks} and \prog{Dviout}
  become either the default program for
  their respective filetypes, or get an entry in the `Open with'
  right-click menus of those filetypes.
\item[Bitmap to eps converter.] Various bitmapped formats get an
  entry \cmdname{bitmap2eps} in their `Open with' right-click
  menu. Bitmap2eps is a simple script which lets \cmdname{sam2p} or
  \cmdname{bmeps} do the real work.
\item[Automatic path adjustment.] No manual configuration steps are required.
\item[Uninstaller.] The installer creates an entry under `Add/Remove
  Programs' for \TL. The uninstall tab of the \TeX\ Live Manager \GUI\
  refers to this. For a single-user install, the installer also
  creates an uninstall entry under the Start menu.
\item[Write-protect.] For an admin install, the \TL\ directories are
  write-protected, at least if \TL\ is installed on a normal
  NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.
\end{description}

Also, have a look at \filename{tlaunch}, described in
section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall}, for a different approach.

\subsection{Additional software included on Windows}

To be complete, a \TL{} installation needs support packages that are not
commonly found on a Windows machine. \TL{} provides the missing pieces.
These programs are all installed as part of \TL{} only on Windows.

\begin{description}
\item[Perl and Ghostscript.] Because of the importance of Perl and
  Ghostscript, \TL{} includes `hidden' copies of these
  programs. \TL{} programs that need them know where to find them,
  but they don't betray their presence through environment variables
  or registry settings. They aren't full-scale installations, and
  shouldn't interfere with any system installations of Perl or
  Ghostscript.

\item[dviout.] Also installed is \prog{dviout}, a DVI viewer.
  At first, when you preview files with \cmdname{dviout}, it will create
  fonts, because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you
  will have created most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see
  the font-creation window.  More information can be found in the
  (highly recommended) on-line help.

\item[\TeX{}works.]  \TeX{}works is a \TeX-oriented editor with
  an integrated PDF viewer.

\item[Command-line tools.] A number of Windows ports of common Unix
  command-line programs are installed along with the usual \TL{}
  binaries. These include \cmdname{gzip}, \cmdname{zip},
  \cmdname{unzip}, and the utilities from the \cmdname{poppler} suite
  (\cmdname{pdfinfo}, \cmdname{pdffonts}, \ldots); no standalone PDF
  viewer for Windows is included.  One option for that is the Sumatra
  PDF viewer, available from \url{https://sumatrapdfreader.org/}.

\item[fc-list, fc-cache, \ldots] The tools from the fontconfig library allow
  \XeTeX{} to handle system fonts on Windows.  You can use
  \prog{fc-list} to determine the font names to pass to \XeTeX's
  extended \cs{font} command. If necessary, run \prog{fc-cache}
  first to update font information.

\end{description}


\subsection{User Profile is Home}
\label{sec:winhome}

The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the
\verb|%USERPROFILE%| directory.  Under Windows Vista and later it is
\verb|C:\Users\<username>|.  In the
\filename{texmf.cnf} file, and \KPS{} in general, \verb|~| will
expand appropriately on both Windows and Unix.


\subsection{The Windows registry}
\label{sec:registry}

Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry.  The
registry contains a set of hierarchically organized keys, with several
root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
\path{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} and \path{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE}, \path{HKCU} and
\path{HKLM} in short. The \path{HKCU} part of the registry is in the
user's home directory (see section~\ref{sec:winhome}).  \path{HKLM} is
normally in a subdirectory of the Windows directory.

In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment
variables but for other information, for example the location of
shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry.  Setting environment
variables permanently also requires registry access.


\subsection{Windows permissions}
\label{sec:winpermissions}

In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular
users and administrators, where only the latter have free access to almost the
entire operating system. We have made an effort to make \TL{}
installable without administrative privileges.

If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an
option to install for all users.  If this option is chosen, shortcuts
are created for all users, and the system search path is
modified. Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the
current user, and the user search path is modified.

Regardless of administrator status, the default root of \TL{} proposed
by the installer is always under \verb|%SystemDrive%|. The installer
always tests whether the root is writable for the current user.

A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and \TeX{}
already exists in the search path.  Since the effective search path
consists of the system search path followed by the user search path, the
new \TL{} would never get precedence.  As a fallback, the installer
creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in which the new \TL{} binary
directory is prepended to the local search path.  The new \TL{} will be
always usable from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for
\TeX{}works, if installed, also prepends \TL{} to the search path, so it
should also be immune to this path problem.

You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you
need to explicitly ask for administrator privileges. In fact, there is
not much point in logging in as administrator. Instead, right-clicking
on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a
choice `Run as administrator'.


\subsection{Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin}
\label{sec:cygwin-maxmem}

Windows and Cygwin (see section~\ref{sec:cygwin} for Cygwin installation
specifics) users may find that they run out of memory when running some
of the programs shipped with \TL.  For example, \prog{asy} might run out
of memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and
Lua\TeX\ might run out of memory if you try to process a document with a
lot of big fonts.

For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following
the instructions in the Cygwin User's Guide
(\url{https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html}).

For Windows, you have to create a file, say \code{moremem.reg}, with
these four lines:

\begin{sverbatim}
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]
"heap_chunk_in_mb"=dword:ffffff00
\end{sverbatim}

\noindent and then execute the command \code{regedit /s moremem.reg} as
administrator.  (If you want to change memory only for the current user
instead of system-wide, use \code{HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER}.)


\section{A user's guide to Web2C}

\Webc{} is an integrated collection of \TeX-related programs: \TeX{}
itself, \MF{}, \MP, \BibTeX{}, etc.  It is the heart of \TL{}.  The home
page for \Webc{}, with the current manual and more, is
\url{https://tug.org/web2c}.

A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who,
in 1987, developed a first \TeX{}-to-C system based on change files
under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and
Pavel Curtis.  Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and
during this period the name changed to Web-to-C\@.  In 1990, Karl Berry
took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional contributors, and
in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
2006.

The \Webc{} system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, \MacOSX{}, and
other operating systems. It uses Knuth's original sources for \TeX{} and
other basic programs written in the \web{} literate programming system
and translates them into C source code.  The core \TeX{} programs
handled in this way are:

\begin{cmddescription}
\item[bibtex]    Maintaining bibliographies.
\item[dvicopy]   Expands virtual font references in \dvi{} files.
\item[dvitomp]   \dvi{} to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
\item[dvitype]   \dvi{} to human-readable text.
\item[gftodvi]   Generic font proofsheets.
\item[gftopk]    Generic to packed fonts.
\item[gftype]    GF to human-readable text.
\item[mf]        Creating typeface families.
\item[mft]       Prettyprinting \MF{} source.
\item[mpost]     Creating technical diagrams.
\item[patgen]    Creating hyphenation patterns.
\item[pktogf]    Packed to generic fonts.
\item[pktype]    PK to human-readable text.
\item[pltotf]    Plain text property list to TFM.
\item[pooltype]  Display \web{} pool files.
\item[tangle]    \web{} to Pascal.
\item[tex]       Typesetting.
\item[tftopl]    TFM to plain text property list.
\item[vftovp]    Virtual font to virtual property list.
\item[vptovf]    Virtual property list to virtual font.
\item[weave]     \web{} to \TeX.
\end{cmddescription}

\noindent The precise functions and syntax of these programs are
described in the documentation of the individual packages and of \Webc{}
itself.  However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of
programs will help you take advantage of your \Webc{} installation.

All programs honor these standard \GNU options:
\begin{ttdescription}
\item[-{}-help] print basic usage summary.
\item[-{}-version] print version information, then exit.
\end{ttdescription}

And most also honor:
\begin{ttdescription}
\item[-{}-verbose] print detailed progress report.
\end{ttdescription}

For locating files the \Webc{} programs use the path searching library
\KPS{} (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}).  This library uses a combination
of environment variables and configuration files to optimize searching
the (huge) collection of \TeX{} files.  \Webc{} can look at many
directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining \TeX's
standard distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct
trees.  To speed up file searches, the root of each tree has a file
\file{ls-R}, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname
for all files under that root.


\subsection{Kpathsea path searching}
\label{sec:kpathsea}

Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the \KPS{}
library.

We call a \emph{search path} a colon- or semicolon\hyph sepa\-rated list
of \emph{path elements}, which are basically directory names.  A
search path can come from (a combination of) many sources.  To look up
a file \samp{my-file} along a path \samp{.:/dir}, \KPS{} checks each
element of the path in turn: first \file{./my-file}, then
\file{/dir/my-file}, returning the first match (or possibly all
matches).

In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems' conventions, on
non-Unix systems \KPS{} can use filename separators different from
colon (\samp{:}) and slash (\samp{/}).

To check a particular path element \var{p}, \KPS{} first checks if a
prebuilt database (see ``Filename data\-base'' on
page~\pageref{sec:filename-database}) applies to \var{p}, i.e., if the
database is in a directory that is a prefix of \var{p}.  If so, the path
specification is matched against the contents of the database.

Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory
name, \KPS{} supports additional features in search paths: layered
default values, environment variable names, config file values, users'
home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching.  Thus, we say
that \KPS{} \emph{expands} a path element, meaning it transforms all
the specifications into basic directory name or names.  This is
described in the following sections in the same order as it takes
place.

Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly
relative, i.e., starts with \samp{/} or \samp{./} or \samp{../},
\KPS{} simply checks if that file exists.

\ifSingleColumn
\else
\begin{figure*}
\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0pt}
  \caption{An illustrative configuration file sample}
  \label{fig:config-sample}
\end{figure*}
\fi

\subsubsection{Path sources}
\label{sec:path-sources}

A search path can come from many sources.  In the order in which
\KPS{} uses them:

\begin{enumerate}
\item
  A user-set environment variable, for instance, \envname{TEXINPUTS}\@.
  Environment variables with a period and a program name appended
  override; e.g., if \samp{latex} is the name of the program being run,
  then \envname{TEXINPUTS.latex} will override \envname{TEXINPUTS}.
\item
  A program-specific configuration file, for exam\-ple, a line
  \samp{S /a:/b} in \cmdname{dvips}'s \file{config.ps}.
\item   A \KPS{} configuration file \file{texmf.cnf}, containing a line like
  \samp{TEXINPUTS=/c:/d} (see below).
\item The compile-time default.
\end{enumerate}
\noindent You can see each of these values for a given search path by
using the debugging options (see ``Debugging actions'' on
page~\pageref{sec:debugging}).

\subsubsection{Config files}

\KPS{} reads \emph{runtime configuration files} named \file{texmf.cnf}
for search path and other definitions.  The search path
\envname{TEXMFCNF} is used to look for these files, but we do not
recommend setting this (or any) environment variable to override the
system directories.

Instead, normal installation results in a file
\file{.../2021/texmf.cnf}.  If you must make changes to the defaults
(not normally necessary), this is the place to put them.  The main
configuration file is in \file{.../2021/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}.
You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost when
the distributed version is updated.

As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a
particular search path, setting an environment variable is a reasonable
method:
\begin{verbatim}
  TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:
\end{verbatim}
To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a
trailing \samp{:} (\samp{;} on Windows) to insert the system paths,
instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see
section~\ref{sec:default-expansion}). Another option is to use the
\envname{TEXMFHOME} tree (see section~\ref{sec:directories}).

\emph{All} \file{texmf.cnf} files in the search path will be read and
definitions in earlier files override those in later files.  For
example, with a search path of \verb|.:$TEXMF|, values from
\file{./texmf.cnf} override those from \verb|$TEXMF/texmf.cnf|.

\begin{itemize*}
\item
  Comments start with \code{\%}, either at the beginning of a line or
  preceded by whitespace, and continue to the end of the line.
\item
  Blank lines are ignored.
\item
  A \bs{} at the end of a line acts as a continuation character,
  i.e., the next line is appended.  Whitespace at the beginning of
  continuation lines is not ignored.
\item
  Each remaining line has the form:\\
  \hspace*{2em}\texttt{\var{variable} \textrm{[}.\var{progname}\textrm{]}
  \textrm{[}=\textrm{]} \var{value}}\\[1pt]
  where the \samp{=} and surrounding whitespace are optional.
  (But if \var{value} begins with \samp{.}, it is simplest to use the
  \samp{=} to avoid the period being interpreted as the program name
  qualifier.)
\item
  The \ttvar{variable} name may contain any character other
  than whitespace, \samp{=}, or \samp{.}, but sticking to
  \samp{A-Za-z\_} is safest.
\item
  If \samp{.\var{progname}} is present, the definition only
  applies if the program that is running is named
  \texttt{\var{progname}} or \texttt{\var{progname}.exe}.  This allows
  different flavors of \TeX{} to have different search paths, for
  example.
\item Considered as strings, \var{value} may contain any character.
  However, in practice most \file{texmf.cnf} values are related to path
  expansion, and since various special characters are used in expansion
  (see section~\ref{sec:cnf-special-chars}), such as braces and commas,
  they cannot be used in directory names.
  
  A \samp{;} in \var{value} is translated to \samp{:} if running under
  Unix, in order to have a single \file{texmf.cnf} that can support both
  Unix and Windows systems. This translation happens with any value, not
  just search paths, but fortunately in practice \samp{;} is not needed
  in other values.
  
  The \code{\$\var{var}.\var{prog}} feature is not available on the
  right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable.
  
\item
  All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so
  variables can be referenced before they are defined.
\end{itemize*}
A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is
\ifSingleColumn
shown below:

\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
\else
shown in figure~\ref{fig:config-sample}.
\fi

\subsubsection{Path expansion}
\label{sec:path-expansion}

\KPS{} recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
search paths, similar to those available in Unix shells.  As a
general example, the path
\verb+~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz+, expands to all subdirectories under
directories \file{foo} and \file{bar} in \texttt{\$USER}'s home
directory that contain a directory or file \file{baz}.  These
expansions are explained in the sections below.
%$
\subsubsection{Default expansion}
\label{sec:default-expansion}

If the highest-priority search path (see ``Path sources'' on
page~\pageref{sec:path-sources}) contains an \emph{extra colon} (i.e.,
leading, trailing, or doubled), \KPS{} inserts at that point the
next-highest-prio\-rity search path that is defined.  If that inserted
path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest.  For
example, given an environment variable setting

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:}
\end{alltt}
and a \code{TEXINPUTS} value from \file{texmf.cnf} of

\begin{alltt}
  .:\$TEXMF//tex
\end{alltt}
then the final value used for searching will be:

\begin{alltt}
  /home/karl:.:\$TEXMF//tex
\end{alltt}

Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one
place, \KPS{} changes only one extra \samp{:}\ and leaves any others in
place.  It checks first for a leading \samp{:}, then a trailing
\samp{:}, then a doubled \samp{:}.

\subsubsection{Brace expansion}
\label{sec:brace-expansion}

A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance,
\verb+v{a,b}w+ expands to \verb+vaw:vbw+. Nesting is allowed.
This is used to implement multiple \TeX{} hierarchies, by
assigning a brace list to \code{\$TEXMF}.
In the distributed \file{texmf.cnf}, a definition like this
(simplified for this example) is made:
\begin{verbatim}
  TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}
\end{verbatim}
We then use this to define, for example, the \TeX\ input path:
\begin{verbatim}
  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//
\end{verbatim}
%$
which means that, after looking in the current directory, the
\code{\$TEXMFVAR/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFHOME/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFLOCAL/tex}
and \code{\$TEXMFDIST/tex} trees will be searched (the
last two using \file{ls-R} data base files).

\subsubsection{Subdirectory expansion}
\label{sec:subdirectory-expansion}

Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
\var{d} is replaced by all subdirectories of \var{d\/}: first those
subdirectories directly under \var{d}, then the subsubdirectories under
those, and so on.  At each level, the order in which the directories are
searched is \emph{unspecified}.

If you specify any filename components after the \samp{//}, only
subdirectories with matching components are included.  For example,
\samp{/a//b} expands into directories \file{/a/1/b}, \file{/a/2/b},
\file{/a/1/1/b}, and so on, but not \file{/a/b/c} or \file{/a/1}.

Multiple \samp{//} constructs in a path are possible, but
\samp{//} at the beginning of a path is ignored.

\subsubsection{Summary of special characters in \file{texmf.cnf} files}
\label{sec:cnf-special-chars}

The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in
\KPS{} configuration files.

% need a wider space for the item labels here.
\newcommand{\CODE}[1]{\makebox[3em][l]{\code{#1}}}
\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\CODE{:}] Separator in path specification; at the beginning or
  the end of a path, or doubled in the middle, it substitutes the
  default path expansion.\par
\item[\CODE{;}] Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like \code{:}).
\item[\CODE{\$}] Variable expansion.
\item[\CODE{\string~}] Represents the user's home directory.
\item[\CODE{\char`\{...\char`\}}] Brace expansion.
\item[\CODE{,}] Separates items in brace expansion.
\item[\CODE{//}] Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in
    a path, except at its beginning).
\item[\CODE{\%{\rm\ and }\#}] Start of comment.
\item[\CODE{\bs}] At the end of a line, continuation character to allow
    multi-line entries.
\item[\CODE{!!}] Search \emph{only} database to locate file, \emph{do
    not} search the disk.
\end{ttdescription}

Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself
depends on the context in which it is used. The rules are inherent in
the multiple levels of interpretation of the configuration (parsing,
expansion, search, \ldots)\ and so cannot be concisely stated,
unfortunately. There is no general escape mechanism; in particular,
\samp{\bs} is not an ``escape character'' in \file{texmf.cnf} files.

When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to
avoid them all.

\subsection{Filename databases}
\label{sec:filename-database}

\KPS{} goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches.
Nevertheless, in the standard \TL, or at any installation with enough
directories, searching every possible directory for a given file will
take an excessively long time. Therefore, \KPS{} can use an
externally-built plain text ``database'' file named \file{ls-R} that
maps files to directories, thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search
the disk.

A second database file \file{aliases} allows you to give additional
names to the files listed in \file{ls-R}.

\subsubsection{The filename database}
\label{sec:ls-R}

As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be
\file{ls-R}.  You can put one at the root of each \TeX{} hierarchy in
your installation that you wish to be searched (\code{\$TEXMF} by
default).  \KPS{} looks for
\file{ls-R} files along the \code{TEXMFDBS} path.

The recommended way to create and maintain \samp{ls-R} is to run the
\code{mktexlsr} script included with the distribution. It is invoked
by the various \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts.  In principle, this script
just runs the command
\begin{alltt}
cd \var{/your/texmf/root} && \path|\|ls -1LAR ./ >ls-R
\end{alltt}
presuming your system's \code{ls} produces the right output format
(\GNU \code{ls} is all right).  To ensure that the database is
always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via
\code{cron}, so that it is automatically updated when the installed
files change, such as after installing or updating a \LaTeX{} package.

If a file is not found in the database, by default \KPS{} goes ahead
and searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with
\samp{!!}, however, \emph{only} the database will be searched for that
element, never the disk.


\subsubsection{kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}
\label{sec:invoking-kpsewhich}

The \texttt{kpsewhich} program exercises path searching independent of any
particular application.  This can be useful as a sort of \code{find}
program to locate files in \TeX{} hierarchies (this is used heavily in
the distributed \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts).

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich \var{option}\dots{} \var{filename}\dots{}}
\end{alltt}
The options specified in \ttvar{option} start with either \samp{-}
or \samp{-{}-}, and any unambiguous abbreviation is accepted.

\KPS{} looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
\samp{find} utility for that).

The most common options are described next.

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{-{}-dpi=\var{num}}]\mbox{}
  Set the resolution to \ttvar{num}; this only affects \samp{gf}
  and \samp{pk} lookups.  \samp{-D} is a synonym, for compatibility
  with \cmdname{dvips}.  Default is 600.

\item[\texttt{-{}-format=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the format for lookup to \ttvar{name}.  By default, the
  format is guessed from the filename. For formats which do not have
  an associated unambiguous suffix, such as \MP{} support files and
  \cmdname{dvips} configuration files, you have to specify the name as
  known to \KPS{}, such as \texttt{tex} or \texttt{enc files}.  Run
  \texttt{kpsewhich -{}-help-formats} for a list.

\item[\texttt{-{}-mode=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the mode name to \ttvar{string}; this only affects \samp{gf}
  and \samp{pk} lookups.  No default: any mode will be found.
\item[\texttt{-{}-must-exist}]\mbox{}\\
  Do everything possible to find the files, notably including
  searching the disk.  By default, only the \file{ls-R} database is
  checked, in the interest of efficiency.
\item[\texttt{-{}-path=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
  Search along the path \ttvar{string} (colon-separated as usual),
  instead of guessing the search path from the filename.  \samp{//} and
  all the usual expansions are supported.  The options \samp{-{}-path}
  and \samp{-{}-format} are mutually exclusive.
\item[\texttt{-{}-progname=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the program name to \texttt{\var{name}}.
  This can affect the search paths via the \texttt{.\var{progname}}
  feature.
  The default is \cmdname{kpsewhich}.
\item[\texttt{-{}-show-path=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  shows the path used for file lookups of file type \texttt{\var{name}}.
  Either a filename extension (\code{.pk}, \code{.vf}, etc.) or a
  name can be used, just as with \samp{-{}-format} option.
\item[\texttt{-{}-debug=\var{num}}]\mbox{}\\
  sets the debugging options to \texttt{\var{num}}.
\end{ttdescription}


\subsubsection{Examples of use}
\label{sec:examples-of-use}

Let us now have a look at \KPS{} in action.  Here's a straightforward search:

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich article.cls}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
\end{alltt}
We are looking for the file \file{article.cls}. Since the \samp{.cls}
suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that we want to look for a
file of type \optname{tex} (\TeX{} source file directories). We find it in
the subdirectory \file{tex/latex/base} below the \samp{texmf-dist} \TL\
directory.  Similarly, all of the following are found without problems
thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich array.sty}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty
> \Ucom{kpsewhich latin1.def}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def
> \Ucom{kpsewhich size10.clo}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo
> \Ucom{kpsewhich small2e.tex}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex
> \Ucom{kpsewhich tugboat.bib}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib
\end{alltt}

By the way, that last is a \BibTeX{} bibliography database for
\textsl{TUGboat} articles.

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich cmr10.pk}
\end{alltt}
Font bitmap glyph files of type \file{.pk} are used by display
programs like \cmdname{dvips} and \cmdname{xdvi}.  Nothing is returned in
this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern \samp{.pk}
files in \TL{}\Dash the Type~1 variants are used by default.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich wsuipa10.pk}
\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
\else /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/
...                         wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
\fi\end{alltt}
For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington)
we had to generate \samp{.pk} files, and since the default \MF{} mode on
our installation is \texttt{ljfour} with a base resolution of 600\dpi{}
(dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich -dpi=300 wsuipa10.pk}
\end{alltt}
In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution
of 300\dpi{} (\texttt{-dpi=300}) we see that no such font is available on
the system. A program like \cmdname{dvips} or \cmdname{xdvi} would
go off and actually build the required \texttt{.pk} files
using the script \cmdname{mktexpk}.

Next we turn our attention to \cmdname{dvips}'s header and configuration
files.  We first look at one of the commonly used files, the general
prologue \file{tex.pro} for \TeX{} support, before turning our attention
to the generic configuration file (\file{config.ps}) and the \PS{} font
map \file{psfonts.map}\Dash as of 2004, map and encoding files have
their own search paths and new location in \dirname{texmf} trees.  As
the \samp{.ps} suffix is ambiguous we have to specify explicitly which
type we are considering (\optname{dvips config}) for the file
\texttt{config.ps}.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich tex.pro}
   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro
> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.ps}
   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
> \Ucom{kpsewhich psfonts.map}
   /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map
\end{alltt}

We now take a closer look at the URW Times \PS{} support
files.  The prefix for these in the standard font naming scheme is
\samp{utm}.  The first file we look at is the configuration file,
which contains the name of the map file:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.utm}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm
\end{alltt}
The contents of that file is
\begin{alltt}
  p +utm.map
\end{alltt}
which points to the file \file{utm.map}, which we want to
locate next.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich utm.map}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map
\end{alltt}
This map file defines the file names of the Type~1 \PS{} fonts in
the URW collection.  Its contents look like (we only show part of the
lines):
\begin{alltt}
utmb8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
utmbi8r NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal... <utmbi8a.pfb
utmr8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
utmri8r NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal... <utmri8a.pfb
utmbo8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
utmro8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
\end{alltt}
Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance
\file{utmr8a.pfb} and find its position in the \file{texmf} directory
tree with a search for Type~1 font files:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich utmr8a.pfb}
\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb
\else   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/
... urw/utm/utmr8a.pfb
\fi\end{alltt}

It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the
whereabouts of a given file. This is especially important if you suspect
that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since
\cmdname{kpsewhich} will show you the first file encountered.

\subsubsection{Debugging actions}
\label{sec:debugging}

Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file
references. To make this practical, \KPS{} offers various levels of
debugging output:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{\ 1}] \texttt{stat} calls (disk lookups). When running
  with an up-to-date \file{ls-R} database this should almost give no
  output.
\item[\texttt{\ 2}] References to hash tables (such as \file{ls-R}
  databases, map files, configuration files).
\item[\texttt{\ 4}] File open and close operations.
\item[\texttt{\ 8}] General path information for file types
  searched by \KPS. This is useful to find out where a particular
  path for the file was defined.
\item[\texttt{16}] Directory list for each path element (only relevant
  for searches on disk).
\item[\texttt{32}] File searches.
\item[\texttt{64}] Variable values.
\end{ttdescription}
A value of \texttt{-1} will set all the above options; in practice,
this is usually the most convenient.

Similarly, with the \cmdname{dvips} program, by setting a combination of
debug switches, one can follow in detail where files are being picked up
from.  Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can
get an indication what the problem~is.

Generally speaking, as most programs call the \KPS{} library
internally, one can select a debug option by using the
\envname{KPATHSEA\_DEBUG} environment variable, and setting it to (a
combination of) values as described in the above list.

(Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect
all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic purposes
you can temporarily \texttt{SET KPATHSEA\_DEBUG\_OUTPUT=err.log}).

Let us consider, as an example, a small \LaTeX{} source file,
\file{hello-world.tex}, which contains the following input.
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}
  \begin{document}
  Hello World!
  \end{document}
\end{verbatim}
This little file only uses the font \file{cmr10}, so let us look at
how \cmdname{dvips} prepares the \PS{} file (we want to use the Type~1
version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option \texttt{-Pcms}).
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{dvips -d4100 hello-world -Pcms -o}
\end{alltt}
In this case we have combined \cmdname{dvips}'s debug class 4 (font
paths) with \KPS's path element expansion (see the \cmdname{dvips}
reference manual).
The output (slightly rearranged) appears in
Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbga}.
\begin{figure*}[tp]
\centering
\input{examples/ex6a.tex}
\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}
\end{figure*}

\cmdname{dvips} starts by locating its working files. First,
\file{texmf.cnf} is found, which gives the definitions of the search
paths for the other files, then the file database \file{ls-R} (to
optimize file searching) and the file \file{aliases}, which makes it
possible to declare several names (e.g., a short DOS-like 8.3 and
a more natural longer version) for the same file.  Then \cmdname{dvips}
goes on to find the generic configuration file \file{config.ps}
before looking for the customization file \file{.dvipsrc} (which, in
this case is \emph{not found}).  Finally, \cmdname{dvips} locates the
config file for the Computer Modern \PS{} fonts \file{config.cms}
(this was initiated with the \texttt{-Pcms} option on the \cmdname{dvips}
command).  This file contains the list of the map files which
define the relation between the \TeX{}, \PS{} and file system
names of the fonts.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{more /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms}
   p +ams.map
   p +cms.map
   p +cmbkm.map
   p +amsbkm.map
\end{alltt}
\cmdname{dvips} thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic
map file \file{psfonts.map}, which is always loaded (it contains
declarations for commonly used \PS{} fonts; see the last part of
section~\ref{sec:examples-of-use} for more details about \PS{} map
file handling).

At this point \cmdname{dvips} identifies itself to the user:
\begin{alltt}
This is dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com)
\end{alltt}
\ifSingleColumn
Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro}:
\begin{alltt}\small
kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
\end{alltt}
\else
Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro} (see
Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbgb}).
\fi

After having found the file in question, \cmdname{dvips} outputs
the date and time, and informs us that it will generate the
file \file{hello-world.ps}, then that it needs the font file
\file{cmr10}, and that the latter is declared as ``resident'' (no
bitmaps needed):
\begin{alltt}\small
TeX output 1998.02.26:1204' -> hello-world.ps
Defining font () cmr10 at 10.0pt
Font cmr10 <CMR10> is resident.
\end{alltt}
Now the search is on for the file \file{cmr10.tfm}, which is found,
then a few more prolog files (not shown) are referenced, and finally
the Type~1 instance \file{cmr10.pfb} of the font is located and
included in the output file (see last line).
\begin{alltt}\small
kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
  path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
       /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
   ...
<texps.pro>
kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
<cmr10.pfb>[1]
\end{alltt}

\subsection{Runtime options}

Another useful feature of \Webc{} is its possibility to control a number
of memory parameters (in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file
\file{texmf.cnf} read by \KPS{}.  The memory settings can be found in
Part~3 of that file in the \TL{} distribution. The more important
are:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{main\_memory}]
  Total words of memory available, for
  \TeX{}, \MF{} and \MP.  You must make a new format file for each
  different setting. For instance, you could generate a ``huge''
  version of \TeX{}, and call the format file \texttt{hugetex.fmt}.
  Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by \KPS{},
  the particular value of the \texttt{main\_memory} variable will then
  be read from \file{texmf.cnf}.
\item[\texttt{extra\_mem\_bot}]
  Extra space for ``large'' \TeX{} data structures:
  boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc.  Especially useful if you use
  \PiCTeX{}.
\item[\texttt{font\_mem\_size}]
  Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
  is more or less the total size of all TFM files read.
\item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names; its
  default value is \texttt{600000}.
\end{ttdescription}

\noindent This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely difficult to
implement in the present \TeX{} source, these runtime parameters provide
a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.

\htmlanchor{texmfdotdir}
\subsection{\texttt{\$TEXMFDOTDIR}}
\label{sec:texmfdotdir}

In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with
\code{.} (to search the current directory first), as in
\begin{alltt}\small
TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//
\end{alltt}

This is a simplification. The \code{texmf.cnf} file we distribute in
\TL{} uses \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of just \samp{.}, as in:
\begin{alltt}\small
TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//
\end{alltt}
(In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more
complicated than \filename{$TEXMF/tex//}. But that's minor; here we want
to discuss the \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} feature.)

The reason to use the variable \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} in the path
definitions instead of simply \samp{.} is purely so that it can be
overridden. For example, a complex document may have many source files
arranged in many subdirectories. To handle that, you can set
\filename{TEXMFDOTDIR} to \filename{.//} (for example, in the environment when
you build the document) and they will all get searched. (Warning: don't
use \filename{.//} by default; it's usually highly undesirable, and
potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an
arbitrary document.)

As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at
all, e.g., if you have arranged for all the files to be found via
explicit paths. You can set \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} to, say,
\filename{/nonesuch} or any nonexistent directory for this.

The default value of \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} is just \samp{.}, as set in our
\filename{texmf.cnf}.

\htmlanchor{ack}
\section{Acknowledgements}

\TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
This edition of \TL{} was overseen by Karl Berry.  The other principal
contributors, past and present, are listed below.

\begin{itemize*}

\item The English, German, Dutch, and Polish \TeX{} user groups
(TUG, DANTE e.V., NTG, and GUST,
respectively), which provide the necessary technical and administrative
infrastructure.  Please join the \TeX\ user group near you!  (See
\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}.)

\item The CTAN team (\url{https://ctan.org}), which distributes
the \TL{} images and provides the common infrastructure for package
updates, upon which \TL{} depends.

\item Nelson Beebe, for making many platforms available to \TL\
developers, and his own comprehensive testing and unparalleled
bibliographic efforts.

\item John Bowman, for making many changes to his advanced graphics
program Asymptote to make it work in \TL.

\item Peter Breitenlohner and the \eTeX\ team for the stable foundation
of future \TeX's, and Peter specifically for years of stellar help with
\GNU\ autotools and keeping sources up to date.  Peter passed away in
October 2015, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.

\item Jin-Hwan Cho and all of the DVIPDFM$x$ team, for their
excellent driver and responsiveness to configuration issues.

\item Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous \teTeX{} package \TL{}
would have never existed.

\item Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.

\item Eitan Gurari, whose \TeX4ht is used to create the \HTML{}
version of this documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve it
at short notice, every year.  Eitan prematurely passed away in June
2009, and we dedicate this documentation to his memory.

\item Hans Hagen, for much testing and making his \ConTeXt\ package
(\url{https://pragma-ade.com}) work within \TL's framework, and
continually driving \TeX\ development.

\item \Thanh, Martin Schr\"oder, and the pdf\TeX\ team
(\url{http://pdftex.org}), for continuing enhancements of \TeX's
abilities.

\item Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to
pdf\TeX\, Lua\TeX, and more.

\item Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing work on DVIPDFM$x$.

\item Taco Hoekwater, for major renewed development efforts on MetaPost and
(Lua)\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) itself, incorporating
\ConTeXt\ into \TL, giving Kpathsea multi-threaded functionality, and
much more.

\item Khaled Hosny, for substantial work on \XeTeX, DVIPDFM$x$, and
efforts with Arabic and other fonts.

\item Pawe{\l} Jackowski, for the Windows installer \cmdname{tlpm},
and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}, used in past releases.

\item Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows
binaries from his W32TEX and W64TEX distributions for Japanese \TeX\
(\url{http://w32tex.org}), and many other development contributions.

\item Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable \XeTeX{} engine and
taking the time and trouble to integrate it in \TL{}, as well as the
initial version of the Mac\TeX\ installer, and also for our recommended
front-end \TeX{}works.

\item Hironori Kitagawa, for maintenance of (e)p\TeX\ and related support.

\item Dick Koch, for maintaining Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex})
in very close tandem with \TL{}, and for his great good cheer in doing
so.

\item Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
infrastructure and installer, as well as Windows research efforts, the
\texttt{getnonfreefonts} script, and more.

\item Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
infrastructure and installer, especially on Windows, and for the bulk of
work updating this manual describing those features.

\item Clerk Ma, for engine bug fixes and extensions.

\item Mojca Miklavec, for much help with \ConTeXt, building many binary
sets, and plenty more.

\item Heiko Oberdiek, for the \pkgname{epstopdf} package and many
others, compressing the huge \pkgname{pst-geo} data files so we could
include them, and most of all, for his remarkable work on
\pkgname{hyperref}.

\item Phelype Oleinik, for the group-delimited \cs{input} across engines
in 2020, and more.

\item Petr Ol\v{s}ak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak
material very carefully.

\item Toshio Oshima, for his \cmdname{dviout} previewer for Windows.

\item Manuel P\'egouri\'e-Gonnard, for helping with package updates,
documentation improvements, and \cmdname{texdoc} development.

\item Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in \TL{} and
work on the French documentation.

\item Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the current \TL{}
infrastructure and installer, and also for coordinating the Debian
version of \TL{} (together with Frank K\"uster), and doing so much work
along the way.

\item Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating \TL{} and maintaining it
for many years.  Sebastian passed away in March 2016, and we dedicate
the continuing work to his memory.

\item Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, Lua\TeX, and
much more.

\item Andreas Scherer, for \texttt{cwebbin}, the CWEB implementation
used in \TL{}, and continuing maintenance of the original CWEB.

\item Takuji Tanaka, for maintenance of (e)(u)p\TeX\ and related support.

\item Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.

\item Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other
maintenance issues, and especially for making it feasible to include
\cmdname{xindy}.

\item Staszek Wawrykiewicz, a principal tester for all of \TL{},
and coordinator of the many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows
installation, and more.  Staszek passed away in February 2018, and we
dedicate the continuing work to his memory.

\item Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of \Webc\ in past years.

\item Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original \MacOSX\
support.

\item Graham Williams, the originator of the \TeX\ Catalogue.

\item Joseph Wright, for much work on making the same primitive
functionality available across engines.

\item Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on p\TeX\ and related support.

\end{itemize*}

Builders of the binaries:
Marc Baudoin (\pkgname{amd64-netbsd}, \pkgname{i386-netbsd}),
Ken Brown (\pkgname{i386-cygwin}, \pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin}),
Simon Dales (\pkgname{armhf-linux}),
Johannes Hielscher (\pkgname{aarch64-linux}),
Akira Kakuto (\pkgname{win32}),
Dick Koch (\pkgname{universal-darwin}),
Mojca Miklavec (\pkgname{amd64-freebsd},
                \pkgname{i386-freebsd},
                \pkgname{x86\_64-darwinlegacy},
                \pkgname{i386-solaris}, \pkgname{x86\_64-solaris},
                \pkgname{sparc-solaris}),
Norbert Preining (\pkgname{i386-linux},
                  \pkgname{x86\_64-linux},
                  \pkgname{x86\_64-linuxmusl}).
For information on the \TL{} build process, see
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/build.html}.

Translators of this manual:
Takuto Asakura (Japanese),
Denis Bitouz\'e \& Patrick Bideault (French),
Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish),
Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, \& Helin Gai (Chinese),
Nikola Le\v{c}i\'c (Serbian),
Marco Pallante \& Carla Maggi (Italian),
Petr Sojka \& Jan Busa (Czech\slash Slovak),
Boris Veytsman (Russian),
Zofia Walczak (Polish),
Uwe Ziegenhagen (German).  The \TL{} documentation web page
is \url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html}.

Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth,
first for inventing \TeX, and then for giving it to the world.


\section{Release history}
\label{sec:history}

\subsection{Past}

Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch \TeX{} Users Group was
starting work on its 4All\TeX{} \CD{} for MS-DOS users, and it
was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, \CD{} for all
systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn
not only the very successful 4All\TeX{} \CD{}, but also the TUG
Technical Council working group on a \emph{\TeX{} Directory Structure}
(\url{https://tug.org/tds}), which specified how to create consistent and
manageable collections of \TeX{} support files. A complete draft of the
\TDS{} was published in the December 1995 issue of \textsl{TUGboat}, and
it was clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a
model structure on \CD{}. The distribution you now have is a very direct
result of the working group's deliberations. It was also clear that the
success of the 4All\TeX{} \CD{} showed that Unix users would benefit
from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of
\TL.

We first undertook to make a new Unix-based \TDS{} \CD{} in the autumn
of 1995, and quickly identified Thomas Esser's \teTeX{} as the ideal
setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work
began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in
May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release
of Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had
added in \teTeX, and we decided to base the 2nd edition of the \CD{} on
the standard \Webc, with the addition of \teTeX's \texttt{texconfig}
script. The 3rd edition of the \CD{} was based on a major revision of
\Webc, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of \teTeX
was being made, and \TL{} included almost all of its features. The
4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of \teTeX,
and a new release of \Webc{} (7.3).  The system now included a complete
Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice Popineau.

For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the \CD{} were revised
and checked, updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored
in XML files. But the major change for \TeX\ Live 5 was that all
non-free software was removed. Everything in \TL{} is now intended
to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
(\url{https://debian.org/intro/free}); we have done our best to check
the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much
appreciate hearing of any mistakes.

The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major
change was a new install concept: the user could select a more exact set
of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts,
etc., but also prepares an appropriate \texttt{language.dat}.

The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of \MacOSX{} support,
and the usual myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and
programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with
\teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions~5 and~6.

\subsubsection{2003}

In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found
that \TL{} had grown so large it could no longer be contained on a
single \CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see
section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, \p.\pageref{sec:tl-coll-dists}).  In
addition:

\begin{itemize*}
\item At the request of the \LaTeX{} team, we changed the standard
      \cmdname{latex} and \cmdname{pdflatex} commands to now use \eTeX{} (see
      \p.\pageref{text:etex}).
\item The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
\item Support for Alpha OSF was removed
      (HPUX support was removed previously), since no one had (or
      volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
\item Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time
      an integrated environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
\item Important supplementary programs for Windows
      (Perl, Ghost\-script, Image\-Magick, Ispell) are now installed
      in the \TL{} installation directory.
\item Font map files used by \cmdname{dvips}, \cmdname{dvipdfm}
      and \cmdname{pdftex} are now generated by the new program
      \cmdname{updmap} and installed into \dirname{texmf/fonts/map}.
\item \TeX{}, \MF{}, and \MP{} now, by default, output most input
      characters (32 and above) as themselves in output (e.g.,
      \verb|\write|) files,
      log files, and the terminal, i.e., \emph{not} translated using the
      \verb|^^| notation.  In \TL{}~7, this translation was
      dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do
      not influence the \TeX{} programs' behavior.  If for some reason
      you need the \verb|^^| output, rename the file
      \verb|texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx|.  (Future releases will have cleaner
      ways to control this.)
\item This documentation was substantially revised.
\item Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy,
      the version is now simply identified by the year: \TL{} 2003.
\end{itemize*}


\subsubsection{2004}

2004 saw many changes:

\begin{itemize}

\item If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own
\filename{.map} or (much less likely) \filename{.enc} support files, you
may need to move those support files.

\filename{.map} files are now searched for in subdirectories of
\dirname{fonts/map} only (in each \filename{texmf} tree), along the
\envname{TEXFONTMAPS} path.  Similarly, \filename{.enc} files are now
searched for in subdirectories of \dirname{fonts/enc} only, along the
\envname{ENCFONTS} path.  \cmdname{updmap} will attempt to warn about
problematic files.

For methods of handling this and other information, please see
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html}.

\item The \TK\ has been expanded with the addition of a \MIKTEX-based
installable \CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C.
See section~\ref{sec:overview-tl} (\p.\pageref{sec:overview-tl}).

\item Within \TL, the single large \dirname{texmf} tree of previous
releases has been replaced by three: \dirname{texmf},
\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{texmf-doc}.  See
section~\ref{sec:tld} (\p.\pageref{sec:tld}), and the \filename{README}
files for each.

\item All \TeX-related input files are now collected in
the \dirname{tex} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, rather than
having separate sibling directories \dirname{tex}, \dirname{etex},
\dirname{pdftex}, \dirname{pdfetex}, etc.  See
\CDref{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}
{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}}.

\item Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located
in a new \dirname{scripts} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, and
can be searched for via \verb|kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts|.  So if you have
programs which call such scripts, they'll need to be adjusted.  See
\CDref{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}
{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}}.

\item Almost all formats leave most characters printable as
themselves via the ``translation file'' \filename{cp227.tcx}, instead of
translating them with the \verb|^^| notation.  Specifically, characters
at positions 32--256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are
considered printable and not translated.  The exceptions are plain \TeX\
(only 32--126 printable), \ConTeXt\ (0--255 printable), and the
\OMEGA-related formats.  This default behavior is almost the same as in
\TL\,2003, but it's implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities
for customization.  See \CDref{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}
{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}}.
(By the way, with Unicode input, \TeX\ may output partial character
sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)

\item \textsf{pdfetex} is now the default engine for all formats
except (plain) \textsf{tex} itself.  (Of course it generates DVI
when run as \textsf{latex}, etc.)  This means, among other things, that
the microtypographic features of \textsf{pdftex} are available in
\LaTeX, \ConTeXt, etc., as well as the \eTeX\ features
(\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/}).

It also means it's \emph{more important than ever} to use the
\pkgname{ifpdf} package (works with both plain and \LaTeX) or equivalent
code, because simply testing whether \cs{pdfoutput} or some other
primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine if PDF
output is being generated.  We made this backward compatible as best we
could this year, but next year, \cs{pdfoutput} may be defined even when
DVI is being written.

\item pdf\TeX\ (\url{http://pdftex.org}) has many new features:

  \begin{itemize*}

  \item \cs{pdfmapfile} and \cs{pdfmapline} provide font map support
  from within a document.

  \item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
  \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}

  \item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
  file \filename{pdftex.cfg} must now be set through primitives,
  typically in \filename{pdftexconfig.tex}; \filename{pdftex.cfg} is no
  longer supported.  Any extant \filename{.fmt} files must be redumped
  when \filename{pdftexconfig.tex} is changed.

  \item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf}.

  \end{itemize*}

\item The \cs{input} primitive in \cmdname{tex} (and \cmdname{mf} and
\cmdname{mpost}) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
special characters.  Typical examples:
\begin{verbatim}
\input "filename with spaces"   % plain
\input{"filename with spaces"}  % latex
\end{verbatim}
See the Web2C manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/web2c}.

\item enc\TeX\ support is now included within Web2C and consequently all
\TeX\ programs, via the \optname{-enc} option\Dash \emph{only when
formats are built}.  enc\TeX\ supports general re-encoding of input and
output, enabling full support of Unicode (in UTF-8).  See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/} and
\url{http://olsak.net/enctex.html}.

\item Aleph, a new engine combining \eTeX\ and \OMEGA, is available.
A little information is available in \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}
and \url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev}.  The
\LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named \textsf{lamed}.

\item The latest \LaTeX\ release has a new version of the
LPPL\Dash now officially a Debian-approved license.  Assorted
other updates, see the \filename{ltnews} files in
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/latex/base}.

\item \cmdname{dvipng}, a new program for converting DVI to
PNG image files, is included.  See
\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng}.

\item We reduced the \pkgname{cbgreek} package to a ``medium'' sized set
of fonts, with the assent and advice of the author (Claudio Beccari).
The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones,
which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space.  The full set
is of course available from CTAN (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete}).

\item \cmdname{oxdvi} has been removed; just use \cmdname{xdvi}.

\item The \cmdname{ini} and \cmdname{vir} commands (links) for
\cmdname{tex}, \cmdname{mf}, and \cmdname{mpost} are no longer created,
such as \cmdname{initex}.  The \cmdname{ini} functionality has been
available through the command-line option \optname{-ini} for years now.

\item \textsf{i386-openbsd} platform support was removed.  Since the
\pkgname{tetex} package in the BSD Ports system is available, and
GNU/Linux and FreeBSD binaries were available, it seemed
volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.

\item On \textsf{sparc-solaris} (at least), you may have to set the
\envname{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH} environment variable to run the
\pkgname{t1utils} programs.  This is because they are compiled with C++,
and there is no standard location for the runtime libraries.  (This is
not new in 2004, but wasn't previously documented.)  Similarly, on
\textsf{mips-irix}, the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are required.

\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{2005}

2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs.
The infrastructure stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably
there were some changes there as well:

\begin{itemize}

\item New scripts \cmdname{texconfig-sys}, \cmdname{updmap-sys}, and
      \cmdname{fmtutil-sys} were introduced, which modify the
      configuration in the system trees.  The \cmdname{texconfig},
      \cmdname{updmap}, and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts now modify
      user-specific files, under \dirname{$HOME/.texlive2005}.

\item Corresponding new variables \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and
      \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} to specify the trees where configuration
      files (user or system, respectively) are found.  Thus, you may
      need to move personal versions of \filename{fmtutil.cnf} and
      \filename{updmap.cfg} to these places; another option is to
      redefine \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} or \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} in
      \filename{texmf.cnf}. In any case the real location of these files
      and the values of \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
      must agree.
      See section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.

\item Last year, we kept \verb|\pdfoutput| and other primitives undefined
      for \dvi\ output, even though the \cmdname{pdfetex} program was
      being used.  This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility
      measure.  So if your document uses \verb|\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined|
      to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed.  You
      can use the package \pkgname{ifpdf.sty} (which works under both
      plain \TeX\ and \LaTeX) to do this, or steal its logic.

\item Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as
      themselves (see previous section).  The new TCX file
      \filename{empty.tcx} now provides an easier way to get the
      original \verb|^^| notation if you so desire, as in:
\begin{verbatim}
latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex
\end{verbatim}

\item The new program \cmdname{dvipdfmx} is included for translation of
      DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained update of
      \cmdname{dvipdfm} (which is also still available for now, though
      no longer recommended).

\item The new programs \cmdname{pdfopen} and \cmdname{pdfclose} are included
      to allow reloading of PDF files in the Adobe Acrobat Reader without
      restarting the program.  (Other PDF readers, notably \cmdname{xpdf},
      \cmdname{gv}, and \cmdname{gsview}, have never suffered from this
      problem.)

\item For consistency, the variables \envname{HOMETEXMF} and
      \envname{VARTEXMF} have been renamed to \envname{TEXMFHOME} and
      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, respectively.  There is also
      \envname{TEXMFVAR}, which is by default user-specific.  See the
      first point above.

\end{itemize}


\subsubsection{2006--2007}

In 2006--2007, the major new addition to \TL{} was the \XeTeX{} program,
available as the \texttt{xetex} and \texttt{xelatex} programs; see
\url{https://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.

MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
future (\url{https://tug.org/metapost/articles}), likewise pdf\TeX{}
(\url{https://tug.org/applications/pdftex}).

The \TeX\ \filename{.fmt} (high-speed format) and the similar files for
MetaPost and \MF\ are now stored in subdirectories of \dirname{texmf/web2c},
instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still
searched, for the sake of existing \filename{.fmt}'s).  The
subdirectories are named for the `engine' in use, such as \filename{tex}
or \filename{pdftex} or \filename{xetex}.  This change should be
invisible in normal use.

The (plain) \texttt{tex} program no longer reads \texttt{\%\&} first
lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure Knuthian \TeX.
(\LaTeX\ and everything else do still read \texttt{\%\&} lines).

Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to
packages and programs.  As usual, please check CTAN
(\url{https://ctan.org}) for updates.

Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard
web interface for viewing the tree, as linked from our home page.
Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will
provide a stable development foundation for future years.

Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be
updating te\TeX{} (\url{https://tug.org/tetex}).  As a result, there was
a surge of interest in \TL{}, especially among \GNU/Linux
distributors.  (There is a new \texttt{tetex} installation scheme in
\TL{}, which provides an approximate equivalent.)  We hope this will
eventually translate to improvements in the \TeX\ environment for
everyone.

\subsubsection{2008}

In 2008, the entire \TL{} infrastructure was redesigned and
reimplemented.  Complete information about an installation is now stored
in a plain text file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}.

Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a \TL{}
installation over the Internet after the initial installation, a feature
MiK\TeX\ has provided for many years.  We expect to regularly update new
packages as they are released to \CTAN.

The major new engine Lua\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) is included;
besides a new level of flexibility in typesetting, this provides an
excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of \TeX\
documents.

Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more
uniform.  In particular, most Perl and Lua scripts are now available on
Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with \TL.

The new \cmdname{tlmgr} script (section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) is the
general interface for managing \TL{} after the initial installation.
It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map
files, and language files, optionally including local additions.

With the advent of \cmdname{tlmgr}, the \cmdname{texconfig} actions to
edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are now disabled.

The \cmdname{xindy} indexing program
(\url{http://xindy.sourceforge.net/}) is now included on most platforms.

The \cmdname{kpsewhich} tool can now report all matches for a given file
(option \optname{-{}-all}) and limit matches to a given subdirectory
(option \optname{-{}-subdir}).

The \cmdname{dvipdfmx} program now includes functionality to extract
bounding box information, via the command name \cmdname{extractbb}; this
was one of the last features provided by \cmdname{dvipdfm} not in
\cmdname{dvipdfmx}.

The font aliases \filename{Times-Roman}, \filename{Helvetica}, and so on
have been removed.  Different packages expected them to behave
differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was
no good way to resolve this.

The \pkgname{platex} format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict
with a completely different Japanese \pkgname{platex}; the
\pkgname{polski} package is now the main Polish support.

Internally, the \web\ string pool files are now compiled into the
binaries, to ease upgrades.

Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his `\TeX\ tuneup of 2008'
are included in this release.  See
\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf}.

\subsubsection{2009}

In 2009, the default output format for Lua\AllTeX\ is now PDF, to take
advantage of Lua\TeX's OpenType support, et al.  New executables named
\code{dviluatex} and \code{dvilualatex} run Lua\TeX\ with DVI output.
The Lua\TeX\ home page is \url{http://luatex.org}.

The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after
discussions with the Omega authors.  The updated Aleph and Lamed remain,
as do the Omega utilities.

A new release of the AMS \TypeI\ fonts is included, including Computer
Modern: a few shape changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont
sources have been integrated, and the hinting has been updated.  The
Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see
\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf}).  In
all cases, the metrics remain unchanged.  The AMS fonts home page is
\url{https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html}.

The new \GUI{} front end \TeX{}works is included for Windows, and also in
Mac\TeX.  For other platforms, and more information, see the \TeX{}works
home page, \url{https://tug.org/texworks}.  It is a cross-platform
front-end inspired by the \MacOSX\ TeXShop editor, aiming at
ease-of-use.

The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms.  This
implements a text-based graphics description language vaguely akin to
MetaPost, but with advanced 3D support and other features.  Its home
page is \url{https://asymptote.sourceforge.io}.

The separate \code{dvipdfm} program has been replaced by
\code{dvipdfmx}, which operates in a special compatibility mode under
that name.  \code{dvipdfmx} includes CJK support and has
accumulated many other fixes over the years since the last
\code{dvipdfm} release.

Executables for the \pkgname{cygwin} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} platforms
are now included, while we were advised that OpenBSD users get
\TeX\ through their package systems, plus there were difficulties in
making binaries that have a chance of working on more than one version.

A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use \pkgname{xz} compression,
the stable replacement for \pkgname{lzma}
(\url{https://tukaani.org/xz/}); a literal |$| is allowed in filenames
when it does not introduce a known variable name; the Kpathsea library
is now multi-threaded (made use of in MetaPost); the entire \TL{} build
is now based on Automake.

Final note on the past: all releases of \TL{}, along with ancillary
material such as \CD\ labels, are available at
\url{ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive}.


\subsubsection{2010}
\label{sec:2010news} % keep with 2010

In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more
compression.  This applies to all the \TeX\ engines when used to produce
PDF and to \code{dvipdfmx}.  Loading the \pkgname{pdf14} \LaTeX\ package
changes back to PDF~1.4, or set |\pdfminorversion=4|.

pdf\AllTeX\ now \emph{automatically} converts a requested Encapsulated
PostScript (EPS) file to PDF, via the \pkgname{epstopdf} package, when
and if the \LaTeX\ \code{graphics.cfg} configuration file is loaded, and
PDF is being output.  The default options are intended to eliminate any
chance of hand-created PDF files being overwritten, but you can also
prevent \code{epstopdf} from being loaded at all by putting
|\newcommand{\DoNotLoadEpstopdf}{}| (or |\def...|) before the
\cs{documentclass} declaration.  It is also not loaded if the
\pkgname{pst-pdf} package is used.  For more details, see the
\pkgname{epstopdf} package documentation
(\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg}).

A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from
\TeX, via the \cs{write18} feature, is now enabled by default.  These
commands are \code{repstopdf}, \code{makeindex}, \code{kpsewhich},
\code{bibtex}, and \code{bibtex8}; the list is defined in
\code{texmf.cnf}.  Environments which must disallow all such external
commands can deselect this option in the installer (see
section~\ref{sec:options}), or override the value after installation by
running |tlmgr conf texmf shell_escape 0|.

Yet another related change is that \BibTeX\ and Makeindex now refuse to
write their output files to an arbitrary directory (like \TeX\ itself),
by default.  This is so they can now be enabled for use by the
restricted \cs{write18}.  To change this, the \envname{TEXMFOUTPUT}
environment variable can be set, or the |openout_any| setting changed.

\XeTeX\ now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdf\TeX.
(Font expansion is not presently supported.)

By default, \prog{tlmgr} now saves one backup of each package updated
(\code{tlmgr option autobackup 1}), so broken package updates can be
easily reverted with \code{tlmgr restore}.  If you do post-install
updates, and don't have the disk space for the backups, run \code{tlmgr
option autobackup 0}.

New programs included: the p\TeX\ engine and related utilities for
typesetting Japanese; the \BibTeX{}U program for Unicode-enabled
\BibTeX; the \prog{chktex} utility
(originally from \url{http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex}) for checking
\AllTeX\
documents; the \prog{dvisvgm} (\url{https://dvisvgm.de})
DVI-to-SVG translator.

Executables for these new platforms are now included: \code{amd64-freebsd},
\code{amd64-kfreebsd}, \code{i386-freebsd}, \code{i386-kfreebsd},
\code{x86\_64-darwin}, \code{x86\_64-solaris}.

A change in \TL{} 2009 that we failed to note: numerous \TeX4ht-related
executables (\url{https://tug.org/tex4ht}) were removed from the binary
directories.  The generic \code{mk4ht} program can be used to run any of
the various \code{tex4ht} combinations.

Finally, the \TL{} release on the \TK\ \DVD\ can no longer be run live
(oddly enough).  A single \DVD\ no longer has enough room.  One
beneficial side effect is that installation from the physical \DVD\ is
much faster.

\subsubsection{2011}

The \MacOSX\ binaries (\code{universal-darwin} and
\code{x86\_64-darwin}) now work only on Leopard or later; Panther and
Tiger are no longer supported.

The \code{biber} program for bibliography processing is included on
common platforms.  Its development is closely coupled with the
\code{biblatex} package, which completely reimplements the
bibliographical facilities provided by LaTeX.

The MetaPost (\code{mpost}) program no longer creates or uses
\code{.mem} files.  The needed files, such as \code{plain.mp}, are
simply read on every run.  This is related to supporting MetaPost as a
library, which is another significant though not user-visible change.

The \code{updmap} implementation in Perl, previously used only on
Windows, has been revamped and is now used on all platforms.  There
shouldn't be any user-visible changes as a result, except that it runs
much faster.

The \cmdname{initex} and \cmdname{inimf} programs were restored (but no
other \cmdname{ini*} variants).

\subsubsection{2012}

\code{tlmgr} supports updates from multiple network repositories.  The
section on multiple repositories in the \code{tlmgr help} output has
more.

The parameter \cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} is set to~1 by default, for both
\code{xetex} and \code{xelatex}.  This allows line breaks after
em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the behavior of plain
\TeX, \LaTeX, Lua\TeX, etc.  Existing \XeTeX\ documents which must
retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set
\cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} to~0 explicitly.

The output files generated by \code{pdftex} and \code{dvips}, among
others, can now exceed 2 gigabytes.

The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of
\code{dvips} by default, since so many different versions of them are
extant.

In the restricted \cs{write18} execution mode, set by default,
\code{mpost} is now an allowed program.

A \code{texmf.cnf} file is also found in \filename{../texmf-local},
e.g., \filename{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf}, if it
exists.

The \code{updmap} script reads a per-tree \code{updmap.cfg} instead of
one global config.  This change should be invisible, unless you edited
your updmap.cfg's directly.  The \verb|updmap --help| output has more.

Platforms: \pkgname{armel-linux} and \pkgname{mipsel-linux} added;
\pkgname{sparc-linux} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} are no longer in the
main distribution.

\subsubsection{2013}

Distribution layout: the top-level \code{texmf/} directory has been
merged into \code{texmf-dist/}, for simplicity.  Both the
\code{TEXMFMAIN} and \code{TEXMFDIST} Kpathsea variables now point to
\code{texmf-dist}.

Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify
installation.

\MP: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has
been added.

Lua\TeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library
(\code{pdfscanner}) to process external PDF page content, among much
else (see its web pages).

\XeTeX\ (also see its web pages for more):
\begin{itemize*}
\item The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of
ICU.  (ICU is still used to support input encodings, bidirectionality,
and the optional Unicode line breaking.)
\item Graphite2 and HarfBuzz are used instead of SilGraphite for Graphite
layout.
\item On Macs, Core Text is used instead of the (deprecated) ATSUI.
\item Prefer TrueType/OpenType fonts to Type1 when the names are the same.
\item Fix occasional mismatch in font finding between \XeTeX\ and
\code{xdvipdfmx}.
\item Support OpenType math cut-ins.
\end{itemize*}

\cmdname{xdvi}: now uses FreeType instead of \code{t1lib} for rendering.

\pkgname{microtype.sty}: some support for \XeTeX\ (protrusion) and
Lua\TeX\ (protrusion, font expansion, tracking), among other
enhancements.

\cmdname{tlmgr}: new \code{pinning} action to ease configuring multiple
repositories; that section in \verb|tlmgr --help| has more, online at
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES}.

Platforms: \pkgname{armhf-linux}, \pkgname{mips-irix},
\pkgname{i386-netbsd}, and \pkgname{amd64-netbsd} added or revived;
\pkgname{powerpc-aix} removed.

\subsubsection{2014}

2014 saw another \TeX\ tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines,
but the only visible change likely is the restoration of the
\code{preloaded format} string on the banner line.  Per Knuth, this now
reflects the format that \emph{would} be loaded by default, rather than
an undumped format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may be
overridden in various ways.

pdf\TeX: new warning-suppression parameter
\cs{pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup}; new primitives for fake interword
spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: \cs{pdfinterwordspaceon},
\cs{pdfinterwordspaceoff}, \cs{pdffakespace}.

Lua\TeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and
hyphenation. The biggest addition is a new engine variant,
\code{luajittex} and its siblings \code{texluajit} and
\code{texluajitc}. This uses a just-in-time Lua compiler (detailed
\textsl{TUGboat} article at
\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf}). \code{luajittex}
is still in development, is not available on all platforms, and is
considerably less stable than \code{luatex}. Neither we nor its
developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of
experimenting with jit on Lua code.

\XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms
(including Mac); avoid Unicode compatibility decomposition fallback (but
not other variants); prefer OpenType to Graphite fonts, for
compatibility with previous \XeTeX\ versions.

\MP: A new numbersystem \code{decimal} is supported, along with a
companion internal \code{numberprecision}; a new definition of
\code{drawdot} in \filename{plain.mp}, per Knuth; bug fixes in
SVG and PNG output, among others.

The \cmdname{pstopdf} Con\TeX{}t utility will be removed as a standalone
command at some point after the release, due to conflicts with OS
utilities of the same name.  It can still (and now) be invoked as
\code{mtxrun --script pstopdf}.

\cmdname{psutils} has been substantially revised by a new maintainer.
As a result, several seldom-used utilities (\code{fix*}, \code{getafm},
\code{psmerge}, \code{showchar}) are now only in the \dirname{scripts/}
directory rather than being user-level executables (this can be reversed
if it turns out to be problematic).  A new script, \code{psjoin}, has
been added.

The Mac\TeX\ redistribution of \TeX\ Live (section~\ref{sec:macosx}) no
longer includes the optional Mac-only packages for the Latin Modern and
\TeX\ Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for individual users to make
them available to the system.  The \cmdname{convert} program from
ImageMagick has also been excised, since \TeX4ht (specifically
\code{tex4ht.env}) now uses Ghostscript directly.

The \pkgname{langcjk} collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
support has been split into individual language collections for the sake
of more moderate sizes.

Platforms: \pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin} added, \pkgname{mips-irix} removed;
Microsoft no longer supports Windows XP, so our programs may
start failing there at any time.

\subsubsection{2015}

\LaTeXe\ now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only
by explicitly loading the \pkgname{fixltx2e} package, which is now a
no-op.  A new \pkgname{latexrelease} package and other mechanisms allow
for controlling what is done.  The included \LaTeX\ News \#22 and
``\LaTeX\ changes'' documents have details.  Incidentally, the
\pkgname{babel} and \pkgname{psnfss} packages, while core parts of
\LaTeX, are maintained separately and are not affected by these changes
(and should still work).

Internally, \LaTeXe\ now includes Unicode-related engine configuration
(what characters are letters, naming of primitives, etc.) which was
previously part of \TeX\ Live.  This change is intended to be invisible
to users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed
or removed, but the behavior should be just the same.

pdf\TeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not
emit a warning if \cs{pdfinclusionerrorlevel} is negative; sync
with \prog{xpdf}~3.04.

Lua\TeX: New library \pkgname{newtokenlib} for scanning tokens; bug
fixes in the \code{normal} random number generator and other places.

\XeTeX: Image handling fixes; \prog{xdvipdfmx} binary looked for first
as a sibling to \prog{xetex}; internal \code{XDV} opcodes changed.

MetaPost: New numbersystem \code{binary}; new Japanese-enabled
\prog{upmpost} and \prog{updvitomp} programs, analogous to
\prog{up*tex}.

Mac\TeX:\ Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK
support.  The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane now works in Yosemite
(\MacOSX~10.10).  Resource-fork font suitcases (generally without an
extension) are no longer supported by \XeTeX; data-fork suitcases
(\code{.dfont}) remain supported.

Infrastructure: The \prog{fmtutil} script has been reimplemented to read
\filename{fmtutil.cnf} on a per-tree basis, analogous to \prog{updmap}.
Web2C \prog{mktex*} scripts (including \prog{mktexlsr}, \prog{mktextfm},
\prog{mktexpk}) now prefer programs in their own directory, instead of
always using the existing \envname{PATH}.

Platforms: \pkgname{*-kfreebsd} removed, since \TeX\ Live is now easily
available through the system platform mechanisms.
Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries
(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html}).  In addition, some
platforms are now omitted from the \DVD\ (simply to save space), but can
be installed normally over the net.

% 
\subsubsection{2016}

Lua\TeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals,
along with some node structure rearrangements.  The changes are
summarized in an article by Hans Hagen, ``Lua\TeX\ 0.90 backend changes
for PDF and more''
(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf}); for all the
details, see the Lua\TeX\ manual,
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.

Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit,
integrating Lua with \MF, for trial testing purposes.

MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.

\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} support in all engines except Lua\TeX\ (which
will come in the next release) and original \code{tex} (intentionally
omitted): if the environment variable \code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} is set,
its value is used for timestamps in the PDF output.  If
\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH\_TEX\_PRIMITIVES} is also set, the
\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} value is used to initialize the \TeX\
primitives \cs{year}, \cs{month}, \cs{day}, \cs{time}.  The pdf\TeX\
manual has examples and details.

pdf\TeX: new primitives \cs{pdfinfoomitdate}, \cs{pdftrailerid},
\cs{pdfsuppressptexinfo}, to control values appearing in the output
which normally change with each run.  These features are for PDF output
only, not DVI.

Xe\TeX: New primitives \cs{XeTeXhyphenatablelength},
\cs{XeTeXgenerateactualtext},\\ \cs{XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping},
\cs{mdfivesum}; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id byte
incremented.

Other utilities:
\begin{itemize*}
\item \code{gregorio} is a new program, part of the \code{gregoriotex}
package for typesetting Gregorian chant scores; it is included in
\code{shell\_escape\_commands} by default.

\item \code{upmendex} is an index creation program, mostly compatible
with \code{makeindex}, with support for Unicode sorting, among other
changes.

\item \code{afm2tfm} now makes only accent-based height adjustments
upward; a new option \code{-a} omits all adjustments.

\item \code{ps2pk} can handle extended PK/GF fonts.
\end{itemize*}

Mac\TeX:\ The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its
functionality is now in \TeX\ Live Utility; bundled GUI applications
upgraded; new script \code{cjk-gs-integrate} to be run by users who wish
to incorporate various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.

Infrastructure: System-level \code{tlmgr} configuration file supported;
verify package checksums; if GPG is available, verify signature of
network updates.  These checks happen with both the installer and
\code{tlmgr}.  If GPG is not available, updates proceed as usual.

Platforms: \code{alpha-linux} and \code{mipsel-linux} removed.

% 
\subsubsection{2017}

Lua\TeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to
internals; \code{ffi} library for dynamic code loading added on some
platforms.

pdf\TeX: Environment variable |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES| from
last year renamed to |FORCE_SOURCE_DATE|, with no changes in
functionality; if the \cs{pdfpageattr} token list contains the string
\code{/MediaBox}, omit output of the default \code{/MediaBox}.

Xe\TeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz's MATH table support;
some bug fixes.

Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with
\code{dvipdfmx} and package expectations; the \code{-L0} option (\code{L0}
config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first special
winning.

ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{pdfuniformdeviate},
\cs{pdfnormaldeviate}, \cs{pdfrandomseed}, \cs{pdfsetrandomseed},
\cs{pdfelapsedtime}, \cs{pdfresettimer}, from pdf\TeX.

Mac\TeX:\ As of this year, only \MacOSX\ releases for which Apple still
releases security patches will be supported in Mac\TeX, under the
platform name |x86_64-darwin|; currently this means Yosemite,
El~Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older \MacOSX\
versions are not included in Mac\TeX, but are still available in \TeX\
Live (|x86_64-darwinlegacy|, \code{i386-darwin}, \code{powerpc-darwin}).

Infrastructure: The \envname{TEXMFLOCAL} tree is now searched before
\envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR} (by default); the
hope is that this will better match expectations of local files
overriding system files.  Also, \code{tlmgr} has a new mode \code{shell}
for interactive and scripted use, and a new action \code{conf auxtrees}
to easily add and remove extra trees.

\code{updmap} and \code{fmtutil}: These scripts now give a warning when
invoked without explicitly specifying either so-called system mode
(\code{updmap-sys}, \code{fmtutil-sys}, or option \code{-sys}), or user
mode (\code{updmap-user}, \code{fmtutil-user}, or option \code{-user}).
The hope is that this will reduce the perennial problem of invoking user
mode by accident and thus losing future system updates.  See
\url{https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html} for details.

\code{install-tl}: Personal paths such as \envname{TEXMFHOME} are now
set to Mac\TeX\ values (|~/Library/...|)\ by default on Macs.  New
option \code{-init-from-profile} to start an installation with the
values from a given profile; new command \code{P} to explicitly save a
profile; new profile variable names (but previous ones are still
accepted).

Sync\TeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like
\code{foo.synctex(busy)}, instead of \code{foo.synctex.gz(busy)}
(no~\code{.gz}). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp
files may need adjusting.

Other utilities: \code{texosquery-jre8} is a new cross-platform program
for retrieving locale and other OS information from a \TeX\ document; it
is included in |shell_escape_commands| by default for restricted
shell execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but
cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they are no longer supported by
Oracle, even for security issues.)

Platforms: See Mac\TeX\ entry above; no other changes.

% 
\subsubsection{2018}

Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in
non-system directories; set \code{texmf.cnf} or environment variable
\code{texmf\_casefold\_search} to~\code{0} to disable.
Full details in the Kpathsea manual (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}).

ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitive \cs{epTeXversion}.

Lua\TeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary
\code{luatex53} is available on most platforms, but must be renamed to
\code{luatex} to be effective. Or use the \ConTeXt\ Garden
(\url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net}) files; more information there.

MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.

pdf\TeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not
hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for \cs{pdfprimitive} and related.

Xe\TeX: Support \code{/Rotate} in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if
the output driver fails; various obscure UTF-8 and other primitive
fixes.

Mac\TeX:\ See version support changes below. In addition, the files
installed in \code{/Applications/TeX/} by Mac\TeX\ have been reorganized for
greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
LaTeXiT, \TeX\ Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders
with additional utilities and documentation.

\code{tlmgr}: new front-ends \code{tlshell} (Tcl/Tk) and
\code{tlcockpit} (Java); JSON output; \code{uninstall} now a synonym
for \code{remove}; new action/option \code{print-platform-info}.

Platforms:
\begin{itemize*}
\item 
Removed: \code{armel-linux}, \code{powerpc-linux}.

\item \code{x86\_64-darwin} supports 10.10--10.13
(Yosemite, El~Capitan, Sierra, and High~Sierra).

\item \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6--10.10 (though
\code{x86\_64-darwin} is preferred for 10.10).  All support for 10.5
(Leopard) is gone, that is, both the \code{powerpc-darwin} and
\code{i386-darwin platforms} have been removed.

\item Windows: XP is no longer supported.
\end{itemize*}

% 
\subsubsection{2019}

Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new
variable \code{TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of hard-coded \code{.}\ in paths
allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see comments
in \code{texmf.cnf}).

ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{readpapersizespecial} and
\cs{expanded}.

Lua\TeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes.
The homegrown library pplib is used to read pdf files, thus
eliminating the dependency on poppler (and the need for C++);
Lua interface changed accordingly.

MetaPost: \code{r-mpost} command name recognized as an
alias for invocation with the \code{-{}-restricted} option, and added to
the list of restricted commands available by default.
Minimum precision now 2 for decimal and binary mode.
Binary mode no longer available in MPlib but still available in
standalone MetaPost.

pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{expanded}; if new primitive parameter
\cs{pdfomitcharset} is set to 1, the \code{/CharSet} string
omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed
correct, as required by PDF/A-2 and PDF/A-3.

Xe\TeX: New primitives \cs{expanded},
\cs{creationdate},
\cs{elapsedtime},
\cs{filedump}, 
\cs{filemoddate}, 
\cs{filesize}, 
\cs{resettimer}, 
\cs{normaldeviate}, 
\cs{uniformdeviate}, 
\cs{randomseed}; extend \cs{Ucharcat} to produce active
characters.

\code{tlmgr}: Support \code{curl} as a download program;
   use \code{lz4} and gzip before \code{xz} for local backups, if available;
   prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with \TL\ for
   compressor and download programs, unless the environment variable
   \code{TEXLIVE\_PREFER\_OWN} is set.

\code{install-tl}: New option \code{-gui} (with no argument) is the
default on Windows and Macs, and invokes a new Tcl/TK GUI (see
sections~\ref{sec:basic} and~\ref{sec:graphical-inst}).

Utilities:
\begin{itemize*}
\item \code{cwebbin} (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin}) is now the CWEB
implementation in \TeX\ Live, with support for more language dialects,
and including the \code{ctwill} program to make mini-indexes.

\item \code{chkdvifont}: report font information from \dvi{} files, also
from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.

\item \code{dvispc}: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.
\end{itemize*}

Mac\TeX:\ \code{x86\_64-darwin} now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra,
High Sierra, Mojave); \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} still supports 10.6
and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it
requires 32-bit support.

Platforms: removed \code{sparc-solaris}.

% 
\subsubsection{2020}

General: \begin{itemize}
\item The \cs{input} primitive in all \TeX\ engines, including
\texttt{tex}, now also accepts a group-delimited filename argument, as a
system-dependent extension. The usage with a standard
space/token-delimited filename is completely unchanged. The
group-delimited argument was previously implemented in Lua\TeX; now it
is available in all engines. ASCII double quote characters (\texttt{"})
are removed from the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after
tokenization. This does not currently affect \LaTeX's \cs{input} command,
as that is a macro redefinition of the standard \cs{input} primitive.

\item New option \optname{-{}-cnf-line} for \texttt{kpsewhich}, \texttt{tex},
\texttt{mf}, and all other engines, to support arbitrary configuration
settings on the command line.

\item The addition of various primitives to various engines in this and
previous years is intended to result in a common set of functionality
available across all engines (\textsl{\LaTeX\ News \#31},
\url{https://latex-project.org/news}).

\end{itemize}

ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{Uchar}, \cs{Ucharcat},
\cs{current(x)spacingmode}, \cs{ifincsname}; revise \cs{fontchar??} and
\cs{iffontchar}. For eup\TeX\ only: \cs{currentcjktoken}.

Lua\TeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines
\texttt{luahbtex} (used for \texttt{lualatex}) and \texttt{luajithbtex}.
New primitives: \cs{eTeXgluestretchorder}, \cs{eTeXglueshrinkorder}.

pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{pdfmajorversion}; this merely changes the
version number in the PDF output; it has no effect on any PDF content.
\cs{pdfximage} and similar now search for image files in the same way as
\cs{openin}.

p\TeX: New primitives \cs{ifjfont}, \cs{iftfont}. Also in ep\TeX,
up\TeX, eup\TeX.

Xe\TeX: Fixes for \cs{Umathchardef}, \cs{XeTeXinterchartoks}, \cs{pdfsavepos}.

Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste
capabilities
(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf}).

Mac\TeX:\ Mac\TeX\ and \texttt{x86\_64-darwin} now require 10.13 or
higher (High~Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
\texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6 and newer. Mac\TeX\ is
notarized and command line programs have hardened runtimes, as now
required by Apple for install packages. BibDesk and \TeX\ Live Utility
are not in Mac\TeX\ because they are not notarized, but a
\filename{README} file lists urls where they can be obtained.

\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
\item Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
\item New option \texttt{tlmgr check texmfdbs}, to 
to check consistency of \texttt{ls-R} files and \texttt{!!}\
specifications for each tree.
\item Use versioned filenames for the package containers, as in
\texttt{tlnet/archive/\textsl{pkgname}.rNNN.tar.xz}; should be
invisible to users, but a notable change in distribution.
\item \texttt{catalogue-date} information no longer propagated from the
\TeX~Catalogue, since it was often unrelated to package updates.
\end{itemize*}

% 
\htmlanchor{news}
\subsection{Present: 2021}
\label{sec:tlcurrent}

General: \begin{itemize}
\item Donald Knuth's changes for his 2021 tuneup of \TeX\ and Metafont are
incorporated
(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf}). They are
also available on CTAN as the \code{knuth-dist} and \code{knuth-local}
packages. As expected, the fixes are for obscure cases and do not affect
any behavior in practice.

\item Except in original \TeX: if \cs{tracinglostchars} is set to 3 or
more, missing characters will result in an error, not just a message in
the log file, and the missing character code will be shown in hex.

\item Except in original \TeX: a new integer parameter
\cs{tracingstacklevels}, if positive, and \cs{tracingmacros}
is also positive, causes a prefix indicating the macro expansion depth
to be output on each relevant log line (e.g., |~..| at depth 2).
Also, macro logging is truncated at a depth $\ge$ the parameter value.

\end{itemize}

Aleph: The Aleph-based \LaTeX\ format, named \code{lamed}, has been
removed. The \code{aleph} binary itself is still included and supported.

Lua\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
\item Lua 5.3.6.
\item Callback for nesting level used in \cs{tracingmacros}, as
generalized variant of the new \cs{tracingstacklevels}.
\item Mark math glyphs as protected to prevent processing as text.
\item Removed width/ic compensation for traditional math code path.
\end{itemize*}

MetaPost: \begin{itemize*}
\item |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH| environment variable support for reproducible output.
\item Avoid wrong final \texttt{\%} in \texttt{mpto}.
\item Document \texttt{-T} option, other fixes to manual.
\item Value of \texttt{epsilon} changed in binary and decimal modes, so
|mp_solve_rising_cubic| works as expected.
\end{itemize*}

pdf\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
\item New primitives \cs{pdfrunninglinkoff} and
\cs{pdfrunninglinkon}; e.g., for disabling generation of links in
headers and footers.
\item Warn instead of aborting when ``\cs{pdfendlink} ended up in
different nesting level than \cs{pdfstartlink}''.
\item Dump \cs{pdfglyphtounicode} assignments in \texttt{fmt} file.
\item Source: \texttt{poppler} support removed, as it was too hard to
keep in sync with upstream. In native TL, pdf\TeX\ has always used
\texttt{libs/xpdf}, which is cut-down and adapted code from \texttt{xpdf}.
\end{itemize*}

Xe\TeX{}: Fixes for math kerning.

Dvipdfmx: \begin{itemize*}
\item Ghostscript is now invoked safely by default; to override
    (assuming all input files are trusted), use
    \verb|-i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg|. To use PSTricks with \XeTeX, this is
    required, as in:
    \verb|xetex -output-driver="xdvipdfmx -i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg -q -E" ...|
\item If an image file is not found, exit with bad status.
\item Extended special syntax for color support.
\item Specials for manipulating |ExtGState|.
\item Compatibility specials \code{pdfcolorstack} and \code{pdffontattr}.
\item Experimental support for \code{dviluatex}'s extended |fnt_def|.
\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
\end{itemize*}

Dvips: \begin{itemize*}
\item Default PostScript document title is now the basename of the input
file, and can be overridden with the new option \texttt{-title}.
\item If an \texttt{.eps} or other image file is not found, exit with bad
status.
\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
\end{itemize*}

Mac\TeX{}: Mac\TeX{} and its new binary folder \texttt{universal-darwin} now
require macOS 10.14 or higher (Mojave, Catalina, and Big~Sur); the
|x86_64-darwin| binary folder is no longer present. The
|x86_64-darwinlegacy| binary folder, available only with the Unix
\texttt{install-tl}, supports 10.6 and newer.

This is an important year for the Macintosh because Apple introduced
ARM machines in November and will sell and support both ARM and Intel
machines for many years. All programs in \texttt{universal-darwin} have
executable code for both ARM and Intel. Both binaries are compiled from
the same source code.

The additional programs Ghostscript, LaTeXiT, \TeX{} Live Utility, and
TeXShop are all universal and are signed with a hardened runtime, so all
are included in Mac\TeX{} this year.

\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
\item keep only one backup of the main repository's \texttt{texlive.tlpdb}.
\item even more portability across systems and Perl versions.
\item \texttt{tlmgr info} reports new \texttt{lcat-*} and \texttt{rcat-*}
fields for local vs. remote Catalogue data.
\item full logging of subcommands moved to new log file
\texttt{texmf-var/web2c/tlmgr-commands.log}.
\end{itemize*}


\subsection{Future}

We intend to continue to release new versions of \TL, and would like to
provide more documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and
better-checked tree of macros and fonts, and anything else \TeX. This
work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and there is always
more to do. Please see \url{https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.

Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
\begin{quote}
\email{tex-live@tug.org} \\
\url{https://tug.org/texlive}
\end{quote}

\medskip
\noindent \textsl{Happy \TeX ing!}

\end{document}