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Your XeLaTeX MWE has \hyphenation in the wrong place. See this MWE 3<br>
<br>
% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode<br>
% !TEX TS-program = XeLaTeX<br>
<br>
\documentclass[twoside]{article}<br>
<br>
\usepackage{fontspec}<br>
<br>
\newfontfamily\cyrillicfont[Mapping=tex-text]{PT Serif}<br>
<br>
\usepackage{polyglossia}<br>
<br>
\setmainlanguage{russian}<br>
<br>
\begin{document}<br>
\hyphenation{ны́-не}<br>
<br>
\parbox{1pt}{Почему́ перено́сы в словах ны́не и мы́ши ухо́дят на
сле́дующую стро́чку, а в мя́со брэ́кет слу́хи ворю́га — нет?}<br>
<br>
\end{document}<br>
<br>
The explanation is that the \hyphenation exceptions introduced with
command \hyphenation are connected with the current language. The
russian language, the only one specified after polyglossia, becomes
active only after \begin{document}; before that the default language
is language 0, that is english.<br>
<br>
Claudio<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 20/09/2016 11:21, Philip Taylor
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:57E0FF8C.4090408@Rhul.Ac.Uk" type="cite">
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<span class="">Claudio Beccari <span dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:claudio.beccari@gmail.com">claudio.beccari@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote :</span><br>
<br>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CAODzqm=4VM4OMyO0hS8kD31eZVWvCSSvtpMDuKh1s_7H54EYcA@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">
<div class="gmail_extra">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div class="gmail_extra">That pattern is responsible of
that error. But if you have a pattern such as 2^^^^0301
in the pattern list the error should vanish; if code 2
is not sufficient to eliminate alla errors, maybe 4 is
OK (the lowest the best, but if 4 works and 2 doesn't,
use 4 -- do not try to use 8, the highest value to
forbid hyphenation).<span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
But why is it, Claudio, that I can successfully over-ride the
pattern using \hyphenation {} using plain XeTeX but it cannot be
over-ridden using \hyphenation when using XeLaTeX &
polyglossia ?<br>
<br>
Philip Taylor<br>
--------<br>
Annexe 1 : MWE (XeTeX) :<br>
<br>
% !TeX Program = XeLaTeX<br>
<br>
\font \thisfont = "Palatino Linotype"
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\uselanguage
{russian}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\thisfont</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\hsize =
1pt </p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\overfullrule
= 0 pt</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\XeTeXinputnormalization
= 0</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\hyphenation
{ны́-не}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\noindent
Почему́ перено́сы в словах ны́не и мы́ши ухо́дят на сле́дующую
стро́чку, а в мя́со брэ́кет слу́хи ворю́га — нет?</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\end</p>
<br>
<br>
Annexe 2 : MNWE (XeLaTeX)<br>
<br>
% !TeX Program = XeLaTeX
<p style="-qt-paragraph-type:empty; margin-top:0px;
margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px;
-qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><br>
</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\documentclass[twoside]{article}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\usepackage{fontspec}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\newfontfamily\cyrillicfont[Mapping=tex-text]{PT
Serif}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\usepackage{polyglossia}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\setdefaultlanguage{russian}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\fontsize{10}{12}\selectfont</p>
<p style="-qt-paragraph-type:empty; margin-top:0px;
margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px;
-qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><br>
</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\hyphenation{ны́-не}</p>
<p style="-qt-paragraph-type:empty; margin-top:0px;
margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px;
-qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;"><br>
</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\begin{document}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\parbox{1pt}{Почему́
перено́сы в словах ны́не и мы́ши ухо́дят на сле́дующую стро́чку,
а в мя́со брэ́кет слу́хи ворю́га — нет?}</p>
<p style=" margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px;
margin-right:0px; -qt-block-indent:0; text-indent:0px;">\end{document}</p>
<br>
</blockquote>
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