LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)

Short Table of Contents

@@ -1009,6 +1010,7 @@

For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are mainly intended to package or class authors. @@ -1250,12 +1252,16 @@ +

When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (see TeX engines), options other than letterpaper set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth and -\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document’s preamble. The -geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print +\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document’s preamble. + + +

The geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size.

@@ -1648,6 +1654,7 @@

The etoolbox package offers commands \newrobustcmd, \newrobustcmd*, \renewrobustcmd, \renewrobustcmd*, \providerobustcmd, and \providerobustcmd* which are similar @@ -2183,6 +2190,7 @@ +

Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, @@ -2269,7 +2277,8 @@ T1, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to -hyphenate words containing accented letters. +hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see +https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide.

\fontfamily{family}

@@ -2281,27 +2290,29 @@ through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

`pag`	Avant Garde
`fvs`	Bitstream Vera Sans
`pbk`	Bookman
`bch`	Charter
`ccr`	Computer Concrete
`cmr`	Computer Modern
`cmss`	Computer Modern Sans Serif
`cmtt`	Computer Modern Typewriter
`pcr`	Courier
`phv`	Helvetica
`fi4`	Inconsolata
`lmr`	Latin Modern
`lmss`	Latin Modern Sans
`lmtt`	Latin Modern Typewriter
`pnc`	New Century Schoolbook
`ppl`	Palatino
`ptm`	Times
`uncl`	Uncial
`put`	Utopia
`pzc`	Zapf Chancery

pag Avant Garde -
fvs Bitstream Vera Sans -
pbk Bookman -
bch Charter -
ccr Computer Concrete -
cmr Computer Modern -
pcr Courier -
phv Helvetica -
fi4 Inconsolata -
lmr Latin Modern -
lmss Latin Modern Sans -
lmtt Latin Modern Typewriter -
pnc New Century Schoolbook -
ppl Palatino -
ptm Times -
uncl Uncial -
put Utopia -
pzc Zapf Chancery -

\fontseries{series}

@@ -2311,45 +2322,47 @@ width. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include:

m Medium (normal) -
b Bold -
c Condensed -
bc Bold condensed -
bx Bold extended -

+ + + + + + +

`m`	Medium (normal)
`b`	Bold
`c`	Condensed
`bc`	Bold condensed
`bx`	Bold extended

The possible values for weight, individually, are:

ul Ultra light -
el Extra light -
l Light -
sl Semi light -
m Medium (normal) -
sb Semi bold -
b Bold -
eb Extra bold -
ub Ultra bold -

+ + + + + + + + + + +

`ul`	Ultra light
`el`	Extra light
`l`	Light
`sl`	Semi light
`m`	Medium (normal)
`sb`	Semi bold
`b`	Bold
`eb`	Extra bold
`ub`	Ultra bold

The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages -are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): +

The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and +relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):

uc Ultra condensed, 50% -
ec Extra condensed, 62.5% -
c Condensed, 75% -
sc Semi condensed, 87.5% -
m Medium, 100% -
sx Semi expanded, 112.5% -
x Expanded, 125% -
ex Extra expanded, 150% -
ux Ultra expanded, 200% -

+ + + + + + + + + + +

`uc`	Ultra condensed
`ec`	Extra condensed
`c`	Condensed
`sc`	Semi condensed
`m`	Medium
`sx`	Semi expanded
`x`	Expanded
`ex`	Extra expanded
`ux`	Ultra expanded

+ +

When forming the series string from the weight and width, drop the m that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both weight and width are m, in which case use just one @@ -2361,15 +2374,16 @@

Select font shape. Valid shapes are:

n Upright (normal) -
it Italic -
sl Slanted (oblique) -
sc Small caps -
ui Upright italics -
ol Outline -

+ + + + + + + +

`n`	Upright (normal)
`it`	Italic
`sl`	Slanted (oblique)
`sc`	Small caps
`ui`	Upright italics
`ol`	Outline

The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well.

@@ -2392,11 +2406,13 @@

LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when \selectfont (see below) is called. You can -make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing -\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in the preamble. +make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance +doubling it, by doing \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in +the preamble.

However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the setspace package. In addition to offering a number of spacing @@ -2972,6 +2988,7 @@ +

To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can \usepackage{float} and use the H specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at @@ -3011,6 +3028,7 @@

LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source (although on the same output page) if there is a t specifier in the placement parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting @@ -3766,6 +3784,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -3829,6 +3848,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -3874,6 +3894,7 @@

To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the amsmath package. It comes with environments pmatrix for an array surrounded by parentheses (...), bmatrix for an array @@ -3918,6 +3939,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -4029,6 +4051,7 @@ + @@ -4036,44 +4059,61 @@

\begin{description}
-\item [first label] text of first item
-\item [second label] text of second item
+\item[label of first item] text of first item
+\item[label of second item] text of second item
   ...
 \end{description}

Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item’s label -is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item’s text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. +

Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item’s label is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item’.

This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +The labels ‘lama’ and ‘llama’ come out in boldface with their +left edges aligned on the left margin. +

\begin{definition}
+  \item[lama] A priest.
+  \item[llama] A beast.
+\end{definition}
+

+ -

The list consists of at least one item, created with the \item -command (see \item). Having no items causes the LaTeX error -‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’). +

Start list items with the \item command (see \item). Use the +optional labels, as in \item[Main point], because there is +no sensible default. Following the \item is optional text, which +may contain multiple paragraphs.

Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will -come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter -with \item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold +change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with +\item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: \item[{\tt label -text}]. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use -\item[{\rm label text}]. +text}]. Similarly, get the standard roman font with \item[{\rm +label text}].

For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see itemize -and enumerate. For information about customizing list layout, see -list; also, the package enumitem is useful for this. +and enumerate. Unlike those environments, nesting +description environments does not change the default label; it is +boldface and flush left at all levels.

This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +

For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see +list. The package enumitem is useful for customizing +lists.

This example changes the description labels to small caps. +

\begin{definition}
-  \item[lama] A priest.
-  \item[llama] A beast.
-\end{definition}
+\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%
+  {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}

@@ -4088,6 +4128,7 @@ +

Synopsis:

@@ -4109,6 +4150,7 @@

Note that the amsmath package has significantly more extensive displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. @@ -4147,6 +4189,7 @@ +

The document environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. See Starting and ending. @@ -4225,29 +4268,30 @@ +

Synopsis:

\begin{enumerate}
-\item [first label] text of first item
-\item [second label] text of second item
+\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
+\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
 ...
 \end{enumerate}

Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is ‘1.’, ‘2.’, +etc. Each enumerate list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item’.

- -

The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’. Each -item is produced with an \item command. +

This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘1.’ and +‘2.’.

This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. -

\begin{enumerate}
  \item Johnny Hayes (USA)
@@ -4255,13 +4299,21 @@
 \end{enumerate}

Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including itemize (see itemize), description -(see description) and enumeration, up to four levels deep. -The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. -This gives LaTeX’s default for the format at each nesting level -(where 1 is the outermost level): + +

Start list items with the \item command (see \item). If you +give \item and optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Interstitial label], then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (see \item). That is, you +will get labels like ‘1.’, then ‘Interstitial label’, then +‘2.’. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs.

Enumerations may be nested within other enumerate environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as itemize +(see itemize), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s +default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, +the outermost level. +

arabic number followed by a period: ‘1.’, ‘2.’, …

lower case letter inside parentheses: ‘(a)’, ‘(b)’ … @@ -4274,10 +4326,14 @@

The enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi through -\enumiv counters (see Counters). If you use the optional -argument to \item then the counter is not incremented for that -item (see \item). +\enumiv (see Counters).

For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see +description and itemize. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see list. The package enumitem is +useful for customizing lists. +

@@ -4286,26 +4342,20 @@ (see \newcommand & \renewcommand) on the commands \labelenumi through \labelenumiv. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing -period: +period.

\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
 \begin{enumerate}
-  \item eI
-  \item bi:
-  \item si:
+  \item Shows as boldface A
+  \item Shows as boldface B
 \end{enumerate}

For a list of counter-labelling commands like \Alph see -\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. +

For a list of counter-labeling commands see \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.

For more on customizing the layout see list. Also, the package -enumitem is useful for this. -

@@ -4317,6 +4367,7 @@ + @@ -4398,6 +4449,7 @@ + @@ -4430,6 +4482,7 @@ + @@ -4501,8 +4554,10 @@ + + @@ -4574,6 +4629,7 @@ + @@ -4632,6 +4688,7 @@ + @@ -4690,6 +4747,7 @@ + @@ -4699,38 +4757,59 @@

\begin{itemize}
-\item item1
-\item item2
+\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
+\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
 ...
 \end{itemize}

The itemize environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” -list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four -levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as enumerate (see enumerate). +list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of +this environment; see below. Each itemize list environment must +have at least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error +‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’.

Each item of an itemize list begins with an \item command. -There must be at least one \item command within the environment. +

This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, •.

By default, the marks at each level look like this: +

\begin{itemize}
+ \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra
+ \item Rice portrait 
+\end{itemize}
+

+ + +

Start list items with the \item command (see \item). If you +give \item an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Optional label], then by default it will +appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left +margin. For labels that are flush left see the description +environment. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs.

• (bullet) -
-- (bold en-dash) -
* (asterisk) -
. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) -

- -

The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi -through \labelitemiv to produce the default label. So, you can -use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds: +

Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as enumerate (see enumerate). The itemize environment +uses the commands \labelitemi through \labelitemiv to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level.

• (bullet, from \textbullet) +
-- (bold en-dash, from \normalfont\bfseries\textendash) +
* (asterisk, from \textasteriskcentered) +
. (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from \textperiodcentered) +

+ +

Change the labels with \renewcommand. For instance, this makes +the first level use diamonds. +

\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}

@@ -4742,99 +4821,28 @@ -

The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define -the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set -to the appropriate \leftmarginN when a new level of -nesting is entered. +

The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the itemize list is determined by the +parameters \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi. (Note the +convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command +name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: 2.5em in +level 1 (2em in two-column mode), 2.2em in level 2, +1.87em in level 3, and 1.7em in level 4, with smaller +values for more deeply nested levels.

The defaults vary from ‘.5em’ (highest levels of nesting) to -‘2.5em’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +

For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see +description and enumerate. For information about list +layout parameters, including the default values, and for information +about customizing list layout, see list. The package +enumitem is useful for customizing lists.

This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. +

\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em

Some parameters that affect list formatting: -

\itemindent - -: Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. -
-
\labelsep - -: Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘.5em’. -
-
\labelwidth - -: Width of the label; default ‘2em’, or ‘1.5em’ in two-column mode. -
-
\listparindent - -: Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default ‘0pt’. -
-
\rightmargin - -: Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default ‘0pt’, except in the quote, -quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal -to \leftmargin. -
-

- -

Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). -

\itemsep - -: Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt -minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for -11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt. -
-
\parsep - -: Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as \itemsep. -
-
\topsep - -: Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. -For top-level lists, the default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for -10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, -and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced -for nested lists. -
-
\partopsep - -: Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a -paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt -documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt -plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt. -
-

Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an itemize* @@ -4863,6 +4871,7 @@ +

This environment is used for creating letters. See Letters.

@@ -4878,32 +4887,295 @@ + -

The list environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +

Synopsis:

\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}
-\item item1
-\item item2
+\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
+\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
 ...
 \end{list}

The mandatory labeling argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to \item). -This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. +

The list environment is a generic environment, for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists +like description, enumerate, and itemize. Many +LaTeX environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using +list, including quotation and quote, center, and +flushright. You can also construct custom lists, as here.

The mandatory spacing argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing. +

\newcounter{namedlistcounter}  % number the items
+\newenvironment{named}{%
+  \begin{list}{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.}% labeling argument
+    {\usecounter{namedlistcounter}  % spacing argument
+     \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}}% paren closes spacing arg
+}{%  
+  \end{list}
+}
+
+\begin{named}
+  \item Shows as ``Item~I.''
+  \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.''
+  \item Shows as ``Item~II.''
+\end{named}
+

+ +

The mandatory first argument labeling specifies the default +labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as +above where it contains both ‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. +LaTeX forms the label by putting the labeling argument in a box +of width \labelwidth. If the label is wider than that then the +additional material extends to the right. While making an instance of a +list you can override the default labeling by giving \item an +optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in +\item[Special label.]; see \item.

The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -\linewidth (see Page layout parameters). +

The label box is constructed by the command \makelabel. By +default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, +the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing +its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +named environment add +\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}, and between +the \setlength command and the parenthesis that closes the +spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel. +Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the +second code line to \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel puts the labels +inside a framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry.

The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of commands +to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}. If this argument is empty, +i.e., {}, then the list will have the default spacing given +below. And, to number the items using a counter put +\usecounter{countername} in this argument. +

Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (see Lengths). The vertical spaces +should be rubber lengths, with plus and minus components, +to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a +command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. +For some effects these lengths should be zero or a negative. The +entries for description, enumerate, and itemize +describe the default values for those lists. The package +enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +

\itemindent + +

Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond leftmargin, of the +first line each item. Its default value is 0pt. +

\itemsep + +

Vertical space between items, beyond the \parsep. The defaults +for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, +and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: 4pt plus2pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at +11 point are: 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, \parsep (that is, +2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and topsep (that is, 2pt +plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at 12 point are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt). +

\labelsep + +

Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, +and ‘report’ classes is 0.5em. +

\labelwidth + +

Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If \makelabel returns text that is wider than this then the first +line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. +If \makelabel returns text of width less than or equal to +\labelwidth then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset +flush right in a box of this width. +

The left edge of the label box is +\leftmargin+\itemindent-\labelsep-\labelwidth +from the left margin of the enclosing environment. +

The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and +‘report’ classes at the top level is +\leftmargini-\labelsep, (which is 2em in one column +mode and 1.5em in two column mode). At the second level it is +\leftmarginii-\labelsep, and at the third level it is +\leftmarginiii-\labelsep. These definitions make the +label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing +environment. +

\leftmargin + +

Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the +left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. +

In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set +to the value of \leftmargini, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to \leftmarginii. More +deeply nested lists get the values of \leftmarginiii through +\leftmarginvi. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message ‘Too deeply nested’.) +

The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, +‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: \leftmargini is +2.5em (in two column mode, 2em), \leftmarginii is +2.2em, and \leftmarginiii is 1.87em. +

\listparindent + +

Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond +\leftmargin, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value is +0pt. +

\parsep + +

Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the ‘book’ +and ‘article’ classes The defaults for the first three levels in +LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 +point size are: 4pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt +minus1pt, and 0pt. The defaults at 11 point size are: +4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and +0pt. The defaults at 12 point size are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 0pt. +

\partopsep + +

Vertical space added, beyond \topsep+\parskip, to the top +and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by +a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at both the +top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank +does not matter.) +

The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, +‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: 2pt +plus1 minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt +minus1pt. The defaults at 11 point are: 3pt plus1pt minus1pt, +3pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt). The +defaults at 12 point are: 3pt plus2pt minus3pt, 3pt plus2pt +minus2pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt. +

\rightmargin + +

Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is 0pt. +It must be non-negative. +

\topsep + +

Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to \parskip (see \parskip). The defaults for the first three +levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ +classes at 10 point size are: 8pt plus2pt minus4pt, 4pt +plus2pt minus1pt, and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 11 +point are: 9pt plus3pt minus5pt, 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, +and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 12 point are: +10pt plus4pt minus6pt, 5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt, and +2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt. +

+ +

This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. +

+ +

Vertical spaces: v0= \topsep+\parskip if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and +\topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does; v1 = +\parsep; v2 = \itemsep+\parsep; v3 = +v1. Horizontal spaces: h0 = \labelwidth; h1 = +\labelsep; h2 = \listparindent; h3 = +\leftmargin; h4 = \itemindent; h5 = +\rightmargin. The right edge of h1 equals the right edge +of h4, so that the left edge of the label box is at +h3+h4-(h0+h1).

The list’s left and right margins, shown above as h3 and h5, +are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or +with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width +used for typesetting the list items is \linewidth (see Page layout parameters). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with +\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}. +

Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. +For each, the LaTeX default is -\@lowpenalty, that is, +-51. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with something like +\@beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. +

\@beginparpenalty + +: The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The +LaTeXdefault is +
+
\@itempenalty + +: The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. +
+
\@endparpenalty + +: The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. +
+

+ +

This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. +

\usepackage{color}
+\newcounter{cnt}  
+\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}}
+\newenvironment{redlabel}{%
+  \begin{list}{\arabic{cnt}}%
+    {\usecounter{cnt}
+    \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em}
+    \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em}
+    \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em}
+    \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep
+    \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel}
+}{  
+  \end{list}
+}
+

+ + + + @@ -4969,6 +5241,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -4995,6 +5268,7 @@ +

@@ -5041,6 +5315,7 @@ + @@ -5067,6 +5342,7 @@

The picture package redefine the picture environment so that everywhere a number is used in a picture commands to specify a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that @@ -5545,11 +5821,13 @@ + + @@ -5604,8 +5882,10 @@

8.21 `tabbing`

+ + @@ -5628,13 +5908,48 @@

This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular environment.

+ +

The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed rows, +the first tabbed row begins immediately after \begin{tabbing} +and each row ends with \\ or \kill. The last row may end +with just \end{tabbing}, which is equivalent to +\\\end{tabbing}. +

The tabbing environment has a current tab stop pattern which is a +sequence of n tab stops, with n > 0, creating n +corresponding columns. Immediately after \begin{tabbing} we +have n=1, i.e., the current tab stop pattern contains only one +tab stop, referred to as tab stop #0, the position of which is the +beginning of line, i.e., the first columns starts at the beginning of the +line. +

By default any text typeset in a tabbing environment is typeset +ragged right with left alignment on the current tab stop, i.e., it is +typeset left-aligned in the current column. Typesetting is carried out +in LR mode. +

Besides, the tabbing environment has a current beginning of line +tab stop. By default, immediately after \begin{tabbing} this is +tab stop #0, but this can be changed with commands \+ and +\-. +

The right margin of the tabbing environment is the end of line, +that is to say the width of the environment has the length +\linewidth. +

As far as the left margin is concerned, or in other words the tab stop +#0, unlike the tabular environment, it is not necessary to place +a \noindent before \begin{tabbing} to avoid indentation: +a tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph without +indentation. Moreover it is not needed to star a \hspace command at the beginning of a tabbed row for the space to be take +

The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment:

\\ (tabbing): End a line. +; End a tabbed line and typeset it.
\= (tabbing) @@ -5676,22 +5991,23 @@
\' (tabbing): Moves everything that you have typed so far in the -current column, i.e., everything from the most recent \>, -\<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column’s tab stop. +; Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., +everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', +\\, or \kill command, to the previous column and aligned +to the right, flush against the current column’s tab stop.
\` (tabbing): Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last column -because there’s no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the -text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} -command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing -environment. There must be no \> or \' command between -the \` and the command that ends the line. +stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last +column because there’s no tab stop there. The \` command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin +of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or +\' command between the \` and the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line.
\a (tabbing) @@ -5731,7 +6047,7 @@
\tabbingsep: Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'. +; Distance of the text moved by \' to left of current tab stop.

@@ -5750,7 +6066,27 @@ \end{tabbing}

The output will look like this: +

function fact(n : integer) : integer;
+         begin
+               if n > 1 then
+                  fact := n * fact(n-1);
+               else
+                  fact := 1;
+         end;
+

+ + + + + + +

This was only an example illustrating the use of tabbing. To +typeset code, you may rather consider the algorithm2e package for +pseudo code, and listings for real code. +

@@ -5762,6 +6098,7 @@ + @@ -5820,6 +6157,7 @@ + @@ -6265,6 +6603,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -6280,15 +6619,31 @@ reference list.

In the article class, this reference list is labelled -“References”; in the report class, it is labelled -“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) -by redefining the command \refname. For instance, this -eliminates it entirely: +‘References’ and the label is stored in macro \refname; in +the report class, it is labelled ‘Bibliography’ and the +label is stored in macro \bibname.

\renewcommand{\refname}{}
-

You can change the label by redefining the command \refname or +\bibname, whichever is applicable depending on the class: +

+For standard classes whose top level sectioning is \chapter +(such as book and report), the label is in the macro +\bibname; +
+For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is \section +(such as article), the label is in macro \refname. +

+ + + + +

Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +\refname or \bibname; language support packages like +babel do this. +

The mandatory widest-label argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the \bibitem commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with @@ -6457,6 +6812,7 @@ +

Synopsis: @@ -6484,6 +6840,7 @@ + @@ -6539,6 +6896,7 @@ + @@ -6559,7 +6917,8 @@ into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.

The verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt). +

The verbatim environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +(\tt).

+ @@ -14546,7 +14928,8 @@ - + + @@ -14771,6 +15154,7 @@ + @@ -14872,6 +15256,7 @@ + @@ -14910,6 +15295,7 @@ + @@ -14963,21 +15349,27 @@ + - + + + + + + @@ -15054,6 +15446,7 @@ + @@ -15130,6 +15523,7 @@ + @@ -15391,8 +15785,11 @@ + + + @@ -15448,6 +15845,7 @@ + @@ -15694,8 +16092,9 @@ - - + + + @@ -15715,8 +16114,8 @@ - - + + @@ -15739,6 +16138,7 @@ + @@ -15762,7 +16162,7 @@ - + @@ -15906,12 +16306,12 @@ - + - + @@ -15959,6 +16359,7 @@ + @@ -15976,7 +16377,7 @@ - + @@ -16143,7 +16544,7 @@ - + Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-01-02 22:44:36 UTC (rev 599) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-11 22:48:49 UTC (rev 600) @@ -582,9 +582,11 @@ TeX engines::), options other than 'letterpaper' set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put '\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth' and '\pdfpageheight=\paperheight' in your -document's preamble. The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of -setting the print area and physical page size. +document's preamble. + The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of setting the print +area and physical page size. + Miscellaneous other options: 'draft' @@ -1277,7 +1279,8 @@ 'T1', also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to - hyphenate words containing accented letters. + hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see + . '\fontfamily{FAMILY}' Select the font family. The web page @@ -1285,60 +1288,62 @@ through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families: - 'pag' Avant Garde - 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans - 'pbk' Bookman - 'bch' Charter - 'ccr' Computer Concrete - 'cmr' Computer Modern - 'pcr' Courier - 'phv' Helvetica - 'fi4' Inconsolata - 'lmr' Latin Modern - 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans - 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter - 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook - 'ppl' Palatino - 'ptm' Times - 'uncl' Uncial - 'put' Utopia - 'pzc' Zapf Chancery + 'pag' Avant Garde + 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans + 'pbk' Bookman + 'bch' Charter + 'ccr' Computer Concrete + 'cmr' Computer Modern + 'cmss' Computer Modern Sans Serif + 'cmtt' Computer Modern Typewriter + 'pcr' Courier + 'phv' Helvetica + 'fi4' Inconsolata + 'lmr' Latin Modern + 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans + 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter + 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook + 'ppl' Palatino + 'ptm' Times + 'uncl' Uncial + 'put' Utopia + 'pzc' Zapf Chancery '\fontseries{SERIES}' Select the font series. A "series" combines a "weight" and a "width". Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'b' Bold - 'c' Condensed - 'bc' Bold condensed - 'bx' Bold extended + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'b' Bold + 'c' Condensed + 'bc' Bold condensed + 'bx' Bold extended The possible values for weight, individually, are: - 'ul' Ultra light - 'el' Extra light - 'l' Light - 'sl' Semi light - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'sb' Semi bold - 'b' Bold - 'eb' Extra bold - 'ub' Ultra bold + 'ul' Ultra light + 'el' Extra light + 'l' Light + 'sl' Semi light + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'sb' Semi bold + 'b' Bold + 'eb' Extra bold + 'ub' Ultra bold - The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages - are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): + The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and + relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): - 'uc' Ultra condensed, 50% - 'ec' Extra condensed, 62.5% - 'c' Condensed, 75% - 'sc' Semi condensed, 87.5% - 'm' Medium, 100% - 'sx' Semi expanded, 112.5% - 'x' Expanded, 125% - 'ex' Extra expanded, 150% - 'ux' Ultra expanded, 200% + 'uc' Ultra condensed + 'ec' Extra condensed + 'c' Condensed + 'sc' Semi condensed + 'm' Medium + 'sx' Semi expanded + 'x' Expanded + 'ex' Extra expanded + 'ux' Ultra expanded When forming the SERIES string from the weight and width, drop the 'm' that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both @@ -1347,12 +1352,12 @@ '\fontshape{SHAPE}' Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - 'n' Upright (normal) - 'it' Italic - 'sl' Slanted (oblique) - 'sc' Small caps - 'ui' Upright italics - 'ol' Outline + 'n' Upright (normal) + 'it' Italic + 'sl' Slanted (oblique) + 'sc' Small caps + 'ui' Upright italics + 'ol' Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. @@ -1371,7 +1376,8 @@ LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the '\baselinestretch' parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when '\selectfont' (see below) is called. You can - make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing + make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for + instance doubling it, by doing '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}' in the preamble. However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the @@ -2524,41 +2530,53 @@ Synopsis: \begin{description} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{description} - Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item's LABEL is -typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item's text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. + Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item's LABEL is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing +\item'. - The list consists of at least one item, created with the '\item' -command (*note \item::). Having no items causes the LaTeX error -'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'). + This example shows the environment used for a sequence of +definitions. The labels 'lama' and 'llama' come out in boldface with +their left edges aligned on the left margin. + \begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. + \end{definition} + + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). Use the +optional labels, as in '\item[Main point]', because there is no sensible +default. Following the '\item' is optional text, which may contain +multiple paragraphs. + Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: '\item[{\tt label text}]'. -Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use '\item[{\rm label -text}]'. +Similarly, get the standard roman font with '\item[{\rm label text}]'. For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize:: -and *note enumerate::. For information about customizing list layout, -see *note list::; also, the package 'enumitem' is useful for this. +and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting 'description' +environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush +left at all levels. - This example shows the environment used for a sequence of -definitions. + For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see *note +list::. The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. - \begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. - \end{definition} + This example changes the description labels to small caps. + \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} + File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments @@ -2659,62 +2677,67 @@ Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is '1.', '2.', etc. Each +'enumerate' list environment must have at least one item; having none +causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. Each item is -produced with an '\item' command. + This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic +marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as '1.' and +'2.'. - This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic -marathon. - \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} - Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including 'itemize' (*note itemize::), 'description' (*note -description::) and 'enumeration', up to four levels deep. The format of -the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. This gives -LaTeX's default for the format at each nesting level (where 1 is the -outermost level): + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' and optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the +interrupted sequence (*note \item::). That is, you will get labels like +'1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'. Following the '\item' is +optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. + Enumerations may be nested within other 'enumerate' environments, or +within any paragraph-making environment such as 'itemize' (*note +itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the +format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost +level. + 1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ... 2. lower case letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ... 3. lower case roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ... 4. upper case letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ... The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through -'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If you use the optional argument -to '\item' then the counter is not incremented for that item (*note -\item::). +'\enumiv' (*note Counters::). + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note itemize::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. + To change the format of the label use '\renewcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands '\labelenumi' through '\labelenumiv'. For instance, this first level list will be labelled -with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period: +with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} - For a list of counter-labelling commands like '\Alph' see *note \alph -\Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. + For a list of counter-labeling commands see *note \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. - For more on customizing the layout see *note list::. Also, the -package 'enumitem' is useful for this. - File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments @@ -2984,89 +3007,70 @@ Synopsis: \begin{itemize} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{itemize} The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. -Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. -They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such -as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). +The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this +environment; see below. Each 'itemize' list environment must have at +least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's +wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command. There -must be at least one '\item' command within the environment. + This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, *. - By default, the marks at each level look like this: + \begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait + \end{itemize} - 1. * (bullet) - 2. -- (bold en-dash) - 3. * (asterisk) - 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Optional label]', then by default it will appear in bold +and be flush right, so it could extend into the left margin. For labels +that are flush left see the *note description:: environment. Following +the '\item' is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. - The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through -'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use -'\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first -level use diamonds: + Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels +deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making +environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). The 'itemize' +environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through '\labelitemiv' to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. - \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} + 1. * (bullet, from '\textbullet') + 2. -- (bold en-dash, from '\normalfont\bfseries\textendash') + 3. * (asterisk, from '\textasteriskcentered') + 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from + '\textperiodcentered') - The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the -distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the -left margin of the list. By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the -appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. + Change the labels with '\renewcommand'. For instance, this makes the +first level use diamonds. - The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em' -(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example -greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: + \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} - \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em + The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters +'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (Note the convention of using +lower case roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the +nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em' in +two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and '1.7em' +in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. - Some parameters that affect list formatting: + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note enumerate::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. -'\itemindent' - Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. + This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. -'\labelsep' - Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'. + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em -'\labelwidth' - Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode. - -'\listparindent' - Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within - a list item; default '0pt'. - -'\rightmargin' - Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the - enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote', - 'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to - '\leftmargin'. - - Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - -'\itemsep' - Vertical space between items. The default is '2pt plus1pt - minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt', - and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'. - -'\parsep' - Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. - Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'. - -'\topsep' - Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. - For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for - '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt - plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'. These are reduced for nested lists. - -'\partopsep' - Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a - paragraph. The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt' - documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt - minus2pt' for '12pt'. - Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*' environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -3094,28 +3098,230 @@ 8.16 'list' =========== -The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{list} - The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item'). This -argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. -It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + The 'list' environment is a generic environment, for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists +like *note description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::. Many +LaTeX environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using +'list', including *note quotation and quote::, *note center::, and *note +flushright::. You can also construct custom lists, as here. - The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. + \newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items + \newenvironment{named}{% + \begin{list}{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.}% labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}}% paren closes spacing arg + }{% + \end{list} + } - The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). + \begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' + \end{named} + The mandatory first argument LABELING specifies the default labeling +of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where +it contains both 'Item' and '\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by +putting the LABELING argument in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the +label is wider than that then the additional material extends to the +right. While making an instance of a list you can override the default +labeling by giving '\item' an optional argument by including square +braces and the text, as in '\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::. + + The label box is constructed by the command '\makelabel'. By default +it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the +label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing its +definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +'named' environment add '\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', +and between the '\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the +SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the +items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second +code line to '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel' puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. + + The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to +redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +'\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}'. If this argument is empty, i.e., '{}', +then the list will have the default spacing given below. And, to number +the items using a counter put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this +argument. + + Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces +should be rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give +TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as +'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these +lengths should be zero or a negative. The entries for *note +description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize:: describe the +default values for those lists. The package 'enumitem' is useful for +customizing lists. + +'\itemindent' + Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the + first line each item. Its default value is '0pt'. + +'\itemsep' + Vertical space between items, beyond the '\parsep'. The defaults + for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and + 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', + '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that + is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 11 point are: '4.5pt + plus2pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and + 'topsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 + point are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2.5pt + plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that is, '2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt'). + +'\labelsep' + Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The + default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes is + '0.5em'. + +'\labelwidth' + Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this + wide. If '\makelabel' returns text that is wider than this then + the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this + extra material. If '\makelabel' returns text of width less than or + equal to '\labelwidth' then LaTeX's default is that the label is + typeset flush right in a box of this width. + + The left edge of the label box is + '\leftmargin'+'\itemindent'-'\labelsep'-'\labelwidth' from the left + margin of the enclosing environment. + + The default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at + the top level is '\leftmargini'-'\labelsep', (which is '2em' in one + column mode and '1.5em' in two column mode). At the second level + it is '\leftmarginii'-'\labelsep', and at the third level it is + '\leftmarginiii'-'\labelsep'. These definitions make the label's + left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing + environment. + +'\leftmargin' + Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing + environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level + list), and the left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. + + In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this + set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested + inside a top-level list has this margin set to '\leftmarginii'. + More deeply nested lists get the values of '\leftmarginiii' through + '\leftmarginvi'. (Nesting greater than level five generates the + error message 'Too deeply nested'.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes are: '\leftmargini' is '2.5em' (in two + column mode, '2em'), '\leftmarginii' is '2.2em', and + '\leftmarginiii' is '1.87em'. + +'\listparindent' + Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond + '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list + item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value + is '0pt'. + +'\parsep' + Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the 'book' + and 'article' classes The defaults for the first three levels in + LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size + are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + The defaults at 11 point size are: '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults at 12 point size are: + '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + +'\partopsep' + Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and + bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded + by a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at + both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the + list is blank does not matter.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1 + minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'. The + defaults at 11 point are: '3pt plus1pt minus1pt', '3pt plus1pt + minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 point + are: '3pt plus2pt minus3pt', '3pt plus2pt minus2pt', and '1pt + plus0pt minus1pt'. + +'\rightmargin' + Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right + margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is '0pt'. + It must be non-negative. + +'\topsep' + Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in + addition to '\parskip' (*note \parskip::). The defaults for the + first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' + classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt', '4pt plus2pt + minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 11 point + are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt plus4pt + minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt'. + + This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + ++ +Vertical spaces: V0= '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does +not start a new paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it +does; V1 = '\parsep'; V2 = '\itemsep'+'\parsep'; V3 = V1. Horizontal +spaces: H0 = '\labelwidth'; H1 = '\labelsep'; H2 = '\listparindent'; H3 += '\leftmargin'; H4 = '\itemindent'; H5 = '\rightmargin'. The right +edge of H1 equals the right edge of H4, so that the left edge of the +label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). + + The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with +respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with +respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used +for typesetting the list items is '\linewidth' (*note Page layout +parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'. + + Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. +For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that is, '-51'. Because +it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. +Change it with something like '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value of 10000 +prohibits a page break. + +'\@beginparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The + LaTeXdefault is + +'\@itempenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. + +'\@endparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. + + This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + + \usepackage{color} + \newcounter{cnt} + \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} + \newenvironment{redlabel}{% + \begin{list}{\arabic{cnt}}% + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel} + }{ + \end{list} + } + * Menu: * \item:: An entry in a list. @@ -3598,10 +3804,41 @@ This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' environment. + The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows", the +first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row +ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may end with just +'\end{tabbing}', which is equivalent to '\\\end{tabbing}'. + + The 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop pattern which is a +sequence of N tab stops, with N > 0, creating N corresponding columns. +Immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' we have N=1, i.e., the current tab +stop pattern contains only one tab stop, referred to as tab stop #0, the +position of which is the beginning of line, i.e., the first columns +starts at the beginning of the line. + + By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset +ragged right with left alignment on the current tab stop, i.e., it is +typeset left-aligned in the current column. Typesetting is carried out +in LR mode. + + Besides, the 'tabbing' environment has a current beginning of line +tab stop. By default, immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' this is tab +stop #0, but this can be changed with commands '\+' and '\-'. + + The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of line, +that is to say the width of the environment has the length '\linewidth'. + + As far as the left margin is concerned, or in other words the tab +stop #0, unlike the 'tabular' environment, it is not necessary to place +a '\noindent' before '\begin{tabbing}' to avoid indentation: a 'tabbing' +environment always starts a new paragraph without indentation. Moreover +it is not needed to star a '\hspace' command at the beginning of a +tabbed row for the space to be take + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: '\\ (tabbing)' - End a line. + End a tabbed line and typeset it. '\= (tabbing)' Sets a tab stop at the current position. @@ -3624,17 +3861,17 @@ '\' (tabbing)' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or - '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against - the current column's tab stop. + '\kill' command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, + flush against the current column's tab stop. '\` (tabbing)' Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' - command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the 'tabbing' environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the - '\`' and the command that ends the line. + '\`' and the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line. '\a (tabbing)' In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not @@ -3656,7 +3893,7 @@ environment. '\tabbingsep' - Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''. + Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: @@ -3670,6 +3907,19 @@ end;\\ \end{tabbing} + The output will look like this: + function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; + + This was only an example illustrating the use of 'tabbing'. To +typeset code, you may rather consider the 'algorithm2e' package for +pseudo code, and 'listings' for real code. + File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments @@ -4074,13 +4324,23 @@ The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; -in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change -the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command -'\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled 'References' +and the label is stored in macro '\refname'; in the 'report' class, it +is labelled 'Bibliography' and the label is stored in macro '\bibname'. - \renewcommand{\refname}{} + You can change the label by redefining the command '\refname' or +'\bibname', whichever is applicable depending on the class: + * For standard classes whose top level sectioning is '\chapter' (such + as 'book' and 'report'), the label is in the macro '\bibname'; + + * For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is '\section' + (such as 'article'), the label is in macro '\refname'. + + Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +'\refname' or '\bibname'; language support packages like 'babel' do +this. + The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 @@ -4262,7 +4522,8 @@ returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. - The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). + The 'verbatim' environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +('\tt'). * Menu: @@ -7927,11 +8188,11 @@ moving arguments (*note \protect::). These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of -a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other latin -character inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let -$y=f(x)$'} produces "LET Y=F(X)". Another example is that the name of an +a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin +letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$'} +produces 'LET Y=F(X)'. Another example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... -\end{tabular}' will produce an error because the first half is changed +\end{tabular}}' will produce an error because the first half is changed to '\begin{TABULAR}'. LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a @@ -7939,14 +8200,18 @@ works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. - To change the case of text that results from a command inside TEXT -you need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces "COLLEGE OF -MATHEMATICS". + To change the case of text that results from a macro inside TEXT you +need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces 'COLLEGE OF +MATHEMATICS'. \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} - \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}} + \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} - To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package + The 'textcase' package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowerCase'. + + To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package 'mfirstuc'. @@ -9156,6 +9421,7 @@ * additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6) * ae ligature: Additional Latin letters. (line 16) +* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 134) * align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6) * aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6) * alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) @@ -9175,7 +9441,8 @@ * at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 23) * author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12) * auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33) -* babel package: Accents. (line 6) +* babel package: thebibliography. (line 29) +* babel package <1>: Accents. (line 6) * backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) * bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) * bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) @@ -9186,17 +9453,17 @@ * beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6) * beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3) * bibliography format, open: Document class options. - (line 65) + (line 67) * bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) * bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) * bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) * Big point: Units of length. (line 20) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 51) + (line 53) * bold font: Font styles. (line 71) * bold math: Font styles. (line 130) -* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 23) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 34) * box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6) * boxes: Boxes. (line 6) * brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) @@ -9220,7 +9487,7 @@ * cedilla accent: Accents. (line 51) * centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) * centered equations: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) * centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) * centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) @@ -9347,7 +9614,7 @@ * double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 160) * double right quote: Text symbols. (line 147) * double spacing: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) * e-dash: Text symbols. (line 116) * e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 12) @@ -9369,12 +9636,12 @@ (line 6) * equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 41) * equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) * equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) * equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. @@ -9390,7 +9657,7 @@ (line 6) * external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) * feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135) * figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21) @@ -9401,14 +9668,14 @@ * float package: Floats. (line 52) * float page: Floats. (line 58) * flush left equations: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6) * font catalogue: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. (line 6) * font size: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) * font styles: Font styles. (line 6) * font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position. @@ -9439,6 +9706,8 @@ * functions, math: Math functions. (line 6) * geometry package: Document class options. (line 40) +* geometry package <1>: Document class options. + (line 44) * global options: Document class options. (line 6) * global options <1>: Additional packages. (line 15) @@ -9495,7 +9764,7 @@ * Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 24) * Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6) * landscape orientation: Document class options. - (line 58) + (line 60) * LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21) * LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6) * LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 17) @@ -9513,7 +9782,7 @@ * left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144) * left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150) * left-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) * left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) * left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6) @@ -9543,6 +9812,7 @@ * list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) * list of figures file: Output files. (line 43) * list of tables file: Output files. (line 43) +* listings package: tabbing. (line 134) * lists of items: itemize. (line 6) * lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) * lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) @@ -9584,6 +9854,8 @@ (line 6) * math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) * math, bold: Font styles. (line 130) +* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case. + (line 45) * Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27) * minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) * modes: Modes. (line 6) @@ -9648,9 +9920,11 @@ (line 6) * package options <1>: Class and package commands. (line 66) +* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 134) * package, amsmath: array. (line 40) * package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22) -* package, babel: Accents. (line 6) +* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 29) +* package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 6) * package, datetime: \today. (line 22) * package, etoolbox: Class and package commands. (line 110) @@ -9660,14 +9934,21 @@ (line 10) * package, geometry: Document class options. (line 40) +* package, geometry <1>: Document class options. + (line 44) +* package, listings: tabbing. (line 134) * package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother. (line 39) * package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28) +* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case. + (line 45) * package, multind: Indexes. (line 39) * package, picture: picture. (line 23) * package, setspace: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * package, showidx: Indexes. (line 35) +* package, textcase: Upper and lower case. + (line 42) * package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134) * package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence. (line 20) @@ -9707,7 +9988,7 @@ * polish l: Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * portrait orientation: Document class options. - (line 58) + (line 60) * position, in picture: picture. (line 28) * positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 37) @@ -9746,7 +10027,7 @@ * right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 147) * right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 153) * right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6) * right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) * ring accent: Accents. (line 75) @@ -9754,6 +10035,7 @@ * robust commands: \protect. (line 6) * roman font: Font styles. (line 80) * root file: Splitting the input. (line 9) +* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 22) * rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. (line 6) @@ -9767,12 +10049,12 @@ * section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6) * sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6) * series, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 45) + (line 48) * setspace package: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6) * shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 85) + (line 88) * sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * showidx package: Indexes. (line 35) @@ -9839,6 +10121,8 @@ (line 6) * TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61) * text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) +* textcase package: Upper and lower case. + (line 42) * textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134) * thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22) * theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 6) @@ -9852,7 +10136,7 @@ * tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44) * tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) * title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. - (line 69) + (line 71) * title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6) * title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26) * titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6) @@ -9867,7 +10151,7 @@ * typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) * typefaces: Fonts. (line 6) * typewriter font: Font styles. (line 92) -* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 23) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 34) * umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16) * underbar: Accents. (line 89) * underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 178) @@ -9891,12 +10175,12 @@ * visible space: \verb. (line 17) * visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 181) * weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 55) + (line 58) * white space: Spaces. (line 6) * wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 50) * wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 53) * widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 67) + (line 70) * writing external files: filecontents. (line 6) * writing letters: Letters. (line 6) * x-height: Units of length. (line 38) @@ -9948,15 +10232,15 @@ * \%: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \&: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 76) * $: Math formulas. (line 16) * \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) * $: Math formulas. (line 16) * \*: Math miscellany. (line 6) -* \+: tabbing. (line 37) +* \+: tabbing. (line 68) * \,: Spacing in math mode. (line 25) -* \-: tabbing. (line 41) +* \-: tabbing. (line 72) * \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) * \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25) * \/: \/. (line 6) @@ -9964,20 +10248,23 @@ (line 21) * \;: Spacing in math mode. (line 16) -* \<: tabbing. (line 33) +* \<: tabbing. (line 64) * \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 27) -* \>: tabbing. (line 31) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 58) +* \>: tabbing. (line 62) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. (line 21) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) * \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 201) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 208) * \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23) * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 205) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 91) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) * \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters. (line 12) * \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters. @@ -9994,7 +10281,7 @@ * \AE (AE): Additional Latin letters. (line 16) * \aleph: Math symbols. (line 22) -* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 52) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 61) * \alpha: Math symbols. (line 25) * \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 14) @@ -10026,14 +10313,14 @@ * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. (line 14) * \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) * \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46) * \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51) * \bar: Math accents. (line 13) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. - (line 108) + (line 111) * \begin: Environments. (line 6) * \beta: Math symbols. (line 55) * \bf: Font styles. (line 70) @@ -10041,6 +10328,7 @@ * \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) * \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 23) * \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 58) * \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 62) * \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 66) @@ -10200,15 +10488,15 @@ * \encl: \encl. (line 6) * \end: Environments. (line 6) * \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 42) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 47) * \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 201) * \equiv: Math symbols. (line 207) * \eta: Math symbols. (line 210) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 82) + (line 84) * \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 67) * \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10236,13 +10524,13 @@ * \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. (line 11) * \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) * \fontseries: Low-level font commands. - (line 45) + (line 48) * \fontshape: Low-level font commands. - (line 85) + (line 88) * \fontsize: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * \footnote: \footnote. (line 6) * \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6) * \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. (line 6) @@ -10330,11 +10618,12 @@ * \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119) * \iota: Math symbols. (line 277) * \it: Font styles. (line 76) -* \item: description. (line 19) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 18) +* \item: description. (line 29) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29) * \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) -* \itemindent: itemize. (line 49) -* \itemsep: itemize. (line 71) +* \item <3>: itemize. (line 28) +* \itemindent: list. (line 73) +* \itemsep: list. (line 77) * \itshape: Font styles. (line 33) * \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66) * \jmath: Math accents. (line 37) @@ -10342,22 +10631,22 @@ * \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70) * \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284) * \ker: Math functions. (line 60) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 65) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 96) * \l (/l): Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * \L (/L): Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * \label: \label. (line 6) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelsep: itemize. (line 52) -* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 55) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelsep: list. (line 89) +* \labelwidth: list. (line 94) * \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287) * \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290) * \land: Math symbols. (line 293) @@ -10379,13 +10668,14 @@ * \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46) * \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335) * \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 114) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 54) * \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 341) * \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346) * \leq: Math symbols. (line 351) @@ -10399,7 +10689,7 @@ * \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) * \linespread: Low-level font commands. - (line 121) + (line 125) * \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6) * \linewidth: Page layout parameters. (line 33) @@ -10407,7 +10697,7 @@ (line 34) * \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16) * \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16) -* \listparindent: itemize. (line 58) +* \listparindent: list. (line 131) * \ll: Math symbols. (line 366) * \ln: Math functions. (line 75) * \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370) @@ -10533,7 +10823,7 @@ * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 82) + (line 84) * \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 66) * \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10588,12 +10878,12 @@ * \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) * \parindent: minipage. (line 17) * \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6) -* \parsep: itemize. (line 76) +* \parsep: list. (line 137) * \parskip: \parskip. (line 6) -* \parskip example: itemize. (line 92) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 73) * \part: Sectioning. (line 8) * \partial: Math symbols. (line 505) -* \partopsep: itemize. (line 86) +* \partopsep: list. (line 146) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. (line 198) * \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands. @@ -10608,8 +10898,8 @@ * \pi: Math symbols. (line 520) * \pm: Math symbols. (line 524) * \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 102) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 103) * \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46) * \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) * \prec: Math symbols. (line 527) @@ -10633,7 +10923,7 @@ * \ps: \ps. (line 6) * \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550) * \psi: Math symbols. (line 553) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 105) * \put: \put. (line 6) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. (line 38) @@ -10652,6 +10942,7 @@ * \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568) * \Re: Math symbols. (line 571) * \ref: \ref. (line 6) +* \refname: thebibliography. (line 26) * \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) @@ -10673,7 +10964,7 @@ * \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610) * \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613) * \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616) -* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62) +* \rightmargin: list. (line 161) * \rm: Font styles. (line 79) * \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30) * \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. @@ -10693,7 +10984,7 @@ * \section: Sectioning. (line 11) * \seename: Indexes. (line 20) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. - (line 127) + (line 131) * \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6) * \setlength: \setlength. (line 6) * \setminus: Math symbols. (line 622) @@ -10755,7 +11046,7 @@ (line 6) * \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81) * \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 110) * \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 171) * \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6) * \tan: Math functions. (line 105) @@ -10857,7 +11148,7 @@ * \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 123) -* \topsep: itemize. (line 80) +* \topsep: list. (line 166) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. (line 130) * \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10891,7 +11182,7 @@ * \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) * \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. - (line 135) + (line 139) * \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6) * \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 97) * \value: \value. (line 6) @@ -10928,7 +11219,7 @@ * \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29) * \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12) * \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 20) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 24) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 55) * \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12) * \\ for letters: Letters. (line 50) * \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34) @@ -10942,7 +11233,7 @@ * \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33) * \_: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 82) * \{: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \|: Math symbols. (line 19) * \}: Reserved characters. (line 13) @@ -10970,7 +11261,7 @@ * cc: Units of length. (line 33) * center environment: center. (line 6) * clock option to slides class: Document class options. - (line 97) + (line 99) * cm: Units of length. (line 24) * dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134) * dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135) @@ -10980,7 +11271,7 @@ * displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) * document environment: document. (line 6) * draft option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10) * dvips command: Output files. (line 10) * dvitype command: Output files. (line 10) @@ -11030,10 +11321,10 @@ * filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 6) * filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 6) * final option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 33) * fleqn option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6) * flushright environment: flushright. (line 6) * home page: About this document. @@ -11042,14 +11333,14 @@ * inch: Units of length. (line 17) * itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) * landscape option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * latex command: Output files. (line 10) * latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 30) * email address: About this document. (line 17) * legalpaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * leqno option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * letter class: Document classes. (line 11) * letter environment: letter. (line 6) * letterpaper option: Document class options. @@ -11065,17 +11356,17 @@ * mm: Units of length. (line 27) * mu: Units of length. (line 49) * notitlepage option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * onecolumn option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * oneside option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * openany option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * openbib option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * openright option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * pc: Units of length. (line 14) * pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20) * picture environment: picture. (line 6) @@ -11094,7 +11385,7 @@ * theorem environment: theorem. (line 6) * titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6) * titlepage option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 124) * topnumber: Floats. (line 138) @@ -11102,9 +11393,9 @@ * totalnumber: Floats. (line 142) * totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 143) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * usrguide official documentation: About this document. (line 36) * verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) * verse environment: verse. 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Each item's @var{label} -is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item's text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. +Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item's @var{label} is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the @LaTeX{} error @samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item}. +This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +The labels @samp{lama} and @samp{llama} come out in boldface with their +left edges aligned on the left margin. + + at example +\begin@{definition@} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. +\end@{definition@} + at end example + @findex \item -The list consists of at least one item, created with the @code{\item} -command (@pxref{\item}). Having no items causes the @LaTeX{} error - at samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item}). +Start list items with the @code{\item} command (@pxref{\item}). Use the +optional labels, as in @code{\item[Main point]}, because there is +no sensible default. Following the @code{\item} is optional text, which +may contain multiple paragraphs. @cindex bold typewriter, avoiding @cindex typewriter labels in lists Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see @ref{Font styles}) then it will -come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter -with @code{\item[\texttt@{label text@}]} then it will appear in bold +change given in argument style (see @ref{Font styles}) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with + at code{\item[\texttt@{label text@}]} then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: @code{\item[@{\tt label -text@}]}. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use - at code{\item[@{\rm label text@}]}. +text@}]}. Similarly, get the standard roman font with @code{\item[@{\rm +label text@}]}. For other major @LaTeX{} labelled list environments, see @ref{itemize} -and @ref{enumerate}. For information about customizing list layout, see - at ref{list}; also, the package @file{enumitem} is useful for this. +and @ref{enumerate}. Unlike those environments, nesting + at code{description} environments does not change the default label; it is +boldface and flush left at all levels. -This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see + at ref{list}. The package @file{enumitem} is useful for customizing +lists. +This example changes the description labels to small caps. + @example -\begin@{definition@} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. -\end@{definition@} - at end example +\renewcommand@{\descriptionlabel@}[1]@{% + @{\hspace@{\labelsep@}\textsc@{#1@}@}@} + at end example @node displaymath @@ -3437,23 +3454,23 @@ @example \begin@{enumerate@} -\item [@var{first label}] text of first item -\item [@var{second label}] text of second item +\item[@var{optional label of first item}] text of first item +\item[@var{optional label of second item}] text of second item ... \end@{enumerate@} @end example Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is @samp{1.}, @samp{2.}, +etc. Each @code{enumerate} list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the @LaTeX{} error @samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item}. - at findex \item -The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the - at LaTeX{} error @samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item}. Each -item is produced with an @code{\item} command. +This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as @samp{1.} and + at samp{2.}. -This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. - @example \begin@{enumerate@} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) @@ -3461,13 +3478,21 @@ \end@{enumerate@} @end example -Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including @code{itemize} (@pxref{itemize}), @code{description} -(@pxref{description}) and @code{enumeration}, up to four levels deep. -The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. -This gives @LaTeX{}'s default for the format at each nesting level -(where 1 is the outermost level): + at findex \item +Start list items with the @code{\item} command (@pxref{\item}). If you +give @code{\item} and optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in @code{\item[Interstitial label]}, then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (@pxref{\item}). That is, you +will get labels like @samp{1.}, then @samp{Interstitial label}, then + at samp{2.}. Following the @code{\item} is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +Enumerations may be nested within other @code{enumerate} environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as @code{itemize} +(@pxref{itemize}), up to four levels deep. This gives @LaTeX{}'s +default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, +the outermost level. + @enumerate @item arabic number followed by a period: @samp{1.}, @samp{2.}, at tie{}@dots{} @item lower case letter inside parentheses: @samp{(a)}, @samp{(b)}@tie{}@dots{} @@ -3480,10 +3505,14 @@ @findex \enumiii @findex \enumiv The @code{enumerate} environment uses the counters @code{\enumi} through - at code{\enumiv} counters (@pxref{Counters}). If you use the optional -argument to @code{\item} then the counter is not incremented for that -item (@pxref{\item}). + at code{\enumiv} (@pxref{Counters}). +For other major @LaTeX{} labeled list environments, see + at ref{description} and @ref{itemize}. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see @ref{list}. The package @file{enumitem} is +useful for customizing lists. + @findex \labelenumi @findex \labelenumii @findex \labelenumiii @@ -3492,26 +3521,21 @@ (@pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand}) on the commands @code{\labelenumi} through @code{\labelenumiv}. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing -period: +period. @findex \Alph @r{example} @example \renewcommand@{\labelenumi@}@{\textbf@{\Alph@{enumi@}@}@} \begin@{enumerate@} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end@{enumerate@} @end example -For a list of counter-labelling commands like @code{\Alph} see - at ref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}. +For a list of counter-labeling commands see @ref{\alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol}. -For more on customizing the layout see @ref{list}. Also, the package - at file{enumitem} is useful for this. - - @node eqnarray @section @code{eqnarray} @@ -3843,42 +3867,63 @@ @example \begin@{itemize@} -\item @var{item1} -\item @var{item2} +\item[@var{optional label of first item}] text of first item +\item[@var{optional label of second item}] text of second item ... \end@{itemize@} @end example The @code{itemize} environment produces an ``unordered'', ``bulleted'' -list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four -levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as @code{enumerate} (@pxref{enumerate}). +list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of +this environment; see below. Each @code{itemize} list environment must +have at least one item; having none causes the @LaTeX{} error + at samp{Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item}. -Each item of an @code{itemize} list begins with an @code{\item} command. -There must be at least one @code{\item} command within the environment. +This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, @bullet{}. -By default, the marks at each level look like this: + at example +\begin@{itemize@} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait +\end@{itemize@} + at end example + at findex \item +Start list items with the @code{\item} command (@pxref{\item}). If you +give @code{\item} an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in @code{\item[Optional label]}, then by default it will +appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left +margin. For labels that are flush left see the @ref{description} +environment. Following the @code{\item} is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. + + at findex \labelitemi + at findex \labelitemii + at findex \labelitemiii + at findex \labelitemiv +Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as @code{enumerate} (@pxref{enumerate}). The @code{itemize} environment +uses the commands @code{\labelitemi} through @code{\labelitemiv} to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. + @enumerate - at item @bullet{} (bullet) - at item @b{- at w{-}} (bold en-dash) - at item * (asterisk) + at item @bullet{} (bullet, from @code{\textbullet}) + at item @b{- at w{-}} (bold en-dash, from @code{\normalfont\bfseries\textendash}) + at item * (asterisk, from @code{\textasteriskcentered}) @iftex - at item @math{\cdot} (centered dot) + at item @math{\cdot} (centered dot, from @code{\textperiodcentered}) @end iftex @ifnottex - at item . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + at item . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from @code{\textperiodcentered}) @end ifnottex @end enumerate - at findex \labelitemi - at findex \labelitemii - at findex \labelitemiii - at findex \labelitemiv -The @code{itemize} environment uses the commands @code{\labelitemi} -through @code{\labelitemiv} to produce the default label. So, you can -use @code{\renewcommand} to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds: +Change the labels with @code{\renewcommand}. For instance, this makes +the first level use diamonds. @example \renewcommand@{\labelitemi@}@{$\diamond$@} @@ -3891,73 +3936,28 @@ @findex \leftmarginiv @findex \leftmarginv @findex \leftmarginvi -The @code{\leftmargini} through @code{\leftmarginvi} parameters define -the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the list. By convention, @code{\leftmargin} is set -to the appropriate @code{\leftmargin at var{N}} when a new level of -nesting is entered. +The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the @code{itemize} list is determined by the +parameters @code{\leftmargini} through @code{\leftmarginvi}. (Note the +convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command +name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: @code{2.5em} in +level 1 (@code{2em} in two-column mode), @code{2.2em} in level 2, + at code{1.87em} in level 3, and @code{1.7em} in level 4, with smaller +values for more deeply nested levels. -The defaults vary from @samp{.5em} (highest levels of nesting) to - at samp{2.5em} (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +For other major @LaTeX{} labeled list environments, see + at ref{description} and @ref{enumerate}. For information about list +layout parameters, including the default values, and for information +about customizing list layout, see @ref{list}. The package + at file{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists. +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. + @example \setlength@{\leftmargini@}@{1.25em@} % default 2.5em @end example - at c xx should be in its own generic section -Some parameters that affect list formatting: - - at ftable @code - at item \itemindent -Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - - at item \labelsep -Space between the label and text of an item; default @samp{.5em}. - - at item \labelwidth -Width of the label; default @samp{2em}, or @samp{1.5em} in two-column mode. - - at item \listparindent -Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default @samp{0pt}. - - at item \rightmargin -Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default @samp{0pt}, except in the @code{quote}, - at code{quotation}, and @code{verse} environments, where it is set equal -to @code{\leftmargin}. - - at end ftable - -Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - - at ftable @code - at item \itemsep -Vertical space between items. The default is @code{2pt plus1pt -minus1pt} for @code{10pt} documents, @code{3pt plus2pt minus1pt} for - at code{11pt}, and @code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt} for @code{12pt}. - - at item \parsep -Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as @code{\itemsep}. - - at item \topsep -Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. -For top-level lists, the default is @code{8pt plus2pt minus4pt} for - at code{10pt} documents, @code{9pt plus3pt minus5pt} for @code{11pt}, -and @code{10pt plus4pt minus6pt} for @code{12pt}. These are reduced -for nested lists. - - at item \partopsep -Extra space added to @code{\topsep} when the list environment starts a -paragraph. The default is @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt} for @code{10pt} -documents, @code{3pt plus1pt minus1pt} for @code{11pt}, and @code{3pt -plus2pt minus2pt} for @code{12pt}. - - at end ftable - @findex \parskip @r{example} Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an @code{itemize*} @@ -3989,30 +3989,255 @@ @EnvIndex{list} @cindex lists of items, generic -The @code{list} environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: @example \begin@{list@}@{@var{labeling}@}@{@var{spacing}@} -\item @var{item1} -\item @var{item2} +\item[@var{optional label of first item}] text of first item +\item[@var{optional label of second item}] text of second item ... \end@{list@} @end example -The mandatory @var{labeling} argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to @code{\item}). -This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other @LaTeX{} commands. +The @code{list} environment is a generic environment, for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists +like @ref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize}. Many + at LaTeX{} environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using + at code{list}, including @ref{quotation and quote}, @ref{center}, and + at ref{flushright}. You can also construct custom lists, as here. -The mandatory @var{spacing} argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., @code{@{@}}, which leaves the default spacing. + at example +\newcounter@{namedlistcounter@} % number the items +\newenvironment@{named@}@{% + \begin@{list@}@{Item~\Roman@{namedlistcounter@}.@}% labeling argument + @{\usecounter@{namedlistcounter@} % spacing argument + \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{3.5em@}@}% paren closes spacing arg +@}@{% + \end@{list@} +@} -The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by - at code{\linewidth} (@pxref{Page layout parameters}). +\begin@{named@} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' +\end@{named@} + at end example +The mandatory first argument @var{labeling} specifies the default +labeling of list items. It can contain text and @LaTeX{} commands, as +above where it contains both @samp{Item} and @samp{\Roman@{...@}}. + at LaTeX{} forms the label by putting the @var{labeling} argument in a box +of width @code{\labelwidth}. If the label is wider than that then the +additional material extends to the right. While making an instance of a +list you can override the default labeling by giving @code{\item} an +optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in + at code{\item[Special label.]}; @pxref{\item}. + +The label box is constructed by the command @code{\makelabel}. By +default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, +the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing +its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the + at code{named} environment add + at code{\newcommand@{\namedmakelabel@}[1]@{\textsc@{#1@}@}}, and between +the @code{\setlength} command and the parenthesis that closes the + at var{spacing} argument also add @code{\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel}. +Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the +second code line to @code{\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel} puts the labels +inside a framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. + +The mandatory second argument @var{spacing} can have a list of commands +to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as + at code{\setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{2em@}}. If this argument is empty, +i.e., @code{@{@}}, then the list will have the default spacing given +below. And, to number the items using a counter put + at code{\usecounter@{@var{countername}@}} in this argument. + +Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical spaces +should be rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus} components, +to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a +command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt minus1pt@}}. +For some effects these lengths should be zero or a negative. The +entries for @ref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize} +describe the default values for those lists. The package + at file{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists. + + at ftable @code + at item \itemindent +Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond @code{leftmargin}, of the +first line each item. Its default value is @code{0pt}. + + at item \itemsep +Vertical space between items, beyond the @code{\parsep}. The defaults +for the first three levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, +and @samp{report} classes at 10 point size are: @code{4pt plus2pt +minus1pt}, @code{\parsep} (that is, @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}), and + at code{\topsep} (that is, @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}). The defaults at +11 point are: @code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt}, @code{\parsep} (that is, + at code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}), and @code{topsep} (that is, @code{2pt +plus1pt minus1pt}). The defaults at 12 point are: @code{5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt}, @code{\parsep} (that is, @code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}), and + at code{\topsep} (that is, @code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}). + + at item \labelsep +Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, +and @samp{report} classes is @code{0.5em}. + + at item \labelwidth +Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If @code{\makelabel} returns text that is wider than this then the first +line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. +If @code{\makelabel} returns text of width less than or equal to + at code{\labelwidth} then @LaTeX{}'s default is that the label is typeset +flush right in a box of this width. + +The left edge of the label box is + at code{\leftmargin}+ at code{\itemindent}- at code{\labelsep}- at code{\labelwidth} +from the left margin of the enclosing environment. + +The default for @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and + at samp{report} classes at the top level is + at code{\leftmargini}- at code{\labelsep}, (which is @code{2em} in one column +mode and @code{1.5em} in two column mode). At the second level it is + at code{\leftmarginii}- at code{\labelsep}, and at the third level it is + at code{\leftmarginiii}- at code{\labelsep}. These definitions make the +label's left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing +environment. + + at item \leftmargin +Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the +left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. + +In the standard @LaTeX{} document classes, a top-level list has this set +to the value of @code{\leftmargini}, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to @code{\leftmarginii}. More +deeply nested lists get the values of @code{\leftmarginiii} through + at code{\leftmarginvi}. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message @samp{Too deeply nested}.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, + at samp{book}, and @samp{report} classes are: @code{\leftmargini} is + at code{2.5em} (in two column mode, @code{2em}), @code{\leftmarginii} is + at code{2.2em}, and @code{\leftmarginiii} is @code{1.87em}. + + at item \listparindent +Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond + at code{\leftmargin}, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value is + at code{0pt}. + + at item \parsep +Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the @samp{book} +and @samp{article} classes The defaults for the first three levels in + at LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and @samp{report} classes at 10 +point size are: @code{4pt plus2pt minus1pt}, @code{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt}, and @code{0pt}. The defaults at 11 point size are: + at code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt}, @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}, and + at code{0pt}. The defaults at 12 point size are: @code{5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt}, @code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}, and @code{0pt}. + + at item \partopsep +Vertical space added, beyond @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}, to the top +and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by +a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at both the +top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank +does not matter.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, + at samp{book}, and @samp{report} classes at 10 point size are: @code{2pt +plus1 minus1pt}, @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}, and @code{1pt plus0pt +minus1pt}. The defaults at 11 point are: @code{3pt plus1pt minus1pt}, + at code{3pt plus1pt minus1pt}, and @code{1pt plus0pt minus1pt}). The +defaults at 12 point are: @code{3pt plus2pt minus3pt}, @code{3pt plus2pt +minus2pt}, and @code{1pt plus0pt minus1pt}. + + at item \rightmargin +Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is @code{0pt}. +It must be non-negative. + + at item \topsep +Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to @code{\parskip} (@pxref{\parskip}). The defaults for the first three +levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and @samp{report} +classes at 10 point size are: @code{8pt plus2pt minus4pt}, @code{4pt +plus2pt minus1pt}, and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The defaults at 11 +point are: @code{9pt plus3pt minus5pt}, @code{4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt}, +and @code{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. The defaults at 12 point are: + at code{10pt plus4pt minus6pt}, @code{5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt}, and + at code{2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt}. + + at end ftable + +This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + + at float + at image{latex2e-figures/list,3.21in,,,.png} + at caption{Vertical spaces: @var{v0}= @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and + at code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does; @var{v1} = + at code{\parsep}; @var{v2} = @code{\itemsep}+ at code{\parsep}; @var{v3} = + at var{v1}. Horizontal spaces: @var{h0} = @code{\labelwidth}; @var{h1} = + at code{\labelsep}; @var{h2} = @code{\listparindent}; @var{h3} = + at code{\leftmargin}; @var{h4} = @code{\itemindent}; @var{h5} = + at code{\rightmargin}. The right edge of @var{h1} equals the right edge +of @var{h4}, so that the left edge of the label box is at + at var{h3}+ at var{h4}-(@var{h0}+ at var{h1}).} + at end float + +The list's left and right margins, shown above as @var{h3} and @var{h5}, +are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or +with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width +used for typesetting the list items is @code{\linewidth} (@pxref{Page +layout parameters}). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with + at code{\setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{0.25\linewidth@}}. + +Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. +For each, the @LaTeX{} default is @code{-\@@lowpenalty}, that is, + at code{-51}. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with something like + at code{\@@beginparpenalty=9999}; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. + + at ftable @code + at item \@@beginparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The + at LaTeX{}default is + + at item \@@itempenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. + + at item \@@endparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. + + at end ftable + +This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + + at example +\usepackage@{color@} +\newcounter@{cnt@} +\newcommand@{\makeredlabel@}[1]@{\textcolor@{red@}@{#1.@}@} +\newenvironment@{redlabel@}@{% + \begin@{list@}@{\arabic@{cnt@}@}% + @{\usecounter@{cnt@} + \setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{0em@} + \setlength@{\labelsep@}@{0.5em@} + \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{1.5em@} + \setlength@{\itemindent@}@{0.5em@} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel@} +@}@{ + \end@{list@} +@} + at end example + + + + @menu * \item:: An entry in a list. @end menu From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Mon Feb 12 01:12:45 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2018 02:12:45 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r601 - in trunk: . latex2e-figures Message-ID: <201802120012.w1C0Cjjj011265@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-12 02:12:44 +0200 (Mon, 12 Feb 2018) New Revision: 601 Added: trunk/latex2e-figures/ trunk/latex2e-figures/list.eps trunk/latex2e-figures/list.pdf trunk/latex2e-figures/list.png Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi Log: need these for make to succeed Index: trunk/latex2e-figures/list.png =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-figures/list.png 2018-02-11 22:48:49 UTC (rev 600) +++ trunk/latex2e-figures/list.png 2018-02-12 00:12:44 UTC (rev 601) Property changes on: trunk/latex2e-figures/list.png ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +application/octet-stream \ No newline at end of property Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-11 22:48:49 UTC (rev 600) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-12 00:12:44 UTC (rev 601) @@ -3480,7 +3480,7 @@ @findex \item Start list items with the @code{\item} command (@pxref{\item}). If you -give @code{\item} and optional argument by following it with square +give @code{\item} an optional argument by following it with square brackets, as in @code{\item[Interstitial label]}, then the next item will continue the interrupted sequence (@pxref{\item}). That is, you will get labels like @samp{1.}, then @samp{Interstitial label}, then From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Fri Feb 16 17:50:31 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2018 18:50:31 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r602 - trunk Message-ID: <201802161650.w1GGoVcF026062@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-16 18:50:31 +0200 (Fri, 16 Feb 2018) New Revision: 602 Modified: trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: add trivlist entry Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-12 00:12:44 UTC (rev 601) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-16 16:50:31 UTC (rev 602) @@ -212,6 +212,7 @@

8.16 list

8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list.
8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.

8.17 math

8.18 minipage

@@ -4301,7 +4302,7 @@

Start list items with the \item command (see \item). If you -give \item and optional argument by following it with square +give \item an optional argument by following it with square brackets, as in \item[Interstitial label], then the next item will continue the interrupted sequence (see \item). That is, you will get labels like ‘1.’, then ‘Interstitial label’, then @@ -4943,8 +4944,8 @@ the \setlength command and the parenthesis that closes the spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel. Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the -second code line to \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel puts the labels -inside a framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. +second code line to \let\makelabel\fbox puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry.

The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as @@ -5107,7 +5108,7 @@

Vertical spaces: v0= \topsep+\parskip if +

Vertical spaces: v0 = \topsep+\parskip if the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and \topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does; v1 = \parsep; v2 = \itemsep+\parsep; v3 = @@ -5179,6 +5180,8 @@

• \verb:		The macro form of the `verbatim` environment. @@ -6607,6 +6966,7 @@ + Synopsis: @@ -7310,6 +7670,7 @@ + causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of @@ -8943,10 +9304,13 @@ + + + There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: @@ -11684,6 +12048,7 @@ + Some individual commands, notably those defined with the `xspace`, package do not follow the standard behavior. @@ -12405,10 +12770,10 @@ These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a command within `text`. But they do change the case of every other -latin character inside the argument `text`. Thus, -`\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$`} produces “LET Y=F(X)”. Another +Latin letter inside the argument `text`. Thus, +`\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$`} produces ‘`LET Y=F(X)`’. Another example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that -`\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}` will +`\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}` will produce an error because the first half is changed to `\begin{TABULAR}`. @@ -12417,16 +12782,27 @@ works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. - To change the case of text that results from a command inside `text` + To change the case of text that results from a macro inside `text` you need to do expansion. Here the `\Schoolname` produces -“COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS”. +‘`COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS`’. \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} -\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}} +\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} - To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package + + + + The `textcase` package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands `\MakeUppercase` and +`\MakeLowerCase`. + + + + + To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package `mfirstuc`. @@ -12944,8 +13320,9 @@ - - + + + LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the `babel` package and related support. This @@ -13310,6 +13687,7 @@ + The `datetime` package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. @@ -13660,6 +14038,7 @@ + The index is usually generated with the `\printindex` command. This is defined in the `makeidx` package, so `\usepackage{makeidx}` needs to be in the preamble. @@ -13671,12 +14050,14 @@ + The `showidx` package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. + The `multind` package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind. @@ -14526,6 +14907,7 @@
	acute accent, math:		Math accents
	additional packages, loading:		Additional packages
	ae ligature:		Additional Latin letters
	`algorithm2e` package:		tabbing
	align environment, from `amsmath`:		eqnarray
	aligning equations:		eqnarray
	alignment via tabbing:		tabbing
	auxiliary file:		Output files

B
	`babel` package:		Accents
	`babel` package:		thebibliography
	`babel` package:		Accents
	backslash, in text:		Text symbols
	bar, double vertical, in text:		Text symbols
	bar, vertical, in text:		Text symbols

G
	`geometry` package:		Document class options
	`geometry` package:		Document class options
	global options:		Document class options
	global options:		Additional packages
	glossaries:		Glossaries
	list items, specifying counter:		\usecounter
	list of figures file:		Output files
	list of tables file:		Output files
	`listings` package:		tabbing
	lists of items:		itemize
	lists of items, generic:		list
	lists of items, numbered:		enumerate
	math mode, spacing:		Spacing in math mode
	math symbols:		Math symbols
	math, bold:		Font styles
	`mfirstuc` package:		Upper and lower case
	Millimeter:		Units of length
	minipage, creating a:		minipage
	modes:		Modes
	package file layout:		Class and package structure
	package options:		Class and package structure
	package options:		Class and package commands
	package, `algorithm2e`:		tabbing
	package, `amsmath`:		array
	package, `amsmath`:		displaymath
	package, `babel`:		Accents
	package, `babel`:		thebibliography
	package, `babel`:		Accents
	package, `datetime`:		\today
	package, `etoolbox`:		Class and package commands
	package, `flafter`:		Floats
	package, `float`:		Floats
	package, `footmisc`:		Footnotes in section headings
	package, `geometry`:		Document class options
	package, `geometry`:		Document class options
	package, `listings`:		tabbing
	package, `macros2e`:		\makeatletter and \makeatother
	package, `makeidx`:		Indexes
	package, `mfirstuc`:		Upper and lower case
	package, `multind`:		Indexes
	package, `picture`:		picture
	package, `setspace`:		Low-level font commands
	package, `showidx`:		Indexes
	package, `textcase`:		Upper and lower case
	package, `textcomp`:		Font styles
	package, `xspace`:		\(SPACE) after control sequence
	packages, loading additional:		Additional packages
	robust commands:		\protect
	roman font:		Font styles
	root file:		Splitting the input
	row, tabbing:		tabbing
	rubber lengths, defining new:		\newlength
	running header and footer:		Page layout parameters
	running header and footer style:		\pagestyle
	terminal input/output:		Terminal input/output
	TeX logo:		Text symbols
	text symbols:		Text symbols
	`textcase` package:		Upper and lower case
	`textcomp` package:		Font styles
	thanks, for titlepage:		\maketitle
	theorem-like environment:		\newtheorem
	`\>`:		Spacing in math mode
	`\> (tabbing)`:		tabbing
	`\@`:		\(SPACE) and \@
	`\@beginparpenalty`:		list
	`\@endparpenalty`:		list
	`\@fnsymbol`:		\footnote
	`\@ifstar`:		\@ifstar
	`\@itempenalty`:		list
	`\@startsection`:		\@startsection
	`\a (tabbing)`:		tabbing
	`\a' (acute accent in tabbing)`:		tabbing
	`\bibitem`:		\bibitem
	`\bibliography`:		Using BibTeX
	`\bibliographystyle`:		Using BibTeX
	`\bibname`:		thebibliography
	`\bigcap`:		Math symbols
	`\bigcirc`:		Math symbols
	`\bigcup`:		Math symbols
	`\item`:		description
	`\item`:		enumerate
	`\item`:		itemize
	`\itemindent`:		itemize
	`\itemsep`:		itemize
	`\item`:		itemize
	`\itemindent`:		list
	`\itemsep`:		list
	`\itshape`:		Font styles
	`\j (dotless j)`:		Accents
	`\jmath`:		Math accents
	`\labelitemii`:		itemize
	`\labelitemiii`:		itemize
	`\labelitemiv`:		itemize
	`\labelsep`:		itemize
	`\labelwidth`:		itemize
	`\labelsep`:		list
	`\labelwidth`:		list
	`\Lambda`:		Math symbols
	`\lambda`:		Math symbols
	`\land`:		Math symbols
	`\leftharpoondown`:		Math symbols
	`\leftharpoonup`:		Math symbols
	`\leftmargin`:		itemize
	`\leftmargin`:		list
	`\leftmargini`:		itemize
	`\leftmarginii`:		itemize
	`\leftmarginiii`:		itemize
	`\linewidth`:		Page layout parameters
	`\listoffigures`:		Tables of contents
	`\listoftables`:		Tables of contents
	`\listparindent`:		itemize
	`\listparindent`:		list
	`\ll`:		Math symbols
	`\ln`:		Math functions
	`\lnot`:		Math symbols
	`\parbox`:		\parbox
	`\parindent`:		minipage
	`\parindent`:		\indent
	`\parsep`:		itemize
	`\parsep`:		list
	`\parskip`:		\parskip
	`\parskip example`:		itemize
	`\part`:		Sectioning
	`\partial`:		Math symbols
	`\partopsep`:		itemize
	`\partopsep`:		list
	`\PassOptionsToClass`:		Class and package commands
	`\PassOptionsToPackage`:		Class and package commands
	`\pdfpageheight`:		Document class options
	`\rceil`:		Math symbols
	`\Re`:		Math symbols
	`\ref`:		\ref
	`\refname`:		thebibliography
	`\refstepcounter`:		\refstepcounter
	`\renewenvironment`:		\newenvironment & \renewenvironment
	`\RequirePackage`:		Class and package commands
	`\rightharpoondown`:		Math symbols
	`\rightharpoonup`:		Math symbols
	`\rightleftharpoons`:		Math symbols
	`\rightmargin`:		itemize
	`\rightmargin`:		list
	`\rm`:		Font styles
	`\rmfamily`:		Font styles
	`\roman{counter}`:		\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol
	`\topfraction`:		Floats
	`\topfraction`:		Floats
	`\topmargin`:		Page layout parameters
	`\topsep`:		itemize
	`\topsep`:		list
	`\topskip`:		Page layout parameters
	`\topskip`:		Page layout parameters
	`\totalheight`:		Predefined lengths

+ @@ -5186,7 +5189,7 @@

8.16.1 `\item`: An entry in a list.

@@ -5203,17 +5206,19 @@

An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default -depends on the list type. +depends on the list type.

Because the optional argument optional label is surrounded by -square brackets ([ and ]), to use square brackets -inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as -in \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. Similarly, to use an open -square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it -inside curly braces. See LaTeX command syntax. +

Because the optional label starts with a square bracket ‘[’, if you +have an item with no optional argument whose text starts with that +character then LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional +label. The fix is to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in +\item {[} is an open square bracket. In the same way, if the +item does have an optional label and you must put a close square bracket +inside that label then you can hide it, as in \item[Close square +bracket, {]}]. See LaTeX command syntax.

In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. +

In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label.

\begin{enumerate}
@@ -5229,7 +5234,61 @@
 not get a ‘3.’).
    
 
+
+
+
+
+Previous: \item, Up: list   [Contents][Index]
+
+
+8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.
 
+Synopsis:
+
+
+\begin{trivlist}
+  ...
+\end{trivlist}
+
+
+A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented
+and an \item without an optional argument produces no text.  Its
+typically use is in macros, to define to define an environment where the
+\item command as part of the environment’s definition.  For
+instance, the center environment is defined in essentially the
+following way.
+
+
+\newenvironment{center}{%
+  \begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}{%
+  \end{trivlist}}
+
+
+Using trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit the code
+to handle how to combine vertical space if one environment that is set
+off from the preceeding and following material immediately follows
+another, to detect whether the text following the environment should be
+set as a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one, and to
+adjust the left and right margins in a way that tells any nested list
+environments which margins to use.
+
+Specifically, trivlist uses the current values of the list
+parameters (see list), except that \parsep is set to the
+value of \parskip, and \leftmargin, \labelwidth,
+and \itemindent are set to zero.
+
+This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that with
+LaTeX’s defaults they have no paragraph indent and are vertically
+separated.
+
+
+\begin{trivlist}
+\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old.
+\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
+\end{trivlist}
+
+
+
 
 
 

Modified: trunk/latex2e.info
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.info	2018-02-12 00:12:44 UTC (rev 601)
+++ trunk/latex2e.info	2018-02-16 16:50:31 UTC (rev 602)
@@ -2698,7 +2698,7 @@
      \end{enumerate}
 
    Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::).  If you
-give '\item' and optional argument by following it with square brackets,
+give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets,
 as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the
 interrupted sequence (*note \item::).  That is, you will get labels like
 '1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'.  Following the '\item' is
@@ -3145,8 +3145,8 @@
 and between the '\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the
 SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'.  Then the
 items will be typeset in small caps.  Similarly, changing the second
-code line to '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel' puts the labels inside a
-framed box.  Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry.
+code line to '\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box.
+Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry.
 
    The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to
 redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as
@@ -3272,7 +3272,7 @@
 
  
-Vertical spaces: V0= '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does
+Vertical spaces: V0 = '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does
 not start a new paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it
 does; V1 = '\parsep'; V2 = '\itemsep'+'\parsep'; V3 = V1.  Horizontal
 spaces: H0 = '\labelwidth'; H1 = '\labelsep'; H2 = '\listparindent'; H3
@@ -3325,9 +3325,10 @@
 * Menu:
 
 * \item::          An entry in a list.
+* trivlist::       A restricted form of list.
 
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: \item,  Up: list
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \item,  Next: trivlist,  Up: list
 
 8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list.
 -----------------------------------
@@ -3342,15 +3343,17 @@
    An entry in a list.  The entries are prefixed by a label, whose
 default depends on the list type.
 
-   Because the optional argument OPTIONAL LABEL is surrounded by square
-brackets ('[' and ']'), to use square brackets inside the optional
-argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as in '\item[Close
-square bracket, {]}]'.  Similarly, to use an open square bracket as
-first character in the text of the item, also hide it inside curly
-braces.  *Note LaTeX command syntax::.
+   Because the optional label starts with a square bracket '[', if you
+have an item with no optional argument whose text starts with that
+character then LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional label.
+The fix is to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in '\item {[} is
+an open square bracket'.  In the same way, if the item does have an
+optional label and you must put a close square bracket inside that label
+then you can hide it, as in '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'.  *Note
+LaTeX command syntax::.
 
-   In this example the 'enumerate' list has two items that use the
-default label and one that uses the optional label.
+   In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default
+label and one that uses the optional label.
 
      \begin{enumerate}
        \item Moe
@@ -3364,6 +3367,51 @@
 '3.').
 
 
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: trivlist,  Prev: \item,  Up: list
+
+8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list'.
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+     \begin{trivlist}
+       ...
+     \end{trivlist}
+
+   A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not
+indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no text.
+Its typically use is in macros, to define to define an environment where
+the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition.  For
+instance, the 'center' environment is defined in essentially the
+following way.
+
+     \newenvironment{center}{%
+       \begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}{%
+       \end{trivlist}}
+
+   Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit the code to
+handle how to combine vertical space if one environment that is set off
+from the preceeding and following material immediately follows another,
+to detect whether the text following the environment should be set as a
+new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one, and to adjust the
+left and right margins in a way that tells any nested list environments
+which margins to use.
+
+   Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list
+parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of
+'\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set
+to zero.
+
+   This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that with
+LaTeX's defaults they have no paragraph indent and are vertically
+separated.
+
+     \begin{trivlist}
+     \item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old.
+     \item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
+     \end{trivlist}
+
+
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: math,  Next: minipage,  Prev: list,  Up: Environments
 
 8.17 'math'
@@ -11460,189 +11508,190 @@
 Node: \AtBeginDocument106966
 Node: \AtEndDocument107539
 Node: enumerate108136
-Node: eqnarray110934
-Node: equation112988
-Node: figure113506
-Node: filecontents115318
-Node: flushleft117071
-Node: \raggedright117564
-Node: flushright118123
-Node: \raggedleft118621
-Node: itemize119178
-Node: letter122679
-Node: list122917
-Node: \item133634
-Node: math134765
-Node: minipage135066
-Node: picture136258
-Node: \circle140553
-Node: \makebox (picture)140896
-Node: \framebox (picture)141602
-Node: \dashbox142092
-Node: \frame142615
-Node: \line142941
-Node: \linethickness143399
-Node: \thicklines143820
-Node: \thinlines144130
-Node: \multiput144432
-Node: \oval144799
-Node: \put145520
-Node: \shortstack145811
-Node: \vector146285
-Node: quotation and quote146599
-Node: tabbing147806
-Node: table153120
-Node: tabular154547
-Node: \multicolumn161755
-Node: \vline165640
-Node: \cline166985
-Node: \hline167669
-Node: thebibliography168352
-Node: \bibitem169966
-Node: \cite170724
-Node: \nocite171243
-Node: Using BibTeX171531
-Node: theorem173040
-Node: titlepage173426
-Node: verbatim174716
-Node: \verb175355
-Node: verse175905
-Node: Line breaking176399
-Node: \\177496
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr178534
-Node: \newline178936
-Node: \- (hyphenation)179770
-Node: \discretionary180385
-Node: \fussy180677
-Node: \sloppy181067
-Node: \hyphenation181394
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak182019
-Node: Page breaking182671
-Node: \cleardoublepage183279
-Node: \clearpage183708
-Node: \newpage184005
-Node: \enlargethispage184236
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak184763
-Node: Footnotes185457
-Node: \footnote186711
-Node: \footnotemark188507
-Node: \footnotetext189751
-Node: Footnotes in a table190241
-Node: Footnotes in section headings192098
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes192954
-Node: Multiple reference to footnotes193721
-Node: Footnote parameters194579
-Node: Definitions195329
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand196142
-Node: \providecommand199978
-Node: \newcounter200639
-Node: \newlength201610
-Node: \newsavebox202257
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment202868
-Node: \newtheorem207228
-Node: \newfont210717
-Node: \protect212282
-Node: Counters214622
-Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol216222
-Node: \usecounter218294
-Node: \value219126
-Node: \setcounter220069
-Node: \addtocounter220555
-Node: \refstepcounter221020
-Node: \stepcounter221678
-Node: \day \month \year222020
-Node: Lengths222565
-Node: Units of length224355
-Node: \setlength225849
-Node: \addtolength226253
-Node: \settodepth226571
-Node: \settoheight226862
-Node: \settowidth227159
-Node: Predefined lengths227467
-Node: Making paragraphs227982
-Node: \indent228554
-Node: \noindent229016
-Node: \parskip229525
-Node: Marginal notes229783
-Node: Math formulas231595
-Node: Subscripts & superscripts233379
-Node: Math symbols234717
-Node: Math functions260047
-Node: Math accents260990
-Node: Spacing in math mode261962
-Node: Math miscellany263429
-Node: Modes265979
-Node: \ensuremath267819
-Node: Page styles268735
-Node: \maketitle269229
-Node: \pagenumbering270299
-Node: \pagestyle270795
-Node: \thispagestyle271936
-Node: Spaces272242
-Node: \hspace273167
-Node: \hfill274122
-Node: \(SPACE) and \@274517
-Ref: \AT274678
-Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence276215
-Node: \frenchspacing277133
-Node: \thinspace277751
-Node: \/278054
-Node: \hrulefill \dotfill279236
-Node: \addvspace280229
-Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip281275
-Node: \vfill282169
-Node: \vspace283038
-Node: Boxes284031
-Node: \mbox284756
-Node: \fbox and \framebox285043
-Node: lrbox285846
-Node: \makebox286205
-Node: \parbox286925
-Node: \raisebox288493
-Node: \savebox289090
-Node: \sbox289505
-Node: \usebox289954
-Node: Special insertions290215
-Node: Reserved characters291016
-Node: Upper and lower case292217
-Node: Symbols by font position294132
-Node: Text symbols294752
-Node: Accents298200
-Node: Additional Latin letters300742
-Ref: Non-English characters300913
-Node: \rule301930
-Node: \today302359
-Node: Splitting the input303113
-Node: \include303877
-Node: \includeonly304468
-Node: \input304981
-Node: Front/back matter305476
-Node: Tables of contents305681
-Node: \addcontentsline306742
-Node: \addtocontents307760
-Node: Glossaries308293
-Node: Indexes308812
-Node: Letters310445
-Node: \address314123
-Node: \cc314993
-Node: \closing315411
-Node: \encl315722
-Node: \location316137
-Node: \makelabels316406
-Node: \name317407
-Node: \opening317637
-Node: \ps317977
-Node: \signature318266
-Node: \telephone319358
-Node: Terminal input/output319723
-Node: \typein319988
-Node: \typeout320573
-Node: Command line321196
-Node: Document templates322148
-Node: beamer template322555
-Node: book template323206
-Node: tugboat template323574
-Node: Concept Index325938
-Node: Command Index382903
+Node: eqnarray110933
+Node: equation112987
+Node: figure113505
+Node: filecontents115317
+Node: flushleft117070
+Node: \raggedright117563
+Node: flushright118122
+Node: \raggedleft118620
+Node: itemize119177
+Node: letter122678
+Node: list122916
+Node: \item133669
+Node: trivlist134953
+Node: math136621
+Node: minipage136922
+Node: picture138114
+Node: \circle142409
+Node: \makebox (picture)142752
+Node: \framebox (picture)143458
+Node: \dashbox143948
+Node: \frame144471
+Node: \line144797
+Node: \linethickness145255
+Node: \thicklines145676
+Node: \thinlines145986
+Node: \multiput146288
+Node: \oval146655
+Node: \put147376
+Node: \shortstack147667
+Node: \vector148141
+Node: quotation and quote148455
+Node: tabbing149662
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Author: jimhefferon
Date: 2018-02-18 18:00:10 +0200 (Sun, 18 Feb 2018)
New Revision: 603

Modified:
   trunk/latex2e.html
   trunk/latex2e.info
   trunk/latex2e.pdf
   trunk/latex2e.texi
Log:
sync and smooth tabbing env translation from French version

Modified: trunk/latex2e.html
===================================================================
--- trunk/latex2e.html	2018-02-16 16:50:31 UTC (rev 602)
+++ trunk/latex2e.html	2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603)
@@ -5252,9 +5252,9 @@

A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented -and an \item without an optional argument produces no text. Its -typically use is in macros, to define to define an environment where the -\item command as part of the environment’s definition. For +and an \item without an optional argument produces no text. It +is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment where +the \item command as part of the environment’s definition. For instance, the center environment is defined in essentially the following way.
@@ -5953,57 +5953,70 @@

\begin{tabbing} -row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\ -row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\ +row1col1 \= row1col2 ... \\ +row2col1 \> row2col2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing}
-
The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in -columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as -was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +
The tabbing environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance.
-
This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular -environment. +
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a +\kill command.
+
+
\begin{tabbing} +\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill +Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ +\textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ +\textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ +\textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ +\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 +\end{tabbing} +
+ +
Both the tabbing environment and the more widely-used +tabular environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is determined +automatically by LaTeX but in tabbing the user sets tab stops. +Another distinction is that tabular generates a box, but +tabbing can be broken across pages. Finally, while +tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing can be used only +in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +
+
A tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the \hspace command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the tabbing environment is +the end of line, so that the width of the environment is +\linewidth. +
-
The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed rows, -the first tabbed row begins immediately after \begin{tabbing} +
The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed rows. +The first tabbed row begins immediately after \begin{tabbing} and each row ends with \\ or \kill. The last row may end -with just \end{tabbing}, which is equivalent to -\\\end{tabbing}. +with just \end{tabbing}, which is equivalent to \\ +\end{tabbing}.
-
The tabbing environment has a current tab stop pattern which is a -sequence of n tab stops, with n > 0, creating n -corresponding columns. Immediately after \begin{tabbing} we -have n=1, i.e., the current tab stop pattern contains only one -tab stop, referred to as tab stop #0, the position of which is the -beginning of line, i.e., the first columns starts at the beginning of the -line. +
At any point the tabbing environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of n > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. +These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always +the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop +number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on +the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if all the stops +0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally later stops are to the +right of earlier ones.

By default any text typeset in a tabbing environment is typeset -ragged right with left alignment on the current tab stop, i.e., it is -typeset left-aligned in the current column. Typesetting is carried out -in LR mode. +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (see Modes).
-
Besides, the tabbing environment has a current beginning of line -tab stop. By default, immediately after \begin{tabbing} this is -tab stop #0, but this can be changed with commands \+ and -\-. +
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment. +They are all fragile (see \protect).
-
The right margin of the tabbing environment is the end of line, -that is to say the width of the environment has the length -\linewidth. -
-
As far as the left margin is concerned, or in other words the tab stop -#0, unlike the tabular environment, it is not necessary to place -a \noindent before \begin{tabbing} to avoid indentation: -a tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph without -indentation. Moreover it is not needed to star a \hspace command at the beginning of a tabbed row for the space to be take -
-
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment: -

\\ (tabbing) @@ -6077,16 +6090,16 @@
In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as usual (see Accents). Instead, -the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. +use the commands \a=, \a' and \a`.

\kill
-
Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ -except that it throws away the current line instead of producing -output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- -commands in that line remain in effect. +
Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ except +that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. +Any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in +effect.

\poptabs @@ -6111,7 +6124,7 @@
-
This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +
This example typesets a Pascal function.

\begin{tabbing} @@ -6125,7 +6138,7 @@ \end{tabbing}
-
The output will look like this: +
The output will look like this.

function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin @@ -6138,13 +6151,14 @@ - + + -
This was only an example illustrating the use of tabbing. To -typeset code, you may rather consider the algorithm2e package for -pseudo code, and listings for real code. +
(Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting +computer code, including listings, minted, and +algorithm2e.)

@@ -15357,6 +15371,7 @@ mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case Millimeter: Units of length minipage, creating a: minipage +minted package: tabbing modes: Modes monospace font: Font styles moving arguments: \protect @@ -15424,6 +15439,7 @@ package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother package, makeidx: Indexes package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case +package, minted: tabbing package, multind: Indexes package, picture: picture package, setspace: Low-level font commands Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-16 16:50:31 UTC (rev 602) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) @@ -3380,8 +3380,8 @@ A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no text. -Its typically use is in macros, to define to define an environment where -the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For +It is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment +where the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For instance, the 'center' environment is defined in essentially the following way. @@ -3839,52 +3839,62 @@ Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} - ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ - ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ + ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 ... \\ + ROW2COL1 \> ROW2COL2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} - The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. -It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an -ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of -each column is constant and known in advance. + The 'tabbing' environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. - This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' -environment. + This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a +'\kill' command. - The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows", the + \begin{tabbing} + \hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill + Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ + \textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ + \textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ + \textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ + \textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 + \end{tabbing} + + Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular' +environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that +in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX +but in 'tabbing' the user sets tab stops. Another distinction is that +'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across pages. +Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can be used +only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. + + A 'tabbing' environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the '\hspace' command at the beginning of a +tabbed row. The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of +line, so that the width of the environment is '\linewidth'. + + The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may end with just -'\end{tabbing}', which is equivalent to '\\\end{tabbing}'. +'\end{tabbing}', which is equivalent to '\\ \end{tabbing}'. - The 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop pattern which is a -sequence of N tab stops, with N > 0, creating N corresponding columns. -Immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' we have N=1, i.e., the current tab -stop pattern contains only one tab stop, referred to as tab stop #0, the -position of which is the beginning of line, i.e., the first columns -starts at the beginning of the line. + At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These +create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, +defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is +assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only +be set if all the stops 0, ..., I-1 have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset -ragged right with left alignment on the current tab stop, i.e., it is -typeset left-aligned in the current column. Typesetting is carried out -in LR mode. +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (*note Modes::). - Besides, the 'tabbing' environment has a current beginning of line -tab stop. By default, immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' this is tab -stop #0, but this can be changed with commands '\+' and '\-'. + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment. +They are all fragile (*note \protect::). - The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of line, -that is to say the width of the environment has the length '\linewidth'. - - As far as the left margin is concerned, or in other words the tab -stop #0, unlike the 'tabular' environment, it is not necessary to place -a '\noindent' before '\begin{tabbing}' to avoid indentation: a 'tabbing' -environment always starts a new paragraph without indentation. Moreover -it is not needed to star a '\hspace' command at the beginning of a -tabbed row for the space to be take - - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: - '\\ (tabbing)' End a tabbed line and typeset it. @@ -3923,14 +3933,14 @@ '\a (tabbing)' In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not - produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands - '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used. + produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, use the + commands '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`'. '\kill' Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output - for it. The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line - remain in effect. + for it. Any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line remain in + effect. '\poptabs' Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'. @@ -3943,7 +3953,7 @@ '\tabbingsep' Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. - This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + This example typesets a Pascal function. \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ @@ -3955,7 +3965,7 @@ end;\\ \end{tabbing} - The output will look like this: + The output will look like this. function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin if n > 1 then @@ -3964,9 +3974,8 @@ fact := 1; end; - This was only an example illustrating the use of 'tabbing'. To -typeset code, you may rather consider the 'algorithm2e' package for -pseudo code, and 'listings' for real code. + (Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting +computer code, including 'listings', 'minted', and 'algorithm2e'.) File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments @@ -9469,7 +9478,7 @@ * additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6) * ae ligature: Additional Latin letters. (line 16) -* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 134) +* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 144) * align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6) * aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6) * alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) @@ -9860,7 +9869,7 @@ * list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) * list of figures file: Output files. (line 43) * list of tables file: Output files. (line 43) -* listings package: tabbing. (line 134) +* listings package: tabbing. (line 144) * lists of items: itemize. (line 6) * lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) * lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) @@ -9906,6 +9915,7 @@ (line 45) * Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27) * minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) +* minted package: tabbing. (line 144) * modes: Modes. (line 6) * monospace font: Font styles. (line 92) * moving arguments: \protect. (line 19) @@ -9968,7 +9978,7 @@ (line 6) * package options <1>: Class and package commands. (line 66) -* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 134) +* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 144) * package, amsmath: array. (line 40) * package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22) * package, babel: thebibliography. (line 29) @@ -9984,12 +9994,13 @@ (line 40) * package, geometry <1>: Document class options. (line 44) -* package, listings: tabbing. (line 134) +* package, listings: tabbing. (line 144) * package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother. (line 39) * package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28) * package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case. (line 45) +* package, minted: tabbing. (line 144) * package, multind: Indexes. (line 39) * package, picture: picture. (line 23) * package, setspace: Low-level font commands. @@ -10083,7 +10094,7 @@ * robust commands: \protect. (line 6) * roman font: Font styles. (line 80) * root file: Splitting the input. (line 9) -* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 22) +* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 45) * rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. (line 6) @@ -10280,15 +10291,15 @@ * \%: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \&: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 76) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 86) * $: Math formulas. (line 16) * \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) * $: Math formulas. (line 16) * \*: Math miscellany. (line 6) -* \+: tabbing. (line 68) +* \+: tabbing. (line 78) * \,: Spacing in math mode. (line 25) -* \-: tabbing. (line 72) +* \-: tabbing. (line 82) * \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) * \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25) * \/: \/. (line 6) @@ -10296,13 +10307,13 @@ (line 21) * \;: Spacing in math mode. (line 16) -* \<: tabbing. (line 64) +* \<: tabbing. (line 74) * \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 58) -* \>: tabbing. (line 62) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 68) +* \>: tabbing. (line 72) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. (line 21) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 71) * \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) * \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 201) * \@endparpenalty: list. (line 208) @@ -10310,9 +10321,9 @@ * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) * \@itempenalty: list. (line 205) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 91) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 101) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) * \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters. (line 12) * \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters. @@ -10361,7 +10372,7 @@ * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. (line 14) * \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) * \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46) * \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51) * \bar: Math accents. (line 13) @@ -10679,7 +10690,7 @@ * \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70) * \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284) * \ker: Math functions. (line 60) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 96) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 106) * \l (/l): Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * \L (/L): Additional Latin letters. @@ -10946,8 +10957,8 @@ * \pi: Math symbols. (line 520) * \pm: Math symbols. (line 524) * \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 102) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 103) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 112) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 113) * \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46) * \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) * \prec: Math symbols. (line 527) @@ -10971,7 +10982,7 @@ * \ps: \ps. (line 6) * \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550) * \psi: Math symbols. (line 553) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 105) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 115) * \put: \put. (line 6) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. (line 38) @@ -11094,7 +11105,7 @@ (line 6) * \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81) * \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 110) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 120) * \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 171) * \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6) * \tan: Math functions. (line 105) @@ -11267,7 +11278,7 @@ * \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29) * \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12) * \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 20) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 55) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 65) * \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12) * \\ for letters: Letters. (line 50) * \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34) @@ -11281,7 +11292,7 @@ * \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33) * \_: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 82) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) * \{: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \|: Math symbols. (line 19) * \}: Reserved characters. 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D?4~?}?hz?m???Z? -;m??????m???h?E.o?-K{j??(?5??$????????h?E??R8q>j? -?>??4p???????i??I*&i???X?U2??hq?M????G????5?If&???G???????4?M?5?&)?|???w?? -x?|?>???k]?????}??L,}??K~???????4???Ytw???_|??mI??b(???t??i?+?????}i?????t?????.?????????z??4??I,?EG,:?w????a??~????;?w????a??~????;?w????a??~????;?w????a??~????;?w????a??~????;?w????a??~????;s????A?>???? ?0????->??p??98?"\?.?? -??:???&????;p??}x-?`9???? -V????????ll?M?|?l+l???v?.?????>?? ??0G?(??18'?$???4??p.A???o}-???48??R?? -\?kpn??pnAn????>???? ?0????-?`9?????B??OC??|U*|K?`=l??? 6?? -?`;????Fa7??????8??0??8 -?p?? 8 ??8 -g?,???p.?%??2\??p -?? -?n?-(?m?w?????cxO??_K?7?F??e)?'??%y9??A^?r?????? /y9??A^?r?????? /y9??A^?r?????? /y9??A^?r?????? /y9??A^?r?????? /y9??A^?r????? +?@,?b??? ?X?`1,????? +X ?`5????????`3l??? +??n?!~Q?~d ????&o??????}???+\?kpn?M?y? +w?.????+??9???)???????o????^?kxo????Qf??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2?e?????/?_f??~??2???P?' ea(C??2?e????9/s^???y?s?? +U8?p^???y?? +??+?WH??\?e?$e_??x????by.????@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??TD?"??@E*"P??T?"???p6'??n??^???A????!X+\?kpn?M?y? +w?.????+rP????? 9(?AA +rP????? 9(?AA +rP????? 9(?AA +rP?%??@|??B?aO???W?J7?????(HDA" +Q??y'\BZ?????jA@ +R???? )???qZ????????q?m?9(?AA +rP????? 9(?AA +rP????? 9(?AA +rP????? 9(?AA +s?????xi????q?I?7????4o???[????????i???l?z?????[/??/???y??S1|??s_??6???v?z?????????[ksi?'?%??/??85"??w???4?N5nu???Z?[=i??E??M???[Y8??q?/ +|?????4?S?????? ???1L?o?)n +??????? +??????i??????M?????_K????$q??N???8???N??I;?0 +}?????_????;???????-?mioK{[????????????????-?mioK{[???????????m?????^[??????v??o?x[??2??????e?-?mo?x[??2???#?mo?x[??2??????????~?_?Hv;???d?%?-?m?nKv[???????d?%?-?m?n?????d? h?&?M@??v?G??@????k???????pm{?v?G?????p?Wi???????r????? endstream endobj startxref -907925 +908198 %%EOF Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-16 16:50:31 UTC (rev 602) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) @@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. @c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file @c - at c xx node tabbing needs more complete translation from the French version. @c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf: \ignorespacesafterend, @c \normalsfcodes @c xx color (include info from clsguide.pdf) @@ -4299,9 +4298,9 @@ @end example A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented -and an @code{\item} without an optional argument produces no text. Its -typically use is in macros, to define to define an environment where the - at code{\item} command as part of the environment's definition. For +and an @code{\item} without an optional argument produces no text. It +is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment where +the @code{\item} command as part of the environment's definition. For instance, the @code{center} environment is defined in essentially the following way. @@ -4851,57 +4850,70 @@ @example \begin@{tabbing@} - at var{row1col1} \= @var{row1col2} \= @var{row1col3} \= @var{row1col4} \\ - at var{row2col1} \> \> @var{row2col3} \\ + at var{row1col1} \= @var{row1col2} ... \\ + at var{row2col1} \> @var{row2col2} ... \\ ... \end@{tabbing@} @end example -The @code{tabbing} environment provides a way to align text in -columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as -was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +The @code{tabbing} environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. -This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the @code{tabular} -environment. +This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a + at code{\kill} command. + at example +\begin@{tabbing@} +\hspace@{0.75in@} \= \hspace@{0.40in@} \= \hspace@{0.40in@} \kill +Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ +\textit@{Sophie@} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ +\textit@{Polychrest@} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ +\textit@{Lively@} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ +\textit@{Surprise@} \> 28 \> 1805 +\end@{tabbing@} + at end example + +Both the @code{tabbing} environment and the more widely-used + at code{tabular} environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in @code{tabular} the width of columns is determined +automatically by @LaTeX{} but in @code{tabbing} the user sets tab stops. +Another distinction is that @code{tabular} generates a box, but + at code{tabbing} can be broken across pages. Finally, while + at code{tabular} can be used in any mode, @code{tabbing} can be used only +in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. + +A @code{tabbing} environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the @code{\hspace} command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the @code{tabbing} environment is +the end of line, so that the width of the environment is + at code{\linewidth}. + @cindex row, @r{tabbing} -The @code{tabbing} environment contains a sequence of @dfn{tabbed rows}, -the first tabbed row begins immediately after @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} +The @code{tabbing} environment contains a sequence of @dfn{tabbed rows}. +The first tabbed row begins immediately after @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} and each row ends with @code{\\} or @code{\kill}. The last row may end -with just @code{\end@{tabbing@}}, which is equivalent to - at code{\\\end@{tabbing@}}. +with just @code{\end@{tabbing@}}, which is equivalent to @code{\\ +\end@{tabbing@}}. -The @code{tabbing} environment has a current tab stop pattern which is a -sequence of @var{n} tab stops, with @math{@var{n} > 0}, creating @var{n} -corresponding columns. Immediately after @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} we -have @math{@var{n}=1}, i.e., the current tab stop pattern contains only one -tab stop, referred to as tab stop #0, the position of which is the -beginning of line, i.e., the first columns starts at the beginning of the -line. +At any point the @code{tabbing} environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of @math{@var{n} > 0} tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. +These create @var{n} corresponding columns. Tab stop at tie{}0 is always +the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop +number at tie{}@var{i} is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on +the page. Tab stop number at tie{}@var{i} can only be set if all the stops +0, ..., @var{i-1} have already been set; normally later stops are to the +right of earlier ones. By default any text typeset in a @code{tabbing} environment is typeset -ragged right with left alignment on the current tab stop, i.e., it is -typeset left-aligned in the current column. Typesetting is carried out -in LR mode. +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (@pxref{Modes}). -Besides, the @code{tabbing} environment has a current beginning of line -tab stop. By default, immediately after @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} this is -tab stop #0, but this can be changed with commands @code{\+} and - at code{\-}. +The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} environment. +They are all fragile (@pxref{\protect}). -The right margin of the @code{tabbing} environment is the end of line, -that is to say the width of the environment has the length - at code{\linewidth}. - -As far as the left margin is concerned, or in other words the tab stop -#0, unlike the @code{tabular} environment, it is not necessary to place -a @code{\noindent} before @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} to avoid indentation: -a @code{tabbing} environment always starts a new paragraph without -indentation. Moreover it is not needed to star a @code{\hspace} command at the beginning of a tabbed row for the space to be take - -The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} environment: - @ftable @code @item \\ @r{(tabbing)} End a tabbed line and typeset it. @@ -4949,13 +4961,13 @@ @findex \a= @r{(macron accent in tabbing)} In a @code{tabbing} environment, the commands @code{\=}, @code{\'} and @code{\`} do not produce accents as usual (@pxref{Accents}). Instead, -the commands @code{\a=}, @code{\a'} and @code{\a`} are used. +use the commands @code{\a=}, @code{\a'} and @code{\a`}. @item \kill -Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like @code{\\} -except that it throws away the current line instead of producing -output for it. The effect of any @code{\=}, @code{\+} or @code{\-} -commands in that line remain in effect. +Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like @code{\\} except +that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. +Any @code{\=}, @code{\+} or @code{\-} commands in that line remain in +effect. @item \poptabs @findex \poptabs @@ -4970,7 +4982,7 @@ @end ftable -This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +This example typesets a Pascal function. @example \begin@{tabbing@} @@ -4984,7 +4996,7 @@ \end@{tabbing@} @end example -The output will look like this: +The output will look like this. @example function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin @@ -4995,11 +5007,10 @@ end; @end example - at PkgIndex{algorithm2e} - at PkgIndex{listings} -This was only an example illustrating the use of @code{tabbing}. To -typeset code, you may rather consider the @file{algorithm2e} package for -pseudo code, and @code{listings} for real code. + at PkgIndex{algorithm2e} @PkgIndex{listings} @PkgIndex{minted} +(Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting +computer code, including @code{listings}, @code{minted}, and + at file{algorithm2e}.) @node table @section @code{table} From karl at gnu.org.ua Mon Feb 19 19:29:38 2018 From: karl at gnu.org.ua (karl at gnu.org.ua) Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2018 20:29:38 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r604 - trunk Message-ID: <201802191829.w1JITca9030978@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: karl Date: 2018-02-19 20:29:38 +0200 (Mon, 19 Feb 2018) New Revision: 604 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/NEWS trunk/aspell.en.pws trunk/latex2e-es.pdf trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: wording, formatting Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -1,3 +1,11 @@ +2018-02-19 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (\list), + (\item), + (trivlist): minor wording and formatting updates. + (\AtBeginDocument, \AtEndDocument): @subsection commands needed. + Various typos etc. throughout. + 2018-01-02 Vincent Bela?che * latex2e-fr.texi (thebibliography, Upper and lower case): Align @@ -26,7 +34,7 @@ ??Non-English characters?? to ??Additional Latin letters??. Add an anchor for backward compatibility. - * latex2e.texi (Document class options): Add @PkgIndex{geometry}. + * latex2e.texi (Document class options): Add @PkgIndex{geometry}. 2017-10-08 Vincent Bela?che Modified: trunk/NEWS =================================================================== --- trunk/NEWS 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/NEWS 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ Spanish translation originally from Nacho Pacheco (currently unmaintained). French translation originally from Vincent Belaiche. +- list environment: diagram of parameters and much additional text. +- tabbing environment added. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in Aug 2017 release: Modified: trunk/aspell.en.pws =================================================================== --- trunk/aspell.en.pws 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/aspell.en.pws 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -104,3 +104,4 @@ startsection mfirstuc texi +outdent Index: trunk/latex2e-es.pdf =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-es.pdf 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/latex2e-es.pdf 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) Property changes on: trunk/latex2e-es.pdf ___________________________________________________________________ Modified: svn:mime-type ## -1 +1 ## -application/octet-stream +application/pdf \ No newline at end of property Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ - + -LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017) + +LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018) - - + + - @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ -
LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)
+
LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018)
@@ -193,7 +193,11 @@

8.4 description

8.5 displaymath
-
8.6 document
+
8.6 document +
+
8.6.1 \AtBeginDocument
+
8.6.2 \AtEndDocument
+

8.7 enumerate

8.8 eqnarray

8.9 equation
@@ -211,8 +215,8 @@
8.15 letter environment: writing letters

8.16 list
-
8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list.
-
8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.
+
8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list
+
8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list

8.17 math

8.18 minipage
@@ -446,7 +450,7 @@
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual

This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -August 2017) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +February 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+ @@ -15187,6 +15211,7 @@ + @@ -15429,7 +15454,9 @@ + + @@ -16255,6 +16282,7 @@ + Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version of August 2017. +preparation system, version of February 2018. This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, -2017 Karl Berry. +2017, 2018 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of August 2017) -for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of February +2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Menu: @@ -2639,6 +2639,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtBeginDocument, Next: \AtEndDocument, Up: document +8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' +------------------------ + Synopsis: \AtBeginDocument{CODE} @@ -2655,6 +2658,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtEndDocument, Prev: \AtBeginDocument, Up: document +8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' +---------------------- + Synopsis: \AtEndDocument{CODE} @@ -3106,21 +3112,28 @@ ... \end{list} - The 'list' environment is a generic environment, for constructing -more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists -like *note description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::. Many -LaTeX environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using -'list', including *note quotation and quote::, *note center::, and *note -flushright::. You can also construct custom lists, as here. + The 'list' environment is a generic environment for constructing more +specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments (*note +description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::). + Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', 'quote', 'center', +'verbatim', and plenty more (*note quotation and quote::, *note +center::, *note flushright::). + + The third-party package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the 'list' environment by defining a new custom +environment. + \newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items - \newenvironment{named}{% - \begin{list}{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.}% labeling argument - {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument - \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}}% paren closes spacing arg - }{% - \end{list} - } + \newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} \begin{named} \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' @@ -3128,14 +3141,15 @@ \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' \end{named} - The mandatory first argument LABELING specifies the default labeling -of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where -it contains both 'Item' and '\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by -putting the LABELING argument in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the -label is wider than that then the additional material extends to the -right. While making an instance of a list you can override the default -labeling by giving '\item' an optional argument by including square -braces and the text, as in '\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::. + The 'list' environment's mandatory first argument, LABELING, +specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and +LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both 'Item' and +'\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by putting the LABELING argument +in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the label is wider than that, the +additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a +list you can override the default labeling by giving '\item' an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +'\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::. The label box is constructed by the command '\makelabel'. By default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the @@ -3146,24 +3160,23 @@ SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to '\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. -Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. +Another example is at the bottom of this entry. The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as '\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}'. If this argument is empty, i.e., '{}', -then the list will have the default spacing given below. And, to number -the items using a counter put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this -argument. +then the list will have the default spacing given below. To number the +items using a counter, put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this argument +(*note \usecounter::). Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the figure below. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces -should be rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give +are normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as '\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these -lengths should be zero or a negative. The entries for *note -description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize:: describe the -default values for those lists. The package 'enumitem' is useful for -customizing lists. +lengths should be zero or negative. Default values for derived +environments such as 'itemize' can be changed from the values shown here +for the basic 'list'. '\itemindent' Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the @@ -3209,7 +3222,7 @@ '\leftmargin' Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level - list), and the left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. + list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested @@ -3226,7 +3239,7 @@ '\listparindent' Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list - item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value + item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value is '0pt'. '\parsep' @@ -3288,21 +3301,23 @@ quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'. - Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. -For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that is, '-51'. Because -it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. -Change it with something like '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value of 10000 -prohibits a page break. + Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that +is, '-51'. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with, e.g., '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value +of 10000 prohibits a page break. '\@beginparpenalty' - The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The - LaTeXdefault is + The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default + '-51'). '\@itempenalty' - The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. + The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default + '-51'). '\@endparpenalty' - The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. + The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default + '-51'). This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. @@ -3310,48 +3325,50 @@ \usepackage{color} \newcounter{cnt} \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} - \newenvironment{redlabel}{% - \begin{list}{\arabic{cnt}}% + \newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} {\usecounter{cnt} - \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} - \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} - \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} - \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep - \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel} - }{ - \end{list} - } + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } + {\end{list} } * Menu: * \item:: An entry in a list. -* trivlist:: A restricted form of list. +* trivlist:: A restricted form of 'list'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \item, Next: trivlist, Up: list -8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list. ------------------------------------ +8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list +---------------------------------- Synopsis: \item text of item or - \item[OPTIONAL LABEL] text of item + \item[OPTIONAL-LABEL] text of item An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. - Because the optional label starts with a square bracket '[', if you -have an item with no optional argument whose text starts with that -character then LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional label. -The fix is to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in '\item {[} is -an open square bracket'. In the same way, if the item does have an -optional label and you must put a close square bracket inside that label -then you can hide it, as in '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note -LaTeX command syntax::. + Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]', +if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to to hide the +bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square +bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional +label. + Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. + In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default label and one that uses the optional label. @@ -3362,15 +3379,14 @@ \end{enumerate} The first item is labelled '1.', the second item is labelled -'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.' (note that, because of -the optional label in the second item, the third item does not get a -'3.'). +'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.'. Because of the +optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled '3.'. File: latex2e.info, Node: trivlist, Prev: \item, Up: list -8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list'. ------------------------------------------------ +8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' +---------------------------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -3378,33 +3394,29 @@ ... \end{trivlist} - A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not -indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no text. -It is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment -where the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For -instance, the 'center' environment is defined in essentially the -following way. + A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are +not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For +instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this: - \newenvironment{center}{% - \begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}{% - \end{trivlist}} + \newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} - Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit the code to -handle how to combine vertical space if one environment that is set off -from the preceeding and following material immediately follows another, -to detect whether the text following the environment should be set as a -new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one, and to adjust the -left and right margins in a way that tells any nested list environments -which margins to use. + Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit some common +code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting +whether the text following the environment should be considered a new +paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and +right margins for possible nested list environments. Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of '\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set to zero. - This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that with -LaTeX's defaults they have no paragraph indent and are vertically -separated. + This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. \begin{trivlist} \item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. @@ -3423,7 +3435,7 @@ MATH \end{math} - The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running + The 'math' environment inserts given MATH material within the running text. '$...$' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. @@ -3849,8 +3861,8 @@ It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance. - This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a -'\kill' command. + This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below): \begin{tabbing} \hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill @@ -3858,16 +3870,16 @@ \textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ \textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ \textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ - \textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 + \textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ \end{tabbing} Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular' environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that -in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX -but in 'tabbing' the user sets tab stops. Another distinction is that -'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across pages. -Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can be used -only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX, +while in 'tabbing' the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is +that 'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across +pages. Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can +be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. A 'tabbing' environment always starts a new paragraph, without indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need @@ -3877,15 +3889,15 @@ The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row -ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may end with just -'\end{tabbing}', which is equivalent to '\\ \end{tabbing}'. +ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may omit the '\\' and end with +just '\end{tabbing}'. At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop pattern, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only -be set if all the stops 0, ..., I-1 have already been set; normally +be set if all the stops 0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally later stops are to the right of earlier ones. By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset @@ -3953,19 +3965,19 @@ '\tabbingsep' Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. - This example typesets a Pascal function. + This example typesets a Pascal function: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} - The output will look like this. + The output looks like this: function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin if n > 1 then @@ -3974,8 +3986,11 @@ fact := 1; end; - (Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting -computer code, including 'listings', 'minted', and 'algorithm2e'.) + (The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (*note verbatim::) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +'algorithm2e', 'fancyvrb', 'listings', and 'minted'.) File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments @@ -8026,7 +8041,7 @@ Synopsis: \begin{lrbox}{\CMD} - TEXT + TEXT \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox. @@ -9508,7 +9523,7 @@ * bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46) * basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6) * beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6) -* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3) +* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6) * bibliography format, open: Document class options. (line 67) * bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) @@ -9682,10 +9697,11 @@ * em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 175) * emphasis: Font styles. (line 59) * enclosure list: \encl. (line 6) -* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3) +* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 6) * ending and starting: Starting and ending. (line 6) * engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* enumitem package: list. (line 24) * environment: Starting and ending. (line 22) * environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 6) * environments: Environments. (line 6) @@ -9715,6 +9731,7 @@ * external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. (line 21) +* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 144) * feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135) * figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21) @@ -9984,8 +10001,10 @@ * package, babel: thebibliography. (line 29) * package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 6) * package, datetime: \today. (line 22) +* package, enumitem: list. (line 24) * package, etoolbox: Class and package commands. (line 110) +* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 144) * package, flafter: Floats. (line 82) * package, float: Floats. (line 52) * package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings. @@ -10315,11 +10334,11 @@ (line 21) * \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 71) * \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) -* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 201) -* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 208) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 208) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 216) * \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23) * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) -* \@itempenalty: list. (line 205) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 212) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) * \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 101) * \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) @@ -10363,10 +10382,10 @@ * \arraystretch: tabular. (line 162) * \ast: Math symbols. (line 39) * \asymp: Math symbols. (line 48) -* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3) +* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6) * \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands. (line 9) -* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3) +* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 6) * \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands. (line 14) * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. @@ -10681,8 +10700,8 @@ * \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29) * \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) * \item <3>: itemize. (line 28) -* \itemindent: list. (line 73) -* \itemsep: list. (line 77) +* \itemindent: list. (line 80) +* \itemsep: list. (line 84) * \itshape: Font styles. (line 33) * \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66) * \jmath: Math accents. (line 37) @@ -10704,8 +10723,8 @@ * \labelitemii: itemize. (line 35) * \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 35) * \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 35) -* \labelsep: list. (line 89) -* \labelwidth: list. (line 94) +* \labelsep: list. (line 96) +* \labelwidth: list. (line 101) * \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287) * \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290) * \land: Math symbols. (line 293) @@ -10728,7 +10747,7 @@ * \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335) * \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338) * \leftmargin: itemize. (line 54) -* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 114) +* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 121) * \leftmargini: itemize. (line 54) * \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 54) * \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 54) @@ -10756,7 +10775,7 @@ (line 34) * \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16) * \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16) -* \listparindent: list. (line 131) +* \listparindent: list. (line 138) * \ll: Math symbols. (line 366) * \ln: Math functions. (line 75) * \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370) @@ -10776,6 +10795,7 @@ * \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6) * \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6) * \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6) +* \makelabel: list. (line 53) * \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) * \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6) * \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 395) @@ -10937,12 +10957,12 @@ * \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) * \parindent: minipage. (line 17) * \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6) -* \parsep: list. (line 137) +* \parsep: list. (line 144) * \parskip: \parskip. (line 6) * \parskip example: itemize. (line 73) * \part: Sectioning. (line 8) * \partial: Math symbols. (line 505) -* \partopsep: list. (line 146) +* \partopsep: list. (line 153) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. (line 198) * \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands. @@ -11023,7 +11043,7 @@ * \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610) * \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613) * \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616) -* \rightmargin: list. (line 161) +* \rightmargin: list. (line 168) * \rm: Font styles. (line 79) * \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30) * \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. @@ -11207,7 +11227,7 @@ * \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 123) -* \topsep: list. (line 166) +* \topsep: list. (line 173) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. 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___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +application/pdf \ No newline at end of property Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-18 16:00:10 UTC (rev 603) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ @c $Id$ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info - at set UPDATED August 2017 + at set UPDATED February 2018 @include common.texi @settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Karl Berry.@* +2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.@* Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.@* Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -3401,6 +3401,7 @@ @node \AtBeginDocument + at subsection @code{\AtBeginDocument} @findex \AtBeginDocument @cindex beginning of document hook @@ -3422,6 +3423,7 @@ @node \AtEndDocument + at subsection @code{\AtEndDocument} @findex \AtEndDocument @cindex end of document hook @@ -3998,22 +4000,30 @@ \end@{list@} @end example -The @code{list} environment is a generic environment, for constructing -more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists -like @ref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize}. Many - at LaTeX{} environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using - at code{list}, including @ref{quotation and quote}, @ref{center}, and - at ref{flushright}. You can also construct custom lists, as here. +The @code{list} environment is a generic environment for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the + at code{description}, @code{enumerate}, and @code{itemize} environments +(@pxref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize}). +Also, many standard @LaTeX{} environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using @code{list}, including @code{quotation}, + at code{quote}, @code{center}, @code{verbatim}, and plenty more +(@pxref{quotation and quote}, @pxref{center}, @pxref{flushright}). + + at PkgIndex{enumitem} +The third-party package @code{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the @code{list} environment by defining a new custom +environment. + @example \newcounter@{namedlistcounter@} % number the items -\newenvironment@{named@}@{% - \begin@{list@}@{Item~\Roman@{namedlistcounter@}.@}% labeling argument - @{\usecounter@{namedlistcounter@} % spacing argument - \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{3.5em@}@}% paren closes spacing arg -@}@{% - \end@{list@} -@} +\newenvironment@{named@} + @{\begin@{list@} + @{Item~\Roman@{namedlistcounter@}.@} % labeling argument + @{\usecounter@{namedlistcounter@} % spacing argument + \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{3.5em@}@} % still spacing arg + @} + @{\end@{list@}@} \begin@{named@} \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' @@ -4022,16 +4032,18 @@ \end@{named@} @end example -The mandatory first argument @var{labeling} specifies the default -labeling of list items. It can contain text and @LaTeX{} commands, as -above where it contains both @samp{Item} and @samp{\Roman@{...@}}. - at LaTeX{} forms the label by putting the @var{labeling} argument in a box -of width @code{\labelwidth}. If the label is wider than that then the -additional material extends to the right. While making an instance of a -list you can override the default labeling by giving @code{\item} an -optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in +The @code{list} environment's mandatory first argument, + at var{labeling}, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can +contain text and @LaTeX{} commands, as above where it contains both + at samp{Item} and @samp{\Roman@{...@}}. @LaTeX{} forms the label by +putting the @var{labeling} argument in a box of width + at code{\labelwidth}. If the label is wider than that, the additional +material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you +can override the default labeling by giving @code{\item} an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above @code{\item[Special label.]}; @pxref{\item}. + at findex \makelabel The label box is constructed by the command @code{\makelabel}. By default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing @@ -4042,24 +4054,25 @@ @var{spacing} argument also add @code{\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel}. Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to @code{\let\makelabel\fbox} puts the labels inside a -framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. +framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry. -The mandatory second argument @var{spacing} can have a list of commands -to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +The mandatory second argument @var{spacing} can have a list of +commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as @code{\setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{2em@}}. If this argument is empty, i.e., @code{@{@}}, then the list will have the default spacing given -below. And, to number the items using a counter put - at code{\usecounter@{@var{countername}@}} in this argument. +below. To number the items using a counter, put + at code{\usecounter@{@var{countername}@}} in this argument +(@pxref{\usecounter}). Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the -figure below. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical spaces -should be rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus} components, -to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a -command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt minus1pt@}}. -For some effects these lengths should be zero or a negative. The -entries for @ref{description}, @ref{enumerate}, and @ref{itemize} -describe the default values for those lists. The package - at file{enumitem} is useful for customizing lists. +figure below. Each is a length (@pxref{Lengths}). The vertical +spaces are normally rubber lengths, with @code{plus} and @code{minus} +components, to give @TeX{} flexibility in setting the page. Change +each with a command such as @code{\setlength@{itemsep@}@{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt@}}. For some effects these lengths should be zero or +negative. Default values for derived environments such as + at code{itemize} can be changed from the values shown here for the basic + at code{list}. @ftable @code @item \itemindent @@ -4107,7 +4120,7 @@ @item \leftmargin Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the -left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. +left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. In the standard @LaTeX{} document classes, a top-level list has this set to the value of @code{\leftmargini}, while a list that is nested inside @@ -4124,8 +4137,8 @@ @item \listparindent Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond @code{\leftmargin}, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list -item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value is - at code{0pt}. +item. A negative value makes this an ``outdent''. Its default value +is @code{0pt}. @item \parsep Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the @samp{book} @@ -4195,22 +4208,22 @@ enclosing environment with @code{\setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{0.25\linewidth@}}. -Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. -For each, the @LaTeX{} default is @code{-\@@lowpenalty}, that is, - at code{-51}. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break -at each spot. Change it with something like - at code{\@@beginparpenalty=9999}; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. +Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the @LaTeX{} default is + at code{-\@@lowpenalty}, that is, @code{-51}. Because it is negative, +it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, +e.g., @code{\@@beginparpenalty=9999}; a value of 10000 prohibits a +page break. @ftable @code @item \@@beginparpenalty -The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The - at LaTeX{}default is +The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default @code{-51}). @item \@@itempenalty -The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. +The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default @code{-51}). @item \@@endparpenalty -The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. +The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default @code{-51}). @end ftable @@ -4221,30 +4234,28 @@ \usepackage@{color@} \newcounter@{cnt@} \newcommand@{\makeredlabel@}[1]@{\textcolor@{red@}@{#1.@}@} -\newenvironment@{redlabel@}@{% - \begin@{list@}@{\arabic@{cnt@}@}% +\newenvironment@{redlabel@} + @{\begin@{list@} + @{\arabic@{cnt@}@} @{\usecounter@{cnt@} - \setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{0em@} - \setlength@{\labelsep@}@{0.5em@} - \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{1.5em@} - \setlength@{\itemindent@}@{0.5em@} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep - \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel@} -@}@{ - \end@{list@} -@} + \setlength@{\labelwidth@}@{0em@} + \setlength@{\labelsep@}@{0.5em@} + \setlength@{\leftmargin@}@{1.5em@} + \setlength@{\itemindent@}@{0.5em@} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + @} + @} +@{\end@{list@} @} @end example - - - @menu * \item:: An entry in a list. -* trivlist:: A restricted form of list. +* trivlist:: A restricted form of @code{list}. @end menu @node \item - at subsection @code{\item}: An entry in a list. + at subsection @code{\item}: An entry in a list Synopsis: @@ -4254,21 +4265,23 @@ or @example -\item[@var{optional label}] text of item +\item[@var{optional-label}] text of item @end example An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. -Because the optional label starts with a square bracket @samp{[}, if you -have an item with no optional argument whose text starts with that -character then @LaTeX{} will think it marks the start of an optional -label. The fix is to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in - at code{\item @{[@} is an open square bracket}. In the same way, if the -item does have an optional label and you must put a close square bracket -inside that label then you can hide it, as in @code{\item[Close square -bracket, @{]@}]}. @xref{@LaTeX{} command syntax}. +Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets + at samp{[...]}, if you have an item whose text starts with @samp{[}, you +have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: @code{\item +@{[@} is an open square bracket}; otherwise, @LaTeX{} will think it +marks the start of an optional label. +Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: @code{\item[Close square bracket, @{]@}]}. @xref{@LaTeX{} +command syntax}. + In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default label and one that uses the optional label. @@ -4281,13 +4294,13 @@ @end example The first item is labelled @samp{1.}, the second item is labelled - at samp{sometimes}, and the third item is labelled @samp{2.} (note that, -because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does -not get a @samp{3.}). + at samp{sometimes}, and the third item is labelled @samp{2.}. Because +of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not +labelled at tie{}@samp{3.}. @node trivlist - at subsection @code{trivlist}: A restricted form of @code{list}. + at subsection @code{trivlist}: A restricted form of @code{list} Synopsis: @@ -4297,35 +4310,33 @@ \end@{trivlist@} @end example -A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented -and an @code{\item} without an optional argument produces no text. It -is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment where +A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not +indented and an @code{\item} without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where the @code{\item} command as part of the environment's definition. For -instance, the @code{center} environment is defined in essentially the -following way. +instance, the @code{center} environment is defined essentially like +this: @example -\newenvironment@{center@}@{% - \begin@{trivlist@}\centering\item\relax@}@{% - \end@{trivlist@}@} +\newenvironment@{center@} + @{\begin@{trivlist@}\centering\item\relax@} + @{\end@{trivlist@}@} @end example -Using @code{trivlist} in this way allows the macro to inherit the code -to handle how to combine vertical space if one environment that is set -off from the preceeding and following material immediately follows -another, to detect whether the text following the environment should be -set as a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one, and to -adjust the left and right margins in a way that tells any nested list -environments which margins to use. +Using @code{trivlist} in this way allows the macro to inherit some +common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; +detecting whether the text following the environment should be +considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; +adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list +environments. Specifically, @code{trivlist} uses the current values of the list parameters (@pxref{list}), except that @code{\parsep} is set to the value of @code{\parskip}, and @code{\leftmargin}, @code{\labelwidth}, and @code{\itemindent} are set to zero. -This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that with - at LaTeX{}'s defaults they have no paragraph indent and are vertically -separated. +This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. @example \begin@{trivlist@} @@ -4349,8 +4360,8 @@ \end@{math@} @end example -The @code{math} environment inserts the given @var{math} within the -running text. @code{$...$} and @code{$...$} are synonyms. +The @code{math} environment inserts given @var{math} material within +the running text. @code{$...$} and @code{$...$} are synonyms. @xref{Math formulas}. @@ -4838,9 +4849,6 @@ @node tabbing @section @code{tabbing} - at c xx vincentb1: please complete translation from French. Start from the - at c French version and check concistency paragraph by paragraph. - @EnvIndex{tabbing} @cindex tab stops, using @cindex lining text up using tab stops @@ -4861,8 +4869,8 @@ It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance. -This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a - at code{\kill} command. +This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a @code{\kill} command (which is described below): @example \begin@{tabbing@} @@ -4871,18 +4879,18 @@ \textit@{Sophie@} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ \textit@{Polychrest@} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ \textit@{Lively@} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ -\textit@{Surprise@} \> 28 \> 1805 +\textit@{Surprise@} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ \end@{tabbing@} @end example Both the @code{tabbing} environment and the more widely-used @code{tabular} environment put text in columns. The most important -distinction is that in @code{tabular} the width of columns is determined -automatically by @LaTeX{} but in @code{tabbing} the user sets tab stops. -Another distinction is that @code{tabular} generates a box, but - at code{tabbing} can be broken across pages. Finally, while - at code{tabular} can be used in any mode, @code{tabbing} can be used only -in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +distinction is that in @code{tabular} the width of columns is +determined automatically by @LaTeX{}, while in @code{tabbing} the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that @code{tabular} +generates a box, but @code{tabbing} can be broken across pages. +Finally, while @code{tabular} can be used in any mode, @code{tabbing} +can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. A @code{tabbing} environment always starts a new paragraph, without indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need @@ -4892,20 +4900,20 @@ @code{\linewidth}. @cindex row, @r{tabbing} -The @code{tabbing} environment contains a sequence of @dfn{tabbed rows}. -The first tabbed row begins immediately after @code{\begin@{tabbing@}} -and each row ends with @code{\\} or @code{\kill}. The last row may end -with just @code{\end@{tabbing@}}, which is equivalent to @code{\\ -\end@{tabbing@}}. +The @code{tabbing} environment contains a sequence of @dfn{tabbed +rows}. The first tabbed row begins immediately after + at code{\begin@{tabbing@}} and each row ends with @code{\\} or + at code{\kill}. The last row may omit the @code{\\} and end with just + at code{\end@{tabbing@}}. At any point the @code{tabbing} environment has a current tab stop -pattern, a sequence of @math{@var{n} > 0} tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. -These create @var{n} corresponding columns. Tab stop at tie{}0 is always -the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop -number at tie{}@var{i} is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on -the page. Tab stop number at tie{}@var{i} can only be set if all the stops -0, ..., @var{i-1} have already been set; normally later stops are to the -right of earlier ones. +pattern, a sequence of @math{@var{n} > 0} tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create @var{n} corresponding columns. Tab stop at tie{}0 is +always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab +stop number at tie{}@var{i} is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number at tie{}@var{i} can only be set if +all the stops 0, @dots{}, @math{i-1} have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. By default any text typeset in a @code{tabbing} environment is typeset ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is @@ -4982,13 +4990,13 @@ @end ftable -This example typesets a Pascal function. +This example typesets a Pascal function: @example \begin@{tabbing@} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ @@ -4996,7 +5004,7 @@ \end@{tabbing@} @end example -The output will look like this. +The output looks like this: @example function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin @@ -5008,9 +5016,15 @@ @end example @PkgIndex{algorithm2e} @PkgIndex{listings} @PkgIndex{minted} -(Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting -computer code, including @code{listings}, @code{minted}, and - at file{algorithm2e}.) + at PkgIndex{fancyvrb} + +(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (@pxref{verbatim}) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including + at code{algorithm2e}, @code{fancyvrb}, @code{listings}, and + at code{minted}.) + @node table @section @code{table} From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Thu Feb 22 20:04:54 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2018 21:04:54 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r605 - trunk Message-ID: <201802221904.w1MJ4sim021905@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-22 21:04:54 +0200 (Thu, 22 Feb 2018) New Revision: 605 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: add \ignorespaces and \ignorespacesafterend Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +2018-02-21 Jim Hefferon + + * latex2e.texi (\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend): Create. + 2018-02-19 Karl Berry * latex2e.texi (\list), @@ -6,6 +10,11 @@ (\AtBeginDocument, \AtEndDocument): @subsection commands needed. Various typos etc. throughout. +2018-02-11 Jim Hefferon + + * latex2e.texi (list environment): Move list parameters to this + entry. + 2018-01-02 Vincent Bela?che * latex2e-fr.texi (thebibliography, Upper and lower case): Align Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) @@ -34,9 +34,8 @@ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> - + - LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018) @@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ + @@ -304,6 +304,7 @@
12.7 \newtheorem

12.8 \newfont: Define a new font (obsolete)

12.9 \protect
+
12.10 \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend

13 Counters
@@ -7910,6 +7911,8 @@
+

• About this document:    Bug reporting, etc. @@ -4209,7 +4213,8 @@
Next: \AtEndDocument, Up: document [Contents][Index]
-
\AtBeginDocument
+ +
8.6.1 \AtBeginDocument
@@ -4236,7 +4241,8 @@
Previous: \AtBeginDocument, Up: document [Contents][Index]
-
\AtEndDocument
+ +
8.6.2 \AtEndDocument
@@ -4901,22 +4907,32 @@ \end{list} -
The list environment is a generic environment, for constructing -more specialized lists. It is most often used in macros to create lists -like description, enumerate, and itemize. Many -LaTeX environments that are not obviously lists are constructed using -list, including quotation and quote, center, and -flushright. You can also construct custom lists, as here. +
The list environment is a generic environment for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +description, enumerate, and itemize environments +(see description, enumerate, and itemize).
+
Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using list, including quotation, +quote, center, verbatim, and plenty more +(see quotation and quote, see center, see flushright). +
+ + + +
The third-party package enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the list environment by defining a new custom +environment. +

\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items -\newenvironment{named}{% - \begin{list}{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.}% labeling argument - {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument - \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}}% paren closes spacing arg -}{% - \end{list} -} +\newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} \begin{named} \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' @@ -4925,16 +4941,18 @@ \end{named}
-
The mandatory first argument labeling specifies the default -labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as -above where it contains both ‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. -LaTeX forms the label by putting the labeling argument in a box -of width \labelwidth. If the label is wider than that then the -additional material extends to the right. While making an instance of a -list you can override the default labeling by giving \item an -optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in +
The list environment’s mandatory first argument, +labeling, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can +contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both +‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. LaTeX forms the label by +putting the labeling argument in a box of width +\labelwidth. If the label is wider than that, the additional +material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you +can override the default labeling by giving \item an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above \item[Special label.]; see \item.
+
The label box is constructed by the command \makelabel. By default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing @@ -4945,24 +4963,25 @@ spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel. Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to \let\makelabel\fbox puts the labels inside a -framed box. Another exampe is at the bottom of this entry. +framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry.
-
The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of commands -to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +
The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of +commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as \setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}. If this argument is empty, i.e., {}, then the list will have the default spacing given -below. And, to number the items using a counter put -\usecounter{countername} in this argument. +below. To number the items using a counter, put +\usecounter{countername} in this argument +(see \usecounter).

Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the -figure below. Each is a length (see Lengths). The vertical spaces -should be rubber lengths, with plus and minus components, -to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a -command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}. -For some effects these lengths should be zero or a negative. The -entries for description, enumerate, and itemize -describe the default values for those lists. The package -enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +figure below. Each is a length (see Lengths). The vertical +spaces are normally rubber lengths, with plus and minus +components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change +each with a command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt}. For some effects these lengths should be zero or +negative. Default values for derived environments such as +itemize can be changed from the values shown here for the basic +list.

\itemindent @@ -5024,7 +5043,7 @@

Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the -left margin of this list. It must be nonnegative. +left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.

In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set to the value of \leftmargini, while a list that is nested inside @@ -5044,8 +5063,8 @@
Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond \leftmargin, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list -item. A negative value makes this an outdent. Its default value is -0pt. +item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value +is 0pt.

\parsep @@ -5126,30 +5145,30 @@ enclosing environment with \setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}.
-
Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by three parameters. -For each, the LaTeX default is -\@lowpenalty, that is, --51. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break -at each spot. Change it with something like -\@beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. +
Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is +-\@lowpenalty, that is, -51. Because it is negative, +it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, +e.g., \@beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a +page break.

\@beginparpenalty
-
The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list. The -LaTeXdefault is +
The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default -51).

\@itempenalty
-
The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item. +
The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default -51).

\@endparpenalty
-
The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list. +
The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default -51).

@@ -5161,26 +5180,24 @@
\usepackage{color} \newcounter{cnt} \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} -\newenvironment{redlabel}{% - \begin{list}{\arabic{cnt}}% +\newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} {\usecounter{cnt} - \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} - \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} - \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} - \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep - \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel} -}{ - \end{list} -} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } +{\end{list} }
- - - -

• \item:    An entry in a list.
• trivlist:    A restricted form of list. +
• trivlist:    A restricted form of list.

@@ -5191,8 +5208,8 @@
Next: trivlist, Up: list [Contents][Index]
- -
8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list.
+ +
8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list

Synopsis:
@@ -5202,21 +5219,22 @@
or
-
\item[optional label] text of item +
\item[optional-label] text of item

An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type.
-
Because the optional label starts with a square bracket ‘[’, if you -have an item with no optional argument whose text starts with that -character then LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional -label. The fix is to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in -\item {[} is an open square bracket. In the same way, if the -item does have an optional label and you must put a close square bracket -inside that label then you can hide it, as in \item[Close square -bracket, {]}]. See LaTeX command syntax. +
Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets +‘[...]’, if you have an item whose text starts with ‘[’, you +have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: \item +{[} is an open square bracket; otherwise, LaTeX will think it +marks the start of an optional label.
+
Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. See LaTeX command syntax. +

In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default label and one that uses the optional label.
@@ -5229,9 +5247,9 @@
The first item is labelled ‘1.’, the second item is labelled -‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’ (note that, -because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does -not get a ‘3.’). +‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’. Because +of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not +labelled ‘3.’.

@@ -5240,8 +5258,8 @@
Previous: \item, Up: list [Contents][Index]
- -
8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.
+ +
8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list

Synopsis:
@@ -5251,35 +5269,33 @@ \end{trivlist} -
A restriction of the list environment, in which margins are not indented -and an \item without an optional argument produces no text. It -is most often used in macros, to define to define an environment where +
A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not +indented and an \item without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where the \item command as part of the environment’s definition. For -instance, the center environment is defined in essentially the -following way. +instance, the center environment is defined essentially like +this:

-
\newenvironment{center}{% - \begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}{% - \end{trivlist}} +
\newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}}
-
Using trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit the code -to handle how to combine vertical space if one environment that is set -off from the preceeding and following material immediately follows -another, to detect whether the text following the environment should be -set as a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one, and to -adjust the left and right margins in a way that tells any nested list -environments which margins to use. +
Using trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit some +common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; +detecting whether the text following the environment should be +considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; +adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list +environments.

Specifically, trivlist uses the current values of the list parameters (see list), except that \parsep is set to the value of \parskip, and \leftmargin, \labelwidth, and \itemindent are set to zero.
-
This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that with -LaTeX’s defaults they have no paragraph indent and are vertically -separated. +
This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.

\begin{trivlist} @@ -5311,8 +5327,8 @@ \end{math}
-
The math environment inserts the given math within the -running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. +
The math environment inserts given math material within +the running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. See Math formulas.
@@ -5941,7 +5957,6 @@
8.21 tabbing
- @@ -5964,8 +5979,8 @@ It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
-
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set, ended by a -\kill command. +
This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a \kill command (which is described below):

\begin{tabbing} @@ -5974,18 +5989,18 @@ \textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ \textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ \textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ -\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 +\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ \end{tabbing}

Both the tabbing environment and the more widely-used tabular environment put text in columns. The most important -distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is determined -automatically by LaTeX but in tabbing the user sets tab stops. -Another distinction is that tabular generates a box, but -tabbing can be broken across pages. Finally, while -tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing can be used only -in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is +determined automatically by LaTeX, while in tabbing the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that tabular +generates a box, but tabbing can be broken across pages. +Finally, while tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing +can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph.

A tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph, without indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need @@ -5995,20 +6010,20 @@ \linewidth.
-
The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed rows. -The first tabbed row begins immediately after \begin{tabbing} -and each row ends with \\ or \kill. The last row may end -with just \end{tabbing}, which is equivalent to \\ -\end{tabbing}. +
The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed +rows. The first tabbed row begins immediately after +\begin{tabbing} and each row ends with \\ or +\kill. The last row may omit the \\ and end with just +\end{tabbing}.

At any point the tabbing environment has a current tab stop -pattern, a sequence of n > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. -These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always -the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop -number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on -the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if all the stops -0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally later stops are to the -right of earlier ones. +pattern, a sequence of n > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is +always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab +stop number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if +all the stops 0, …, i-1 have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones.

By default any text typeset in a tabbing environment is typeset ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is @@ -6124,13 +6139,13 @@
-
This example typesets a Pascal function. +
This example typesets a Pascal function:

\begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ @@ -6138,7 +6153,7 @@ \end{tabbing}
-
The output will look like this. +
The output looks like this:

function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin @@ -6156,10 +6171,18 @@ -
(Note that there are a number of packages specialized for typesetting -computer code, including listings, minted, and -algorithm2e.) -
+ + + + +
(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (see verbatim) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +algorithm2e, fancyvrb, listings, and +minted.) +
+

@@ -15165,6 +15188,7 @@
ending and starting: Starting and ending

engines, TeX: TeX engines

enlarge current page: \enlargethispage
enumitem package: list

environment: Starting and ending

environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem

environments: Environments

F

families, of fonts: Low-level font commands
fancyvrb package: tabbing

feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols

figure number, cross referencing: \ref

figures, footnotes in: minipage
package, babel: thebibliography

package, babel: Accents

package, datetime: \today
package, enumitem: list

package, etoolbox: Class and package commands
package, fancyvrb: tabbing

package, flafter: Floats

package, float: Floats

package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings
\makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture)

\makeglossary: Glossaries

\makeindex: Indexes
\makelabel: list

\makelabels: \makelabels

\maketitle: \maketitle

\mapsto: Math symbols
• \protect:    Using tricky commands.
• \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:    Discard extra spaces. +

@@ -8507,7 +8510,7 @@

-Previous: \newfont, Up: Definitions [Contents][Index]
+Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Previous: \newfont, Up: Definitions [Contents][Index]

12.9 \protect
@@ -8575,6 +8578,102 @@
+ +
+
+Previous: \protect, Up: Definitions [Contents][Index]
+
+ +
12.10 \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend
+ + + + + + +
Synopsis: +
+
+
\ignorespaces +
+ +
or +
+
+
\ignorespacesafterend +
+ +
Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. +
+
The ignorespaces is often used when defining commands via +\newcommand, or \newenvironment, or \def. The +example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values +for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as +shown in the enumerate list, users must not put any space between +the command and the question text. +
+
+
\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} +\begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' +\end{enumerate} +
+ +
The solution is to change to +\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}. +
+
A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The +commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. But, +as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +\fullname will reproduce that. +
+
+
\makeatletter +\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name +\makeatother +\begin{tabular}{|l|} +\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here +\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title +\end{tabular} +
+ +
To fix this, change to +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}. +
+
The \ignorespaces is also often used in a \newenvironment +at the end of the begin clause, that is, as part of the second +argument, as in \begin{newenvironment}{env +name}{... \ignorespaces}{...}. +
+
To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +\ignorespacesafterend. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. +
+
+
\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} +\begin{eq} +e=mc^2 +\end{eq} +\begin{equation} +F=ma +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +E=IR +\end{equation} +
+ +
Putting a comment character % immediately after every +\end{eq} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +inconvenient. The solution is to change to +\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}. +
+ +

@@ -15105,6 +15204,7 @@ commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand commands, defining new ones: \providecommand commands, document class: Class and package construction +commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand commands, star-variants: \@ifstar composite word mark, in text: Text symbols @@ -15582,6 +15682,7 @@ space, inserting vertical: \addvspace space, vertical: \vspace spaces: Spaces +spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols @@ -16171,6 +16272,8 @@ \i (dotless i): Accents \iff: Math symbols \IfFileExists: Class and package commands +\ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend +\ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters \Im: Math symbols Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document @@ -5195,6 +5195,7 @@ * \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. * \newfont:: Define a new font name. * \protect:: Using tricky commands. +* \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \providecommand, Up: Definitions @@ -5635,7 +5636,7 @@ \testfontscaled abc -File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions +File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions 12.9 '\protect' =============== @@ -5690,6 +5691,82 @@ ... +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Prev: \protect, Up: Definitions + +12.10 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' +============================================= + +Synopsis: + + \ignorespaces + + or + + \ignorespacesafterend + + Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. + + The 'ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via +'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below +illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz +questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the +'enumerate' list, users must not put any space between the command and +the question text. + + \newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} + \begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' + \end{enumerate} + + The solution is to change to +'\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}'. + + A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. +The commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. +But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +'\fullname' will reproduce that. + + \makeatletter + \newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title + \newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name + \makeatother + \begin{tabular}{|l|} + \honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here + \honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title + \end{tabular} + + To fix this, change to +'\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}'. + + The '\ignorespaces' is also often used in a '\newenvironment' at the +end of the BEGIN clause, that is, as part of the second argument, as in +'\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... \ignorespaces}{...}'. + + To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +'\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + + \newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} + \begin{eq} + e=mc^2 + \end{eq} + \begin{equation} + F=ma + \end{equation} + \begin{equation} + E=IR + \end{equation} + + Putting a comment character '%' immediately after every '\end{eq}' +will make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The +solution is to change to +'\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'. + + File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top 13 Counters @@ -8041,7 +8118,7 @@ Synopsis: \begin{lrbox}{\CMD} - TEXT + TEXT \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox. @@ -9612,6 +9689,8 @@ * commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6) * commands, document class: Class and package construction. (line 6) +* commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) * commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6) @@ -10150,6 +10229,8 @@ * space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6) * space, vertical: \vspace. (line 6) * spaces: Spaces. (line 6) +* spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) * spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6) @@ -10673,6 +10754,10 @@ * \iff: Math symbols. (line 258) * \IfFileExists: Class and package commands. (line 127) +* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) +* \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters. (line 32) * \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters. @@ -11613,116 +11698,117 @@ Node: Multiple reference to footnotes196430 Node: Footnote parameters197288 Node: Definitions198038 -Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand198851 -Node: \providecommand202687 -Node: \newcounter203348 -Node: \newlength204319 -Node: \newsavebox204966 -Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment205577 -Node: \newtheorem209937 -Node: \newfont213426 -Node: \protect214991 -Node: Counters217331 -Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol218931 -Node: \usecounter221003 -Node: \value221835 -Node: \setcounter222778 -Node: \addtocounter223264 -Node: \refstepcounter223729 -Node: \stepcounter224387 -Node: \day \month \year224729 -Node: Lengths225274 -Node: Units of length227064 -Node: \setlength228558 -Node: \addtolength228962 -Node: \settodepth229280 -Node: \settoheight229571 -Node: \settowidth229868 -Node: Predefined lengths230176 -Node: Making paragraphs230691 -Node: \indent231263 -Node: \noindent231725 -Node: \parskip232234 -Node: Marginal notes232492 -Node: Math formulas234304 -Node: Subscripts & superscripts236088 -Node: Math symbols237426 -Node: Math functions262756 -Node: Math accents263699 -Node: Spacing in math mode264671 -Node: Math miscellany266138 -Node: Modes268688 -Node: \ensuremath270528 -Node: Page styles271444 -Node: \maketitle271938 -Node: \pagenumbering273008 -Node: \pagestyle273504 -Node: \thispagestyle274645 -Node: Spaces274951 -Node: \hspace275876 -Node: \hfill276831 -Node: \(SPACE) and \@277226 -Ref: \AT277387 -Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence278924 -Node: \frenchspacing279842 -Node: \thinspace280460 -Node: \/280763 -Node: \hrulefill \dotfill281945 -Node: \addvspace282938 -Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip283984 -Node: \vfill284878 -Node: \vspace285747 -Node: Boxes286740 -Node: \mbox287465 -Node: \fbox and \framebox287752 -Node: lrbox288555 -Node: \makebox288913 -Node: \parbox289633 -Node: \raisebox291201 -Node: \savebox291798 -Node: \sbox292213 -Node: \usebox292662 -Node: Special insertions292923 -Node: Reserved characters293724 -Node: Upper and lower case294925 -Node: Symbols by font position296840 -Node: Text symbols297460 -Node: Accents300908 -Node: Additional Latin letters303450 -Ref: Non-English characters303621 -Node: \rule304638 -Node: \today305067 -Node: Splitting the input305821 -Node: \include306585 -Node: \includeonly307176 -Node: \input307689 -Node: Front/back matter308184 -Node: Tables of contents308389 -Node: \addcontentsline309450 -Node: \addtocontents310468 -Node: Glossaries311001 -Node: Indexes311520 -Node: Letters313153 -Node: \address316831 -Node: \cc317701 -Node: \closing318119 -Node: \encl318430 -Node: \location318845 -Node: \makelabels319114 -Node: \name320115 -Node: \opening320345 -Node: \ps320685 -Node: \signature320974 -Node: \telephone322066 -Node: Terminal input/output322431 -Node: \typein322696 -Node: \typeout323281 -Node: Command line323904 -Node: Document templates324856 -Node: beamer template325263 -Node: book template325914 -Node: tugboat template326282 -Node: Concept Index328646 -Node: Command Index386049 +Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand198915 +Node: \providecommand202751 +Node: \newcounter203412 +Node: \newlength204383 +Node: \newsavebox205030 +Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment205641 +Node: \newtheorem210001 +Node: \newfont213490 +Node: \protect215055 +Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend217441 +Node: Counters220193 +Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol221793 +Node: \usecounter223865 +Node: \value224697 +Node: \setcounter225640 +Node: \addtocounter226126 +Node: \refstepcounter226591 +Node: \stepcounter227249 +Node: \day \month \year227591 +Node: Lengths228136 +Node: Units of length229926 +Node: \setlength231420 +Node: \addtolength231824 +Node: \settodepth232142 +Node: \settoheight232433 +Node: \settowidth232730 +Node: Predefined lengths233038 +Node: Making paragraphs233553 +Node: \indent234125 +Node: \noindent234587 +Node: \parskip235096 +Node: Marginal notes235354 +Node: Math formulas237166 +Node: Subscripts & superscripts238950 +Node: Math symbols240288 +Node: Math functions265618 +Node: Math accents266561 +Node: Spacing in math mode267533 +Node: Math miscellany269000 +Node: Modes271550 +Node: \ensuremath273390 +Node: Page styles274306 +Node: \maketitle274800 +Node: \pagenumbering275870 +Node: \pagestyle276366 +Node: \thispagestyle277507 +Node: Spaces277813 +Node: \hspace278738 +Node: \hfill279693 +Node: \(SPACE) and \@280088 +Ref: \AT280249 +Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence281786 +Node: \frenchspacing282704 +Node: \thinspace283322 +Node: \/283625 +Node: \hrulefill \dotfill284807 +Node: \addvspace285800 +Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip286846 +Node: \vfill287740 +Node: \vspace288609 +Node: Boxes289602 +Node: \mbox290327 +Node: \fbox and \framebox290614 +Node: lrbox291417 +Node: \makebox291776 +Node: \parbox292496 +Node: \raisebox294064 +Node: \savebox294661 +Node: \sbox295076 +Node: \usebox295525 +Node: Special insertions295786 +Node: Reserved characters296587 +Node: Upper and lower case297788 +Node: Symbols by font position299703 +Node: Text symbols300323 +Node: Accents303771 +Node: Additional Latin letters306313 +Ref: Non-English characters306484 +Node: \rule307501 +Node: \today307930 +Node: Splitting the input308684 +Node: \include309448 +Node: \includeonly310039 +Node: \input310552 +Node: Front/back matter311047 +Node: Tables of contents311252 +Node: \addcontentsline312313 +Node: \addtocontents313331 +Node: Glossaries313864 +Node: Indexes314383 +Node: Letters316016 +Node: \address319694 +Node: \cc320564 +Node: \closing320982 +Node: \encl321293 +Node: \location321708 +Node: \makelabels321977 +Node: \name322978 +Node: \opening323208 +Node: \ps323548 +Node: \signature323837 +Node: \telephone324929 +Node: Terminal input/output325294 +Node: \typein325559 +Node: \typeout326144 +Node: Command line326767 +Node: Document templates327719 +Node: beamer template328126 +Node: book template328777 +Node: tugboat template329145 +Node: Concept Index331509 +Node: Command Index389218 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-19 18:29:38 UTC (rev 604) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. @c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file @c - at c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf: \ignorespacesafterend, + at c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf: @c \normalsfcodes @c xx color (include info from clsguide.pdf) @c xx ending a run with errors @@ -6428,6 +6428,7 @@ * \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. * \newfont:: Define a new font name. * \protect:: Using tricky commands. +* \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces. @end menu @@ -7026,6 +7027,96 @@ @end example + at node \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend + at section @code{\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend} + + at findex \ignorespaces + at findex \ignorespacesafterend + at cindex spaces, ignore around commands + at cindex commands, ignore spaces + +Synopsis: + + at example +\ignorespaces + at end example + +or + + at example +\ignorespacesafterend + at end example + +Both commands cause @LaTeX{} to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain @TeX{}, and the second is @LaTeX{}-specific. + +The @code{ignorespaces} is often used when defining commands via + at code{\newcommand}, or @code{\newenvironment}, or @code{\def}. The +example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values +for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as +shown in the @code{enumerate} list, users must not put any space between +the command and the question text. + + at example +\newcommand@{\points@}[1]@{\makebox[0pt]@{\makebox[10em][l]@{#1~pts@}@} +\begin@{enumerate@} + \item\points@{10@}no extra space output here + \item\points@{15@} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' +\end@{enumerate@} + at end example + +The solution is to change to + at code{\newcommand@{\points@}[1]@{\makebox[0pt]@{\makebox[10em][l]@{#1~pts@}@}\ignorespaces@}}. + +A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The +commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. But, +as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then + at code{\fullname} will reproduce that. + + at example +\makeatletter +\newcommand@{\honorific@}[1]@{\def\@@honorific@{#1@}@} % remember title +\newcommand@{\fullname@}[1]@{\@@honorific~#1@} % recall title; put before name +\makeatother +\begin@{tabular@}@{|l|@} +\honorific@{Mr/Ms@} \fullname@{Jones@} \\ % no extra space here +\honorific@{ Mr/Ms@} \fullname@{Jones@} % extra space before title +\end@{tabular@} + at end example + +To fix this, change to + at code{\newcommand@{\fullname@}[1]@{\ignorespaces\@@honorific~#1@}}. + +The @code{\ignorespaces} is also often used in a @code{\newenvironment} +at the end of the @var{begin} clause, that is, as part of the second +argument, as in @code{\begin@{newenvironment@}@{@var{env +name}@}@{... \ignorespaces@}@{...@}}. + +To strip spaces off the end of an environment use + at code{\ignorespacesafterend}. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + + at example +\newenvironment@{eq@}@{\begin@{equation@}@}@{\end@{equation@}@} +\begin@{eq@} +e=mc^2 +\end@{eq@} +\begin@{equation@} +F=ma +\end@{equation@} +\begin@{equation@} +E=IR +\end@{equation@} + at end example + +Putting a comment character at tie{}@code{%} immediately after the + at code{\end@{eq@}} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +inconvenient. The solution is to change to + at code{\newenvironment@{eq@}@{\begin@{equation@}@}@{\end@{equation@}\ignorespacesafterend@}}. + + @node Counters @chapter Counters From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Thu Feb 22 20:54:53 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2018 21:54:53 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r606 - trunk Message-ID: <201802221954.w1MJsrAw026197@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-22 21:54:53 +0200 (Thu, 22 Feb 2018) New Revision: 606 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: convert list picture legend from a @caption{} to a @table Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +2018-02-22 Jim Hefferon + + * latex2e.texi (list): Convert legend for picture from caption + to a table. + 2018-02-21 Jim Hefferon * latex2e.texi (\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend): Create. Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) @@ -5086,9 +5086,9 @@
Vertical space added, beyond \topsep+\parskip, to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by -a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at both the -top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank -does not matter.) +a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list +changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line +following the list is blank does not matter.)

The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: 2pt @@ -5127,17 +5127,56 @@
+ +The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for h1 equals the right edge of the +bracket for h4, so that the left edge of the label box is at +h3+h4-(h0+h1). + + +v0 +\topsep+\parskip if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and +\topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does + + +v1 +\parsep + + +v2 +\itemsep+\parsep + + +v3 +Same as v0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line +appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + + +h1 +\labelsep + + +h2 +\listparindent + + +h3 +\leftmargin + + +h4 +\itemindent + + +h5 +\rightmargin + + + -Vertical spaces: v0 = \topsep+\parskip if -the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and -\topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does; v1 = -\parsep; v2 = \itemsep+\parsep; v3 = -v1. Horizontal spaces: h0 = \labelwidth; h1 = -\labelsep; h2 = \listparindent; h3 = -\leftmargin; h4 = \itemindent; h5 = -\rightmargin. The right edge of h1 equals the right edge -of h4, so that the left edge of the label box is at -h3+h4-(h0+h1).
+ The list’s left and right margins, shown above as h3 and h5, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width @@ -8667,7 +8706,7 @@ \end{equation}

-Putting a comment character % immediately after every + Putting a comment character % immediately after the \end{eq} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The solution is to change to \newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}. Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) @@ -3254,9 +3254,9 @@ '\partopsep' Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded - by a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at - both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the - list is blank does not matter.) + by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list + changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the + line following the list is blank does not matter.) The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1 @@ -3285,14 +3285,40 @@ -Vertical spaces: V0 = '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does -not start a new paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it -does; V1 = '\parsep'; V2 = '\itemsep'+'\parsep'; V3 = V1. Horizontal -spaces: H0 = '\labelwidth'; H1 = '\labelsep'; H2 = '\listparindent'; H3 -= '\leftmargin'; H4 = '\itemindent'; H5 = '\rightmargin'. The right -edge of H1 equals the right edge of H4, so that the left edge of the -label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). + The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket +for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). +V0 + '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new + paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does + +V1 + '\parsep' + +V2 + '\itemsep'+'\parsep' + +V3 + Same as V0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line + appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line + appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + +H1 + '\labelsep' + +H2 + '\listparindent' + +H3 + '\leftmargin' + +H4 + '\itemindent' + +H5 + '\rightmargin' + The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used @@ -5761,8 +5787,8 @@ E=IR \end{equation} - Putting a comment character '%' immediately after every '\end{eq}' -will make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The + Putting a comment character '%' immediately after the '\end{eq}' will +make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The solution is to change to '\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'. @@ -10415,11 +10441,11 @@ (line 21) * \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 71) * \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) -* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 208) -* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 216) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 234) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 242) * \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23) * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) -* \@itempenalty: list. (line 212) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 238) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) * \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 101) * \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) @@ -11635,180 +11661,180 @@ Node: itemize119285 Node: letter122786 Node: list123024 -Node: \item134064 -Node: trivlist135317 -Node: math136845 -Node: minipage137151 -Node: picture138343 -Node: \circle142638 -Node: \makebox (picture)142981 -Node: \framebox (picture)143687 -Node: \dashbox144177 -Node: \frame144700 -Node: \line145026 -Node: \linethickness145484 -Node: \thicklines145905 -Node: \thinlines146215 -Node: \multiput146517 -Node: \oval146884 -Node: \put147605 -Node: \shortstack147896 -Node: \vector148370 -Node: quotation and quote148684 -Node: tabbing149891 -Node: table155829 -Node: tabular157256 -Node: \multicolumn164464 -Node: \vline168349 -Node: \cline169694 -Node: \hline170378 -Node: thebibliography171061 -Node: \bibitem172675 -Node: \cite173433 -Node: \nocite173952 -Node: Using BibTeX174240 -Node: theorem175749 -Node: titlepage176135 -Node: verbatim177425 -Node: \verb178064 -Node: verse178614 -Node: Line breaking179108 -Node: \\180205 -Node: \obeycr & \restorecr181243 -Node: \newline181645 -Node: \- (hyphenation)182479 -Node: \discretionary183094 -Node: \fussy183386 -Node: \sloppy183776 -Node: \hyphenation184103 -Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak184728 -Node: Page breaking185380 -Node: \cleardoublepage185988 -Node: \clearpage186417 -Node: \newpage186714 -Node: \enlargethispage186945 -Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak187472 -Node: Footnotes188166 -Node: \footnote189420 -Node: \footnotemark191216 -Node: \footnotetext192460 -Node: Footnotes in a table192950 -Node: Footnotes in section headings194807 -Node: Footnotes of footnotes195663 -Node: Multiple reference to footnotes196430 -Node: Footnote parameters197288 -Node: Definitions198038 -Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand198915 -Node: \providecommand202751 -Node: \newcounter203412 -Node: \newlength204383 -Node: \newsavebox205030 -Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment205641 -Node: \newtheorem210001 -Node: \newfont213490 -Node: \protect215055 -Node: \ignorespaces & 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input/output325583 +Node: \typein325848 +Node: \typeout326433 +Node: Command line327056 +Node: Document templates328008 +Node: beamer template328415 +Node: book template329066 +Node: tugboat template329434 +Node: Concept Index331798 +Node: Command Index389507 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-22 19:04:54 UTC (rev 605) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) @@ -4153,9 +4153,9 @@ @item \partopsep Vertical space added, beyond @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}, to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by -a blank line. (A blank line before the list changes spacing at both the -top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank -does not matter.) +a blank line. (A blank line in the @LaTeX{} source before the list +changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line +following the list is blank does not matter.) The defaults for the first three levels in @LaTeX{}'s @samp{article}, @samp{book}, and @samp{report} classes at 10 point size are: @code{2pt @@ -4187,18 +4187,58 @@ @float @image{latex2e-figures/list,3.21in,,,.png} - at caption{Vertical spaces: @var{v0} = @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if -the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and - at code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does; @var{v1} = - at code{\parsep}; @var{v2} = @code{\itemsep}+ at code{\parsep}; @var{v3} = - at var{v1}. Horizontal spaces: @var{h0} = @code{\labelwidth}; @var{h1} = - at code{\labelsep}; @var{h2} = @code{\listparindent}; @var{h3} = - at code{\leftmargin}; @var{h4} = @code{\itemindent}; @var{h5} = - at code{\rightmargin}. The right edge of @var{h1} equals the right edge -of @var{h4}, so that the left edge of the label box is at - at var{h3}+ at var{h4}-(@var{h0}+ at var{h1}).} @end float +The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for @var{h1} equals the right edge of the +bracket for @var{h4}, so that the left edge of the label box is at + at var{h3}+ at var{h4}-(@var{h0}+ at var{h1}). + + at table @var + at item v0 + at code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and + at code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does + + at item v1 + at code{\parsep} + + at item v2 + at code{\itemsep}+ at code{\parsep} + + at item v3 +Same as @var{v0}. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line +appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + + at item h1 + at code{\labelsep} + + at item h2 + at code{\listparindent} + + at item h3 + at code{\leftmargin} + + at item h4 + at code{\itemindent} + + at item h5 + at code{\rightmargin} + + at end table + + at c Vertical spaces: @var{v0} = @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if + at c the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and + at c @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does; @var{v1} = + at c @code{\parsep}; @var{v2} = @code{\itemsep}+ at code{\parsep}; @var{v3} = + at c @var{v1}. Horizontal spaces: @var{h0} = @code{\labelwidth}; @var{h1} = + at c @code{\labelsep}; @var{h2} = @code{\listparindent}; @var{h3} = + at c @code{\leftmargin}; @var{h4} = @code{\itemindent}; @var{h5} = + at c @code{\rightmargin}. The right edge of @var{h1} equals the right edge + at c of @var{h4}, so that the left edge of the label box is at + at c @var{h3}+ at var{h4}-(@var{h0}+ at var{h1}). + The list's left and right margins, shown above as @var{h3} and @var{h5}, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Sat Feb 24 23:04:50 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 00:04:50 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r607 - trunk Message-ID: <201802242204.w1OM4oo9023892@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-25 00:04:50 +0200 (Sun, 25 Feb 2018) New Revision: 607 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: add \spacefactor Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) @@ -1,5 +1,13 @@ 2018-02-22 Jim Hefferon + * latex2e.texi (\spacefactor): Create. Describe the space factor + along with the command. Create sub-menu. + (\(SPACE) and \@) Move to live below \spacefactor. + (\frenchspacing) Also move to below \spacefactor. + (\normalsfcodes) Create, below \spacefactor. + +2018-02-22 Jim Hefferon + * latex2e.texi (list): Convert legend for picture from caption to a table. Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) @@ -358,16 +358,20 @@ 19.1 \hspace 19.2 \hfill - 19.3 \(SPACE) and \@ + 19.3 \spacefactor + + 19.3.1 \(SPACE) and \@ + 19.3.2 \frenchspacing + 19.3.3 \normalsfcodes + 19.4 \ after control sequence - 19.5 \frenchspacing - 19.6 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em - 19.7 \/: Insert italic correction - 19.8 \hrulefill \dotfill - 19.9 \addvspace - 19.10 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip - 19.11 \vfill - 19.12 \vspace{length} + 19.5 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em + 19.6 \/: Insert italic correction + 19.7 \hrulefill \dotfill + 19.8 \addvspace + 19.9 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip + 19.10 \vfill + 19.11 \vspace{length}
20 Boxes
@@ -5176,7 +5180,6 @@ - The list’s left and right margins, shown above as h3 and h5, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width @@ -12118,24 +12121,22 @@ • \hfill: Stretchable horizontal space. -• \(SPACE) and \@: Space after a period. +• \spacefactor: Stretchability of following space • \(SPACE) after control sequence: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. -• \frenchspacing: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +• \thinspace: One-sixth of an em. -• \thinspace: One-sixth of an em. +• \/: Insert italic correction. -• \/: Insert italic correction. +• \hrulefill \dotfill: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. -• \hrulefill \dotfill: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. - Vertical space - • \addvspace: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +• \addvspace: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. -• \bigskip \medskip \smallskip: Fixed vertical spaces. +• \bigskip \medskip \smallskip: Fixed vertical spaces. • \vfill: Infinitely stretchable vertical space. @@ -12188,7 +12189,7 @@ -Next: \(SPACE) and \@, Previous: \hspace, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] +Next: \spacefactor, Previous: \hspace, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] 19.2 \hfill @@ -12208,57 +12209,160 @@ - + Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Previous: \hfill, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] + +19.3 \spacefactor + +Synopsis: + + +\spacefactor=1000 + + + +While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The +\spacefactor command (from Plain TeX) allow you to change +the LaTeX’s default behavior. + +After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a +space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX +will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +interword glue.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap +can stretch more or shrink more. + +Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is +2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 +after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single +quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. + +If the space factor f is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor f is greater +than 2000 then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer +Modern Roman 10 point that is 1.11111 points), and after this, the +font’s normal stretch value is multiplied by f /1000 and the +normal shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern +Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, +compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in +a lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + +The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because +they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. +First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, +that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. +Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its +effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second case, +sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for this +use \@ see \(SPACE) and \@. + + + + + + +• \(SPACE) and \@: Space after a period. + • \frenchspacing: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. + • \normalsfcodes: Restore space factor settings to the default. + + + + + + + +Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor [Contents][Index] + -19.3 \(SPACE) and \@ +19.3.1 \(SPACE) and \@ -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a -sentence or as ending an abbreviation. + Here, \(SPACE) means a backslash followed by a space. These +commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either +ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words -(see \frenchspacing). LaTeX assumes that the period ends a -sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it -takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a -sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space -follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. See \spacefactor. As +described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless +it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period +for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. -If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a -capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the + So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not +a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (\ ) or -a tie (~). Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ Science, and -Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.)\ for sale. +a tie (~) or a \@. Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ +Science, and Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.\@) for sale +(note that in the last the \@ comes before the closing parenthesis). -For another use of \ , see \(SPACE) after control sequence. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put \@ before that period. -For example, book by the MAA\@. will have inter-sentence -spacing after the period. +period that does end the sentence, then put \@ before the +period. For example, book by the MAA\@. will have correct +inter-sentence spacing after the period. -In contrast, putting \@ after a period tells TeX that the -period does not end the sentence. In the example reserved words -(if, then, etc.\@) are different, TeX will put interword space -after the closing parenthesis (note that \@ is before the -parenthesis). + For another use of \(SPACE), see \(SPACE) after control sequence. + + + +Next: \normalsfcodes, Previous: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: \spacefactor [Contents][Index] + + +19.3.2 \frenchspacing + + + + + +This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + +In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + +Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. + + + + + + +Previous: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor [Contents][Index] + + +19.3.3 \normalsfcodes + + + + +Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default. + + + -Next: \frenchspacing, Previous: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] +Next: \thinspace, Previous: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] 19.4 \ after control sequence @@ -12288,37 +12392,13 @@ - - - -Next: \thinspace, Previous: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] - - -19.5 \frenchspacing - - - - - -This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat -inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - -In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including -English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other -punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this -declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - -Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. - - - -Next: \/, Previous: \frenchspacing, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] +Next: \/, Previous: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.6 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em +19.5 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em @@ -12333,7 +12413,7 @@ Next: \hrulefill \dotfill, Previous: \thinspace, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.7 \/: Insert italic correction +19.6 \/: Insert italic correction @@ -12370,7 +12450,7 @@ Next: \addvspace, Previous: \/, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.8 \hrulefill \dotfill +19.7 \hrulefill \dotfill @@ -12406,7 +12486,7 @@ Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Previous: \hrulefill \dotfill, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.9 \addvspace +19.8 \addvspace @@ -12440,7 +12520,7 @@ Next: \vfill, Previous: \addvspace, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.10 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip +19.9 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the document class. @@ -12484,7 +12564,7 @@ Next: \vspace, Previous: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.11 \vfill +19.10 \vfill @@ -12523,7 +12603,7 @@ Previous: \vfill, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index] -19.12 \vspace{length} +19.11 \vspace{length} @@ -15724,6 +15804,7 @@ spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing +spacing, inter-sentence: \normalsfcodes Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols special characters: Reserved characters special characters: Additional Latin letters @@ -16503,6 +16584,7 @@ \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak \normalfont: Font styles \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes +\normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes \normalsize: Font sizes \not: Math symbols \notin: Math symbols @@ -16665,6 +16747,7 @@ \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip \smile: Math symbols +\spacefactor: \spacefactor \spadesuit: Math symbols \sqcap: Math symbols \sqcup: Math symbols Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) @@ -7774,9 +7774,8 @@ Horizontal space * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. -* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period. +* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space * \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. -* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. * \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. * \/:: Insert italic correction. * \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. @@ -7818,7 +7817,7 @@ \noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}} -File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \(SPACE) and \@, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces 19.2 '\hfill' ============= @@ -7831,44 +7830,124 @@ (*note \hspace::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \spacefactor, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces -19.3 '\(SPACE)' and \@ -====================== +19.3 '\spacefactor' +=================== -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a +Synopsis: + + \spacefactor=1000 + + While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The '\spacefactor' +command (from Plain TeX) allow you to change the LaTeX's default +behavior. + + After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a +space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX +will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +"interword glue".) A larger space factor means that the glue gap can +stretch more or shrink more. + + Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is +2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 +after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single +quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. + + If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's +normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 +then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 +point that is 1.11111 points), and after this, the font's normal stretch +value is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied +by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and +1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the +space following a word ending in a lower-case letter, intersentence +spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 +times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + + The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because +they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. +First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, +that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. +Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its +effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second +case, sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for +this use '\@' *note \(SPACE) and \@::. + +* Menu: + +* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period. +* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor + +19.3.1 '\(SPACE)' and '\@' +-------------------------- + +Here, '\(SPACE)' means a backslash followed by a space. These commands +mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words (*note \frenchspacing::). -LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it is preceded by a -capital letter, in which case it takes that period for part of an -abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is immediately -followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double -quote, then the inter-sentence space follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. *Note \spacefactor::. As +described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it +is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period for +part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. - If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not -a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the + So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is +not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ('\ ') or a tie -('~'). Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and -'(manure, etc.)\ for sale'. +('~') or a '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', +and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note that in the last the '\@' comes +before the closing parenthesis). - For another use of '\ ', *note \(SPACE) after control sequence::. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put '\@' before that period. For -example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have inter-sentence spacing after the -period. +period that does end the sentence, then put '\@' before the period. For +example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have correct inter-sentence spacing +after the period. - In contrast, putting '\@' after a period tells TeX that the period -does not end the sentence. In the example 'reserved words (if, then, -etc.\@) are different', TeX will put interword space after the closing -parenthesis (note that '\@' is before the parenthesis). + For another use of '\(SPACE)', *note \(SPACE) after control +sequence::. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \frenchspacing, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: \spacefactor +19.3.2 '\frenchspacing' +----------------------- + +This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence +spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + + In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, +including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or +after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. +Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + + Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor + +19.3.3 '\normalsfcodes' +----------------------- + +Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces + 19.4 '\ ' after control sequence ================================ @@ -7890,25 +7969,9 @@ package do not follow the standard behavior. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces -19.5 '\frenchspacing' -===================== - -This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence -spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - - In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, -including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or -after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. -Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - - Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. - - -File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: Spaces - -19.6 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em +19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em =============================== '\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 @@ -7918,7 +7981,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces -19.7 '\/': Insert italic correction +19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction =================================== The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space @@ -7946,7 +8009,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces -19.8 '\hrulefill \dotfill' +19.7 '\hrulefill \dotfill' ========================== Produce an infinite rubber length (*note Lengths::) filled with a @@ -7972,7 +8035,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \hrulefill \dotfill, Up: Spaces -19.9 '\addvspace' +19.8 '\addvspace' ================= '\addvspace{LENGTH}' @@ -7997,8 +8060,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces -19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' -==================================== +19.9 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +=================================== These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the document class. @@ -8021,7 +8084,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces -19.11 '\vfill' +19.10 '\vfill' ============== End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length (*note @@ -8049,7 +8112,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces -19.12 '\vspace{LENGTH}' +19.11 '\vspace{LENGTH}' ======================= Synopsis, one of these two: @@ -10260,6 +10323,7 @@ * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) * spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6) +* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135) * special characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) * special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters. @@ -11001,6 +11065,7 @@ (line 6) * \normalfont: Font styles. (line 57) * \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24) +* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) * \not: Math symbols. (line 449) * \notin: Math symbols. (line 457) @@ -11202,6 +11267,7 @@ * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. (line 20) * \smile: Math symbols. (line 648) +* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10) * \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 651) * \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 654) * \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 658) @@ -11771,70 +11837,72 @@ Node: \pagestyle276655 Node: \thispagestyle277796 Node: Spaces278102 -Node: \hspace279027 -Node: \hfill279982 -Node: \(SPACE) and \@280377 -Ref: \AT280538 -Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence282075 -Node: \frenchspacing282993 -Node: \thinspace283611 -Node: \/283914 -Node: \hrulefill \dotfill285096 -Node: \addvspace286089 -Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip287135 -Node: \vfill288029 -Node: \vspace288898 -Node: Boxes289891 -Node: \mbox290616 -Node: \fbox and \framebox290903 -Node: lrbox291706 -Node: \makebox292065 -Node: \parbox292785 -Node: \raisebox294353 -Node: \savebox294950 -Node: \sbox295365 -Node: \usebox295814 -Node: Special insertions296075 -Node: Reserved characters296876 -Node: Upper and lower case298077 -Node: Symbols by font position299992 -Node: Text symbols300612 -Node: Accents304060 -Node: Additional Latin letters306602 -Ref: Non-English characters306773 -Node: \rule307790 -Node: \today308219 -Node: Splitting the input308973 -Node: \include309737 -Node: \includeonly310328 -Node: \input310841 -Node: Front/back matter311336 -Node: Tables of contents311541 -Node: \addcontentsline312602 -Node: \addtocontents313620 -Node: Glossaries314153 -Node: Indexes314672 -Node: Letters316305 -Node: \address319983 -Node: \cc320853 -Node: \closing321271 -Node: \encl321582 -Node: \location321997 -Node: \makelabels322266 -Node: \name323267 -Node: \opening323497 -Node: \ps323837 -Node: \signature324126 -Node: \telephone325218 -Node: Terminal input/output325583 -Node: \typein325848 -Node: \typeout326433 -Node: Command line327056 -Node: Document templates328008 -Node: beamer template328415 -Node: book template329066 -Node: tugboat template329434 -Node: Concept Index331798 -Node: Command Index389507 +Node: \hspace278972 +Node: \hfill279927 +Node: \spacefactor280319 +Node: \(SPACE) and \@283034 +Ref: \AT283177 +Node: \frenchspacing284654 +Node: \normalsfcodes285270 +Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence285459 +Node: \thinspace286370 +Node: \/286690 +Node: \hrulefill \dotfill287872 +Node: \addvspace288865 +Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip289911 +Node: \vfill290803 +Node: \vspace291672 +Node: Boxes292665 +Node: \mbox293390 +Node: \fbox and \framebox293677 +Node: lrbox294480 +Node: \makebox294839 +Node: \parbox295559 +Node: \raisebox297127 +Node: \savebox297724 +Node: \sbox298139 +Node: \usebox298588 +Node: Special insertions298849 +Node: Reserved characters299650 +Node: Upper and lower case300851 +Node: Symbols by font position302766 +Node: Text symbols303386 +Node: Accents306834 +Node: Additional Latin letters309376 +Ref: Non-English characters309547 +Node: \rule310564 +Node: \today310993 +Node: Splitting the input311747 +Node: \include312511 +Node: \includeonly313102 +Node: \input313615 +Node: Front/back matter314110 +Node: Tables of contents314315 +Node: \addcontentsline315376 +Node: \addtocontents316394 +Node: Glossaries316927 +Node: Indexes317446 +Node: Letters319079 +Node: \address322757 +Node: \cc323627 +Node: \closing324045 +Node: \encl324356 +Node: \location324771 +Node: \makelabels325040 +Node: \name326041 +Node: \opening326271 +Node: \ps326611 +Node: \signature326900 +Node: \telephone327992 +Node: Terminal input/output328357 +Node: \typein328622 +Node: \typeout329207 +Node: Command line329830 +Node: Document templates330782 +Node: beamer template331189 +Node: book template331840 +Node: tugboat template332208 +Node: Concept Index334572 +Node: Command Index392354 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-22 19:54:53 UTC (rev 606) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) @@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. @c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file @c - at c xx misc commands from clsguide.pdf: - at c \normalsfcodes @c xx color (include info from clsguide.pdf) @c xx ending a run with errors @c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX @@ -4228,17 +4226,6 @@ @end table - at c Vertical spaces: @var{v0} = @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if - at c the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and - at c @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does; @var{v1} = - at c @code{\parsep}; @var{v2} = @code{\itemsep}+ at code{\parsep}; @var{v3} = - at c @var{v1}. Horizontal spaces: @var{h0} = @code{\labelwidth}; @var{h1} = - at c @code{\labelsep}; @var{h2} = @code{\listparindent}; @var{h3} = - at c @code{\leftmargin}; @var{h4} = @code{\itemindent}; @var{h5} = - at c @code{\rightmargin}. The right edge of @var{h1} equals the right edge - at c of @var{h4}, so that the left edge of the label box is at - at c @var{h3}+ at var{h4}-(@var{h0}+ at var{h1}). - The list's left and right margins, shown above as @var{h3} and @var{h5}, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width @@ -9464,9 +9451,8 @@ Horizontal space * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. -* \(SPACE) and \@@:: Space after a period. +* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space * \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. -* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. * \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. * \/:: Insert italic correction. * \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. @@ -9530,48 +9516,130 @@ @code{\hspace*@{\fill@}} instead (@pxref{\hspace}). - at node \(SPACE) and \@@ - at section @code{\(SPACE)} and \@@ + at node \spacefactor + at section @code{\spacefactor} +Synopsis: + + at example +\spacefactor=1000 + at end example + + at findex \spacefactor +While @LaTeX{} is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The + at code{\spacefactor} command (from Plain at tie{}@TeX{}) allow you to change +the @LaTeX{}'s default behavior. + +After @LaTeX{} places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a +space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap @LaTeX{} +will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called + at dfn{interword glue}.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap +can stretch more or shrink more. + +Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is +2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 +after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single +quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. + +If the space factor at tie{}@var{f} is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +font's normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +3.3333 at tie{}points). Otherwise, if the space factor @var{f} is greater +than 2000 then @TeX{} adds the font's extra space value (for Computer +Modern Roman 10 point that is 1.11111 at tie{}points), and after this, the +font's normal stretch value is multiplied by @math{f /1000} and the +normal shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern +Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points). In short, +compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in +a lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + +The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors is even more complex because +they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. +First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, +that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. +Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its +effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second case, +sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for this +use @code{\@@} @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}. + + + at menu +* \(SPACE) and \@@:: Space after a period. +* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default. + at end menu + + + at node \(SPACE) and \@@ + at subsection @code{\(SPACE)} and @code{\@@} + @findex \(SPACE) @findex \TAB @findex \NEWLINE @findex \@@ @anchor{\AT}@c old name -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a -sentence or as ending an abbreviation. +Here, @code{\(SPACE)} means a backslash followed by a space. These +commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either +ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line @LaTeX{} adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words -(@pxref{\frenchspacing}). @LaTeX{} assumes that the period ends a -sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it -takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a -sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space -follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. @xref{\spacefactor}. As +described there, @LaTeX{} assumes that the period ends a sentence unless +it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period +for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. -If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a -capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not +a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (@code{\ }) or -a tie (@code{~}). Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\ Science}, and - at code{Mr.~Bean}, and @code{(manure, etc.)\ for sale}. +a tie (@code{~}) or a @code{\@@}. Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\ +Science}, and @code{Mr.~Bean}, and @code{(manure, etc.\@@) for sale} +(note that in the last the @code{\@@} comes before the closing parenthesis). -For another use of @code{\ }, @pxref{\(SPACE) after control sequence}. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put @code{\@@} before that period. -For example, @code{book by the MAA\@@.} will have inter-sentence -spacing after the period. +period that does end the sentence, then put @code{\@@} before the +period. For example, @code{book by the MAA\@@.} will have correct +inter-sentence spacing after the period. -In contrast, putting @code{\@@} after a period tells @TeX{} that the -period does not end the sentence. In the example @code{reserved words -(if, then, etc.\@@) are different}, @TeX{} will put interword space -after the closing parenthesis (note that @code{\@@} is before the -parenthesis). +For another use of @code{\(SPACE)}, @pxref{\(SPACE) after control sequence}. + at node \frenchspacing + at subsection @code{\frenchspacing} + + at findex \frenchspacing + at findex \nonfrenchspacing + at cindex spacing, inter-sentence + +This declaration (from Plain @TeX{}) causes @LaTeX{} to treat +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + +In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + +Revert to the default behavior by declaring @code{\nonfrenchspacing}. + + + at node \normalsfcodes + at subsection @code{\normalsfcodes} + + at findex \normalsfcodes + at cindex spacing, inter-sentence + +Reset the @LaTeX{} space factor values to the default. + + @node \(SPACE) after control sequence @section @code{\ } after control sequence @@ -9596,24 +9664,6 @@ package do not follow the standard behavior. - at node \frenchspacing - at section @code{\frenchspacing} - - at findex \frenchspacing - at findex \nonfrenchspacing - at cindex spacing, inter-sentence - -This declaration (from Plain @TeX{}) causes @LaTeX{} to treat -inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - -In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including -English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other -punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this -declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - -Revert to the default behavior by declaring @code{\nonfrenchspacing}. - - @node \thinspace @section @code{\thinspace}: Insert 1/6 at dmn{em} From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Sun Feb 25 00:07:28 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 01:07:28 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r608 - trunk Message-ID: <201802242307.w1ON7SPa002365@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-02-25 01:07:27 +0200 (Sun, 25 Feb 2018) New Revision: 608 Modified: trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: minor adjustments from last commit Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) @@ -12220,14 +12220,14 @@ Synopsis: -\spacefactor=1000 +\spacefactor=integer While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The -\spacefactor command (from Plain TeX) allow you to change -the LaTeX’s default behavior. +\spacefactor command (from Plain TeX) allows you to +change the LaTeX’s default behavior. After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a @@ -12238,32 +12238,32 @@ Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is -set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is -2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 -after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single -quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. If the space factor f is 1000 then the glue gap will be the -font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is 3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor f is greater than 2000 then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer -Modern Roman 10 point that is 1.11111 points), and after this, the -font’s normal stretch value is multiplied by f /1000 and the -normal shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern -Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, -compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in -a lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s +normal stretch value is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman +10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared +to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a +lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. -First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. +First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second case, -sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for this -use \@ see \(SPACE) and \@. +effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust +to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a +capital letter, see \(SPACE) and \@. Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) @@ -7837,11 +7837,11 @@ Synopsis: - \spacefactor=1000 + \spacefactor=INTEGER While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The '\spacefactor' -command (from Plain TeX) allow you to change the LaTeX's default +command (from Plain TeX) allows you to change the LaTeX's default behavior. After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a @@ -7853,32 +7853,32 @@ Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is -set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is -2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 -after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single -quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's -normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is 3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 -point that is 1.11111 points), and after this, the font's normal stretch -value is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied -by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and +point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value +is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by +1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. -First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. +First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second -case, sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for -this use '\@' *note \(SPACE) and \@::. +effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust +to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a +capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::. * Menu: @@ -11840,69 +11840,69 @@ Node: \hspace278972 Node: \hfill279927 Node: \spacefactor280319 -Node: \(SPACE) and \@283034 -Ref: \AT283177 -Node: \frenchspacing284654 -Node: \normalsfcodes285270 -Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence285459 -Node: \thinspace286370 -Node: \/286690 -Node: \hrulefill \dotfill287872 -Node: \addvspace288865 -Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip289911 -Node: \vfill290803 -Node: \vspace291672 -Node: Boxes292665 -Node: \mbox293390 -Node: \fbox and \framebox293677 -Node: lrbox294480 -Node: \makebox294839 -Node: \parbox295559 -Node: \raisebox297127 -Node: \savebox297724 -Node: \sbox298139 -Node: \usebox298588 -Node: Special insertions298849 -Node: Reserved characters299650 -Node: Upper and lower case300851 -Node: Symbols by font position302766 -Node: Text symbols303386 -Node: Accents306834 -Node: Additional Latin letters309376 -Ref: Non-English characters309547 -Node: \rule310564 -Node: \today310993 -Node: Splitting the input311747 -Node: \include312511 -Node: \includeonly313102 -Node: \input313615 -Node: Front/back matter314110 -Node: Tables of contents314315 -Node: \addcontentsline315376 -Node: \addtocontents316394 -Node: Glossaries316927 -Node: Indexes317446 -Node: Letters319079 -Node: \address322757 -Node: \cc323627 -Node: \closing324045 -Node: \encl324356 -Node: \location324771 -Node: \makelabels325040 -Node: \name326041 -Node: \opening326271 -Node: \ps326611 -Node: \signature326900 -Node: \telephone327992 -Node: Terminal input/output328357 -Node: \typein328622 -Node: \typeout329207 -Node: Command line329830 -Node: Document templates330782 -Node: beamer template331189 -Node: book template331840 -Node: tugboat template332208 -Node: Concept Index334572 -Node: Command Index392354 +Node: \(SPACE) and \@283025 +Ref: \AT283168 +Node: \frenchspacing284645 +Node: \normalsfcodes285261 +Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence285450 +Node: \thinspace286361 +Node: \/286681 +Node: \hrulefill \dotfill287863 +Node: \addvspace288856 +Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip289902 +Node: \vfill290794 +Node: \vspace291663 +Node: Boxes292656 +Node: \mbox293381 +Node: \fbox and \framebox293668 +Node: lrbox294471 +Node: \makebox294830 +Node: \parbox295550 +Node: \raisebox297118 +Node: \savebox297715 +Node: \sbox298130 +Node: \usebox298579 +Node: Special insertions298840 +Node: Reserved characters299641 +Node: Upper and lower case300842 +Node: Symbols by font position302757 +Node: Text symbols303377 +Node: Accents306825 +Node: Additional Latin letters309367 +Ref: Non-English characters309538 +Node: \rule310555 +Node: \today310984 +Node: Splitting the input311738 +Node: \include312502 +Node: \includeonly313093 +Node: \input313606 +Node: Front/back matter314101 +Node: Tables of contents314306 +Node: \addcontentsline315367 +Node: \addtocontents316385 +Node: Glossaries316918 +Node: Indexes317437 +Node: Letters319070 +Node: \address322748 +Node: \cc323618 +Node: \closing324036 +Node: \encl324347 +Node: \location324762 +Node: \makelabels325031 +Node: \name326032 +Node: \opening326262 +Node: \ps326602 +Node: \signature326891 +Node: \telephone327983 +Node: Terminal input/output328348 +Node: \typein328613 +Node: \typeout329198 +Node: Command line329821 +Node: Document templates330773 +Node: beamer template331180 +Node: book template331831 +Node: tugboat template332199 +Node: Concept Index334563 +Node: Command Index392345 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-24 22:04:50 UTC (rev 607) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) @@ -9522,14 +9522,14 @@ Synopsis: @example -\spacefactor=1000 +\spacefactor=@var{integer} @end example @findex \spacefactor While @LaTeX{} is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The - at code{\spacefactor} command (from Plain at tie{}@TeX{}) allow you to change -the @LaTeX{}'s default behavior. + at code{\spacefactor} command (from Plain at tie{}@TeX{}) allows you to +change the @LaTeX{}'s default behavior. After @LaTeX{} places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a @@ -9540,32 +9540,32 @@ Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is -set to 3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is -2000 after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 -after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single -quote. Finally, it is 999 for capital letters. +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. If the space factor at tie{}@var{f} is 1000 then the glue gap will be the -font's normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point that is +font's normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is 3.3333 at tie{}points). Otherwise, if the space factor @var{f} is greater than 2000 then @TeX{} adds the font's extra space value (for Computer -Modern Roman 10 point that is 1.11111 at tie{}points), and after this, the -font's normal stretch value is multiplied by @math{f /1000} and the -normal shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern -Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points). In short, -compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in -a lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 at tie{}points), and then the font's +normal stretch value is multiplied by @math{f /1000} and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern Roman +10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points). In short, compared +to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a +lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In parctice, there are two consequences. -First, that if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close +they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. +First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place, so you get an ordinary space. For this second case, -sometimes an abbreviation does not end in a capital letter; for this -use @code{\@@} @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}. +effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust +to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a +capital letter, @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}. @menu From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Mon Mar 5 00:44:29 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2018 01:44:29 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r609 - trunk Message-ID: <201803042344.w24NiT4m020753@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-03-05 01:44:29 +0200 (Mon, 05 Mar 2018) New Revision: 609 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/Makefile trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: Creat chapter for color package Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-04 23:44:29 UTC (rev 609) @@ -1,3 +1,12 @@ +2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon + + * latex2e.texi (Color): Create. Include all commands and + options from grfguide.pdf. + * latex2e.css (code) Create file, so in HTML inside of @math{} the + code elements will be in monotype. + * Makefile Include CSS file in texi2html line; put in dependence + to css file in %.html line. + 2018-02-22 Jim Hefferon * latex2e.texi (\spacefactor): Create. Describe the space factor Modified: trunk/Makefile =================================================================== --- trunk/Makefile 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) +++ trunk/Makefile 2018-03-04 23:44:29 UTC (rev 609) @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ # makeinfo = makeinfo texi2docbook = $(makeinfo) --docbook -texi2html = $(makeinfo) --html --no-split $(texi2html_top) +texi2html = $(makeinfo) --html --no-split --css-include=latex2e.css $(texi2html_top) texi2info = $(makeinfo) --no-split texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ # %.dbk: %.texi $(texi2docbook) -o $@ $< -%.html: %.texi +%.html: %.texi %.css $(texi2html) $< %.info: %.texi $(texi2info) $< Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-04 23:44:29 UTC (rev 609) @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ - + -LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018) + +LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018) - - + + - @@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} +code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace} --> @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ -LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018) +LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018) @@ -114,12 +115,13 @@ 18 Page styles 19 Spaces 20 Boxes -21 Special insertions -22 Splitting the input -23 Front/back matter -24 Letters -25 Terminal input/output -26 Command line +21 Color +22 Special insertions +23 Splitting the input +24 Front/back matter +25 Letters +26 Terminal input/output +27 Command line Appendix A Document templates Concept Index Command Index @@ -385,53 +387,65 @@ 20.8 \sbox{\boxcmd}{text} 20.9 \usebox{\boxcmd} - 21 Special insertions + 21 Color - 21.1 Reserved characters - 21.2 Upper and lower case - 21.3 Symbols by font position - 21.4 Text symbols - 21.5 Accents - 21.6 Additional Latin letters - 21.7 \rule - 21.8 \today + 21.1 Color package options + 21.2 Color models + 21.3 Commands + + 21.3.1 Define colors + 21.3.2 Colored text + 21.3.3 Colored boxes + 21.3.4 Colored pages + - 22 Splitting the input + 22 Special insertions - 22.1 \include - 22.2 \includeonly - 22.3 \input + 22.1 Reserved characters + 22.2 Upper and lower case + 22.3 Symbols by font position + 22.4 Text symbols + 22.5 Accents + 22.6 Additional Latin letters + 22.7 \rule + 22.8 \today - 23 Front/back matter + 23 Splitting the input - 23.1 Tables of contents + 23.1 \include + 23.2 \includeonly + 23.3 \input + + 24 Front/back matter + + 24.1 Tables of contents - 23.1.1 \addcontentsline - 23.1.2 \addtocontents + 24.1.1 \addcontentsline + 24.1.2 \addtocontents - 23.2 Glossaries - 23.3 Indexes + 24.2 Glossaries + 24.3 Indexes - 24 Letters + 25 Letters - 24.1 \address - 24.2 \cc - 24.3 \closing - 24.4 \encl - 24.5 \location - 24.6 \makelabels - 24.7 \name - 24.8 \opening - 24.9 \ps - 24.10 \signature - 24.11 \telephone + 25.1 \address + 25.2 \cc + 25.3 \closing + 25.4 \encl + 25.5 \location + 25.6 \makelabels + 25.7 \name + 25.8 \opening + 25.9 \ps + 25.10 \signature + 25.11 \telephone - 25 Terminal input/output + 26 Terminal input/output - 25.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} - 25.2 \typeout{msg} + 26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} + 26.2 \typeout{msg} - 26 Command line + 27 Command line Appendix A Document templates A.1 beamer template @@ -455,7 +469,7 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -February 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +Command 10pt 11pt 12pt @@ -1566,8 +1740,8 @@ Low-level font commandsFont sizesFonts Low-level font commands -low-level font commands -font commands, low-level +low-level font commands +font commands, low-level These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available @@ -1577,121 +1751,173 @@ • About this document: Bug reporting, etc. @@ -498,6 +512,8 @@ • Boxes: Making boxes. • Color: Defining and using colors. + • Special insertions: Inserting reserved and special characters. • Splitting the input: Dealing with big files by splitting. @@ -5139,7 +5155,7 @@ v0 -\topsep+\parskip if + \topsep + \parskip if the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and \topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does @@ -12230,11 +12246,11 @@ change the LaTeX’s default behavior. After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a -parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a -space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX -will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input +is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap +LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called interword glue.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap -can stretch more or shrink more. +can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is @@ -12255,15 +12271,15 @@ lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. -The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. -First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close -parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, -that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. -Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust -to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a -capital letter, see \(SPACE) and \@. + The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, see \(SPACE) and \@. @@ -12645,7 +12661,7 @@ -Next: Special insertions, Previous: Spaces, Up: Top [Contents][Index] +Next: Color, Previous: Spaces, Up: Top [Contents][Index] 20 Boxes @@ -12723,8 +12739,8 @@ Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default -‘.4pt’), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default -‘3pt’) between the rule and the contents of the box. +0.4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default 3pt) +between the rule and the contents of the box. See \framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the picture environment. @@ -12962,13 +12978,422 @@ + + + +Next: Special insertions, Previous: Boxes, Up: Top [Contents][Index] + + +21 Color + + + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + +Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below +will only work if your document preamble contains +\usepackage{color}, that brings in the standard package. + +Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is xcolor, which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models. + + + + + +• Color package options: Options when you load the standard package. + • Color models: How colors are represented. + • Commands: The available commands. + + + + + + + +Next: Color models, Up: Color [Contents][Index] + + +21.1 Color package options + + + + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{color} + + +When you load the color package there are two kinds of available +options. + +The first specifies the printer driver. LaTeX doesn’t contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, +dvisvgm, luatex, pdftex, xetex. The two +xdvi and oztex are essentially aliases for dvips +(and xdvi is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: dvipdf, dvipdfm, dviwin, +dvipsone, emtex, pctexps, pctexwin, +pctexhp, pctex32, truetex, tcidvi, +vtex (and dviwindo is an alias for dvipsone). + +The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + + +monochrome +Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do +not generate color either. + + +dvipsnames +Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, +particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally +provided by the dvips driver, giving the option name. + + +nodvipsnames +Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of +memory space. + + + + + + + + + +Next: Commands, Previous: Color package options, Up: Color [Contents][Index] + + +21.2 Color models + + + +A color model is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the pdftex, +xetex, and luatex printer drivers are today by far the +most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but +one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers +used today. + +Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + + +cmyk +A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is +magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means +minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often +used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + + +gray +A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades +of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + + +rgb +A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the +second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that +none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. +This is an additive model. + + +RGB +(pdftex, xetex, luatex drivers) A comma-separated +list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a +convenience for using rgb since outside of LaTeX colors are +often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. +The values entered here are converted to the rgb model by +dividing by 255. + + +named +Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’, +‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, +‘white’, and ‘yellow’ (See the dvipsnames option in +Color package options). + + + + + + + + + +Previous: Color models, Up: Color [Contents][Index] + + +21.3 Commands + + + +These are the commands available with the color package. + + + + + + +• Define colors: Give a color a name. + • Colored text: Text or rules in color. + • Colored boxes: A box of color, to write over. + • Colored pages: A whole page colored. + + + + + + + +Next: Colored text, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] + + +21.3.1 Define colors + + + + + +Synopsis: + + +\definecolor{name}{model}{specification} + + +Give the name name to the color. For example, after +\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} you can use that +color name with Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!. + +This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and +not be misleading. + + +\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex +\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + + +Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class +or style, rather than in the document body. + + + + + + +Next: Colored boxes, Previous: Define colors, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] + + +21.3.2 Colored text + + + + +Synopses: + + +\textcolor{name}{...} +\textcolor[color model]{color specification}{...} + + +or + + +\color{name} +\color[color model]{specification} + + +The affected text gets the color. This line + + +\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + + +causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You +can use a color declared with \definecolor in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’. + + +\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} +I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + + +The two \textcolor and \color differ in that the first is +a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in The moon is made of {\color{green} +green} cheese, so it is in effect until the end of the current group +or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as +below where it colors everything inside the center environment, +including the vertical and horizontal lines. + + +\begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + + +You can use color in equations. A document might have +\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0} in the +preamble, and then contain this equation. + + +\begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) +\end{equation} + + +Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style +but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the +synopses. + + +Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + + +The format of color specification depends on the color model +(see Color models). For instance, while rgb takes three +numbers, gray takes only one. + + +The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + + +Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + +\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + + +has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + + + + + + +Next: Colored pages, Previous: Colored text, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] + + +21.3.3 Colored boxes + + + + + +Synopses: + + +\colorbox{name}{...} +\colorbox[model name]{box background color specification}{...} + + +or + + +\fcolorbox{frame color}{box background color}{...} +\fcolorbox[model name]{frame color specification}{box background color specification}{...} + + +Make a box with the stated background color. The \fcolorbox +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + +Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + + +makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the \strut (so the depth is +-.3\baselineskip and the height is \baselineskip). This +puts white text on a blue background. + + +\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + + +The \fcolorbox commands use the same parameters as \fbox +(see \fbox and \framebox), \fboxrule and \fboxsep, to +set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior +and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are 0.4pt and +3pt, respectively. + +This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + +{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} +\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + + + + + + + +Previous: Colored boxes, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] + + +21.3.4 Colored pages + + + + + + +Synopses: + + +\pagecolor{name} +\pagecolor[color model]{color specification} +\nopagecolor + + +The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, +to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second +form see Colored text. The third returns the background to normal, +which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use +\pagecolor{white}, although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + + ... +\pagecolor{cyan} + ... +\nopagecolor + + + + + -Next: Splitting the input, Previous: Boxes, Up: Top [Contents][Index] +Next: Splitting the input, Previous: Color, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -21 Special insertions +22 Special insertions @@ -13003,7 +13428,7 @@ Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.1 Reserved characters +22.1 Reserved characters @@ -13059,7 +13484,7 @@ Next: Symbols by font position, Previous: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.2 Upper and lower case +22.2 Upper and lower case @@ -13127,7 +13552,7 @@ Next: Text symbols, Previous: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.3 Symbols by font position +22.3 Symbols by font position @@ -13151,7 +13576,7 @@ Next: Accents, Previous: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.4 Text symbols +22.4 Text symbols @@ -13628,7 +14053,7 @@ Next: Additional Latin letters, Previous: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.5 Accents +22.5 Accents @@ -13821,7 +14246,7 @@ Next: \rule, Previous: Accents, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.6 Additional Latin letters +22.6 Additional Latin letters @@ -13940,7 +14365,7 @@ Next: \today, Previous: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.7 \rule +22.7 \rule @@ -13975,7 +14400,7 @@ Previous: \rule, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -21.8 \today +22.8 \today @@ -14013,7 +14438,7 @@ Next: Front/back matter, Previous: Special insertions, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -22 Splitting the input +23 Splitting the input @@ -14047,7 +14472,7 @@ Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -22.1 \include +23.1 \include @@ -14078,7 +14503,7 @@ Next: \input, Previous: \include, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -22.2 \includeonly +23.2 \includeonly @@ -14104,7 +14529,7 @@ Previous: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -22.3 \input +23.3 \input @@ -14131,7 +14556,7 @@ Next: Letters, Previous: Splitting the input, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -23 Front/back matter +24 Front/back matter + @@ -15264,6 +15690,7 @@ + @@ -15317,6 +15744,18 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -15352,6 +15791,7 @@ + @@ -15652,6 +16092,7 @@ + @@ -15701,6 +16142,7 @@ + Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-04 23:44:29 UTC (rev 609) @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version of February 2018. +preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of February -2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of March 2018) +for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Menu: @@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ * Page styles:: Various styles of page layout. * Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. * Boxes:: Making boxes. +* Color:: Defining and using colors. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -3290,7 +3291,7 @@ for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). V0 - '\topsep'+'\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new + '\topsep' + '\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does V1 @@ -7845,11 +7846,11 @@ behavior. After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a -parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a -space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX +parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is +a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called "interword glue".) A larger space factor means that the glue gap can -stretch more or shrink more. +stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is @@ -7870,15 +7871,15 @@ spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. - The rules for how TeX uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. -First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close -parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, -that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. -Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust -to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a -capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::. + The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::. * Menu: @@ -8143,7 +8144,7 @@ \end{document} -File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Color, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top 20 Boxes ******** @@ -8192,7 +8193,7 @@ dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default -'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the +'0.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the @@ -8207,7 +8208,7 @@ Synopsis: \begin{lrbox}{\CMD} - TEXT + TEXT \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox. @@ -8352,9 +8353,295 @@ a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top -21 Special insertions +21 Color +******** + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + + Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands +below will only work if your document preamble contains +'\usepackage{color}', that brings in the standard package. + + Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +'HTML' and 'Hsb' color models. + +* Menu: + +* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package. +* Color models:: How colors are represented. +* Commands:: The available commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color + +21.1 Color package options +========================== + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color} + + When you load the 'color' package there are two kinds of available +options. + + The first specifies the "printer driver". LaTeX doesn't contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', +'pdftex', 'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases +for 'dvips' (and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used +for new systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). + + The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + +'monochrome' + Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but + do not generate color either. + +'dvipsnames' + Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, + particularly in legacy documents. These color names were + originally provided by the 'dvips' driver, giving the option name. + +'nodvipsnames' + Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of + memory space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color + +21.2 Color models +================= + +A "color model" is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities +depend on the printer driver. However, the 'pdftex', 'xetex', and +'luatex' printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The +models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also +supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today. + + Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + +'cmyk' + A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second + is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of + 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This + model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + +'gray' + A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are + shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + +'rgb' + A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, + the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 + means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full + intensity. This is an additive model. + +'RGB' + ('pdftex', 'xetex', 'luatex' drivers) A comma-separated list with + three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a + convenience for using 'rgb' since outside of LaTeX colors are often + described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. + The values entered here are converted to the 'rgb' model by + dividing by 255. + +'named' + Colors are accessed by name, such as 'PrussianBlue'. The list of + names depends on the driver, but all support the names 'black', + 'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'magenta', 'red', 'white', and 'yellow' + (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands, Prev: Color models, Up: Color + +21.3 Commands +============= + +These are the commands available with the 'color' package. + +* Menu: + +* Define colors:: Give a color a name. +* Colored text:: Text or rules in color. +* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over. +* Colored pages:: A whole page colored. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands + +21.3.1 Define colors +-------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION} + + Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after +'\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}' you can use that color name +with 'Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!'. + + This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change +and not be misleading. + + \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex + \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + + Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the +class or style, rather than in the document body. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands + +21.3.2 Colored text +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \textcolor{NAME}{...} + \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \color{NAME} + \color[COLOR MODEL]{SPECIFICATION} + + The affected text gets the color. This line + + \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + + causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. +You can use a color declared with '\definecolor' in exactly the same way +that we just used the builtin color 'magenta'. + + \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} + I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + + The two '\textcolor' and '\color' differ in that the first is a +command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in 'The moon is made of {\color{green} green} +cheese', so it is in effect until the end of the current group or +environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below +where it colors everything inside the 'center' environment, including +the vertical and horizontal lines. + + \begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + + You can use color in equations. A document might have +'\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}' in the preamble, and then +contain this equation. + + \begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) + \end{equation} + + Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or +style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in +the synopses. + + Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + + The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note +Color models::). For instance, while 'rgb' takes three numbers, 'gray' +takes only one. + + The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + + Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + + has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands + +21.3.3 Colored boxes +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \colorbox{NAME}{...} + \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...} + \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR SPECIFICATION}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + Make a box with the stated background color. The '\fcolorbox' +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + + makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the '\strut' (so the depth is '-.3\baselineskip' +and the height is '\baselineskip'). This puts white text on a blue +background. + + \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + + The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note +\fbox and \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness +of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the +surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively. + + This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} + \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands + +21.3.4 Colored pages +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \pagecolor{NAME} + \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION} + \nopagecolor + + The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent +pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the +second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to +normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported +use '\pagecolor{white}', although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + ... + \pagecolor{cyan} + ... + \nopagecolor + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Color, Up: Top + +22 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special @@ -8374,7 +8661,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -21.1 Reserved characters +22.1 Reserved characters ======================== LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for @@ -8408,7 +8695,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions -21.2 Upper and lower case +22.2 Upper and lower case ========================= Synopsis: @@ -8455,7 +8742,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -21.3 Symbols by font position +22.3 Symbols by font position ============================= You can access any character of the current font using its number with @@ -8470,7 +8757,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions -21.4 Text symbols +22.4 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -8653,7 +8940,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions -21.5 Accents +22.5 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -8752,7 +9039,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions -21.6 Additional Latin letters +22.6 Additional Latin letters ============================= Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond A-Z) @@ -8812,7 +9099,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions -21.7 '\rule' +22.7 '\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -8834,7 +9121,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions -21.8 '\today' +22.8 '\today' ============= The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, @@ -8859,7 +9146,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top -22 Splitting the input +23 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -8880,7 +9167,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -22.1 '\include' +23.1 '\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -8901,7 +9188,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input -22.2 '\includeonly' +23.2 '\includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -8919,7 +9206,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -22.3 '\input' +23.3 '\input' ============= Synopsis: @@ -8937,7 +9224,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top -23 Front/back matter +24 Front/back matter ******************** * Menu: @@ -8949,7 +9236,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -23.1 Tables of contents +24.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. @@ -8978,7 +9265,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents -23.1.1 '\addcontentsline' +24.1.1 '\addcontentsline' ------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -9015,7 +9302,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents -23.1.2 '\addtocontents' +24.1.2 '\addtocontents' ----------------------- The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -9033,7 +9320,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter -23.2 Glossaries +24.2 Glossaries =============== The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -9051,7 +9338,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -23.3 Indexes +24.3 Indexes ============ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -9094,7 +9381,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top -24 Letters +25 Letters ********** Synopsis: @@ -9190,7 +9477,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters -24.1 '\address' +25.1 '\address' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9219,7 +9506,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters -24.2 '\cc' +25.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -9238,7 +9525,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters -24.3 '\closing' +25.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9253,7 +9540,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters -24.4 '\encl' +25.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -9271,7 +9558,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters -24.5 '\location' +25.5 '\location' ================ Synopsis: @@ -9284,7 +9571,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters -24.6 '\makelabels' +25.6 '\makelabels' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9309,7 +9596,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters -24.7 '\name' +25.7 '\name' ============ Synopsis: @@ -9322,7 +9609,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters -24.8 '\opening' +25.8 '\opening' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9338,7 +9625,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters -24.9 '\ps' +25.9 '\ps' ========== Synopsis: @@ -9353,7 +9640,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters -24.10 '\signature' +25.10 '\signature' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9385,7 +9672,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters -24.11 '\telephone' +25.11 '\telephone' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9400,7 +9687,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top -25 Terminal input/output +26 Terminal input/output ************************ * Menu: @@ -9411,7 +9698,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output -25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -9428,7 +9715,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output -25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -9447,7 +9734,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top -26 Command line +27 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX @@ -9681,6 +9968,7 @@ * auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33) * babel package: thebibliography. (line 29) * babel package <1>: Accents. (line 6) +* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) * backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) * bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) * bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) @@ -9703,6 +9991,7 @@ * bold math: Font styles. (line 130) * bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 34) * box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6) +* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6) * boxes: Boxes. (line 6) * brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) * brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) @@ -9768,6 +10057,19 @@ * closing letters: \closing. (line 6) * closing quote: Text symbols. (line 55) * code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* color: Color. (line 6) +* color <1>: Define colors. (line 6) +* color <2>: Colored text. (line 6) +* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 6) +* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 6) +* color models: Color models. (line 6) +* color package commands: Commands. (line 6) +* color package options: Color package options. + (line 6) +* color, define: Define colors. (line 6) +* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 6) +* colored page: Colored pages. (line 6) +* colored text: Colored text. (line 6) * command line: Command line. (line 6) * command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. (line 6) @@ -9808,6 +10110,7 @@ * date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18) * date, today's: \today. (line 6) * datetime package: \today. (line 22) +* define color: Define colors. (line 6) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) * defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 6) @@ -10142,6 +10445,8 @@ * OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6) * options, class: Class and package commands. (line 66) +* options, color package: Color package options. + (line 6) * options, document class: Document class options. (line 6) * options, document class <1>: Class and package structure. @@ -10209,6 +10514,7 @@ * page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6) * page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6) * page styles: Page styles. (line 6) +* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) * paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) * paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote. (line 6) * paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote. @@ -11662,247 +11968,255 @@ Tag Table: -Node: Top1705 -Node: About this document3456 -Node: Overview5316 -Node: Starting and ending6816 -Ref: Starting & ending6951 -Node: Output files7937 -Node: TeX engines10183 -Node: LaTeX command syntax12621 -Node: Environment14455 -Node: Declaration15528 -Node: \makeatletter and \makeatother15914 -Node: \@ifstar18107 -Node: Document classes20936 -Node: Document class options22259 -Node: Additional packages25358 -Node: Class and package construction25989 -Node: Class and package structure27441 -Node: Class and package commands29735 -Node: Fonts47260 -Ref: Typefaces47363 -Node: Font styles47691 -Node: Font sizes52120 -Node: Low-level font commands53351 -Node: Layout58458 -Node: \onecolumn58956 -Node: \twocolumn59287 -Node: \flushbottom63682 -Node: \raggedbottom64782 -Node: Page layout parameters65318 -Node: Floats71016 -Node: Sectioning77481 -Ref: 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\verb178410 +Node: verse178960 +Node: Line breaking179454 +Node: \\180551 +Node: \obeycr & \restorecr181589 +Node: \newline181991 +Node: \- (hyphenation)182825 +Node: \discretionary183440 +Node: \fussy183732 +Node: \sloppy184122 +Node: \hyphenation184449 +Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak185074 +Node: Page breaking185726 +Node: \cleardoublepage186334 +Node: \clearpage186763 +Node: \newpage187060 +Node: \enlargethispage187291 +Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak187818 +Node: Footnotes188512 +Node: \footnote189766 +Node: \footnotemark191562 +Node: \footnotetext192806 +Node: Footnotes in a table193296 +Node: Footnotes in section headings195153 +Node: Footnotes of footnotes196009 +Node: Multiple reference to footnotes196776 +Node: Footnote parameters197634 +Node: Definitions198384 +Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand199261 +Node: \providecommand203097 +Node: \newcounter203758 +Node: \newlength204729 +Node: \newsavebox205376 +Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment205987 +Node: \newtheorem210347 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case311252 +Node: Symbols by font position313167 +Node: Text symbols313787 +Node: Accents317235 +Node: Additional Latin letters319777 +Ref: Non-English characters319948 +Node: \rule320965 +Node: \today321394 +Node: Splitting the input322148 +Node: \include322912 +Node: \includeonly323503 +Node: \input324016 +Node: Front/back matter324511 +Node: Tables of contents324716 +Node: \addcontentsline325777 +Node: \addtocontents326795 +Node: Glossaries327328 +Node: Indexes327847 +Node: Letters329480 +Node: \address333158 +Node: \cc334028 +Node: \closing334446 +Node: \encl334757 +Node: \location335172 +Node: \makelabels335441 +Node: \name336442 +Node: \opening336672 +Node: \ps337012 +Node: \signature337301 +Node: \telephone338393 +Node: Terminal input/output338758 +Node: \typein339023 +Node: \typeout339608 +Node: Command line340231 +Node: Document templates341183 +Node: beamer template341590 +Node: book template342241 +Node: tugboat template342609 +Node: Concept Index344973 +Node: Command Index404124 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-02-24 23:07:27 UTC (rev 608) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-04 23:44:29 UTC (rev 609) @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ @c $Id$ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info - at set UPDATED February 2018 + at set UPDATED March 2018 @include common.texi @settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. @c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file @c - at c xx color (include info from clsguide.pdf) @c xx ending a run with errors @c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX @c xx classes and packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts @@ -151,6 +150,7 @@ * Page styles:: Various styles of page layout. * Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. * Boxes:: Making boxes. +* Color:: Defining and using colors. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -4194,7 +4194,7 @@ @table @var @item v0 - at code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip} if + at math{@code{@\topsep} + @code{@\parskip}} if the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and @code{\topsep}+ at code{\parskip}+ at code{\partopsep} if it does @@ -9532,11 +9532,11 @@ change the @LaTeX{}'s default behavior. After @LaTeX{} places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a -parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input is a -space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap @LaTeX{} -will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +parameter called the @dfn{space factor}. If the next thing in the input +is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap + at LaTeX{} will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called @dfn{interword glue}.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap -can stretch more or shrink more. +can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is @@ -9557,15 +9557,15 @@ lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. -The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors is even more complex because -they play two more roles. In practice, there are two consequences. -First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a close -parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in place, -that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink. -Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its -effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how to adjust -to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not end in a -capital letter, @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}. +The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, @pxref{\(SPACE) and \@@}. @menu @@ -9931,8 +9931,8 @@ @findex \fboxrule @findex \fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness @code{\fboxrule} (default - at samp{.4pt}), and leave a space of @code{\fboxsep} (default - at samp{3pt}) between the rule and the contents of the box. + at code{0.4pt}), and leave a space of @code{\fboxsep} (default @code{3pt}) +between the rule and the contents of the box. @xref{\framebox (picture)}, for the @code{\framebox} command in the @code{picture} environment. @@ -10117,6 +10117,355 @@ @var{\boxcmd} by a @code{\savebox} command (@pxref{\savebox}). + at node Color + at chapter Color + + at cindex color + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + +Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below +will only work if your document preamble contains + at code{\usepackage@{color@}}, that brings in the standard package. + +Many other packages also supplement @LaTeX{}'s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is @file{xcolor}, which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding + at samp{HTML} and @samp{Hsb} color models. + + at menu +* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package. +* Color models:: How colors are represented. +* Commands:: The available commands. + at end menu + + + at node Color package options + at section Color package options + + at cindex color package options + at cindex options, color package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + at example +\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{color@} + at end example + +When you load the @file{color} package there are two kinds of available +options. + +The first specifies the @dfn{printer driver}. @LaTeX{} doesn't contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: @file{dvipdfmx}, @file{dvips}, + at file{dvisvgm}, @file{luatex}, @file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}. The two + at file{xdvi} and @file{oztex} are essentially aliases for @file{dvips} +(and @file{xdvi} is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: @file{dvipdf}, @file{dvipdfm}, @file{dviwin}, + at file{dvipsone}, @file{emtex}, @file{pctexps}, @file{pctexwin}, + at file{pctexhp}, @file{pctex32}, @file{truetex}, @file{tcidvi}, + at file{vtex} (and @file{dviwindo} is an alias for @file{dvipsone}). + +The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + + at table @code + + at item monochrome +Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do +not generate color either. + + at item dvipsnames +Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, +particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally +provided by the @file{dvips} driver, giving the option name. + + at item nodvipsnames +Do not load that list of color names, saving @LaTeX{} a tiny amount of +memory space. + + at end table + + + at node Color models + at section Color models + + at cindex color models + +A @dfn{color model} is a way of representing colors. @LaTeX{}'s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the @file{pdftex}, + at file{xetex}, and @file{luatex} printer drivers are today by far the +most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but +one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers +used today. + +Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + + at table @code + at item cmyk +A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is +magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means +minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often +used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + + at item gray +A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades +of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + + at item rgb +A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the +second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that +none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. +This is an additive model. + + at item RGB +(@file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}, @file{luatex} drivers) A comma-separated +list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a +convenience for using @code{rgb} since outside of @LaTeX{} colors are +often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. +The values entered here are converted to the @code{rgb} model by +dividing by 255. + + at item named +Colors are accessed by name, such as @samp{PrussianBlue}. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names @samp{black}, + at samp{blue}, @samp{cyan}, @samp{green}, @samp{magenta}, @samp{red}, + at samp{white}, and @samp{yellow} (See the @code{dvipsnames} option in + at ref{Color package options}). + + at end table + + + at node Commands + at section Commands + + at cindex color package commands + +These are the commands available with the @file{color} package. + + at menu +* Define colors:: Give a color a name. +* Colored text:: Text or rules in color. +* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over. +* Colored pages:: A whole page colored. + at end menu + + + at node Define colors + at subsection Define colors + + at cindex color + at cindex define color + at cindex color, define + +Synopsis: + + at example +\definecolor@{@var{name}@}@{@var{model}@}@{@var{specification}@} + at end example + +Give the name @var{name} to the color. For example, after + at code{\definecolor@{silver@}@{rgb@}@{0.75,0.75,0.74@}} you can use that +color name with @code{Hi ho, \textcolor@{silver@}@{Silver@}!}. + +This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and +not be misleading. + + at example +\definecolor@{logocolor@}@{RGB@}@{145,92,131@} % RGB needs pdflatex +\newcommand@{\logo@}@{\textcolor@{logocolor@}@{Bob's Big Bagels@}@} + at end example + +Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class +or style, rather than in the document body. + + + at node Colored text + at subsection Colored text + + at cindex color + at cindex colored text + +Synopses: + + at example +\textcolor@{@var{name}@}@{...@} +\textcolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@}@{...@} + at end example + +or + + at example +\color@{@var{name}@} +\color[@var{color model}]@{@var{specification}@} + at end example + +The affected text gets the color. This line + + at example +\textcolor@{magenta@}@{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:@} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + at end example + +causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You +can use a color declared with @code{\definecolor} in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color @samp{magenta}. + + at example +\definecolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{rgb@}@{1.0,0.11,0.0@} +I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor@{MidlifeCrisisRed@}@{sports car@}. + at end example + +The two @code{\textcolor} and @code{\color} differ in that the first is +a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in @code{The moon is made of @{\color@{green@} +green@} cheese}, so it is in effect until the end of the current group +or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as +below where it colors everything inside the @code{center} environment, +including the vertical and horizontal lines. + + at example +\begin@{center@} \color@{blue@} + \begin@{tabular@}@{l|r@} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end@{tabular@} +\end@{center@} + at end example + +You can use color in equations. A document might have + at code{\definecolor@{highlightcolor@}@{RGB@}@{225,15,0@}} in the +preamble, and then contain this equation. + + at example +\begin@{equation@} + \int_a^b \textcolor@{highlightcolor@}@{f'(x)@}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) +\end@{equation@} + at end example + +Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style +but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the +synopses. + + at example +Colors of \textcolor[rgb]@{0.33,0.14,0.47@}@{Purple@} and @{\color[rgb]@{0.72,0.60,0.37@} Gold@} for the team + at end example + +The format of @var{color specification } depends on the color model +(@pxref{Color models}). For instance, while @code{rgb} takes three +numbers, @code{gray} takes only one. + + at example +The selection was \textcolor[gray]@{0.5@}@{grayed out@}. + at end example + +Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + at example +\textcolor@{green@}@{kind of \textcolor@{blue@}@{blue@}@} + at end example + +has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + at c xx address coloring a line of a table? + + + at node Colored boxes + at subsection Colored boxes + + at cindex color + at cindex colored boxes + at cindex box, colored + +Synopses: + + at example +\colorbox@{@var{name}@}@{...@} +\colorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{box background color specification}@}@{...@} + at end example + +or + + at example +\fcolorbox@{@var{frame color}@}@{@var{box background color}@}@{...@} +\fcolorbox[@var{model name}]@{@var{frame color specification}@}@{@var{box background color specification}@}@{...@} + at end example + +Make a box with the stated background color. The @code{\fcolorbox} +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + at example +Name:~\colorbox@{cyan@}@{\makebox[5cm][l]@{\strut@}@} + at end example + +makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the @code{\strut} (so the depth is + at code{-.3\baselineskip} and the height is @code{\baselineskip}). This +puts white text on a blue background. + + at example +\colorbox@{blue@}@{\textcolor@{white@}@{Welcome to the machine.@}@} + at end example + +The @code{\fcolorbox} commands use the same parameters as @code{\fbox} +(@pxref{\fbox and \framebox}), @code{\fboxrule} and @code{\fboxsep}, to +set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior +and the surrounding rule. @LaTeX{}'s defaults are @code{0.4pt} and + at code{3pt}, respectively. + +This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + at example +@{\setlength@{\fboxrule@}@{0.8pt@} +\fcolorbox@{black@}@{red@}@{Under no circumstances turn this knob.@}@} + at end example + + + at node Colored pages + at subsection Colored pages + + at cindex color + at cindex colored page + at cindex page, colored + at cindex background, colored + +Synopses: + + at example +\pagecolor@{@var{name}@} +\pagecolor[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@} +\nopagecolor + at end example + +The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, +to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second +form @pxref{Colored text}. The third returns the background to normal, +which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use + at code{\pagecolor@{white@}}, although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + at example + ... +\pagecolor@{cyan@} + ... +\nopagecolor + at end example + + at c =========================================== + + @node Special insertions @chapter Special insertions From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Mon Mar 5 00:50:10 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2018 01:50:10 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r610 - trunk Message-ID: <201803042350.w24NoAmN022208@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-03-05 01:50:10 +0200 (Mon, 05 Mar 2018) New Revision: 610 Added: trunk/latex2e.css Log: add latex2e.css From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Wed Mar 14 16:19:29 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Wed, 14 Mar 2018 17:19:29 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r611 - in trunk: . latex2e-figures Message-ID: <201803141519.w2EFJTjW000944@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-03-14 17:19:29 +0200 (Wed, 14 Mar 2018) New Revision: 611 Added: trunk/latex2e-figures/list.txt Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: Create Graphics chapter, with \includegraphics and related commands Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) @@ -1,5 +1,11 @@ 2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon + * latex2e.texi (Graphics): Create as a new chapter. Include all + commands and options from grfguide.pdf. + * list.txt Create. ASCII graphic of the list illustration. + +2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon + * latex2e.texi (Color): Create. Include all commands and options from grfguide.pdf. * latex2e.css (code) Create file, so in HTML inside of @math{} the Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) @@ -116,12 +116,13 @@ 19 Spaces 20 Boxes 21 Color -22 Special insertions -23 Splitting the input -24 Front/back matter -25 Letters -26 Terminal input/output -27 Command line +22 Graphics +23 Special insertions +24 Splitting the input +25 Front/back matter +26 Letters +27 Terminal input/output +28 Command line Appendix A Document templates Concept Index Command Index @@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ 21.1 Color package options 21.2 Color models - 21.3 Commands + 21.3 Commands for color 21.3.1 Define colors 21.3.2 Colored text @@ -399,53 +400,70 @@ 21.3.4 Colored pages - 22 Special insertions + 22 Graphics - 22.1 Reserved characters - 22.2 Upper and lower case - 22.3 Symbols by font position - 22.4 Text symbols - 22.5 Accents - 22.6 Additional Latin letters - 22.7 \rule - 22.8 \today + 22.1 Graphics package options + 22.2 Graphics package configuration + + 22.2.1 \graphicspath + 22.2.2 \DeclareGraphicsExtensions + 22.2.3 \DeclareGraphicsRule + + 22.3 Commands for graphics + + 22.3.1 \includegraphics + 22.3.2 \rotatebox + 22.3.3 \scalebox + 22.3.4 \resizebox + - 23 Splitting the input + 23 Special insertions - 23.1 \include - 23.2 \includeonly - 23.3 \input + 23.1 Reserved characters + 23.2 Upper and lower case + 23.3 Symbols by font position + 23.4 Text symbols + 23.5 Accents + 23.6 Additional Latin letters + 23.7 \rule + 23.8 \today - 24 Front/back matter + 24 Splitting the input - 24.1 Tables of contents + 24.1 \include + 24.2 \includeonly + 24.3 \input + + 25 Front/back matter + + 25.1 Tables of contents - 24.1.1 \addcontentsline - 24.1.2 \addtocontents + 25.1.1 \addcontentsline + 25.1.2 \addtocontents - 24.2 Glossaries - 24.3 Indexes + 25.2 Glossaries + 25.3 Indexes - 25 Letters + 26 Letters - 25.1 \address - 25.2 \cc - 25.3 \closing - 25.4 \encl - 25.5 \location - 25.6 \makelabels - 25.7 \name - 25.8 \opening - 25.9 \ps - 25.10 \signature - 25.11 \telephone + 26.1 \address + 26.2 \cc + 26.3 \closing + 26.4 \encl + 26.5 \location + 26.6 \makelabels + 26.7 \name + 26.8 \opening + 26.9 \ps + 26.10 \signature + 26.11 \telephone - 26 Terminal input/output + 27 Terminal input/output - 26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} - 26.2 \typeout{msg} + 27.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} + 27.2 \typeout{msg} - 27 Command line + 28 Command line Appendix A Document templates A.1 beamer template @@ -514,6 +532,8 @@ + - • Tables of contents: @@ -14150,7 +14575,7 @@ Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -23.1 Tables of contents +24.1 Tables of contents @@ -14194,7 +14619,7 @@ Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents [Contents][Index] -23.1.1 \addcontentsline +24.1.1 \addcontentsline @@ -14252,7 +14677,7 @@ Previous: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents [Contents][Index] -23.1.2 \addtocontents +24.1.2 \addtocontents @@ -14280,7 +14705,7 @@ Next: Indexes, Previous: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -23.2 Glossaries +24.2 Glossaries @@ -14309,7 +14734,7 @@ Previous: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -23.3 Indexes +24.3 Indexes @@ -14384,7 +14809,7 @@ Next: Terminal input/output, Previous: Front/back matter, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -24 Letters +25 Letters @@ -14507,7 +14932,7 @@ Next: \cc, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.1 \address +25.1 \address @@ -14546,7 +14971,7 @@ Next: \closing, Previous: \address, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.2 \cc +25.2 \cc @@ -14576,7 +15001,7 @@ Next: \encl, Previous: \cc, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.3 \closing +25.3 \closing @@ -14603,7 +15028,7 @@ Next: \location, Previous: \closing, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.4 \encl +25.4 \encl @@ -14632,7 +15057,7 @@ Next: \makelabels, Previous: \encl, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.5 \location +25.5 \location @@ -14653,7 +15078,7 @@ Next: \name, Previous: \location, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.6 \makelabels +25.6 \makelabels @@ -14687,7 +15112,7 @@ Next: \opening, Previous: \makelabels, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.7 \name +25.7 \name @@ -14708,7 +15133,7 @@ Next: \ps, Previous: \name, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.8 \opening +25.8 \opening @@ -14735,7 +15160,7 @@ Next: \signature, Previous: \opening, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.9 \ps +25.9 \ps @@ -14760,7 +15185,7 @@ Next: \telephone, Previous: \ps, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.10 \signature +25.10 \signature Synopsis: @@ -14808,7 +15233,7 @@ Previous: \signature, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -24.11 \telephone +25.11 \telephone @@ -14831,7 +15256,7 @@ Next: Command line, Previous: Letters, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -25 Terminal input/output +26 Terminal input/output @@ -14851,7 +15276,7 @@ Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output [Contents][Index] -25.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} +26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} @@ -14877,7 +15302,7 @@ Previous: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output [Contents][Index] -25.2 \typeout{msg} +26.2 \typeout{msg} @@ -14906,7 +15331,7 @@ Next: Document templates, Previous: Terminal input/output, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -26 Command line +27 Command line @@ -15244,6 +15669,7 @@ B babel package: thebibliography babel package: Accents background, colored: Colored pages backslash, in text: Text symbols bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols bold math: Font styles bold typewriter, avoiding: description box, allocating new: \newsavebox box, colored: Colored boxes boxes: Boxes brace, left, in text: Text symbols brace, right, in text: Text symbols closing letters: \closing closing quote: Text symbols code, typesetting: verbatim color: Color color: Define colors color: Colored text color: Colored boxes color: Colored pages color models: Color models color package commands: Commands color package options: Color package options color, define: Define colors colored boxes: Colored boxes colored page: Colored pages colored text: Colored text command line: Command line command syntax: LaTeX command syntax commands, class and package: Class and package commands date, for titlepage: \maketitle date, today’s: \today datetime package: \today define color: Define colors defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand defining a new command: \providecommand defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment opening quote: Text symbols OpenType fonts: TeX engines options, class: Class and package commands options, color package: Color package options options, document class: Document class options options, document class: Class and package structure options, global: Additional packages page number, cross referencing: \pageref page numbering style: \pagenumbering page styles: Page styles page, colored: Colored pages paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote • Color: Defining and using colors. • Graphics: Importing graphics from outside LaTeX. + • Special insertions: Inserting reserved and special characters. • Splitting the input: Dealing with big files by splitting. @@ -4494,6 +4514,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the equation counter. +You should have no blank lines between \begin{equation} and +\begin{equation}, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a +missing dollar sign, $$. + Note that the amsmath package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -12981,7 +13005,7 @@ -Next: Special insertions, Previous: Boxes, Up: Top [Contents][Index] +Next: Graphics, Previous: Boxes, Up: Top [Contents][Index] 21 Color @@ -13005,7 +13029,7 @@ • Color models: How colors are represented. • Commands: The available commands. + • Commands for color: The available commands. @@ -13072,7 +13096,7 @@ -Next: Commands, Previous: Color package options, Up: Color [Contents][Index] +Next: Commands for color, Previous: Color package options, Up: Color [Contents][Index] 21.2 Color models @@ -13135,13 +13159,13 @@ - + Previous: Color models, Up: Color [Contents][Index] - -21.3 Commands + +21.3 Commands for color @@ -13163,7 +13187,7 @@ -Next: Colored text, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] +Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color [Contents][Index] 21.3.1 Define colors @@ -13198,7 +13222,7 @@ -Next: Colored boxes, Previous: Define colors, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] +Next: Colored boxes, Previous: Define colors, Up: Commands for color [Contents][Index] 21.3.2 Colored text @@ -13293,7 +13317,7 @@ -Next: Colored pages, Previous: Colored text, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] +Next: Colored pages, Previous: Colored text, Up: Commands for color [Contents][Index] 21.3.3 Colored boxes @@ -13352,7 +13376,7 @@ -Previous: Colored boxes, Up: Commands [Contents][Index] +Previous: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color [Contents][Index] 21.3.4 Colored pages @@ -13385,15 +13409,1012 @@ + + + + +Next: Special insertions, Previous: Color, Up: Top [Contents][Index] + + +22 Graphics + + + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. +This example is the short how-to. + + +\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... +\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + + +To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain +either \usepackage{graphicx} or +\usepackage{graphics}. (Most of the time, graphicx is +the better choice.) + +Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. +LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry +for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example +is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a +list of instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and +that center’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other +problems, and because they often have a smaller size. + +There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts +as in your document. LaTeX comes with a picture environment +(see picture) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two +such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + + + + + +• Graphics package options: Options when you load the package. + • Graphics package configuration: Where to look for files, which file types. + • Commands for graphics: The available commands. + + + + + + +Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.1 Graphics package options + + + + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphics} + + +or + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphicx} + + +The two packages graphics and graphicx offering the same +capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to +commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). +When you load the graphics or graphicx package there are +two kinds of available options. + +The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a +printer driver file. Normally you should not specify the driver +option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One +advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + +For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant +ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, dvisvgm, luatex, +pdftex, xetex. The two xdvi and oztex are +essentially aliases for dvips (and xdvi is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: dvipdf, +dvipdfm, dviwin, dvipsone, emtex, +pctexps, pctexwin, pctexhp, pctex32, +truetex, tcidvi, vtex (and dviwindo is an +alias for dvipsone). These are stored in files with a +.def extension, such as pdftex.def. + +The second kind of options are below. + + +demo +Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt +rectangle (unless another size is specified in the +\includegraphics command). + + +draft +For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is +printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, +the file must be present. + + +final +(Default) Override any previous draft option, so that the +document shows the contents of the graphic files. + + +hiderotate +Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + + +hidescale +Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + + +hiresbb +In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The +standard %%BoundingBox lines describe the graphic size using +integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of +1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, in %%HiResBoundingBox lines. This option has LaTeX +to read the size from the latter. + + + + + + + + + +Next: Commands for graphics, Previous: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.2 Graphics package configuration + + + + + + + + + + +These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for +the graphic. + +The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documention in grfguide.pdf, or the LaTeX source, or your +TeX distribution’s documentation. + + + + + +• \graphicspath: Directories to search. + • \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: File types, such as JPG or EPS. + • \DeclareGraphicsRule: How to handle file types. + + + + + + + +Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration [Contents][Index] + + +22.2.1 \graphicspath + + + +Synopsis: + + +\graphicspath{list of dir names inside curly brackets} + + +Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows +you to later say something like \includegraphics{lion.png} +instead of having to give its path. + +LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +pix, and then ../pix. + + +\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + + +The \graphicspath declaration is optional. If you don’t include +it then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it +usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s \input at path). In +particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current +directory. + +You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above +it says ‘{pix}’. This is true even if there is only one +directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, /. +This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward +slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document +portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name +then use double quotes, as with {"my docs/"}. If you get one of +these wrong then LaTeX will report Error: File `filename' +not found. + +Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, + + +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +... +\usepackage{lion.png} + + +for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name +and searches for the result, checking for pix/lion.png and if +that fails then it tries ../pix/lion.png. This algorithm means +that the \graphicspath command does not recursively search +subdirectories: if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the +graphic is in a/b/lion.png then LaTeX will not find it. It +also means that you can use absolute paths such as +\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}} or +\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}. However, using +these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +parameter TEXINPUTS; see the documentation of your system.) + +You can use \graphicspath in the preamble or in the document +body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. +For debugging, show its value with +\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother. + +The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on book/book.tex +and it contains \include{chapters/chap1}. If in +chap1.tex you put \graphicspath{{plots/}} then +LaTeX will not search for graphics in book/chapters/plots, but +instead in book/plots. + + + + + + +Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Previous: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration [Contents][Index] + + +22.2.2 \DeclareGraphicsExtensions + + + +Synopses: + + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{comma-separated list of file extensions} + + +Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the +order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files +by giving the filename without the extension, as in +\includegraphics{functionplot}. + +In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... +\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + + +Because the file name lion does not have a period, for each +directory in the graphics path (see \graphicspath), LaTeX will +try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file +then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `lion' not found’. +Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. + +Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + +Your document does not need to have a \DeclareGraphicsExtensions +declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent pdftex.def has the extension list +‘.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2’. + +You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You +can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother. + + + + + + +Previous: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration [Contents][Index] + + +22.2.3 \DeclareGraphicsRule + + + +Synopsis: + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-file extension}{command} + + +Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension +ext. + +This example declares that all files with names have the form +filename-without-dot.mps will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + + +This + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + + +tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers filename.1, +filename.2, etc. + +This describes the four arguments. + + +ext +The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything +after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, +*, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. + + +type +The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions .ps, +.eps, or .ps.gz may all be classed as type eps. +All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that pdftex +recognizes are: jpg, jbig2, mps, pdf, +png, tif. + + +size-file extension +The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as extension +but it may be different. + +As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it +might be compressed into a .ps.gz file. Compressed files are not +easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a +separate file. If size-file extension is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of \includegraphics. + +If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for +type then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading .eps files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style %%BoundingBox line if no +other format is available.) + + +command +A command that will be applied to the +file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a +single backward quote. Thus, +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c +#1} specifies that any file with the extension .eps.gz should +be treated as an eps file, with the the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension .eps.bb, and that the command +gunzip -c will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + +Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX +system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure +modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. +See the documentation for your TeX distribution. + + + + + + + + + +Previous: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.3 Commands for graphics + + + + +These are the commands available with the graphics and +graphicx packages. + + + + + + +• \includegraphics: Using a graphic in your document. + • \rotatebox: Rotating boxes, including graphics. + • \scalebox: Scaling boxes, including graphics. + • \resizebox: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. + + + + + + + +Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.3.1 \includegraphics + + + + + + + + + + + + +Synopses for graphics package: + + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} + + +Synopses for graphicx package: + + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[key-value list]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[key-value list]{filename} + + +Include a graphics file. The starred form \includegraphics* will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + +This + + +\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} +\end{center} + + +will incorporate into the document the graphic in plot.pdf, +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with \includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, see \graphicspath. + +If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with +\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}. + +The \includegraphics{filename} command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting filename on the first dot. You can +use filename with no dot, as in \includegraphics{turing} +and then LaTeX tries a sequence of extensions such as .png and +.pdf until it finds a file with that extension +(see \DeclareGraphicsExtensions). + +If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide +them with curly braces, as in +\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}. Or, if you use +the graphicx package then you can use the options type and +ext; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package grffile. + +This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can +move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward +(see figure). + + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} +\end{figure} + + +This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + +\usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption +\end{center} + + +This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + +\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... +\begin{center} +\vcenteredhbox{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} +\hspace{1em} +\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} +\end{center} + + +If you use the graphics package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see \rotatebox and \scalebox). +When one optional argument is present then it is +[urx,ury] and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see Units of length). If the units are omitted they default to bp. In +this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). +If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is +[llx,lly], specifying the coordinates of the image’s +lower left. Thus, \includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...} calls for +the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches +tall and so its origin is at (0,0). + +The graphicx package gives you many more options. Specify them +in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So +the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while +the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the +graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. + + +\begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} +\end{center} + + +There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + +Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + + +width +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example +is \includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}. You can use the standard +TeX dimensions (see Units of length) and also convenient is +\linewidth, or in a two-column document, \columnwidth +(see Page layout parameters). An example is that by using the +calc package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than +the width of the text with +\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}. + + +height +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard TeX dimensions (see Units of length), and also +convenient are \pageheight and \textheight (see Page layout parameters). For instance, +\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel} will make the +graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + + +totalheight +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For +instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height +but a large depth. + + +keepaspectratio +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}, then if you +give as options both width and height (or +totalheight) then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as +possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither +is the graphic wider than width nor taller than height (or +totalheight). + + +scale +Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying +\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...} makes the graphic twice its +nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 +and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect +it. + + +angle +Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. +The graphic is rotated about its origin; see that option. For a +complete description of how rotated material is typeset, +see \rotatebox. + + +origin +The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible +values are any string containing one or two of: l for left, +r for right, b for bottom, c for center, t +for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc, but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + +To rotate about an arbitrary point, see \rotatebox. + + + + +These are lesser-used options. + + +viewport +Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, +separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. The +dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin +specified by the bounding box. See also the trim option. + + +trim +Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated +by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}. +These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX +will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on +the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the +top. See also the viewport option. + + +clip +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}, then the graphic is +cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using +the starred form of the command, as +\includegraphics*[...]{...}. + + +page +Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default +page=1. + + +pagebox +Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among +mediabox, cropbox, bleedbox, trimbox, or +artbox. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The +MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the +region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when +displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page +should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions +of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s meaningful +content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if +present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a +driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. + + +interpolate +Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be +set with interpolate=true or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}. + + +quiet +Do not write information to the log. You can set it with +quiet=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}, + + +draft +If you set it with draft=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}, then the graphic will not +appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead, +LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename +printed in it. + + + + +These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line +%%BoundingBox that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower x coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper +x coordinate, and upper y coordinate. The units are +PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch. +For example, if an .eps file has the line %%BoundingBox 10 +20 40 80 then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + + +bb +Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four +dimensions separated by spaces, as with \includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. Usually \includegraphics reads the +BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want +to change it. + + +bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury +Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages.) + + +natwidth, natheight +An alternative for bb. Setting +\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} +is the same as setting bb=0 0 1in 0.618in. + + +hiresbb +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}, then LaTeX will look +for %%HiResBoundingBox lines instead of %%BoundingBox +lines. (The BoundingBox lines use only natural numbers while the +HiResBoundingBox lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to +TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of +true, you can set it to false. + + + + +These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that \includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion} +will read the file lion.xxx as though it were +lion.png. For more on these, see \DeclareGraphicsRule. + + +type +Specify the graphics type. + + +ext +Specify the graphics extension. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + + +read +Specify the file extension of the read file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + + +command +Specify a command to be applied to this file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + + + + + + + + + +Next: \scalebox, Previous: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.3.2 \rotatebox + + + + + + +Synopsis for graphics package: + + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} + + +Synopses for graphicx package: + + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} +\rotatebox[key-value list]{angle}{material} + + +Put material in a box and rotate it angle degrees counterclockwise. + +This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + +\begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH +\end{tabular} + + +The material can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + + +You can get the same effect using the graphicx package alone +(see \includegraphics). + +To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets +material in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. +The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated +material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left +edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box +from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new +bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when +typesetting this material. + +If you use the graphics package then the roatation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use graphicx then these are +the options that can go in the key-value list. + + +origin +The point of the material’s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible values are any string containing one or two of: l for +left, r for right, b for bottom, c for center, +t for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + + +x, y +Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with +\rotatebox[x=TeX dimension,y=TeX +dimension]{...} (see Units of length). These give the offset +from the box’s reference point. + + +units +This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. +Setting units=-360 changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting units=6.283185 changes to radians counterclockwise. + + + + + + + + + +Next: \resizebox, Previous: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.3.3 \scalebox + + + + + + + + + + +Synopses: + + +\scalebox{horizontal factor}{material} +\scalebox{horizontal factor}[vertical factor]{material} +\reflectbox{material} + + +Scale the material. + +This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the +first text and doubles the size of the second. + + +\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + + +If you do not specify the optional vertical factor then it +defaults to the same value as the horizontal factor. + +You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}. If you use the +graphicx package then you can accomplish the same thing with +optional arguments to \includegraphics +(see \includegraphics). + +The \reflectbox command abbreviates +\scalebox{-1}[1]{material}. Thus, Able was +I\reflectbox{Able was I} will show the phrase ‘Able was I’ +immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + + + + + +Previous: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics [Contents][Index] + + +22.3.4 \resizebox + + + + + + + + + +Synopses: + + +\resizebox{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} +\resizebox*{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} + + +Given a size, such as 3cm, transform material to make it +that size. If either horizontal length or vertical length +is an exclamation point ! then the other argument is used +to determine a scale factor for both directions. + +This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + +\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + + +The unstarred form \resizebox takes vertical length to be +the box’s height while the starred form \resizebox* takes it to +be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a +quarter inch with \resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This +box has both height and depth.}}. + +You can use \depth, \height, \totalheight, and +\width to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +text two inches wide but keep the original height with +\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}. + + + -Next: Splitting the input, Previous: Color, Up: Top [Contents][Index] +Next: Splitting the input, Previous: Graphics, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -22 Special insertions +23 Special insertions @@ -13428,7 +14449,7 @@ Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.1 Reserved characters +23.1 Reserved characters @@ -13484,7 +14505,7 @@ Next: Symbols by font position, Previous: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.2 Upper and lower case +23.2 Upper and lower case @@ -13552,7 +14573,7 @@ Next: Text symbols, Previous: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.3 Symbols by font position +23.3 Symbols by font position @@ -13576,7 +14597,7 @@ Next: Accents, Previous: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.4 Text symbols +23.4 Text symbols @@ -14053,7 +15074,7 @@ Next: Additional Latin letters, Previous: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.5 Accents +23.5 Accents @@ -14246,7 +15267,7 @@ Next: \rule, Previous: Accents, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.6 Additional Latin letters +23.6 Additional Latin letters @@ -14365,7 +15386,7 @@ Next: \today, Previous: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.7 \rule +23.7 \rule @@ -14400,7 +15421,7 @@ Previous: \rule, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index] -22.8 \today +23.8 \today @@ -14438,7 +15459,7 @@ Next: Front/back matter, Previous: Special insertions, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -23 Splitting the input +24 Splitting the input @@ -14472,7 +15493,7 @@ Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -23.1 \include +24.1 \include @@ -14503,7 +15524,7 @@ Next: \input, Previous: \include, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -23.2 \includeonly +24.2 \includeonly @@ -14529,7 +15550,7 @@ Previous: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index] -23.3 \input +24.3 \input @@ -14556,7 +15577,7 @@ Next: Letters, Previous: Splitting the input, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -24 Front/back matter +25 Front/back matter - + @@ -15762,11 +16783,13 @@ + + @@ -15852,6 +16875,8 @@ + + @@ -15917,7 +16942,19 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + @@ -15944,7 +16981,9 @@ + + @@ -15960,6 +16999,10 @@ + + + + @@ -16096,6 +17139,7 @@ + @@ -16152,6 +17196,8 @@ + + @@ -16161,6 +17207,8 @@ + + @@ -16195,6 +17243,8 @@ + + @@ -16209,6 +17259,9 @@ + + + @@ -16217,6 +17270,8 @@ + + @@ -16288,6 +17343,10 @@ + + + + @@ -16713,6 +17772,8 @@ + + @@ -16805,6 +17866,7 @@ + @@ -16842,6 +17904,7 @@ + @@ -17128,11 +18191,13 @@ + + @@ -17151,12 +18216,14 @@ + + Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) @@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ * Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. * Boxes:: Making boxes. * Color:: Defining and using colors. +* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside LaTeX. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -2819,6 +2820,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter. + You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and +'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing +dollar sign, $'$'. + Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -8353,7 +8358,7 @@ a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Graphics, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top 21 Color ******** @@ -8374,7 +8379,7 @@ * Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package. * Color models:: How colors are represented. -* Commands:: The available commands. +* Commands for color:: The available commands. File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color @@ -8418,7 +8423,7 @@ memory space. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands for color, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color 21.2 Color models ================= @@ -8468,10 +8473,10 @@ (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands, Prev: Color models, Up: Color +File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color -21.3 Commands -============= +21.3 Commands for color +======================= These are the commands available with the 'color' package. @@ -8483,7 +8488,7 @@ * Colored pages:: A whole page colored. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands +File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color 21.3.1 Define colors -------------------- @@ -8506,7 +8511,7 @@ class or style, rather than in the document body. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands for color 21.3.2 Colored text ------------------- @@ -8575,7 +8580,7 @@ has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands for color 21.3.3 Colored boxes -------------------- @@ -8615,7 +8620,7 @@ \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} -File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color 21.3.4 Colored pages -------------------- @@ -8639,9 +8644,777 @@ \nopagecolor -File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Color, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Color, Up: Top -22 Special insertions +22 Graphics +*********** + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. This +example is the short how-to. + + \include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... + \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + + To use the commands described here your document preamble must +contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. +(Most of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice.) + + Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. +LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for +each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a +photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list +of instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that +center'. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other +problems, and because they often have a smaller size. + + There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as +in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note +picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other +ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such +systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + +* Menu: + +* Graphics package options:: Options when you load the package. +* Graphics package configuration:: Where to look for files, which file types. +* Commands for graphics:: The available commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package options, Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics + +22.1 Graphics package options +============================= + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphics} + + or + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx} + + The two packages 'graphics' and 'graphicx' offering the same +capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to +commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). +When you load the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package there are two kinds +of available options. + + The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer +driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the +document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of +this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + + For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently +relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex', +'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips' +(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files +with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'. + + The second kind of options are below. + +'demo' + Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt + rectangle (unless another size is specified in the + '\includegraphics' command). + +'draft' + For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is + printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the + size, the file must be present. + +'final' + (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the + document shows the contents of the graphic files. + +'hiderotate' + Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + +'hidescale' + Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + +'hiresbb' + In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. + The standard '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using + integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples + of 1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows + decimal multiples, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This option has + LaTeX to read the size from the latter. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics + +22.2 Graphics package configuration +=================================== + +These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the +graphic. + + The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documention in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX +distribution's documentation. + +* Menu: + +* \graphicspath:: Directories to search. +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions:: File types, such as JPG or EPS. +* \DeclareGraphicsRule:: How to handle file types. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphicspath, Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.1 '\graphicspath' +---------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \graphicspath{LIST OF DIR NAMES INSIDE CURLY BRACKETS} + + Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This +allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}' +instead of having to give its path. + + LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +'pix', and then '../pix'. + + \usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + + The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it +then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually +looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input at path'). In particular, in +this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. + + You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, +above it says ''{pix}''. This is true even if there is only one +directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This +is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes +for all the directory separators since it makes the document portable to +other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use +double quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. If you get one of these wrong +then LaTeX will report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. + + Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, + + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + ... + \usepackage{lion.png} + + for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name +and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and if that +fails then it tries '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the +'\graphicspath' command does not recursively search subdirectories: if +you issue '\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' +then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute +paths such as '\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or +'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these +means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.) + + You can use '\graphicspath' in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. For +debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother'. + + The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and +it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put +'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in +'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' +----------------------------------- + +Synopses: + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{COMMA-SEPARATED LIST OF FILE EXTENSIONS} + + Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify +the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic +files by giving the filename without the extension, as in +'\includegraphics{functionplot}'. + + In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... + \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + + Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, for each +directory in the graphics path (*note \graphicspath::), LaTeX will try +the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file then +it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. Note that you must +include the periods at the start of the extensions. + + Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + + Your document does not need to have a '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' +declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list +''.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2''. + + You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' +----------------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{EXTENSION}{TYPE}{SIZE-FILE EXTENSION}{COMMAND} + + Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension +EXT. + + This example declares that all files with names have the form +'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + + This + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + + tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1', +'filename.2', etc. + + This describes the four arguments. + +EXT + The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is + anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use + the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all + undeclared extensions. + +TYPE + The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be + defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions + '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All + files of the same type will be input with the same internal command + by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex' + recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'. + +SIZE-FILE EXTENSION + The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the + graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as EXTENSION + but it may be different. + + As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, + it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are + not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box + information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty + then you must specify size information in the arguments of + '\includegraphics'. + + If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for + 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure + for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap + files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no + other format is available.) + +COMMAND + A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often + left blank. This command must start with a single backward quote. + Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}' + specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be + treated as an 'eps' file, with the the BoundingBox information + stored in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command + 'gunzip -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + + Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX + system must allow you to run external commands; as a security + measure modern systems restrict running commands unless you + explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX + distribution. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics + +22.3 Commands for graphics +========================== + +These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx' +packages. + +* Menu: + +* \includegraphics:: Using a graphic in your document. +* \rotatebox:: Rotating boxes, including graphics. +* \scalebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics. +* \resizebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.1 '\includegraphics' +------------------------- + +Synopses for 'graphics' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + + Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + + This + + \usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} + \end{center} + + will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf', +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with '\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of +locations to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::. + + If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as +with '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'. + + The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of +graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can use FILENAME +with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}' and then LaTeX tries a +sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds a file +with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::). + + If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can +hide them with curly braces, as in +'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the +'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see +below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package +'grffile'. + + This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can move +it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note +figure::). + + \begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} + \end{figure} + + This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + \usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption + \end{center} + + This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... + \begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} + \end{center} + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::). +When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it +gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of +TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they +default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is +assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the +leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's +lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the +graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so +its origin is at (0,0). + + The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in +a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So the +first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while the +second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic +is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} + \end{center} + + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + + Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + +'width' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An + example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the + standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also + convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document, + '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is + that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm + narrow than the width of the text with + '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'. + +'height' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You + can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and + also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page + layout parameters::). For instance, + '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the + graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + +'totalheight' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus + depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. + For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero + height but a large depth. + +'keepaspectratio' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}', then if you give + as options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight') then LaTeX + will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. + That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic wider than + 'width' nor taller than 'height' (or 'totalheight'). + +'scale' + Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying + '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}' makes the graphic twice its + nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 + and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect + it. + +'angle' + Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and + counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see + that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is + typeset, *note \rotatebox::. + +'origin' + The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + + To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::. + + These are lesser-used options. + +'viewport' + Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The + dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the + origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' option. + +'trim' + Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'. + These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX + will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the + bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See + also the 'viewport' option. + +'clip' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}', then the graphic is cropped + to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using the + starred form of the command, as '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'. + +'page' + Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default + 'page=1'. + +'pagebox' + Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among + 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF + files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but + may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives + the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region + to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed. + The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should + be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions + of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's + meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on + CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, + with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always + present. + +'interpolate' + Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. + Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}'. + +'quiet' + Do not write information to the log. You can set it with + 'quiet=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}', + +'draft' + If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}', then the graphic will not + appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. + Instead, LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the + filename printed in it. + + These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox' +that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x +coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y +coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big +points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line +'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + +'bb' + Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is + four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[.., + bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads + the BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this + option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file + or if you want to change it. + +'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury' + Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained + for compatibility with old packages.) + +'natwidth, natheight' + An alternative for 'bb'. Setting + '\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}' is + the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'. + +'hiresbb' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}', then LaTeX will look for + '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The + 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural numbers while the + 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to + TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of + 'true', you can set it to 'false'. + + These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read +the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these, +*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::. + +'type' + Specify the graphics type. + +'ext' + Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with + the option 'type'. + +'read' + Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + +'command' + Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \rotatebox, Next: \scalebox, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.2 '\rotatebox' +------------------- + +Synopsis for 'graphics' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Put MATERIAL in a box and rotate it ANGLE degrees counterclockwise. + + This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH + \end{tabular} + + The MATERIAL can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + + You can get the same effect using the 'graphicx' package alone (*note +\includegraphics::). + + To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets +MATERIAL in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The +second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The +third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated material. +Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left edge of this +new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box from the first +step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its +new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this +material. + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the roatation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use 'graphicx' then these are the +options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST. + +'origin' + The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + +'x, y' + Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX + DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These + give the offset from the box's reference point. + +'units' + This key allows you to change the default of degrees + counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to + degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians + counterclockwise. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \scalebox, Next: \resizebox, Prev: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.3 '\scalebox' +------------------ + +Synopses: + + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}{MATERIAL} + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}[VERTICAL FACTOR]{MATERIAL} + \reflectbox{MATERIAL} + + Scale the MATERIAL. + + This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of +the first text and doubles the size of the second. + + \scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + + If you do not specify the optional VERTICAL FACTOR then it defaults +to the same value as the HORIZONTAL FACTOR. + + You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +'\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}'. If you use the 'graphicx' +package then you can accomplish the same thing with optional arguments +to '\includegraphics' (*note \includegraphics::). + + The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'. +Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was +I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.4 '\resizebox' +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + \resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + + Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size. +If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation +point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor +for both directions. + + This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + \resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + + The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's +height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth. +For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter inch with +'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This box has both height and +depth.}}'. + + You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to +refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches +wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two +inches}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top + +23 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special @@ -8661,7 +9434,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -22.1 Reserved characters +23.1 Reserved characters ======================== LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for @@ -8695,7 +9468,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions -22.2 Upper and lower case +23.2 Upper and lower case ========================= Synopsis: @@ -8742,7 +9515,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -22.3 Symbols by font position +23.3 Symbols by font position ============================= You can access any character of the current font using its number with @@ -8757,7 +9530,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions -22.4 Text symbols +23.4 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -8940,7 +9713,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions -22.5 Accents +23.5 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -9039,7 +9812,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions -22.6 Additional Latin letters +23.6 Additional Latin letters ============================= Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond A-Z) @@ -9099,7 +9872,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions -22.7 '\rule' +23.7 '\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -9121,7 +9894,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions -22.8 '\today' +23.8 '\today' ============= The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, @@ -9146,7 +9919,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top -23 Splitting the input +24 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -9167,7 +9940,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -23.1 '\include' +24.1 '\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9188,7 +9961,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input -23.2 '\includeonly' +24.2 '\includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -9206,7 +9979,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -23.3 '\input' +24.3 '\input' ============= Synopsis: @@ -9224,7 +9997,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top -24 Front/back matter +25 Front/back matter ******************** * Menu: @@ -9236,7 +10009,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -24.1 Tables of contents +25.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. @@ -9265,7 +10038,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents -24.1.1 '\addcontentsline' +25.1.1 '\addcontentsline' ------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -9302,7 +10075,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents -24.1.2 '\addtocontents' +25.1.2 '\addtocontents' ----------------------- The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -9320,7 +10093,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter -24.2 Glossaries +25.2 Glossaries =============== The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -9338,7 +10111,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -24.3 Indexes +25.3 Indexes ============ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -9381,7 +10154,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top -25 Letters +26 Letters ********** Synopsis: @@ -9477,7 +10250,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters -25.1 '\address' +26.1 '\address' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9506,7 +10279,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters -25.2 '\cc' +26.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -9525,7 +10298,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters -25.3 '\closing' +26.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9540,7 +10313,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters -25.4 '\encl' +26.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -9558,7 +10331,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters -25.5 '\location' +26.5 '\location' ================ Synopsis: @@ -9571,7 +10344,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters -25.6 '\makelabels' +26.6 '\makelabels' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9596,7 +10369,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters -25.7 '\name' +26.7 '\name' ============ Synopsis: @@ -9609,7 +10382,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters -25.8 '\opening' +26.8 '\opening' =============== Synopsis: @@ -9625,7 +10398,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters -25.9 '\ps' +26.9 '\ps' ========== Synopsis: @@ -9640,7 +10413,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters -25.10 '\signature' +26.10 '\signature' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9672,7 +10445,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters -25.11 '\telephone' +26.11 '\telephone' ================== Synopsis: @@ -9687,7 +10460,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top -26 Terminal input/output +27 Terminal input/output ************************ * Menu: @@ -9698,7 +10471,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output -26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +27.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -9715,7 +10488,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output -26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +27.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -9734,7 +10507,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top -27 Command line +28 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX @@ -10063,7 +10836,7 @@ * color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 6) * color <4>: Colored pages. (line 6) * color models: Color models. (line 6) -* color package commands: Commands. (line 6) +* color package commands: Commands for color. (line 6) * color package options: Color package options. (line 6) * color, define: Define colors. (line 6) @@ -10080,6 +10853,8 @@ * commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6) * commands, document class: Class and package construction. (line 6) +* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics. + (line 6) * commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. (line 6) * commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. @@ -10087,6 +10862,8 @@ * commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6) * composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 99) * computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) * contents file: Output files. (line 43) * copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12) * counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6) @@ -10178,6 +10955,9 @@ * environments: Environments. (line 6) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) +* EPS files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* EPS files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. (line 63) @@ -10259,7 +11039,23 @@ * glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) * glossary package: Glossaries. (line 15) * glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6) +* graphics: Graphics. (line 6) +* graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* graphics package: Graphics. (line 6) +* graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* graphics package commands: Commands for graphics. + (line 6) +* graphics package options: Graphics package options. + (line 6) * graphics packages: \line. (line 13) +* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) +* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * grave accent: Accents. (line 37) * grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) * greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125) @@ -10286,7 +11082,9 @@ * ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters. (line 32) * implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) +* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * in-line formulas: math. (line 6) +* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6) * indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6) * indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) @@ -10301,6 +11099,12 @@ * insertions of special characters: Special insertions. (line 6) * italic correction: \/. (line 6) * italic font: Font styles. (line 77) +* JPEG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* JPEG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* JPG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* JPG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6) * justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6) * Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6) @@ -10452,6 +11256,8 @@ * options, document class <1>: Class and package structure. (line 6) * options, global: Additional packages. (line 15) +* options, graphics package: Graphics package options. + (line 6) * options, package: Class and package structure. (line 6) * options, package <1>: Class and package commands. @@ -10526,6 +11332,9 @@ * parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6) * parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. (line 6) +* PDF graphic files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* PDF graphic files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20) * pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12) * period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) @@ -10535,6 +11344,9 @@ * pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) * pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44) * placement of floats: Floats. (line 31) +* PNG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* PNG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6) * Point: Units of length. (line 10) * polish l: Additional Latin letters. @@ -10572,6 +11384,8 @@ * remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) * reporting bugs: About this document. (line 21) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) * right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 166) * right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) @@ -10587,6 +11401,9 @@ * robust commands: \protect. (line 6) * roman font: Font styles. (line 80) * root file: Splitting the input. (line 9) +* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6) +* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6) +* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 6) * row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 45) * rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. @@ -10594,6 +11411,8 @@ * running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) * sans serif font: Font styles. (line 86) * Scaled point: Units of length. (line 36) +* scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * script letters for math: Font styles. (line 74) * section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47) @@ -10676,6 +11495,10 @@ (line 6) * TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61) * text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) +* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) +* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * textcase package: Upper and lower case. (line 42) * textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134) @@ -11002,6 +11825,10 @@ * \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 159) * \ddot: Math accents. (line 22) * \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 29) +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. + (line 6) +* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule. + (line 6) * \DeclareOption: Class and package commands. (line 66) * \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands. @@ -11114,6 +11941,7 @@ * \gg: Math symbols. (line 242) * \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8) * \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11) +* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6) * \grave: Math accents. (line 28) * \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 26) * \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 27) @@ -11162,6 +11990,7 @@ * \imath: Math accents. (line 34) * \in: Math symbols. (line 265) * \include: \include. (line 6) +* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6) * \indent: \indent. (line 6) * \index: Indexes. (line 9) @@ -11503,6 +12332,7 @@ * \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568) * \Re: Math symbols. (line 571) * \ref: \ref. (line 6) +* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6) * \refname: thebibliography. (line 26) * \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. @@ -11511,6 +12341,7 @@ (line 310) * \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands. (line 310) +* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) * \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576) @@ -11532,12 +12363,14 @@ (line 23) * \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 26) +* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 6) * \rq: Text symbols. (line 54) * \rule: \rule. (line 6) * \S: Text symbols. (line 57) * \savebox: \savebox. (line 6) * \sbox: \sbox. (line 6) * \sc: Font styles. (line 82) +* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6) * \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) * \scshape: Font styles. (line 51) * \searrow: Math symbols. 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\closing366730 +Node: \encl367041 +Node: \location367456 +Node: \makelabels367725 +Node: \name368726 +Node: \opening368956 +Node: \ps369296 +Node: \signature369585 +Node: \telephone370677 +Node: Terminal input/output371042 +Node: \typein371307 +Node: \typeout371892 +Node: Command line372515 +Node: Document templates373467 +Node: beamer template373874 +Node: book template374525 +Node: tugboat template374893 +Node: Concept Index377257 +Node: Command Index440028 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-04 23:50:10 UTC (rev 610) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) @@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ * Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. * Boxes:: Making boxes. * Color:: Defining and using colors. +* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside @LaTeX{}. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -3629,6 +3630,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the @code{equation} counter. +You should have no blank lines between @code{\begin@{equation@}} and + at code{\begin@{equation@}}, or @LaTeX{} will tell you that there is a +missing dollar sign, at tie{}$@code{$}. + Note that the @file{amsmath} package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -10137,7 +10142,7 @@ @menu * Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package. * Color models:: How colors are represented. -* Commands:: The available commands. +* Commands for color:: The available commands. @end menu @@ -10246,8 +10251,8 @@ @end table - at node Commands - at section Commands + at node Commands for color + at section Commands for color @cindex color package commands @@ -10463,9 +10468,899 @@ \nopagecolor @end example - at c =========================================== + at node Graphics + at chapter Graphics + at cindex graphics + at cindex graphics package + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your @LaTeX{} document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with @LaTeX{}. +This example is the short how-to. + + at example +\include@{graphicx@} % goes in the preamble + ... +\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]@{plot.pdf@} + at end example + +To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain +either @code{\usepackage@{graphicx@}} or + at code{\usepackage@{graphics@}}. (Most of the time, @file{graphicx} is +the better choice.) + +Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. + at LaTeX{} can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry +for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example +is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a +list of instructions such as @samp{draw a circle with this radius and +that center}. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other +problems, and because they often have a smaller size. + +There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a + at LaTeX{} document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts +as in your document. @LaTeX{} comes with a @code{picture} environment +(@pxref{picture}) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two +such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to @LaTeX{}, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + + at menu +* Graphics package options:: Options when you load the package. +* Graphics package configuration:: Where to look for files, which file types. +* Commands for graphics:: The available commands. + at end menu + + + at node Graphics package options + at section Graphics package options + + at cindex graphics package options + at cindex options, graphics package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + at example +\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{graphics@} + at end example + +or + + at example +\usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{graphicx@} + at end example + +The two packages @file{graphics} and @code{graphicx} offering the same +capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to +commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). +When you load the @file{graphics} or @file{graphicx} package there are +two kinds of available options. + +The first is that @LaTeX{} does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a + at dfn{printer driver} file. Normally you should not specify the driver +option in the document, and instead rely on your system's default. One +advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + +For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant +ones are: @file{dvipdfmx}, @file{dvips}, @file{dvisvgm}, @file{luatex}, + at file{pdftex}, @file{xetex}. The two @file{xdvi} and @file{oztex} are +essentially aliases for @file{dvips} (and @file{xdvi} is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: @file{dvipdf}, + at file{dvipdfm}, @file{dviwin}, @file{dvipsone}, @file{emtex}, + at file{pctexps}, @file{pctexwin}, @file{pctexhp}, @file{pctex32}, + at file{truetex}, @file{tcidvi}, @file{vtex} (and @file{dviwindo} is an +alias for @file{dvipsone}). These are stored in files with a + at file{.def} extension, such as @file{pdftex.def}. + +The second kind of options are below. + + at table @code + at item demo +Instead of an image file, @LaTeX{} puts in a 150 at tie{}pt by 100 at tie{}pt +rectangle (unless another size is specified in the + at code{\includegraphics} command). + + at item draft +For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is +printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, +the file must be present. + + at item final +(Default) Override any previous @code{draft} option, so that the +document shows the contents of the graphic files. + + at item hiderotate +Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + at c what does it show? + + at item hidescale +Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + at c what does it show? + + at item hiresbb +In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The +standard @code{%%BoundingBox} lines describe the graphic size using +integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of +1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, in @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines. This option has @LaTeX{} +to read the size from the latter. + + at end table + + + at node Graphics package configuration + at section Graphics package configuration + + at cindex graphics + at cindex graphics package + at cindex configuration, graphics package + at cindex EPS files + at cindex JPEG files + at cindex JPG files + at cindex PDF graphic files + at cindex PNG files + +These commands configure the way @LaTeX{} searches the file system for +the graphic. + +The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documention in @file{grfguide.pdf}, or the @LaTeX{} source, or your + at TeX{} distribution's documentation. + + at menu +* \graphicspath:: Directories to search. +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions:: File types, such as JPG or EPS. +* \DeclareGraphicsRule:: How to handle file types. + at end menu + + + at node \graphicspath + at subsection @code{\graphicspath} + + at findex \graphicspath + +Synopsis: + + at example +\graphicspath@{@var{list of dir names inside curly brackets}@} + at end example + +Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows +you to later say something like @code{\includegraphics@{lion.png@}} +instead of having to give its path. + + at LaTeX{} always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory + at file{pix}, and then @file{../pix}. + + at example +\usepackage@{graphicx@} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... +\graphicspath@{ @{pix/@} @{../pix/@} @} + at end example + +The @code{\graphicspath} declaration is optional. If you don't include +it then @LaTeX{}'s default is to search all of the places that it +usually looks for a file (it uses @LaTeX{}'s @code{\input@@path}). In +particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current +directory. + +You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above +it says @samp{@code{@{pix@}}}. This is true even if there is only one +directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, @file{/}. +This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward +slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document +portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name +then use double quotes, as with @code{@{"my docs/"@}}. If you get one of +these wrong then @LaTeX{} will report @code{Error: File `@var{filename}' +not found}. + +Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, + + at example +\graphicspath@{ @{pix/@} @{../pix/@} @} +... +\usepackage@{lion.png@} + at end example + +for each of the directories, @LaTeX{} concatenates it with the file name +and searches for the result, checking for @file{pix/lion.png} and if +that fails then it tries @file{../pix/lion.png}. This algorithm means +that the @code{\graphicspath} command does not recursively search +subdirectories: if you issue @code{\graphicspath@{@{a/@}@}} and the +graphic is in @file{a/b/lion.png} then @LaTeX{} will not find it. It +also means that you can use absolute paths such as + at code{\graphicspath@{@{/home/jim/logos/@}@}} or + at code{\graphicspath@{@{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/@}@}}. However, using +these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +protability by adjusting your @TeX{} system settings configuration file +parameter @code{TEXINPUTS}; see the documentation of your system.) + +You can use @code{\graphicspath} in the preamble or in the document +body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. +For debugging, show its value with + at code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Ginput@@path@}\makeatother}. + +The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on @file{book/book.tex} +and it contains @code{\include@{chapters/chap1@}}. If in + at file{chap1.tex} you put @code{\graphicspath@{@{plots/@}@}} then + at LaTeX{} will not search for graphics in @file{book/chapters/plots}, but +instead in @file{book/plots}. + + + at node \DeclareGraphicsExtensions + at subsection @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions} + + at findex \DeclareGraphicsExtensions + +Synopses: + + at example +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions@{@var{comma-separated list of file extensions}@} + at end example + +Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the +order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files +by giving the filename without the extension, as in + at code{\includegraphics@{functionplot@}}. + +In this example, @LaTeX{} will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + at example +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions@{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF@} + ... +\includegraphics@{lion@} % will find @file{lion.png} before @file{lion.pdf} + at end example + +Because the file name @file{lion} does not have a period, for each +directory in the graphics path (@pxref{\graphicspath}), @LaTeX{} will +try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file +then it reports @samp{! LaTeX Error: File `@file{lion}' not found}. +Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. + +Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + +Your document does not need to have a @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions} +declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent @file{pdftex.def} has the extension list + at samp{@code{.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2}}. + +You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You +can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with + at code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Gin@@extensions@}\makeatother}. + + + at node \DeclareGraphicsRule + at subsection @code{\DeclareGraphicsRule} + + at findex \DeclareGraphicsRule + +Synopsis: + + at example +\DeclareGraphicsRule@{@var{extension}@}@{@var{type}@}@{@var{size-file extension}@}@{@var{command}@} + at end example + +Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension + at var{ext}. + +This example declares that all files with names have the form + at file{filename-without-dot.mps} will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + at example +\DeclareGraphicsRule@{.mps@}@{mps@}@{.mps@}@{@} + at end example + +This + + at example +\DeclareGraphicsRule@{*@}@{mps@}@{*@}@{@} + at end example + +tells @LaTeX{} that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers @file{filename.1}, + at file{filename.2}, etc. + +This describes the four arguments. + + at table @var + at item ext +The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything +after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, + at code{*}, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. + + at item type +The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions @file{.ps}, + at file{.eps}, or @file{.ps.gz} may all be classed as type @code{eps}. +All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that @file{pdftex} +recognizes are: @code{jpg}, @code{jbig2}, @code{mps}, @code{pdf}, + at code{png}, @code{tif}. + + at item size-file extension +The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as @var{extension} +but it may be different. + +As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it +might be compressed into a @file{.ps.gz} file. Compressed files are not +easily read by @LaTeX{} so you can put the bounding box information in a +separate file. If @var{size-file extension} is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of @code{\includegraphics}. + +If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for + at code{type} then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading @file{.eps} files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style @code{%%BoundingBox} line if no +other format is available.) + + at item command +A command that will be applied to the +file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a +single backward quote. Thus, + at code{\DeclareGraphicsRule@{.eps.gz@}@{eps@}@{.eps.bb@}@{`gunzip -c +#1@}} specifies that any file with the extension @file{.eps.gz} should +be treated as an @code{eps} file, with the the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension @file{.eps.bb}, and that the command + at code{gunzip -c} will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + +Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your @TeX{} +system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure +modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. +See the documentation for your @TeX{} distribution. + + at c xx Discuss restricted execution + + at end table + + at node Commands for graphics + at section Commands for graphics + + at cindex graphics package commands + at cindex commands, graphics package + +These are the commands available with the @file{graphics} and + at file{graphicx} packages. + + at menu +* \includegraphics:: Using a graphic in your document. +* \rotatebox:: Rotating boxes, including graphics. +* \scalebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics. +* \resizebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. + at end menu + + + at node \includegraphics + at subsection @code{\includegraphics} + + at cindex graphics + at cindex graphics package + at cindex including graphics + at cindex importing graphics + at cindex EPS files + at cindex JPEG files + at cindex JPG files + at cindex PDF graphic files + at cindex PNG files + at findex \includegraphics + +Synopses for @file{graphics} package: + + at example +\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics[@var{llx}, at var{lly}][@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics*@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics*[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics*[@var{llx}, at var{lly}][@var{urx}, at var{ury}]@{@var{filename}@} + at end example + +Synopses for @file{graphicx} package: + + at example +\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics*@{@var{filename}@} +\includegraphics*[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{filename}@} + at end example + +Include a graphics file. The starred form @code{\includegraphics*} will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + +This + + at example +\usepackage@{graphicx@} % in preamble + ... +\begin@{center@} + \includegraphics@{plot.pdf@} +\end@{center@} + at end example + +will incorporate into the document the graphic in @file{plot.pdf}, +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with @code{\includegraphics@{graphics/plot.pdf@}}. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, @pxref{\graphicspath}. + +If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with + at code{\includegraphics@{"sister picture.jpg"@}}. + +The @code{\includegraphics@{@var{filename}@}} command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting @var{filename} on the first dot. You can +use @var{filename} with no dot, as in @code{\includegraphics@{turing@}} +and then @LaTeX{} tries a sequence of extensions such as @code{.png} and + at code{.pdf} until it finds a file with that extension +(@pxref{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions}). + +If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide +them with curly braces, as in + at code{\includegraphics@{@{plot.2018.03.12.a@}.pdf@}}. Or, if you use +the @file{graphicx} package then you can use the options @code{type} and + at code{ext}; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package @file{grffile}. + +This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so @LaTeX{} can +move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward +(@pxref{figure}). + + at example +\begin@{figure@} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]@{lungxray.jpg@} + \caption@{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.@} \label@{fig:xray@} +\end@{figure@} + at end example + +This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes @LaTeX{} stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + at example +\usepackage@{caption@} % in preamble + ... +\begin@{center@} + \includegraphics@{pix/nix.png@} + \captionof@{figure@}@{The spirit of the night@} \label@{pix:nix@} % if you want a caption +\end@{center@} + at end example + +This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + at example +\newcommand*@{\vcenteredhbox@}[1]@{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox@{#1@}\parbox@{\wd0@}@{\box0@}\endgroup@} + ... +\begin@{center@} +\vcenteredhbox@{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]@{plot@}@} +\hspace@{1em@} +\vcenteredhbox@{\begin@{minipage@}@{0.4\textwidth@} + \begin@{displaymath@} + f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end@{displaymath@} + \end@{minipage@}@} +\end@{center@} + at end example + +If you use the @file{graphics} package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see @ref{\rotatebox} and @ref{\scalebox}). +When one optional argument is present then it is + at code{[@var{urx}, at var{ury}]} and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of @TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units +of length}). If the units are omitted they default to @code{bp}. In +this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). +If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is + at code{[@var{llx}, at var{lly}]}, specifying the coordinates of the image's +lower left. Thus, @code{\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]@{...@}} calls for +the graphic to be placed so it is 1 at tie{}inch wide and 0.618 at tie{}inches +tall and so its origin is at (0,0). + +The @file{graphicx} package gives you many more options. Specify them +in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So +the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while +the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the +graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. + + at example +\begin@{center@} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]@{lion@} + \hspace@{2em@} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]@{lion@} +\end@{center@} + at end example + +There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + +Note that a graphic is placed by @LaTeX{} into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when @LaTeX{} makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + + at table @code + at item width +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example +is @code{\includegraphics[width=1in]@{plot@}}. You can use the standard + at TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units of length}) and also convenient is + at code{\linewidth}, or in a two-column document, @code{\columnwidth} +(@pxref{Page layout parameters}). An example is that by using the + at file{calc} package you can make the graphic be 1 at tie{}cm narrow than +the width of the text with + at code{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]@{hefferon.jpg@}}. + + at item height +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard @TeX{} dimensions (@pxref{Units of length}), and also +convenient are @code{\pageheight} and @code{\textheight} (@pxref{Page +layout parameters}). For instance, + at code{\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]@{godel@}} will make the +graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + + at item totalheight +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For +instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height +but a large depth. + + at item keepaspectratio +If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with + at code{\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]@{...@}}, then if you +give as options both @code{width} and @code{height} (or + at code{totalheight}) then @LaTeX{} will make the graphic is as large as +possible without distortion. That is, @LaTeX{} will ensure that neither +is the graphic wider than @code{width} nor taller than @code{height} (or + at code{totalheight}). + + at item scale +Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying + at code{\includegraphics[scale=2.0]@{...@}} makes the graphic twice its +nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 +and at tie{}0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect +it. + + at item angle +Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. +The graphic is rotated about its @code{origin}; see that option. For a +complete description of how rotated material is typeset, + at pxref{\rotatebox}. + + at item origin +The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible +values are any string containing one or two of: @code{l} for left, + at code{r} for right, @code{b} for bottom, @code{c} for center, @code{t} +for top, and @code{B} for baseline. Thus, + at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]@{moon@}} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while + at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]@{LeBateau@}} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character @code{c} +gives the horizontal center in @code{bc} or @code{tc}, but gives the +vertical center in @code{lc} or @code{rc}.) The default is @code{lB}. + +To rotate about an arbitrary point, @pxref{\rotatebox}. + + at end table + +These are lesser-used options. + + at table @code + at item viewport +Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, +separated by spaces and given in @TeX{} dimensions, as with + at code{\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. The +dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin +specified by the bounding box. See also the @code{trim} option. + + at item trim +Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated +by spaces, that are given in @TeX{} dimensions, as with + at code{\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]@{...@}}. +These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, @LaTeX{} +will crop the picture by 0 at tie{}inches on the left, 0.1 at tie{}inches on +the bottom, 0.2 at tie{}inches on the right, and 0.3 at tie{}inches on the +top. See also the @code{viewport} option. + + at item clip +If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with + at code{\includegraphics[...,clip,...]@{...@}}, then the graphic is +cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using +the starred form of the command, as + at code{\includegraphics*[...]@{...@}}. + + at item page +Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default + at code{page=1}. + + at item pagebox +Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among + at code{mediabox}, @code{cropbox}, @code{bleedbox}, @code{trimbox}, or + at code{artbox}. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The +MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the +region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when +displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page +should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions +of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's meaningful +content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if +present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a +driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. + + at item interpolate +Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be +set with @code{interpolate=true} or just specified as with + at code{\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]@{...@}}. + + at item quiet +Do not write information to the log. You can set it with + at code{quiet=true} or just specified it with + at code{\includegraphics[...,quite,...]@{...@}}, + + at item draft +If you set it with @code{draft=true} or just specified it with + at code{\includegraphics[...,draft,...]@{...@}}, then the graphic will not +appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead, + at LaTeX{} will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename +printed in it. + + at end table + +These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line + at code{%%BoundingBox} that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower @math{x} coordinate, lower @math{y} coordinate, upper + at math{x} coordinate, and upper @math{y} coordinate. The units are +PostScript points, equivalent to @TeX{}'s big points, 1/72 at tie{}inch. +For example, if an @file{.eps} file has the line @code{%%BoundingBox 10 +20 40 80} then its natural size is 30/72 at tie{}inch wide by +60/72 at tie{}inch tall. + + at table @code + at item bb +Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four +dimensions separated by spaces, as with @code{\includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. Usually @code{\includegraphics} reads the +BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want +to change it. + + at item bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury +Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages.) + + at item natwidth, natheight +An alternative for @code{bb}. Setting + at code{\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]@{...@}} +is the same as setting @code{bb=0 0 1in 0.618in}. + + at item hiresbb +If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with + at code{\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]@{...@}}, then @LaTeX{} will look +for @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines instead of @code{%%BoundingBox} +lines. (The @code{BoundingBox} lines use only natural numbers while the + at code{HiResBoundingBox} lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to + at TeX{}'s big points, 1/72 at tie{}inch.) To override a prior setting of + at code{true}, you can set it to @code{false}. + + at end table + +These following options allow a user to override @LaTeX{}'s method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that @code{\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]@{lion@}} +will read the file @file{lion.xxx} as though it were + at file{lion.png}. For more on these, @pxref{\DeclareGraphicsRule}. + + at table @code + at item type +Specify the graphics type. + + at item ext +Specify the graphics extension. +Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}. + + at item read +Specify the file extension of the read file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}. + + at item command +Specify a command to be applied to this file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option @code{type}. + at c write18 and restricted execution. + + at end table + + + at node \rotatebox + at subsection @code{\rotatebox} + + at cindex rotation + at cindex rotating graphics + at cindex rotating text + at findex \rotatebox + +Synopsis for @file{graphics} package: + + at example +\rotatebox@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@} + at end example + +Synopses for @file{graphicx} package: + + at example +\rotatebox@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@} +\rotatebox[@var{key-value list}]@{@var{angle}@}@{@var{material}@} + at end example + +Put @var{material} in a box and rotate it @var{angle} degrees counterclockwise. + +This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + at example +\begin@{tabular@}@{ll@} + \rotatebox@{45@}@{Character@} &\rotatebox@{45@}@{NATO phonetic@} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH +\end@{tabular@} + at end example + +The @var{material} can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + at example + \rotatebox[origin=c]@{45@}@{\includegraphics[width=1in]@{lion@}@} + at end example + +You can get the same effect using the @file{graphicx} package alone +(@pxref{\includegraphics}). + +To place the rotated material, the first step is that @LaTeX{} sets + at var{material} in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. +The third step is that @LaTeX{} computes a box to bound the rotated +material. Fourth, @LaTeX{} moves this box horizontally so that the left +edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box +from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new +bounding box, in its new position, is what @LaTeX{} uses as the box when +typesetting this material. + +If you use the @file{graphics} package then the roatation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use @file{graphicx} then these are +the options that can go in the @var{key-value list}. + + at table @code + at item origin +The point of the @var{material}'s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible values are any string containing one or two of: @code{l} for +left, @code{r} for right, @code{b} for bottom, @code{c} for center, + at code{t} for top, and @code{B} for baseline. Thus, + at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]@{moon@}} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while + at code{\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]@{LeBateau@}} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character @code{c} +gives the horizontal center in @code{bc} or @code{tc} but gives the +vertical center in @code{lc} or @code{rc}.) The default is @code{lB}. + + at item x, y +Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with + at code{\rotatebox[x=@var{@TeX{} dimension},y=@var{@TeX{} +dimension}]@{...@}} (@pxref{Units of length}). These give the offset +from the box's reference point. + + at item units +This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. +Setting @code{units=-360} changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting @code{units=6.283185} changes to radians counterclockwise. + + at end table + + + at node \scalebox + at subsection @code{\scalebox} + + at cindex graphics, scaling + at cindex graphics, resizing + at cindex scaling + at cindex resizing + at cindex text, scaling + at cindex text, resizing + at findex \scalebox + at findex \reflectbox + +Synopses: + + at example +\scalebox@{@var{horizontal factor}@}@{@var{material}@} +\scalebox@{@var{horizontal factor}@}[@var{vertical factor}]@{@var{material}@} +\reflectbox@{@var{material}@} + at end example + +Scale the @var{material}. + +This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the +first text and doubles the size of the second. + + at example +\scalebox@{0.5@}@{DRINK ME@} and \scalebox@{2.0@}@{Eat Me@} + at end example + +If you do not specify the optional @var{vertical factor} then it +defaults to the same value as the @var{horizontal factor}. + +You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with + at code{\scalebox@{0.5@}@{\includegraphics@{lion@}@}}. If you use the + at file{graphicx} package then you can accomplish the same thing with +optional arguments to @code{\includegraphics} +(@pxref{\includegraphics}). + +The @code{\reflectbox} command abbreviates + at code{\scalebox@{-1@}[1]@{@var{material}@}}. Thus, @code{Able was +I\reflectbox@{Able was I@}} will show the phrase @samp{Able was I} +immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + + at node \resizebox + at subsection @code{\resizebox} + + at cindex graphics, scaling + at cindex graphics, resizing + at cindex scaling + at cindex resizing + at cindex text, scaling + at cindex text, resizing + at findex \resizebox + +Synopses: + + at example +\resizebox@{@var{horizontal length}@}@{@var{vertical length}@}@{@var{material}@} +\resizebox*@{@var{horizontal length}@}@{@var{vertical length}@}@{@var{material}@} + at end example + +Given a size, such as @code{3cm}, transform @var{material} to make it +that size. If either @var{horizontal length} or @var{vertical length} +is an exclamation point at tie{}@code{!} then the other argument is used +to determine a scale factor for both directions. + +This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + at example +\resizebox@{0.5in@}@{!@}@{\includegraphics@{lion@}@} + at end example + +The unstarred form @code{\resizebox} takes @var{vertical length} to be +the box's height while the starred form @code{\resizebox*} takes it to +be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a +quarter inch with @code{\resizebox*@{!@}@{0.25in@}@{\parbox@{1in@}@{This +box has both height and depth.@}@}}. + +You can use @code{\depth}, @code{\height}, @code{\totalheight}, and + at code{\width} to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +text two inches wide but keep the original height with + at code{\resizebox@{2in@}@{\height@}@{Two inches@}}. + + @node Special insertions @chapter Special insertions From karl at gnu.org.ua Fri Mar 16 15:47:29 2018 From: karl at gnu.org.ua (karl at gnu.org.ua) Date: Fri, 16 Mar 2018 16:47:29 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r612 - trunk Message-ID: <201803161447.w2GElToP007345@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: karl Date: 2018-03-16 16:47:28 +0200 (Fri, 16 Mar 2018) New Revision: 612 Modified: trunk/aspell.en.pws trunk/latex2e.texi Log: typos Modified: trunk/aspell.en.pws =================================================================== --- trunk/aspell.en.pws 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) +++ trunk/aspell.en.pws 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) @@ -105,3 +105,13 @@ mfirstuc texi outdent +ArtBox +BleedBox +builtin +CropBox +MediaBox +pixelation +radians +rescale +subregion +TrimBox Modified: trunk/latex2e.texi =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-14 15:19:29 UTC (rev 611) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) @@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@ Finally, the command @code{\oldstylenums@{@var{numerals}@}} will typeset so-called ``old-style'' numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard ``lining'' numerals, -which all have the same height as upper-case letters. @LaTeX{}'s +which all have the same height as uppercase letters. @LaTeX{}'s default fonts support this, and will respect @code{\textbf} (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the @@ -7102,7 +7102,7 @@ @code{\newcommand@{\points@}[1]@{\makebox[0pt]@{\makebox[10em][l]@{#1~pts@}@}\ignorespaces@}}. A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The -commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. But, +commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then @code{\fullname} will reproduce that. @@ -8105,7 +8105,7 @@ arrow at tie{}@code{\downarrow}. @item \ell - at BES{2113,\ell} Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). + at BES{2113,\ell} Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). @item \emptyset @BES{2205,\emptyset} Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is @@ -9559,7 +9559,7 @@ shrink value is multiplied by @math{1000/f} (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 at tie{}points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a -lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. The rules for how @TeX{} uses space factors are even more complex @@ -10497,7 +10497,7 @@ list of instructions such as @samp{draw a circle with this radius and that center}. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful -because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because they often have a smaller size. There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a @@ -10616,7 +10616,7 @@ The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult -the documention in @file{grfguide.pdf}, or the @LaTeX{} source, or your +the documentation in @file{grfguide.pdf}, or the @LaTeX{} source, or your @TeX{} distribution's documentation. @menu @@ -10685,7 +10685,7 @@ @code{\graphicspath@{@{/home/jim/logos/@}@}} or @code{\graphicspath@{@{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/@}@}}. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve -protability by adjusting your @TeX{} system settings configuration file +portability by adjusting your @TeX{} system settings configuration file parameter @code{TEXINPUTS}; see the documentation of your system.) You can use @code{\graphicspath} in the preamble or in the document @@ -11142,7 +11142,7 @@ Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four dimensions separated by spaces, as with @code{\includegraphics[.., bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. Usually @code{\includegraphics} reads the -BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want to change it. @@ -11244,7 +11244,7 @@ bounding box, in its new position, is what @LaTeX{} uses as the box when typesetting this material. -If you use the @file{graphics} package then the roatation is about the +If you use the @file{graphics} package then the rotation is about the reference point of the box. If you use @file{graphicx} then these are the options that can go in the @var{key-value list}. From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Wed Mar 21 19:48:09 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2018 20:48:09 +0200 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r613 - trunk Message-ID: <201803211848.w2LIm9u1017496@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-03-21 20:48:08 +0200 (Wed, 21 Mar 2018) New Revision: 613 Added: trunk/makedist.sh Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/NEWS trunk/latex2e.html trunk/latex2e.info trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.texi Log: Version for CTAN, also added a .sh script to make a .zip for CTAN Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ +2018-03-21 Jim Hefferon + + * latex2e.texi (Graphics): Couple of typos, small rewordings. + * makedist.sh Create. Bash script for making .zip for + a distribution for CTAN. + 2018-03-04 Jim Hefferon * latex2e.texi (Graphics): Create as a new chapter. Include all Modified: trunk/NEWS =================================================================== --- trunk/NEWS 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/NEWS 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) @@ -4,9 +4,14 @@ Spanish translation originally from Nacho Pacheco (currently unmaintained). French translation originally from Vincent Belaiche. -- list environment: diagram of parameters and much additional text. -- tabbing environment added. +Changes in April 2018 release: +There is a new chapter on color and a new chapter on graphics +inclusion (all the commands from grfguide.pdf are now covered), +there is much greater coverage of the list environment including a +diagram of the parameters, and a description of the tabbing +environment. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in Aug 2017 release: Modified: trunk/latex2e.html =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/latex2e.html 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) @@ -2240,7 +2240,7 @@ Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, -which all have the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX’s +which all have the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect \textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the @@ -8708,7 +8708,7 @@ \newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}. A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The -commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. But, +commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then \fullname will reproduce that. @@ -10051,7 +10051,7 @@ \ell -ℓ Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). + ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). \emptyset @@ -12292,7 +12292,7 @@ shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a -lower-case letter, intersentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex @@ -13433,18 +13433,18 @@ To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain either \usepackage{graphicx} or -\usepackage{graphics}. (Most of the time, graphicx is -the better choice.) +\usepackage{graphics}. Most of the time, graphicx is the +better choice. -Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. -LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry -for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example -is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a -list of instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and -that center’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote + Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and that +center’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful -because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other -problems, and because they often have a smaller size. +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, +and because they often have a smaller size. There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts @@ -13492,11 +13492,11 @@ \usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphicx} -The two packages graphics and graphicx offering the same -capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to -commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). -When you load the graphics or graphicx package there are -two kinds of available options. + The graphicx package has a format for optional arguments to the +\includegraphics command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the graphics or graphicx package with \usepackage +there are two kinds of available options. The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a @@ -13547,11 +13547,11 @@ hiresbb In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The -standard %%BoundingBox lines describe the graphic size using -integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of -1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal -multiples, in %%HiResBoundingBox lines. This option has LaTeX -to read the size from the latter. +%%BoundingBox lines describe the graphic size using integer +multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 +inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, such as 1.23, in %%HiResBoundingBox lines. This +option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. @@ -13581,7 +13581,7 @@ The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult -the documention in grfguide.pdf, or the LaTeX source, or your +the documentation in grfguide.pdf, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX distribution’s documentation. • Tables of contents: @@ -14575,7 +15596,7 @@ Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -24.1 Tables of contents +25.1 Tables of contents @@ -14619,7 +15640,7 @@ Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents [Contents][Index] -24.1.1 \addcontentsline +25.1.1 \addcontentsline @@ -14677,7 +15698,7 @@ Previous: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents [Contents][Index] -24.1.2 \addtocontents +25.1.2 \addtocontents @@ -14705,7 +15726,7 @@ Next: Indexes, Previous: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -24.2 Glossaries +25.2 Glossaries @@ -14734,7 +15755,7 @@ Previous: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter [Contents][Index] -24.3 Indexes +25.3 Indexes @@ -14809,7 +15830,7 @@ Next: Terminal input/output, Previous: Front/back matter, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -25 Letters +26 Letters @@ -14932,7 +15953,7 @@ Next: \cc, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.1 \address +26.1 \address @@ -14971,7 +15992,7 @@ Next: \closing, Previous: \address, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.2 \cc +26.2 \cc @@ -15001,7 +16022,7 @@ Next: \encl, Previous: \cc, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.3 \closing +26.3 \closing @@ -15028,7 +16049,7 @@ Next: \location, Previous: \closing, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.4 \encl +26.4 \encl @@ -15057,7 +16078,7 @@ Next: \makelabels, Previous: \encl, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.5 \location +26.5 \location @@ -15078,7 +16099,7 @@ Next: \name, Previous: \location, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.6 \makelabels +26.6 \makelabels @@ -15112,7 +16133,7 @@ Next: \opening, Previous: \makelabels, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.7 \name +26.7 \name @@ -15133,7 +16154,7 @@ Next: \ps, Previous: \name, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.8 \opening +26.8 \opening @@ -15160,7 +16181,7 @@ Next: \signature, Previous: \opening, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.9 \ps +26.9 \ps @@ -15185,7 +16206,7 @@ Next: \telephone, Previous: \ps, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.10 \signature +26.10 \signature Synopsis: @@ -15233,7 +16254,7 @@ Previous: \signature, Up: Letters [Contents][Index] -25.11 \telephone +26.11 \telephone @@ -15256,7 +16277,7 @@ Next: Command line, Previous: Letters, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -26 Terminal input/output +27 Terminal input/output @@ -15276,7 +16297,7 @@ Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output [Contents][Index] -26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} +27.1 \typein[cmd]{msg} @@ -15302,7 +16323,7 @@ Previous: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output [Contents][Index] -26.2 \typeout{msg} +27.2 \typeout{msg} @@ -15331,7 +16352,7 @@ Next: Document templates, Previous: Terminal input/output, Up: Top [Contents][Index] -27 Command line +28 Command line @@ -15750,7 +16771,7 @@ color: Colored boxes color: Colored pages color models: Color models color package commands: Commands color package commands: Commands for color color package options: Color package options color, define: Define colors colored boxes: Colored boxes commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand commands, defining new ones: \providecommand commands, document class: Class and package construction commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand commands, star-variants: \@ifstar composite word mark, in text: Text symbols computer programs, typesetting: verbatim configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration contents file: Output files copyright symbol: Text symbols counters, a list of: Counters environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem environments: Environments environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment EPS files: Graphics package configuration EPS files: \includegraphics equation number, cross referencing: \ref equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray glossaries: Glossaries glossary package: Glossaries glue register, plain TeX: \newlength graphics: Graphics graphics: Graphics package configuration graphics: \includegraphics graphics package: Graphics graphics package: Graphics package configuration graphics package: \includegraphics graphics package commands: Commands for graphics graphics package options: Graphics package options graphics packages: \line graphics, resizing: \scalebox graphics, resizing: \resizebox graphics, scaling: \scalebox graphics, scaling: \resizebox grave accent: Accents grave accent, math: Math accents greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters implementations of TeX: TeX engines importing graphics: \includegraphics in-line formulas: math including graphics: \includegraphics indent, forcing: \indent indent, suppressing: \noindent indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage italic font: Font styles J JPEG files: Graphics package configuration JPEG files: \includegraphics JPG files: Graphics package configuration JPG files: \includegraphics justification, ragged left: \raggedleft justification, ragged right: \raggedright options, document class: Document class options options, document class: Class and package structure options, global: Additional packages options, graphics package: Graphics package options options, package: Class and package structure options, package: Class and package commands ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols paragraphs: Making paragraphs parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters PDF graphic files: Graphics package configuration PDF graphic files: \includegraphics pdfTeX: Output files pdfTeX engine: TeX engines period, centered, in text: Text symbols pictures, creating: picture pilcrow: Text symbols placement of floats: Floats PNG files: Graphics package configuration PNG files: \includegraphics poetry, an environment for: verse Point: Units of length polish l: Additional Latin letters remarks in the margin: Marginal notes reporting bugs: About this document reserved characters: Reserved characters resizing: \scalebox resizing: \resizebox right angle quotation marks: Text symbols right arrow, in text: Text symbols right brace, in text: Text symbols robust commands: \protect roman font: Font styles root file: Splitting the input rotating graphics: \rotatebox rotating text: \rotatebox rotation: \rotatebox row, tabbing: tabbing rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength running header and footer: Page layout parameters S sans serif font: Font styles Scaled point: Units of length scaling: \scalebox scaling: \resizebox script letters for math: Font styles section number, cross referencing: \ref section numbers, printing: Sectioning terminal input/output: Terminal input/output TeX logo: Text symbols text symbols: Text symbols text, resizing: \scalebox text, resizing: \resizebox text, scaling: \scalebox text, scaling: \resizebox textcase package: Upper and lower case textcomp package: Font styles thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle \ddagger: Math symbols \ddot: Math accents \ddots: Math miscellany \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule \DeclareOption: Class and package commands \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands \gg: Math symbols \glossary: Glossaries \glossaryentry: Glossaries \graphicspath: \graphicspath \grave: Math accents \guillemotleft («): Text symbols \guillemotright (»): Text symbols \imath: Math accents \in: Math symbols \include: \include \includegraphics: \includegraphics \includeonly: \includeonly \indent: \indent \index: Indexes \rceil: Math symbols \Re: Math symbols \ref: \ref \reflectbox: \scalebox \refname: thebibliography \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment \RequirePackage: Class and package commands \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands \resizebox: \resizebox \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr \restriction: Math symbols \revemptyset: Math symbols \rmfamily: Font styles \roman{counter}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol \Roman{counter}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol \rotatebox: \rotatebox \rq: Text symbols \rule: \rule \S: Text symbols \savebox: \savebox \sbox: \sbox \sc: Font styles \scalebox: \scalebox \scriptsize: Font sizes \scshape: Font styles \searrow: Math symbols @@ -13631,17 +13631,18 @@ particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. -You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above -it says ‘{pix}’. This is true even if there is only one -directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, /. -This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward -slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document -portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name -then use double quotes, as with {"my docs/"}. If you get one of -these wrong then LaTeX will report Error: File `filename' -not found. + Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says +‘{pix}’. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, /. This is true +even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all +the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with {"my docs/"}. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause LaTeX to report Error: File `filename' not +found. -Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, + Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the +current directory, \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } @@ -13649,23 +13650,22 @@ \usepackage{lion.png} -for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name -and searches for the result, checking for pix/lion.png and if -that fails then it tries ../pix/lion.png. This algorithm means -that the \graphicspath command does not recursively search -subdirectories: if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the -graphic is in a/b/lion.png then LaTeX will not find it. It -also means that you can use absolute paths such as + for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for pix/lion.png +and then ../pix/lion.png. This algorithm means that the +\graphicspath command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the graphic is in +a/b/lion.png then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that +you can use absolute paths such as \graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}} or \graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve -protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file parameter TEXINPUTS; see the documentation of your system.) You can use \graphicspath in the preamble or in the document -body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. -For debugging, show its value with -\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother. +body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value +with \makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother. The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, suppose that you are working on a document based on book/book.tex @@ -13706,18 +13706,20 @@ \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf - Because the file name lion does not have a period, for each -directory in the graphics path (see \graphicspath), LaTeX will -try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file -then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `lion' not found’. -Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. + Because the file name lion does not have a period, LaTeX uses +the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path +(see \graphicspath), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order +given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories +and extensions then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `lion' +not found’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the +extensions. Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows platform is not case sensitive. -Your document does not need to have a \DeclareGraphicsExtensions -declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, + You are not required to include \DeclareGraphicsExtensions in +your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the most recent pdftex.def has the extension list ‘.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2’. @@ -13743,8 +13745,7 @@ \DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-file extension}{command} -Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension -ext. + Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in extension. This example declares that all files with names have the form filename-without-dot.mps will be treated as output from MetaPost, @@ -13768,7 +13769,7 @@ This describes the four arguments. -ext +extension The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, *, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. @@ -13817,7 +13818,6 @@ modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX distribution. - @@ -13959,14 +13959,13 @@ \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} ... \begin{center} -\vcenteredhbox{ - \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} -\hspace{1em} -\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} - \begin{displaymath} - f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) - \end{displaymath} - \end{minipage}} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} \end{center} @@ -13983,10 +13982,7 @@ tall and so its origin is at (0,0). The graphicx package gives you many more options. Specify them -in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So -the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while -the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the -graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. +in a key-value form, as here. \begin{center} @@ -13996,6 +13992,11 @@ \end{center} +The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made +one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then +made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the +two will end with different widths and heights. + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is @@ -14034,11 +14035,11 @@ keepaspectratio If set to true, or just specified as with -\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}, then if you -give as options both width and height (or -totalheight) then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as -possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither -is the graphic wider than width nor taller than height (or +\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...} and you give as +options both width and height (or totalheight), +then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without +distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic +wider than width nor taller than height (or totalheight). @@ -14081,8 +14082,9 @@ Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with \includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. The -dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin -specified by the bounding box. See also the trim option. +dimensions default to big points, bp. They are taken +relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the +trim option. trim @@ -14104,7 +14106,7 @@ page -Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default + Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is page=1. @@ -14160,14 +14162,14 @@ Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four dimensions separated by spaces, as with \includegraphics[.., bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. Usually \includegraphics reads the -BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want to change it. bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury -Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for -compatibility with old packages.) + Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages. natwidth, natheight @@ -14262,9 +14264,6 @@ \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} -You can get the same effect using the graphicx package alone -(see \includegraphics). - To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets material in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. @@ -14275,9 +14274,11 @@ bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this material. -If you use the graphics package then the roatation is about the -reference point of the box. If you use graphicx then these are -the options that can go in the key-value list. + If you use the graphics package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the graphicx package then +then these are the options that can go in the key-value list, but +note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, +except for the x and y options (see \includegraphics). origin Modified: trunk/latex2e.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/latex2e.info 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) @@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called "old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have -the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX's default fonts support +the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package must be @@ -3289,7 +3289,24 @@ This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. -++..............Surrounding environment, preceding material.............. - + | v0 + |---h0--|-h1-| | + ..Label.. .....First item..................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - + | v1 + ........First item, second paragraph .................. - + |-h2-| | v2 + | + ..Label.. .....Second item.................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - +|-h3--|-h4-| |-h5-| |v3 + | +..............Surrounding environment, following material.............. - +......................................................................." The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket @@ -5757,7 +5774,7 @@ '\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}'. A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. -The commands below allow a user to uniformily attach a title to names. +The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then '\fullname' will reproduce that. @@ -6590,7 +6607,7 @@ down arrow '\downarrow'. '\ell' - U+2113 Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). + U+2113 Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). '\emptyset' U+2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is @@ -7872,7 +7889,7 @@ is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the -space following a word ending in a lower-case letter, intersentence +space following a word ending in a lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. @@ -8658,18 +8675,18 @@ \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} To use the commands described here your document preamble must -contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. -(Most of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice.) +contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. Most +of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice. - Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. -LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for -each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a -photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list -of instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that -center'. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote -program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful -because you can rescale their size without pixellation or other -problems, and because they often have a smaller size. + Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'. +An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF +format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can +rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because +they often have a smaller size. There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as @@ -8703,11 +8720,11 @@ \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx} - The two packages 'graphics' and 'graphicx' offering the same -capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to -commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). -When you load the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package there are two kinds -of available options. + The 'graphicx' package has a format for optional arguments to the +'\includegraphics' command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package with '\usepackage' there are two +kinds of available options. The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer @@ -8750,11 +8767,11 @@ 'hiresbb' In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. - The standard '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using - integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples - of 1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows - decimal multiples, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This option has - LaTeX to read the size from the latter. + The '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using integer + multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 + inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal + multiples, such as 1.23, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This + option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics @@ -8768,7 +8785,7 @@ The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult -the documention in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX +the documentation in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX distribution's documentation. * Menu: @@ -8804,36 +8821,36 @@ looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input at path'). In particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. - You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, -above it says ''{pix}''. This is true even if there is only one -directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This -is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes -for all the directory separators since it makes the document portable to -other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use -double quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. If you get one of these wrong -then LaTeX will report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. + Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it +says ''{pix}''. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each +directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This is true even on +Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the +directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. Getting one of these rules wrong will +cause LaTeX to report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. - Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, + Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in +the current directory, \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } ... \usepackage{lion.png} - for each of the directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the file name -and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and if that -fails then it tries '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the -'\graphicspath' command does not recursively search subdirectories: if -you issue '\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' -then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute -paths such as '\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or + for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and +then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath' +command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue +'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX +will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as +'\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or '\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve -protability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.) You can use '\graphicspath' in the preamble or in the document body. -You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. For -debugging, show its value with +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with '\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother'. The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, @@ -8864,19 +8881,20 @@ ... \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf - Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, for each -directory in the graphics path (*note \graphicspath::), LaTeX will try -the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file then -it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. Note that you must -include the periods at the start of the extensions. + Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the +extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note +\graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If +it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and +extensions then it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. +Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows platform is not case sensitive. - Your document does not need to have a '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' -declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, -the most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list + You are not required to include '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' in your +document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the +most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list ''.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2''. You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. @@ -8893,8 +8911,7 @@ \DeclareGraphicsRule{EXTENSION}{TYPE}{SIZE-FILE EXTENSION}{COMMAND} - Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension -EXT. + Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION. This example declares that all files with names have the form 'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, @@ -8913,7 +8930,7 @@ This describes the four arguments. -EXT +EXTENSION The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all @@ -9061,14 +9078,13 @@ \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} ... \begin{center} - \vcenteredhbox{ - \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} - \hspace{1em} - \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} - \begin{displaymath} - f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) - \end{displaymath} - \end{minipage}} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} \end{center} If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the @@ -9084,10 +9100,7 @@ its origin is at (0,0). The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in -a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So the -first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while the -second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic -is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. +a key-value form, as here. \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} @@ -9095,6 +9108,11 @@ \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} \end{center} + The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is +made one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and +then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, +the two will end with different widths and heights. + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is @@ -9130,8 +9148,8 @@ 'keepaspectratio' If set to 'true', or just specified as with - '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}', then if you give - as options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight') then LaTeX + '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}' and you give as + options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight'), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic wider than 'width' nor taller than 'height' (or 'totalheight'). @@ -9169,8 +9187,9 @@ Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The - dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the - origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' option. + dimensions default to big points, 'bp'. They are taken relative to + the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' + option. 'trim' Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, @@ -9188,7 +9207,7 @@ starred form of the command, as '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'. 'page' - Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default + Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is 'page=1'. 'pagebox' @@ -9236,13 +9255,13 @@ Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[.., bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads - the BouindingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this + the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want to change it. 'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury' - Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained - for compatibility with old packages.) + Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained + for compatibility with old packages. 'natwidth, natheight' An alternative for 'bb'. Setting @@ -9308,9 +9327,6 @@ \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} - You can get the same effect using the 'graphicx' package alone (*note -\includegraphics::). - To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets MATERIAL in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The @@ -9321,9 +9337,11 @@ new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this material. - If you use the 'graphics' package then the roatation is about the -reference point of the box. If you use 'graphicx' then these are the -options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST. + If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the 'graphicx' package then then +these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that +you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the +'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::). 'origin' The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens. @@ -12822,245 +12840,245 @@ Node: Fonts47384 Ref: Typefaces47487 Node: Font styles47815 -Node: Font sizes52244 -Node: Low-level font commands53475 -Node: Layout58582 -Node: \onecolumn59080 -Node: \twocolumn59411 -Node: \flushbottom63806 -Node: \raggedbottom64906 -Node: Page layout parameters65442 -Node: Floats71140 -Node: Sectioning77605 -Ref: Sectioning/secnumdepth78926 -Node: \@startsection79336 -Ref: \@startsection/name80608 -Ref: \@startsection/level81068 -Ref: \@startsection/indent82139 -Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip82402 -Ref: \@startsection/afterskip83923 -Ref: \@startsection/style85234 -Node: Cross references89070 -Node: \label90936 -Node: \pageref92483 -Node: \ref93153 -Node: Environments93842 -Node: abstract95845 -Node: array97434 -Node: center99692 -Node: \centering101333 -Node: description102705 -Node: displaymath104892 -Node: document106670 -Node: \AtBeginDocument107100 -Node: \AtEndDocument107724 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14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/latex2e.texi 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ @c xx merge latex-manual from savannah @c xx merge display style math @c xx vertical mode, horizontal mode + at c xx JH Discuss restricted execution @c @c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel @c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. @@ -10487,18 +10488,18 @@ To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain either @code{\usepackage@{graphicx@}} or - at code{\usepackage@{graphics@}}. (Most of the time, @file{graphicx} is -the better choice.) + at code{\usepackage@{graphics@}}. Most of the time, @file{graphicx} is the +better choice. -Broadly speaking, graphics come in two types, raster and vector. - at LaTeX{} can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry -for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example -is a photograph, in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a -list of instructions such as @samp{draw a circle with this radius and -that center}. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. @LaTeX{} can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as @samp{draw a circle with this radius and that +center}. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful -because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other -problems, and because they often have a smaller size. +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, +and because they often have a smaller size. There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a @LaTeX{} document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts @@ -10537,11 +10538,11 @@ \usepackage[@var{comma-separated option list}]@{graphicx@} @end example -The two packages @file{graphics} and @code{graphicx} offering the same -capabilities, but the second has a format for optional arguments to -commands that is typically more convenient (it is the key-value format). -When you load the @file{graphics} or @file{graphicx} package there are -two kinds of available options. +The @code{graphicx} package has a format for optional arguments to the + at code{\includegraphics} command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the @file{graphics} or @file{graphicx} package with @code{\usepackage} +there are two kinds of available options. The first is that @LaTeX{} does not contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a @@ -10589,11 +10590,11 @@ @item hiresbb In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The -standard @code{%%BoundingBox} lines describe the graphic size using -integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of -1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal -multiples, in @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines. This option has @LaTeX{} -to read the size from the latter. + at code{%%BoundingBox} lines describe the graphic size using integer +multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 +inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, such as 1.23, in @code{%%HiResBoundingBox} lines. This +option has @LaTeX{} to read the size from the latter. @end table @@ -10657,17 +10658,18 @@ particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. -You must enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above -it says @samp{@code{@{pix@}}}. This is true even if there is only one -directory. Each directory name must end in a forward slash, @file{/}. -This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward -slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document -portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name -then use double quotes, as with @code{@{"my docs/"@}}. If you get one of -these wrong then @LaTeX{} will report @code{Error: File `@var{filename}' -not found}. +Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says + at samp{@code{@{pix@}}}. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, @file{/}. This is true +even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all +the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with @code{@{"my docs/"@}}. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause @LaTeX{} to report @code{Error: File `@var{filename}' not +found}. -Basically, the algorithm is that for this example, +Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the +current directory, @example \graphicspath@{ @{pix/@} @{../pix/@} @} @@ -10675,13 +10677,13 @@ \usepackage@{lion.png@} @end example -for each of the directories, @LaTeX{} concatenates it with the file name -and searches for the result, checking for @file{pix/lion.png} and if -that fails then it tries @file{../pix/lion.png}. This algorithm means -that the @code{\graphicspath} command does not recursively search -subdirectories: if you issue @code{\graphicspath@{@{a/@}@}} and the -graphic is in @file{a/b/lion.png} then @LaTeX{} will not find it. It -also means that you can use absolute paths such as +for each of the listed directories, @LaTeX{} concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for @file{pix/lion.png} +and then @file{../pix/lion.png}. This algorithm means that the + at code{\graphicspath} command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue @code{\graphicspath@{@{a/@}@}} and the graphic is in + at file{a/b/lion.png} then @LaTeX{} will not find it. It also means that +you can use absolute paths such as @code{\graphicspath@{@{/home/jim/logos/@}@}} or @code{\graphicspath@{@{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/@}@}}. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve @@ -10689,9 +10691,8 @@ parameter @code{TEXINPUTS}; see the documentation of your system.) You can use @code{\graphicspath} in the preamble or in the document -body. You can use it more than once, each time changing the path list. -For debugging, show its value with - at code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Ginput@@path@}\makeatother}. +body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value +with @code{\makeatletter\typeout@{\Ginput@@path@}\makeatother}. The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, suppose that you are working on a document based on @file{book/book.tex} @@ -10726,18 +10727,20 @@ \includegraphics@{lion@} % will find @file{lion.png} before @file{lion.pdf} @end example -Because the file name @file{lion} does not have a period, for each -directory in the graphics path (@pxref{\graphicspath}), @LaTeX{} will -try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file -then it reports @samp{! LaTeX Error: File `@file{lion}' not found}. -Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. +Because the file name @file{lion} does not have a period, @LaTeX{} uses +the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path +(@pxref{\graphicspath}), @LaTeX{} will try the extensions in the order +given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories +and extensions then it reports @samp{! LaTeX Error: File `@file{lion}' +not found}. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the +extensions. Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows platform is not case sensitive. -Your document does not need to have a @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions} -declaration; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +You are not required to include @code{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions} in +your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the most recent @file{pdftex.def} has the extension list @samp{@code{.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2}}. @@ -10757,8 +10760,7 @@ \DeclareGraphicsRule@{@var{extension}@}@{@var{type}@}@{@var{size-file extension}@}@{@var{command}@} @end example -Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in the extension - at var{ext}. +Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in @var{extension}. This example declares that all files with names have the form @file{filename-without-dot.mps} will be treated as output from MetaPost, @@ -10782,7 +10784,7 @@ This describes the four arguments. @table @var - at item ext + at item extension The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, @code{*}, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. @@ -10828,8 +10830,6 @@ modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your @TeX{} distribution. - at c xx Discuss restricted execution - @end table @node Commands for graphics @@ -10954,14 +10954,13 @@ \setbox0=\hbox@{#1@}\parbox@{\wd0@}@{\box0@}\endgroup@} ... \begin@{center@} -\vcenteredhbox@{ - \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]@{plot@}@} -\hspace@{1em@} -\vcenteredhbox@{\begin@{minipage@}@{0.4\textwidth@} - \begin@{displaymath@} - f(x)=(1/x)\cdot \sin (1/x) - \end@{displaymath@} - \end@{minipage@}@} + \vcenteredhbox@{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]@{plot@}@} + \hspace@{1em@} + \vcenteredhbox@{\begin@{minipage@}@{0.4\textwidth@} + \begin@{displaymath@} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end@{displaymath@} + \end@{minipage@}@} \end@{center@} @end example @@ -10979,10 +10978,7 @@ tall and so its origin is at (0,0). The @file{graphicx} package gives you many more options. Specify them -in a key-value form, as here. The options are read left-to-right. So -the first graphic below is made one inch wide and then rotated, while -the second is rotated and then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the -graphic is perfectly square, the two will be different sizes. +in a key-value form, as here. @example \begin@{center@} @@ -10992,6 +10988,11 @@ \end@{center@} @end example +The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made +one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then +made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the +two will end with different widths and heights. + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. Note that a graphic is placed by @LaTeX{} into a box, which is @@ -11028,11 +11029,11 @@ @item keepaspectratio If set to @code{true}, or just specified as with - at code{\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]@{...@}}, then if you -give as options both @code{width} and @code{height} (or - at code{totalheight}) then @LaTeX{} will make the graphic is as large as -possible without distortion. That is, @LaTeX{} will ensure that neither -is the graphic wider than @code{width} nor taller than @code{height} (or + at code{\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]@{...@}} and you give as +options both @code{width} and @code{height} (or @code{totalheight}), +then @LaTeX{} will make the graphic is as large as possible without +distortion. That is, @LaTeX{} will ensure that neither is the graphic +wider than @code{width} nor taller than @code{height} (or @code{totalheight}). @item scale @@ -11071,8 +11072,9 @@ Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces and given in @TeX{} dimensions, as with @code{\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]@{...@}}. The -dimensions default to big points. They are taken relative to the origin -specified by the bounding box. See also the @code{trim} option. +dimensions default to big points, at tie{}@code{bp}. They are taken +relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the + at code{trim} option. @item trim Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated @@ -11091,7 +11093,7 @@ @code{\includegraphics*[...]@{...@}}. @item page -Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default +Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is @code{page=1}. @item pagebox @@ -11147,8 +11149,8 @@ to change it. @item bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury -Set the bounding box. (These four are obsolete, but are retained for -compatibility with old packages.) +Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages. @item natwidth, natheight An alternative for @code{bb}. Setting @@ -11231,9 +11233,6 @@ \rotatebox[origin=c]@{45@}@{\includegraphics[width=1in]@{lion@}@} @end example -You can get the same effect using the @file{graphicx} package alone -(@pxref{\includegraphics}). - To place the rotated material, the first step is that @LaTeX{} sets @var{material} in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. @@ -11245,8 +11244,10 @@ typesetting this material. If you use the @file{graphics} package then the rotation is about the -reference point of the box. If you use @file{graphicx} then these are -the options that can go in the @var{key-value list}. +reference point of the box. If you use the @file{graphicx} package then +then these are the options that can go in the @var{key-value list}, but +note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, +except for the @code{x} and @code{y} options (@pxref{\includegraphics}). @table @code @item origin Index: trunk/makedist.sh =================================================================== --- trunk/makedist.sh 2018-03-16 14:47:28 UTC (rev 612) +++ trunk/makedist.sh 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) Property changes on: trunk/makedist.sh ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:executable ## -0,0 +1 ## +* \ No newline at end of property From karl at gnu.org.ua Thu Mar 29 00:21:21 2018 From: karl at gnu.org.ua (karl at gnu.org.ua) Date: Thu, 29 Mar 2018 01:21:21 +0300 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r614 - trunk Message-ID: <201803282221.w2SMLL1k012093@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: karl Date: 2018-03-29 01:21:21 +0300 (Thu, 29 Mar 2018) New Revision: 614 Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/Makefile Log: rm dist file before remaking it Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +2018-03-28 Karl Berry + + * Makefile (dist): rm zip file before remaking it; + unzip -l rather than -t for more useful info. + 2018-03-21 Jim Hefferon * latex2e.texi (Graphics): Couple of typos, small rewordings. Modified: trunk/Makefile =================================================================== --- trunk/Makefile 2018-03-21 18:48:08 UTC (rev 613) +++ trunk/Makefile 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) @@ -85,11 +85,12 @@ # dist: en mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo && cd latex2e-help-texinfo && ln -s ../* . + rm -f $(dist) zip -q $(dist) \ $(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/, $(txt_files) \ latex2e.texi common.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo - @ls -l $(dist); unzip -t $(dist) + @ls -l $(dist); unzip -l $(dist) # A hacky spell check target. # Remove \commandnames to reduce exception list, but not {args} or From jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua Thu Mar 29 16:57:26 2018 From: jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua (jimhefferon at gnu.org.ua) Date: Thu, 29 Mar 2018 17:57:26 +0300 Subject: [latexrefman-commits] [SCM] latexrefman updated: r615 - trunk Message-ID: <201803291457.w2TEvQ1S011319@ulysses.gnu.org.ua> Author: jimhefferon Date: 2018-03-29 17:57:26 +0300 (Thu, 29 Mar 2018) New Revision: 615 Added: trunk/CTAN Removed: trunk/makedist.sh Modified: trunk/ChangeLog trunk/Makefile trunk/latex2e-es.dbk trunk/latex2e-es.dvi trunk/latex2e-es.info trunk/latex2e-es.pdf trunk/latex2e-es.txt trunk/latex2e-es.xml trunk/latex2e.dbk trunk/latex2e.dvi trunk/latex2e.pdf trunk/latex2e.txt trunk/latex2e.xml Log: correct CTAN distribution file times; add CTAN file with checklist of what to do for next time Modified: trunk/ChangeLog =================================================================== --- trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/ChangeLog 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ +2018-03-21 Jim Hefferon + + * -- Prepare upload distribution to CTAN with correct file mtimes. + * makedist.sh Delete. (Better to use Makefile) + * CTAN Create Notes on uploading a distribution. + 2018-03-28 Karl Berry * Makefile (dist): rm zip file before remaking it; Modified: trunk/Makefile =================================================================== --- trunk/Makefile 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/Makefile 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -81,14 +81,20 @@ # dist for CTAN. Also update NEWS # txt_files = ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README aspell.en.pws ltx-help.el +figure_files = list.eps list.pdf list.png list.txt +figure_source_files = asy/list.asy dist = latex2e-help-texinfo.zip # -dist: en - mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo && cd latex2e-help-texinfo && ln -s ../* . +dist: en es + mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo && cd latex2e-help-texinfo && ln -s ../* . + mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo/spanish && cd latex2e-help-texinfo/spanish && ln -s ../../* . rm -f $(dist) zip -q $(dist) \ $(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/, $(txt_files) \ - latex2e.texi common.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) + latex2e.texi common.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) \ +$(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/spanish/, $(es_mi_output)) \ +$(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e-figures/, $(figure_files)) \ +$(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/graphics/, README $(figure_source_files)) rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo @ls -l $(dist); unzip -l $(dist) Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.dbk =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-es.dbk 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e-es.dbk 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ ]> + + &latex;2e Manual de Referencia (Julio 2010) @@ -145,17 +147,17 @@ informes de errores -latexrefman-discuss at gna.org direcci?n de correo electr?nico +latexrefman at tug.org direcci?n de correo electr?nico Una vez m?s, el presente documento no es oficial y no ha sido revisado por los responsables del proyecto &latex;. No enviar informes de error o cualquier otra cosa sobre este documento a ellos. En su lugar, por favor, env?e todos comentarios a -latexrefman-discuss at gna.org. +latexrefman at tug.org. La p?gina principal de este documento es -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en varios formatos, a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros infraestructura. @@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ \end{document} donde clase es una clase de documento v?lida para &latex;. -See Clases de Documento, para detalles de varias clases de documento +V?ase Clases de Documento, para detalles de varias clases de documento disponibles localmente. pre?mbulo, definido @@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ clase slides Los nombres integrados de clases de documento &latex; (muchas otras clases de documento est?n disponibles como complementos; -see Descripci?n): +v?ase Descripci?n): article report book letter slides @@ -589,7 +591,7 @@ La tabla muestra el nombre de la instrucci?n y el tama?o real (en puntos) del tipo de letra correspondiente utilizado con las opciones de tama?o del documento -‘10pt’, ‘11pt’ y ‘12pt’, respectivamente (see Opciones +‘10pt’, ‘11pt’ y ‘12pt’, respectivamente (v?ase Opciones de Clase de Documento ). \tiny @@ -810,7 +812,7 @@ llenar la p?gina. Este es el predeterminado si se selecciona el modo twocolumn -(see Opciones de Clase de Documento). +(v?ase Opciones de Clase de Documento). @@ -950,7 +952,7 @@ suprime los n?meros en encabezados y cualquier profundidad > nivel, donde chapter es el nivel cero. -(See \setcounter.) +(V?ase \setcounter.) @@ -1031,7 +1033,7 @@ La instrucci?n \ref produce el n?mero de la unidad de secci?n de la ecuaci?n, pie de p?gina, figura, …, de la instrucci?n -\label correspondiente (see \label). Esta no produce ning?n +\label correspondiente (v?ase \label). Esta no produce ning?n texto, como por ejemplo la palabra ‘Secci?n’ o ‘figura’, ?nicamente el n?mero. @@ -1084,7 +1086,7 @@ \end{array} Las matrices matem?ticas se producen con el entorno array, -normalmente dentro de un entorno equation (see equation). +normalmente dentro de un entorno equation (v?ase equation). Tiene un ?nico argumento plantilla obligatorio que describe el n?mero de columnas y la alineaci?n dentro de ellas. Cada columna col se especifica por una sola letra que indica cual @@ -1118,7 +1120,7 @@ \arraycolsep El par?metro \arraycolsep define la mitad del ancho del espacio de separaci?n entre columnas; el predeterminado es ‘5pt’. -See tabular, para otros par?metros que afectan el formato en entornos +V?ase tabular, para otros par?metros que afectan el formato en entornos array, a saber \arrayrulewidth y \arraystretch. El entorno array ?nicamente se puede utilizar en modo math. @@ -1239,7 +1241,7 @@ No se a?ade un n?mero de ecuaci?n al texto de displaymath; Para obtener un n?mero de ecuaci?n, utilice el entorno equation -(see equation). +(v?ase equation). @@ -1250,7 +1252,7 @@ document, entorno El entorno document encierra el cuerpo de un documento. este es -obligatorio en cada documento &latex;. See Iniciando y Finalizando. +obligatorio en cada documento &latex;. V?ase Iniciando y Finalizando. @@ -1272,8 +1274,8 @@ El entorno enumerate produce una lista numerada. Las enumeraciones se pueden anidar unas dentro de otras, hasta cuatro niveles de profundidad. Estas tambi?n se pueden anidar en otros -entornos de p?rrafo, tal como itemize (see itemize) y -description (see description). +entornos de p?rrafo, tal como itemize (v?ase itemize) y +description (v?ase description). \item Cada elemento de una lista enumerada comienza con una instrucci?n @@ -1293,7 +1295,7 @@ \enumiii \enumiv El entorno enumerate usa los contadores \enumi hasta -\enumiv (see Contadores). Si se proporciona el argumento +\enumiv (v?ase Contadores). Si se proporciona el argumento opcional a \item, el contador no se incrementa por cada elemento. \labelenumi @@ -1303,7 +1305,7 @@ El entorno enumerate utiliza las instrucciones desde \labelenumi hasta \labelenumiv para producir la etiqueta predeterminada. Por lo tanto, usted puede usar \renewcommand -para cambiar las etiquetas (see \newcommand y \renewcommand). Por +para cambiar las etiquetas (v?ase \newcommand y \renewcommand). Por ejemplo, para hacer que el primer nivel use letras may?sculas: ejemplo \Alph @@ -1367,7 +1369,7 @@ \end{equation} El entorno equation comienza un entorno displaymath -(see displaymath), por ejemplo, centrando en la p?gina el texto +(v?ase displaymath), por ejemplo, centrando en la p?gina el texto math, y adem?s colocando el n?mero de ecuaci?n en el margen derecho. @@ -1432,7 +1434,7 @@ La instrucci?n \caption especifica el texto del t?tulo de la figura. El t?tulo de manera predeterminada lleva el n?mero. Si loftitle est? presente, esta se utiliza en la lista de figuras en -lugar del texto (see Tablas de Contenido). +lugar del texto (v?ase Tablas de Contenido). \bottomfraction @@ -1634,7 +1636,7 @@ vi?etas”. Se pueden anidar entorno itemize dentro de otros, hasta cuatro niveles de profundidad. Tambi?n se pueden anidar en otros entornos que marcan p?rrafos, tal como enumerate -(see enumerate). +(v?ase enumerate). Cada elemento de una lista itemize comienza con una instrucci?n \item. En el entorno por lo menos debe haber una instrucci?n @@ -1741,7 +1743,7 @@ eludir los espacios entre ellos. He aqu? un ejemplo de una definici?n del entorno itemize* sin espacio extra entre elementos o entre p?rrafos dentro de un solo elemento (\parskip no es espec?fico de -la lista, see \parskip): +la lista, v?ase \parskip): \newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% @@ -1757,7 +1759,7 @@ entorno letter letter, entorno -Este entorno se utiliza para crear cartas. See Cartas. +Este entorno se utiliza para crear cartas. V?ase Cartas. @@ -1805,7 +1807,7 @@ El entorno math inserta la f?rmula math dada dentro del texto actual. $...$) y $...$ son sin?nimos. -See F?rmulas Matem?ticas. +V?ase F?rmulas Matem?ticas. @@ -1822,13 +1824,13 @@ El entorno minipage compone tipogr?ficamente su cuerpo de texto en un bloque que no debe abarcar varias p?ginas. Este es -similar a la instrucci?n \parbox (see \parbox), pero a +similar a la instrucci?n \parbox (v?ase \parbox), pero a diferencia de \parbox, se pueden utilizar otros entornos de marcado de p?rrafos dentro de una minip?gina. Los argumentos son los mismos que para \parbox -(see \parbox). +(v?ase \parbox). sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage @@ -1844,7 +1846,7 @@ Una instrucci?n \footnote o \footnotetext coloca la nota al pie en la parte inferior de la minip?gina en lugar de en la parte inferior de la p?gina, y esta utiliza el contador \mpfootnote en -lugar del contador normal footnote (see Contadores). +lugar del contador normal footnote (v?ase Contadores). No obstante, no ponga una minip?gina dentro de otra si usted est? usando notas al pie; estas pueden terminar mal en la parte inferior de la @@ -1925,7 +1927,7 @@ caja lR La instrucci?n \put crea una caja LR. Puede poner -cualquier cosa que vaya en una \mbox (see \mbox) en el +cualquier cosa que vaya en una \mbox (v?ase \mbox) en el argumento texto de la instrucci?n \put. Al hacer esto, el punto de referencia ser? la esquina inferior izquierda de la caja. @@ -1975,7 +1977,7 @@ Mueve el elemento hacia la derecha. -See \makebox. +V?ase \makebox. @@ -2283,13 +2285,13 @@ subsecuentes instrucciones de tabulaci?n, comenzando con la l?nea de tabulaci?n si es necesario. -\’ (tabbing)\' (tabbing) +\' (tabbing)\' (tabbing) Mueve todo lo que ha escrito hasta ahora en la columna actual, es decir, cualquier cosa desde la instrucci?n \>, \<, \', \\ o \kill m?s reciente, a la derecha de la columna anterior, a ras de la tabulaci?n de la columna actual. -\‘ (tabbing)\` (tabbing) +\` (tabbing)\` (tabbing) Permite poner texto alineado a la derecha contra cualquier tabulaci?n, incluyendo la tabulaci?n 0. Sin embargo, no puede mover el texto a la derecha de la ?ltima columna porque all? no hay tabulaci?n. La @@ -2299,11 +2301,11 @@ o \' entre el \` y la instrucci?n que termina la l?nea. \a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) -\a’ (acento agudo en tabulaci?n) -\a‘ (acento grave en tabulaci?n) +\a' (acento agudo en tabulaci?n) +\a` (acento grave en tabulaci?n) \a= (acento macr?n en tabbing) En un entorno tabbing, las instrucciones \=, \' y -\` no producen acentos en la manera usual (see Acentos). En +\` no producen acentos en la manera usual (v?ase Acentos). En su lugar, se utilizan estas instrucciones \a=, \a' y \a`. @@ -2366,7 +2368,7 @@ El argumento opcional [ubicaci?n] determina d?nde &latex; trata de colocar su tabla. Hay cuatro lugares donde &latex;, posiblemente, pueda colocar un flotante:; estos son los mismo que los utilizados con -el entorno figure, y se describen all? (see figure). +el entorno figure, y se describen all? (v?ase figure). Las clases report y article est?ndar utilizan la ubicaci?n [tbp] predeterminada. @@ -2667,7 +2669,7 @@ Si usted utiliza el programa Bib&tex; escrito por Oren Patashnik (altamente recomendable si necesita una bibliograf?a de m?s de un par de t?tulos) para mantener su bibliograf?a, no utilice el entorno -thebibliography (see thebibliography). En su lugar, incluya +thebibliography (v?ase thebibliography). En su lugar, incluya las l?neas \bibliographystyle{estilo-de-bibliograf?a} @@ -2719,7 +2721,7 @@ El entorno theorem produce “Teorema n” en negrita seguido por el texto-del-teorema, donde las posibilidades de numeraci?n -para n se describen bajo \newtheorem (see \newtheorem). +para n se describen bajo \newtheorem (v?ase \newtheorem). @@ -2742,10 +2744,10 @@ Tambi?n provoca que la p?gina siguiente sea numerada como la p?gina uno. El formato de la p?gina del t?tulo se deja bajo su responsabilidad. La instrucci?n \today puede ser ?til en las p?ginas de t?tulo -(see \today). +(v?ase \today). Usted puede utilizar la instrucci?n \maketitle -(see \maketitle) para producir una p?gina de t?tulo est?ndar sin un +(v?ase \maketitle) para producir una p?gina de t?tulo est?ndar sin un entorno titlepage. @@ -2919,7 +2921,7 @@ desbordamiento de caja. Esta instrucci?n cancela el efecto de una instrucci?n \sloppy -previa (see \sloppy. +previa (v?ase \sloppy. @@ -2931,7 +2933,7 @@ un mayor espaciamiento entre palabras. Dura hasta que se utilice una instrucci?n \fussy -(see \fussy). +(v?ase \fussy). @@ -3155,7 +3157,7 @@ \fnsymbol, y notas al pie \fnsymbol La instrucci?n \fnsymbol produce a serie predefinida de s?mbolos -(see \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol). Si desea +(v?ase \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol). Si desea utilizar un s?mbolo diferente como su marca de nota al pie, necesitar? redefinir \@fnsymbol. @@ -3176,7 +3178,7 @@ \footnotesep\footnotesep La altura donde se coloca el puntal al comienzo de la nota al pie. De forma predeterminada, se establece en el puntal del tipo de letra normal -\footnotesize (see Tama?os del Tipo de Letra, por lo tanto no +\footnotesize (v?ase Tama?os del Tipo de Letra, por lo tanto no hay espacio extra entre las notas. Este es ‘6.65pt’ para ‘10pt’, ‘7.7pt’ para ‘11pt’ y ‘8.4pt’ para ‘12pt’. @@ -3255,7 +3257,7 @@ se restablecer? cuando el contador cuyo nomber es super se incremente. -See Contadores, para mayor informaci?n. +V?ase Contadores, para mayor informaci?n. @@ -3275,7 +3277,7 @@ \newlength{\foo}. Ocurre un error si \foo ya est? definido. -See Longitudes, para saber c?mo fijar la nueva longitud a un valor +V?ase Longitudes, para saber c?mo fijar la nueva longitud a un valor distinto de cero, y para m?s informaci?n acerca de las longitudes en general. @@ -3415,8 +3417,8 @@ fr?giles deben tener su propia \protect. Algunos ejemplos de argumentos m?viles son \caption -(see figure), \thanks (see \maketitle) y @-expresiones -en entornos tabular y array (see tabular). +(v?ase figure), \thanks (v?ase \maketitle) y @-expresiones +en entornos tabular y array (v?ase tabular). instrucciones robustas Las instrucciones que no son fr?giles se llaman robustas. Estas @@ -3555,7 +3557,7 @@ \refstepcounter La instrucci?n \refstepcounter trabaja de la misma manera que -\stepcounter See \stepcounter, excepto que esta adem?s define +\stepcounter V?ase \stepcounter, excepto que esta adem?s define el valor actual de \ref para que sea el resultado de \thecounter. @@ -3583,7 +3585,7 @@ conforme al progreso del trabajo. La instrucci?n relacionada \today produce una cadena de texto que -representa el d?a actual (see \today). +representa el d?a actual (v?ase \today). @@ -3671,7 +3673,7 @@ \totalheight Estos par?metros de longitud se pueden utilizar en los argumentos de las -instrucciones que dibujan cajas (see Cajas). Especifican el ancho +instrucciones que dibujan cajas (v?ase Cajas). Especifican el ancho natural, etc., del texto en la caja. \totalheight es igual a \height + \depth. Para hacer una caja con el texto extendido hasta el doble del tama?o natural, por ejemplo, digamos @@ -4634,7 +4636,7 @@ &latex; proporciona una variedad de instrucciones para producir letras acentuadas en matem?ticas. Son distintas de los acentos en un texto normal -(see Acentos). +(v?ase Acentos). \acute\acute acento agudo, math @@ -4874,7 +4876,7 @@ fecha, para la p?gina de t?tulo La instrucci?n \date declara el texto para ser la fecha del documento. Sin la instrucci?n \date, se utiliza la fecha actual -(see \today). +(v?ase \today). \thanks{texto}\thanks{texto} thanks, para titlepage @@ -4989,7 +4991,7 @@ Se puede utilizar en modo texto, pero m?s a menudo es ?til en modo matem?tico -(see Espacios en Modo Math). +(v?ase Espacios en Modo Math). @@ -5174,7 +5176,7 @@ La instrucci?n \vfill produce un relleno de longitud (pegado) el cual se puede reducir y estirar verticalmente tanto como sea necesario. -Este es equivalente a \vspace{\fill} (see \hfill). +Este es equivalente a \vspace{\fill} (v?ase \hfill). @@ -5202,7 +5204,7 @@ cajas -Todos los par?metros de longitud predeterminados (see Longitudes +Todos los par?metros de longitud predeterminados (v?ase Longitudes Predeterminadas) se pueden utilizar en los argumentos de las instrucciones que generan cajas. @@ -5246,7 +5248,7 @@ (predeterminado a ‘.4pt’), y dejan un espacio de \fboxsep (predeterminado a ‘3pt’) entre la regla y el contenido de la caja. -See \framebox (picture), para la instrucci?n \framebox en el +V?ase \framebox (picture), para la instrucci?n \framebox en el entorno picture. @@ -5288,7 +5290,7 @@ Alineado (justificado) a trav?s de ancho; texto debe contener espacio el?stico para que esto funcione. -\makebox tambi?n se utiliza en el entorno picture see \makebox +\makebox tambi?n se utiliza en el entorno picture v?ase \makebox (picture). @@ -5307,7 +5309,7 @@ particular, no debe utilizar ning?n entorno que genere p?rrafos dentro de un argumento \parbox. Para grandes piezas de texto, incluyendo aquellas que contienen un entorno que genera p?rrafos, debe -usar un entorno minip?gina (see minipage). +usar un entorno minip?gina (v?ase minipage). \parbox tiene dos argumentos obligatorios: @@ -5367,10 +5369,10 @@ \savebox{\instrucci?n-caja}[ancho][posici?n]{texto} Esta instrucci?n fija la tipograf?a de texto en una caja al igual -que \makebox (see \makebox), excepto que el lugar de imprimir +que \makebox (v?ase \makebox), excepto que el lugar de imprimir la caja resultante, esta la guarda en la caja etiquetada \instrucci?n-caja, que se debe haber declarado con -\newsavebox (see \newsavebox). +\newsavebox (v?ase \newsavebox). @@ -5383,10 +5385,10 @@ \sbox{\instrucci?n-caja}{texto} \sbox escribe el texto en una caja tal como \mbox -(see \mbox) excepto que en lugar de incluir la caja resultante en la +(v?ase \mbox) excepto que en lugar de incluir la caja resultante en la salida normal, esta la guarda en la caja etiquetada \instrucci?n-caja. \instrucci?n-caja se debi? declarar -previamente con \newsavebox (see \newsavebox). +previamente con \newsavebox (v?ase \newsavebox). @@ -5400,7 +5402,7 @@ \usebox produce la caja guardada m?s recientemente en el dep?sito \instrucci?n-caja por una instrucci?n \savebox -(see \savebox). +(v?ase \savebox). @@ -5441,12 +5443,12 @@ tiene su propio significado especial (dependiente del contexto). Una \ romana es producida al escribir $\backslash$ en su archivo, y una \ de m?quina de escribir es producida usando ‘\’ en una -instrucci?n verbatim (see verbatim). +instrucci?n verbatim (v?ase verbatim). \~ \^ Adem?s, \~ y \^ colocan acentos tilde y circunflejo sobre -la siguiente letra, como en õ y ô (see Acentos); Para +la siguiente letra, como en õ y ô (v?ase Acentos); Para obtener una ~ o ^ independiente, usted puede utilizar una instrucci?n verbatim. @@ -5775,12 +5777,12 @@ \' \capitalacute -\’ (acento agudo) +\' (acento agudo) \capitalacute acento agudo Produce un acento agudo, como en ó. En el entorno tabbing, empuja la columna actual a la derecha de la columna anterior -(see tabbing). +(v?ase tabbing). \. \. (acento punto encima) @@ -5808,12 +5810,12 @@ \` \capitalgrave -\‘ (acento grave) +\` (acento grave) \capitalgrave acento grave Produce un acento grave sobre la siguiente, como en ò. En el entorno tabbing, mueve el siguiente texto hacia el margen derecho -(see tabbing). +(v?ase tabbing). \~ \capitaltilde @@ -6037,7 +6039,7 @@ La instrucci?n \today produce la fecha de hoy, en formato ‘mes dd, aaaa’; por ejemplo, ‘Julio 04 1976’. Utiliza los contadores predefinidos \day, \month, y -\year (see \day \month \year) para hacerlo. No se actualiza +\year (v?ase \day \month \year) para hacerlo. No se actualiza cuando se ejecuta el programa. paquete datetime @@ -6070,7 +6072,7 @@ No hay presente una instrucci?n \includeonly, la instrucci?n \include executa \clearpage para iniciar una nueva p?gina -(see \clearpage), entonces lee el archivo, y luego hace otro +(v?ase \clearpage), entonces lee el archivo, y luego hace otro \clearpage. Dada una instrucci?n \includeonly, las acciones \include @@ -6358,7 +6360,7 @@ Si usted no proporciona una declaraci?n \address, entonces, se aplicar? a la carta el formato de copia en papel con el membrete -est?ndar de su organizaci?n. (See Descripci?n, para obtener detalles +est?ndar de su organizaci?n. (V?ase Descripci?n, para obtener detalles sobre la implementaci?n local). Si usted proporciona una declaraci?n \address, entonces, la carta ser? formateada como una carta personal. Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.dvi =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.info =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-es.info 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e-es.info 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is latex2e-es.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is latex2e-es.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from latex2e-es.texi. Este documento es un manual de referencia extraoficial para LaTeX, un @@ -103,12 +103,13 @@ Una vez m?s, el presente documento no es oficial y no ha sido revisado por los responsables del proyecto LaTeX. No enviar informes de error o cualquier otra cosa sobre este documento a ellos. En su lugar, -por favor, env?e todos comentarios a . +por favor, env?e todos comentarios a . La p?gina principal de este documento es -. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al -resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en varios formatos, -a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros infraestructura. +. Esa p?gina tiene +enlaces al resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en +varios formatos, a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros +infraestructura. Por supuesto, hay muchas otras muchas fuentes de informaci?n sobre, LaTeX. ?stos son algunos de ellos: @@ -5871,7 +5872,7 @@ File: latex2e-es.info, Node: Plantillas de Documento, Next: License translation, Prev: L?nea de ?rdenes, Up: Top -Appendix A Plantillas de Documento +Ap?ndice A Plantillas de Documento ********************************** Aunque no es material de referencia, tal vez estas plantillas de @@ -6034,7 +6035,7 @@ File: latex2e-es.info, Node: License translation, Next: Plantillas de Documento, Prev: ?ndice de Conceptos, Up: Top -Appendix B Traducci?n de la licencia +Ap?ndice B Traducci?n de la licencia ************************************ La traducci?n que sigue es dada ?nicamente como informaci?n, y no @@ -7834,7 +7835,7 @@ * flushright, entorno: flushright. (line 6) * indexspace: ?ndices. (line 34) * itemize, entorno: itemize. (line 6) -* direcci?n de correo electr?nico: Acerca de este documento. +* direcci?n de correo electr?nico: Acerca de este documento. (line 12) * letter, entorno: letter. (line 6) * list, entorno: list. 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+Node: \location180669 +Node: \makelabels180970 +Node: \name181284 +Node: \opening181524 +Node: \ps181875 +Node: \signature182086 +Node: \startbreaks182388 +Node: \stopbreaks182657 +Node: \telephone182904 +Node: Entrada/Salida a la Terminal183168 +Node: \typein183464 +Node: \typeout184191 +Node: L?nea de ?rdenes185015 +Node: Plantillas de Documento185867 +Node: Plantilla book186229 +Node: Plantilla beamer186735 +Node: Plantilla tugboat187465 +Node: License translation189963 +Node: ?ndice de Conceptos190882 +Node: ?ndice de Instrucciones230791 End Tag Table Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.txt =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-es.txt 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e-es.txt 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ 25 Cartas 26 Entrada/Salida a la Terminal 27 L?nea de ?rdenes -Appendix A Plantillas de Documento -Appendix B Traducci?n de la licencia +Ap?ndice A Plantillas de Documento +Ap?ndice B Traducci?n de la licencia ?ndice de Conceptos ?ndice de Instrucciones LaTeX2e @@ -229,11 +229,11 @@ 26.1 ?\typein[INSTRUCCI?N]{MENSAJE}? 26.2 ?\typeout{MENSAJE}? 27 L?nea de ?rdenes -Appendix A Plantillas de Documento +Ap?ndice A Plantillas de Documento A.1 Plantilla ?book? A.2 Plantilla ?beamer? A.3 Plantilla ?tugboat? -Appendix B Traducci?n de la licencia +Ap?ndice B Traducci?n de la licencia ?ndice de Conceptos ?ndice de Instrucciones LaTeX2e @@ -256,12 +256,13 @@ Una vez m?s, el presente documento no es oficial y no ha sido revisado por los responsables del proyecto LaTeX. No enviar informes de error o cualquier otra cosa sobre este documento a ellos. En su lugar, -por favor, env?e todos comentarios a . +por favor, env?e todos comentarios a . La p?gina principal de este documento es -. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al -resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en varios formatos, -a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros infraestructura. +. Esa p?gina tiene +enlaces al resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en +varios formatos, a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros +infraestructura. Por supuesto, hay muchas otras muchas fuentes de informaci?n sobre, LaTeX. ?stos son algunos de ellos: @@ -5169,7 +5170,7 @@ ?*?, est? esperando por una entrada. Usted puede escribir ?\stop? (e Intro) y este terminar? el documento prematuramente. -Appendix A Plantillas de Documento +Ap?ndice A Plantillas de Documento ********************************** Aunque no es material de referencia, tal vez estas plantillas de @@ -5314,7 +5315,7 @@ \makesignature % no en ltugproc \end{document} -Appendix B Traducci?n de la licencia +Ap?ndice B Traducci?n de la licencia ************************************ La traducci?n que sigue es dada ?nicamente como informaci?n, y no @@ -5338,575 +5339,575 @@ * Menu: -* * apuntador: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5170) -* \include anidada, no se permite: \include. (line 4804) -* ?vea? y ?vea tambi?n? entradas de ?ndice: ?ndices. (line 4932) +* * apuntador: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5171) +* \include anidada, no se permite: \include. (line 4805) +* ?vea? y ?vea tambi?n? entradas de ?ndice: ?ndices. (line 4933) * accediendo a cualquier car?cter del tipo de letra: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4411) -* acento agudo: Acentos. (line 4620) + (line 4412) +* acento agudo: Acentos. (line 4621) * acento agudo, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3798) -* acento anticircunflejo: Acentos. (line 4698) -* acento barra: Acentos. (line 4647) -* acento barra encima: Acentos. (line 4629) + (line 3799) +* acento anticircunflejo: Acentos. (line 4699) +* acento barra: Acentos. (line 4648) +* acento barra encima: Acentos. (line 4630) * acento barra horizontal, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3801) -* acento barra sobre: Acentos. (line 4629) + (line 3802) +* acento barra sobre: Acentos. (line 4630) * acento breve, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3804) -* acento cedilla: Acentos. (line 4652) -* acento circunflejo: Acentos. (line 4633) -* acento circunflejo <1>: Acentos. (line 4633) + (line 3805) +* acento cedilla: Acentos. (line 4653) +* acento circunflejo: Acentos. (line 4634) +* acento circunflejo <1>: Acentos. (line 4634) * acento circunflejo amplio, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3834) + (line 3835) * acento circunflejo, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3819) + (line 3820) * acento circunflejo, math <1>: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3819) -* acento c?rculo: Acentos. (line 4656) + (line 3820) +* acento c?rculo: Acentos. (line 4657) * acento de verificaci?n, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3807) -* acento di?resis: Acentos. (line 4616) -* acento di?resis <1>: Acentos. (line 4616) -* acento di?resis h?ngara: Acentos. (line 4660) + (line 3808) +* acento di?resis: Acentos. (line 4617) +* acento di?resis <1>: Acentos. (line 4617) +* acento di?resis h?ngara: Acentos. (line 4661) * acento di?resis, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3810) -* acento grave: Acentos. (line 4638) + (line 3811) +* acento grave: Acentos. (line 4639) * acento grave, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3816) + (line 3817) * acento h??ek, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3807) -* acento macr?n: Acentos. (line 4629) + (line 3808) +* acento macr?n: Acentos. (line 4630) * acento macr?n, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3801) -* acento punto: Acentos. (line 4625) -* acento punto <1>: Acentos. (line 4625) + (line 3802) +* acento punto: Acentos. (line 4626) +* acento punto <1>: Acentos. (line 4626) * acento punto superior, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3813) -* acento tilde: Acentos. (line 4644) + (line 3814) +* acento tilde: Acentos. (line 4645) * acento tilde amplia, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3837) + (line 3838) * acento tilde, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3828) -* acentos: Acentos. (line 4605) + (line 3829) +* acentos: Acentos. 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(line 4699) * ant?grafo o simplemente signo de p?rrafo: S?mbolos de Texto. - (line 4463) -* apuntador, *: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5170) -* ap?ndices, creando: Seccionado. (line 831) -* archivo .glo: Glosarios. (line 4909) -* archivo .idx: ?ndices. (line 4925) -* archivo .ind: ?ndices. (line 4939) + (line 4464) +* apuntador, *: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5171) +* ap?ndices, creando: Seccionado. (line 832) +* archivo .glo: Glosarios. (line 4910) +* archivo .idx: ?ndices. (line 4926) +* archivo .ind: ?ndices. (line 4940) * archivo de entrada: Dividiendo la Entrada. - (line 4783) -* argumentos m?viles: \protect. (line 2725) -* ascender superior: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4518) -* ASCII circunflejo, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4483) + (line 4784) +* argumentos m?viles: \protect. (line 2726) +* ascender superior: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4519) +* ASCII circunflejo, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. 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(line 4490) +* asterisco, centrado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4490) +* atadura con siguiente acento: Acentos. (line 4682) +* autor, para titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3967) +* bala, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4511) +* bar, vertical, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4496) +* barra inversa, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4493) +* barra vertical, doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4499) +* barra vertical, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4496) +* barra, vertical doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4499) +* bibliograf?a, creando (autom?ticamente): Usando BibTeX. (line 2176) +* bibliograf?a, creando (manualmente): thebibliography. (line 2108) +* bibTeX, usando: Usando BibTeX. (line 2176) +* breve acento: Acentos. (line 4687) +* cajas: Cajas. (line 4217) * caracteres especiales: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4703) + (line 4704) * caracteres no Ingleses: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4703) + (line 4704) * caracteres reservados: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4391) -* caracteres, acentuados: Acentos. (line 4605) + (line 4392) +* caracteres, acentuados: Acentos. (line 4606) * caracteres, no Ingleses: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4703) + (line 4704) * caracteres, reservados: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4391) + (line 4392) * cargando paquetes adicionales: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 435) -* cartas: Cartas. (line 4966) -* cartas, iniciando: \opening. (line 5072) -* cartas, terminando: \closing. (line 5028) -* car?n acento: Acentos. (line 4698) -* centrar texto, declaraci?n para: \centering. (line 995) -* centrar texto, entorno para: center. (line 981) -* cerrando cartas: \closing. (line 5028) -* circunflejo, ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4483) + (line 436) +* cartas: Cartas. (line 4967) +* cartas, iniciando: \opening. (line 5073) +* cartas, terminando: \closing. (line 5029) +* car?n acento: Acentos. (line 4699) +* centrar texto, declaraci?n para: \centering. (line 996) +* centrar texto, entorno para: center. (line 982) +* cerrando cartas: \closing. (line 5029) +* circunflejo, ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4484) * clases de documento: Clases de Documento. - (line 349) + (line 350) * clases de documentos: Clases de Documento. - (line 349) -* colita: Acentos. (line 4670) -* comilla angular de apertura: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) -* comilla angular de cierre: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) -* comilla de apertura: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4459) -* comilla de apertura simple: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4572) -* comilla de cierre: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4474) -* comilla de cierre simple: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4575) -* comilla de cierre, simple: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4575) -* comilla derecha: S?mbolos de Texto. 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(line 4475) +* comilla de cierre simple: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4576) +* comilla de cierre, simple: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4576) +* comilla derecha: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4475) +* comilla en l?nea base, simple y doble: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4472) +* comilla izquierda: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4460) +* comilla izquierda, sola: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4573) +* comilla simple en l?nea base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4472) +* comilla, en la l?nea base (coma): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4580) +* comillas de cierre dobles: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4570) +* comillas de cierre, dobles: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4570) +* comillas dobles de apertura: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4567) +* comillas dobles en l?nea base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4472) +* comillas tipogr?ficas angulares: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4450) * comillas tipogr?ficas angulares simples: S?mbolos de Texto. - (line 4449) -* comillas tipogr?ficas Francesas: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) -* comillas tipogr?ficas simples: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) -* comillas tipogr?ficas, Francesas: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) + (line 4450) +* comillas tipogr?ficas Francesas: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4450) +* comillas tipogr?ficas simples: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4450) +* comillas tipogr?ficas, Francesas: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4450) * comillas tipogr?ficas, latinas o angulares: S?mbolos de Texto. - (line 4449) -* comillastraight quote, base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4579) -* contadores, configurando: \setcounter. (line 2819) -* contadores, consiguiendo el valor de: \value. (line 2805) -* contadores, definiendo nuevos: \newcounter. (line 2599) -* contadores, una lista de: Contadores. (line 2747) -* creando cartas: Cartas. (line 4966) -* creando im?genes: picture. (line 1522) -* creando tablas: table. (line 1914) -* cr?ditos al pie de p?gina: \maketitle. (line 3978) -* c?digo, composici?n tipogr?fica de: verbatim. (line 2245) -* daga doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4526) -* daga, doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4526) -* daga, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4434) -* daga, en texto <1>: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4523) -* definiciones: Definiciones. (line 2558) -* definici?n de nuevos tipos de letra: \newfont. (line 2710) + (line 4450) +* comillastraight quote, base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4580) +* contadores, configurando: \setcounter. (line 2820) +* contadores, consiguiendo el valor de: \value. (line 2806) +* contadores, definiendo nuevos: \newcounter. (line 2600) +* contadores, una lista de: Contadores. (line 2748) +* creando cartas: Cartas. (line 4967) +* creando im?genes: picture. (line 1523) +* creando tablas: table. (line 1915) +* cr?ditos al pie de p?gina: \maketitle. (line 3979) +* c?digo, composici?n tipogr?fica de: verbatim. (line 2246) +* daga doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4527) +* daga, doble, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. 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(line 2342) +* divisi?n sil?bica, impidiendo: \mbox. (line 4224) +* doble barra vertical, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4499) +* doble daga, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4438) +* e-dash: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4536) +* ecuaciones, alineando: eqnarray. (line 1113) +* ecuaciones, entornos para: equation. (line 1140) * ejecutando header y footer: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) -* elementos numerados, especificando contador: \usecounter. (line 2794) -* em-dash: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4532) -* em-dash de tres cuartos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4588) -* em-dash, tres cuartos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4588) -* entornos: Entornos. (line 914) + (line 746) +* elementos numerados, especificando contador: \usecounter. (line 2795) +* em-dash: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4533) +* em-dash de tres cuartos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4589) +* em-dash, tres cuartos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4589) +* entornos: Entornos. (line 915) * entornos, definiendo: \newenvironment y \renewenvironment. - (line 2641) + (line 2642) * entrada/salida: Entrada/Salida a la Terminal. - (line 5122) + (line 5123) * entrada/salida desde la terminal: Entrada/Salida a la Terminal. - (line 5122) + (line 5123) * Equipo del Proyecto LaTeX: Acerca de este documento. (line 249) * es-zet letra Alemana: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4744) + (line 4745) * espacio dentro del modo math: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3842) -* espacio vertical: \addvspace. (line 4163) -* espacio vertical antes de p?rrafos: \parskip. (line 2949) -* espacio vertical, insertando: \addvspace. (line 4163) -* espacio visible: \verb. (line 2275) -* espacios: Espacios. (line 4059) + (line 3843) +* espacio vertical: \addvspace. (line 4164) +* espacio vertical antes de p?rrafos: \parskip. (line 2950) +* espacio vertical, insertando: \addvspace. (line 4164) +* espacio visible: \verb. (line 2276) +* espacios: Espacios. (line 4060) * espina Islandesa: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4748) + (line 4749) * espina, letra Islandesa: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4748) -* estilo de encabezado: \pagestyle. (line 4012) -* estilo de numeraci?n de p?gina: \pagenumbering. (line 3990) -* estilo del pie de p?gina: \pagestyle. (line 4012) -* estilos de p?gina: Estilos de P?gina. (line 3953) + (line 4749) +* estilo de encabezado: \pagestyle. (line 4013) +* estilo de numeraci?n de p?gina: \pagenumbering. (line 3991) +* estilo del pie de p?gina: \pagestyle. (line 4013) +* estilos de p?gina: Estilos de P?gina. (line 3954) * estilos de texto: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 456) + (line 457) * estilos de tipograf?a: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 456) + (line 457) * estilos del tipo de letra: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 456) -* estilos, p?gina: Estilos de P?gina. (line 3953) + (line 457) +* estilos, p?gina: Estilos de P?gina. (line 3954) * eth, letra islandesa: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4716) -* etiquetas en m?quina de escribir en listas: description. (line 1031) -* exclamaci?n, inicial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4541) + (line 4717) +* etiquetas en m?quina de escribir en listas: description. (line 1032) +* exclamaci?n, inicial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4542) * exponente: Sub?ndices y Super?ndices. - (line 3038) -* fecha, para la p?gina de t?tulo: \maketitle. (line 3973) -* figuras, en notas al pie: minipage. (line 1508) -* figuras, insertando: figure. (line 1152) -* fijando contadores: \setcounter. (line 2819) + (line 3039) +* fecha, para la p?gina de t?tulo: \maketitle. (line 3974) +* figuras, en notas al pie: minipage. (line 1509) +* figuras, insertando: figure. (line 1153) +* fijando contadores: \setcounter. (line 2820) * finalizando e iniciando: Iniciando y Finalizando. - (line 331) -* flecha derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4585) -* flecha hacia la derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4585) -* flecha hacia la izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4550) -* flecha, izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4550) + (line 332) +* flecha derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4586) +* flecha hacia la derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4586) +* flecha hacia la izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4551) +* flecha, izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4551) * footer, par?metros para: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) -* forma con * de instrucciones de seccionado: Seccionado. (line 825) + (line 746) +* forma con * de instrucciones de seccionado: Seccionado. (line 826) * funciones matem?ticas: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3685) + (line 3686) * funciones, matem?ticas: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3685) -* f?rmulas en l?nea: math. (line 1479) + (line 3686) +* f?rmulas en l?nea: math. (line 1480) * f?rmulas matem?ticas: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* f?rmulas, entornos para: equation. (line 1139) + (line 3002) +* f?rmulas, entornos para: equation. (line 1140) * f?rmulas, matem?ticas: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* glosarios: Glosarios. (line 4907) -* gui?n doble, l?nea recta: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4579) -* haciendo p?rrafos: Haciendo P?rrafos. (line 2922) -* haciendo una p?gina de t?tulo: titlepage. (line 2226) + (line 3002) +* glosarios: Glosarios. (line 4908) +* gui?n doble, l?nea recta: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4580) +* haciendo p?rrafos: Haciendo P?rrafos. (line 2923) +* haciendo una p?gina de t?tulo: titlepage. (line 2227) * header, par?metros para: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) -* i sin punto: Acentos. (line 4663) + (line 746) +* i sin punto: Acentos. (line 4664) * i sin punto, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3822) -* im?genes, creando: picture. (line 1522) + (line 3823) +* im?genes, creando: picture. (line 1523) * informes de errores: Acerca de este documento. (line 255) -* iniciando una nueva p?gina: \newpage. (line 2434) +* iniciando una nueva p?gina: \newpage. (line 2435) * iniciando una nueva p?gina y limpiando flotantes: \clearpage. - (line 2427) -* iniciando una p?gina a mano derecha: \cleardoublepage. (line 2418) + (line 2428) +* iniciando una p?gina a mano derecha: \cleardoublepage. (line 2419) * iniciando y finalizando: Iniciando y Finalizando. - (line 331) -* insertando figuras: figure. (line 1152) + (line 332) +* insertando figuras: figure. (line 1153) * Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 589) -* instrucciones de dise?o: Dise?o. (line 666) + (line 590) +* instrucciones de dise?o: Dise?o. (line 667) * instrucciones de tipo de letra, de bajo nivel: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 589) -* instrucciones fr?giles: \protect. (line 2725) -* instrucciones robustas: \protect. (line 2736) + (line 590) +* instrucciones fr?giles: \protect. (line 2726) +* instrucciones robustas: \protect. (line 2737) * instrucciones, definiendo nuevas: \newcommand y \renewcommand. - (line 2564) + (line 2565) * interlineado doble: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 640) -* interrogaci?n, inicial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4563) + (line 641) +* interrogaci?n, inicial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4564) * island?s eth: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4716) -* j sin punto: Acentos. (line 4666) + (line 4717) +* j sin punto: Acentos. (line 4667) * j sin punto, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3825) -* justificaci?n, alineando a la derecha: \raggedright. (line 1302) -* justificaci?n, irregular a la izquierda: \raggedleft. (line 1328) -* justificando texto a la izquierda: \raggedright. (line 1302) -* justificar texto a la derecha, entorno para: flushright. (line 1315) -* justificar texto a la izquierda, entornos para: flushleft. (line 1289) + (line 3826) +* justificaci?n, alineando a la derecha: \raggedright. (line 1303) +* justificaci?n, irregular a la izquierda: \raggedleft. (line 1329) +* justificando texto a la izquierda: \raggedright. (line 1303) +* justificar texto a la derecha, entorno para: flushright. (line 1316) +* justificar texto a la izquierda, entornos para: flushleft. (line 1290) * Knuth, Donald E.: Acerca de este documento. (line 249) * l Polaca: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4728) + (line 4729) * Lamport, Leslie: Acerca de este documento. (line 249) -* LaTeX, descripci?n: Descripci?n. (line 284) -* letra en c?rculo, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4513) +* LaTeX, descripci?n: Descripci?n. (line 285) +* letra en c?rculo, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4514) * letra ij, Neerland?s: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4724) + (line 4725) * letras caligr?ficas para math: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 535) + (line 536) * letras griegas: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3047) + (line 3048) * letras S afiladas: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4744) + (line 4745) * letras script para math: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 535) -* letras, acentuadas: Acentos. (line 4605) + (line 536) +* letras, acentuadas: Acentos. (line 4606) * letras, no Inglesas: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4703) + (line 4704) * ligadura ae: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4712) -* lista de documentos adjuntos: \encl. (line 5038) + (line 4713) +* lista de documentos adjuntos: \encl. (line 5039) * lista de elementos, especificando el contador: \usecounter. - (line 2794) -* lista de elementos, numerados: enumerate. (line 1072) -* listas cc, en cartas: \cc. (line 5018) -* listas con vi?etas: itemize. (line 1341) -* listas de descripci?n, creando: description. (line 1019) -* listas de elementos: itemize. (line 1341) -* listas de elementos, gen?ricas: list. (line 1455) -* listas etiquetadas, creando: description. (line 1019) -* listas no ordenadas: itemize. (line 1341) -* llave de apertura, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4504) -* llave derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4507) -* llave, derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4507) -* llave, izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4504) -* Logotipo de LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4440) -* Logotipo de LaTeX2e: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4443) -* logotipo de TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4480) -* logotipo, LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4440) -* logotipo, LaTeX2e: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4443) -* logotipo, TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4480) + (line 2795) +* lista de elementos, numerados: enumerate. (line 1073) +* listas cc, en cartas: \cc. (line 5019) +* listas con vi?etas: itemize. (line 1342) +* listas de descripci?n, creando: description. (line 1020) +* listas de elementos: itemize. (line 1342) +* listas de elementos, gen?ricas: list. (line 1456) +* listas etiquetadas, creando: description. (line 1020) +* listas no ordenadas: itemize. (line 1342) +* llave de apertura, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4505) +* llave derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4508) +* llave, derecha, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4508) +* llave, izquierda, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4505) +* Logotipo de LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4441) +* Logotipo de LaTeX2e: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4444) +* logotipo de TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4481) +* logotipo, LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4441) +* logotipo, LaTeX2e: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4444) +* logotipo, TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4481) * longitudes predeterminadas: Longitudes Predeterminadas. - (line 2903) -* longitudes, a?adiendo a: \addtolength. (line 2874) -* longitudes, configurando: \setlength. (line 2866) -* longitudes, definiendo nuevas: \newlength. (line 2614) -* longitudes, definiendo y usando: Longitudes. (line 2860) + (line 2904) +* longitudes, a?adiendo a: \addtolength. (line 2875) +* longitudes, configurando: \setlength. (line 2867) +* longitudes, definiendo nuevas: \newlength. (line 2615) +* longitudes, definiendo y usando: Longitudes. (line 2861) * longitudes, predefinidas: Longitudes Predeterminadas. - (line 2903) -* l?nea de ?rdenes: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5159) -* l?nea recta de gui?n doble, base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4579) -* l?nea, saltos de: Saltos de L?nea. (line 2300) -* l?neas en tablas: tabular. (line 1942) -* makeindex programa: ?ndices. (line 4939) -* marca izquierda, doble: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4566) -* marca palabra compuesta, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4518) + (line 2904) +* l?nea de ?rdenes: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5160) +* l?nea recta de gui?n doble, base: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4580) +* l?nea, saltos de: Saltos de L?nea. (line 2301) +* l?neas en tablas: tabular. (line 1943) +* makeindex programa: ?ndices. (line 4940) +* marca izquierda, doble: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4567) +* marca palabra compuesta, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4519) * matem?ticas, negrita: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 521) -* matrices, matem?ticas: array. (line 934) -* minipage, creando una: minipage. (line 1492) -* miscel?nea math: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3861) -* modo izquierda-a-derecha: Modos. (line 3913) -* modo lR: Modos. (line 3913) -* modo math: Modos. (line 3913) + (line 522) +* matrices, matem?ticas: array. (line 935) +* minipage, creando una: minipage. (line 1493) +* miscel?nea math: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3862) +* modo izquierda-a-derecha: Modos. (line 3914) +* modo lR: Modos. (line 3914) +* modo math: Modos. (line 3914) * modo math mode, espaciado: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3842) + (line 3843) * modo math, ingresando al: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* modo p?rrafo: Modos. (line 3913) -* modos: Modos. (line 3913) -* moneda, d?lar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4529) -* mostrando texto citado con sangr?a de p?rrafo: quotation. (line 1783) -* mostrando texto citado sin sangr?a de p?rrafo: quote. (line 1800) -* multiplicaci?n discrecional: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3862) -* m?quina de escribir en negrita, evitando: description. (line 1031) + (line 3002) +* modo p?rrafo: Modos. (line 3914) +* modos: Modos. (line 3914) +* moneda, d?lar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4530) +* mostrando texto citado con sangr?a de p?rrafo: quotation. (line 1784) +* mostrando texto citado sin sangr?a de p?rrafo: quote. (line 1801) +* multiplicaci?n discrecional: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3863) +* m?quina de escribir en negrita, evitando: description. (line 1032) * negrita matem?ticas: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 521) -* notas al margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2956) -* notas al pie en figuras: minipage. (line 1508) -* notas al pie, creando: Notas al Pie. (line 2474) + (line 522) +* notas al margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2957) +* notas al pie en figuras: minipage. (line 1509) +* notas al pie, creando: Notas al Pie. (line 2475) * notas al pie, s?mbolos en lugar de n?meros en: Notas al Pie Simb?licas. - (line 2529) -* notas en el margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2956) -* nueva l?nea, comenzando: \\. (line 2313) -* nueva l?nea, comenzando (modo de p?rrafo): \newline. (line 2335) + (line 2530) +* notas en el margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2957) +* nueva l?nea, comenzando: \\. (line 2314) +* nueva l?nea, comenzando (modo de p?rrafo): \newline. (line 2336) * nueva l?nea, salida como entrada: \obeycr y \restorecr. - (line 2325) -* nueva p?gina, iniciando: \newpage. (line 2434) + (line 2326) +* nueva p?gina, iniciando: \newpage. (line 2435) * nuevas instrucciones, definiendo: \newcommand y \renewcommand. - (line 2564) -* n?mero de ecuaci?n, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 902) -* n?mero de figura, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 902) -* n?mero de pie de p?gina, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 902) -* n?mero de p?gina, referencias cruzadas: \pageref. (line 892) -* n?mero de secci?n, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 902) -* n?meros de ecuaci?n, omitiendo: eqnarray. (line 1126) -* n?meros de secci?n, imprimiendo: Seccionado. (line 841) -* observaciones en el margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2956) + (line 2565) +* n?mero de ecuaci?n, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 903) +* n?mero de figura, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 903) +* n?mero de pie de p?gina, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 903) +* n?mero de p?gina, referencias cruzadas: \pageref. (line 893) +* n?mero de secci?n, referencias cruzadas: \ref. (line 903) +* n?meros de ecuaci?n, omitiendo: eqnarray. (line 1127) +* n?meros de secci?n, imprimiendo: Seccionado. (line 842) +* observaciones en el margen: Notas al Margen. (line 2957) * oe ligadura: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4740) + (line 4741) * omitiendo, cajas negras: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 390) + (line 391) * opciones de clase: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 367) + (line 368) * opciones de clase de documento: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 367) + (line 368) * opciones globales: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 367) + (line 368) * opciones globales <1>: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 442) + (line 443) * opciones, clase de documento: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 367) + (line 368) * opciones, globales: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 442) + (line 443) * ordinales en espa?ol, femenino y masculino: S?mbolos de Texto. - (line 4554) -* ordinales, femenino y masculino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4554) + (line 4555) +* ordinales, femenino y masculino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4555) * oslash: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4736) -* paquete datetime: \today. (line 4777) -* paquete float: figure. (line 1181) -* paquete makeidx: ?ndices. (line 4946) -* paquete multind: ?ndices. (line 4958) + (line 4737) +* paquete datetime: \today. (line 4778) +* paquete float: figure. (line 1182) +* paquete makeidx: ?ndices. (line 4947) +* paquete multind: ?ndices. (line 4959) * paquete setspace: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 640) -* paquete showidx: ?ndices. (line 4954) + (line 641) +* paquete showidx: ?ndices. (line 4955) * paquetes, cargando: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 435) + (line 436) * par?metros de footnote: Par?metros para Footnote. - (line 2542) + (line 2543) * par?metros para el dise?o de p?gina: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) + (line 746) * par?metros, dise?o de p?gina: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) + (line 746) * par?metros, para footnote: Par?metros para Footnote. - (line 2542) + (line 2543) * plantillas de documentos: Plantillas de Documento. - (line 5177) -* poes?a, un entorno para: verse. (line 2281) -* posdata, en cartas: \ps. (line 5085) + (line 5178) +* poes?a, un entorno para: verse. (line 2282) +* posdata, en cartas: \ps. (line 5086) * pre?mbulo, definido: Iniciando y Finalizando. - (line 342) -* produce dos columnas: \twocolumn. (line 677) -* produce una columna: \onecolumn. (line 671) -* programas de ordenador, composici?n tipogr?fica: verbatim. (line 2245) -* punto centrado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4560) + (line 343) +* produce dos columnas: \twocolumn. (line 678) +* produce una columna: \onecolumn. (line 672) +* programas de ordenador, composici?n tipogr?fica: verbatim. (line 2246) +* punto centrado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4561) * punto superior acento, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3813) -* punto, centrado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4560) -* puntos suspensivos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4455) -* p?gina de t?tulo, creando la: titlepage. (line 2226) -* p?rrafos: Haciendo P?rrafos. (line 2922) + (line 3814) +* punto, centrado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4561) +* puntos suspensivos: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4456) +* p?gina de t?tulo, creando la: titlepage. (line 2227) +* p?rrafos: Haciendo P?rrafos. (line 2923) * redefiniendo entornos: \newenvironment y \renewenvironment. - (line 2641) -* reducci?n, omitiendo vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 738) + (line 2642) +* reducci?n, omitiendo vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 739) * referencias cruzadas: Referencias Cruzadas. - (line 852) -* referencias cruzadas con n?mero de p?gina: \pageref. (line 892) -* referencias cruzadas, simb?licas: \ref. (line 902) -* res?menes: abstract. (line 924) -* salto de p?gina: Saltos de P?gina. (line 2410) -* saltos de l?nea: Saltos de L?nea. (line 2300) + (line 853) +* referencias cruzadas con n?mero de p?gina: \pageref. (line 893) +* referencias cruzadas, simb?licas: \ref. (line 903) +* res?menes: abstract. (line 925) +* salto de p?gina: Saltos de P?gina. (line 2411) +* saltos de l?nea: Saltos de L?nea. (line 2301) * saltos de l?nea, evitando: \linebreak y \nolinebreak. - (line 2391) + (line 2392) * saltos de l?nea, forzando: \linebreak y \nolinebreak. - (line 2391) + (line 2392) * saltos de p?gina, evitando: \pagebreak y \nopagebreak. - (line 2455) + (line 2456) * saltos de p?gina, forzando: \pagebreak y \nopagebreak. - (line 2455) -* sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage: minipage. (line 1504) -* sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage <1>: minipage. (line 1504) -* sangr?a, forzando la: \indent. (line 2930) -* sangr?a, suprimiendo la: \noindent. (line 2942) -* sangr?as de p?rrafo en texto citado: quotation. (line 1783) -* sangr?as de p?rrafo en texto citado, omitiendo: quote. (line 1800) -* seccionado: Seccionado. (line 797) -* separaci?n de l?nea, forzando: \\. (line 2313) -* signo de d?lar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4529) + (line 2456) +* sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage: minipage. (line 1505) +* sangr?a de p?rrafos, en minipage <1>: minipage. (line 1505) +* sangr?a, forzando la: \indent. (line 2931) +* sangr?a, suprimiendo la: \noindent. (line 2943) +* sangr?as de p?rrafo en texto citado: quotation. (line 1784) +* sangr?as de p?rrafo en texto citado, omitiendo: quote. (line 1801) +* seccionado: Seccionado. (line 798) +* separaci?n de l?nea, forzando: \\. (line 2314) +* signo de d?lar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4530) * siguiendo el estilo de encabezado y pie de p?gina: \pagestyle. - (line 4012) -* simulando texto escrito: verbatim. (line 2245) -* subrayado: Acentos. (line 4689) -* subrayado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4597) + (line 4013) +* simulando texto escrito: verbatim. (line 2246) +* subrayado: Acentos. (line 4690) +* subrayado, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4598) * sub?ndice: Sub?ndices y Super?ndices. - (line 3038) + (line 3039) * super?ndice: Sub?ndices y Super?ndices. - (line 3038) + (line 3039) * s?mbolo bala: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3128) -* s?mbolo c?rculo grande, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4501) -* s?mbolo de copyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4431) -* s?mbolo de c?rculo, grande, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4501) -* s?mbolo de espacio visible, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4600) -* s?mbolo de libra esterlina: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4467) -* s?mbolo de libra esterlina <1>: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4467) -* s?mbolo de marca comercial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4591) -* s?mbolo de marca registrada: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4582) + (line 3129) +* s?mbolo c?rculo grande, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4502) +* s?mbolo de copyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4432) +* s?mbolo de c?rculo, grande, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4502) +* s?mbolo de espacio visible, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4601) +* s?mbolo de libra esterlina: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4468) +* s?mbolo de libra esterlina <1>: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4468) +* s?mbolo de marca comercial: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4592) +* s?mbolo de marca registrada: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4583) * s?mbolo de multiplicaci?n, con salto de l?nea discrecional: Miscel?nea Math. - (line 3862) -* s?mbolo de p?rrafo: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4463) -* s?mbolo de secci?n: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4477) + (line 3863) +* s?mbolo de p?rrafo: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4464) +* s?mbolo de secci?n: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4478) * s?mbolo de vector, math: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3831) -* s?mbolo del euro: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4538) -* s?mbolo femenino ordinal: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4557) -* s?mbolo mayor que, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4544) -* s?mbolo menor que, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4547) -* S?mbolo ordinal femenino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4554) -* s?mbolo ordinal masculino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4554) -* s?mbolos de texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4424) + (line 3832) +* s?mbolo del euro: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4539) +* s?mbolo femenino ordinal: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4558) +* s?mbolo mayor que, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4545) +* s?mbolo menor que, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4548) +* S?mbolo ordinal femenino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4555) +* s?mbolo ordinal masculino: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4555) +* s?mbolos de texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4425) * s?mbolos matem?ticos: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3047) + (line 3048) * s?mbolos, matem?ticos: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3047) + (line 3048) * tabla de contenido, agregando manualmente: \addcontentsline. - (line 4863) + (line 4864) * tabla de contenido, creando: Tablas de Contenido. - (line 4843) -* tablas, creando: table. (line 1914) -* tabulaciones, utilizando: tabbing. (line 1816) + (line 4844) +* tablas, creando: table. (line 1915) +* tabulaciones, utilizando: tabbing. (line 1817) * tama?o del texto: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 561) + (line 562) * tama?os del tipo de letra: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 561) + (line 562) * tama?os del tipo de letra <1>: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 561) -* tapa superior: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4518) -* teoremas, composici?n tipogr?fica de: theorem. (line 2213) -* teoremas, definiendo: \newtheorem. (line 2680) -* texto citado con sangr?a de p?rrafo, mostrando: quotation. (line 1783) -* texto citado sin sangr?a de p?rrafo, mostrando: quote. (line 1800) -* texto escrito, simulando: verbatim. (line 2245) -* texto irregular a la derecha: \raggedright. (line 1302) -* texto irregular a la derecha, entorno para: flushleft. (line 1289) -* texto irregular a la izquierda: \raggedleft. (line 1328) -* texto irregular a la izquierda, entorno para: flushright. (line 1315) -* texto justificado a la derecha: \raggedleft. (line 1328) -* texto literal: verbatim. (line 2245) -* texto literal, en l?nea: \verb. (line 2263) -* texto multicolumna: \twocolumn. (line 677) -* thanks, para titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3978) -* tilde ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4486) -* tilde, ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4486) + (line 562) +* tapa superior: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4519) +* teoremas, composici?n tipogr?fica de: theorem. (line 2214) +* teoremas, definiendo: \newtheorem. (line 2681) +* texto citado con sangr?a de p?rrafo, mostrando: quotation. (line 1784) +* texto citado sin sangr?a de p?rrafo, mostrando: quote. (line 1801) +* texto escrito, simulando: verbatim. (line 2246) +* texto irregular a la derecha: \raggedright. (line 1303) +* texto irregular a la derecha, entorno para: flushleft. (line 1290) +* texto irregular a la izquierda: \raggedleft. (line 1329) +* texto irregular a la izquierda, entorno para: flushright. (line 1316) +* texto justificado a la derecha: \raggedleft. (line 1329) +* texto literal: verbatim. (line 2246) +* texto literal, en l?nea: \verb. (line 2264) +* texto multicolumna: \twocolumn. (line 678) +* thanks, para titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3979) +* tilde ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4487) +* tilde, ASCII, en texto: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4487) * tipo de letra cursiva: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 541) + (line 542) * tipo de letra de ancho fijo: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 556) + (line 557) * tipo de letra de m?quina de escribir: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 556) + (line 557) * tipo de letra monoespacio: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 556) + (line 557) * tipo de letra negrita: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 532) + (line 533) * tipo de letra oblicua: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 553) + (line 554) * tipo de letra oblicua <1>: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 553) + (line 554) * tipo de letra romana: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 544) + (line 545) * tipo de letra sans serif: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 550) + (line 551) * tipo de letra versales: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 547) -* Tipos de Letra: Tipos de Letra. (line 449) -* tipos de letra: Tipos de Letra. (line 449) -* tipos de letra, nuevas instrucciones para: \newfont. (line 2710) -* title, para titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3983) -* t?tulos, haciendo: \maketitle. (line 3960) -* usando BibTeX: Usando BibTeX. (line 2175) -* variables, una lista de: Contadores. (line 2747) -* xindy programa: ?ndices. (line 4939) + (line 548) +* Tipos de Letra: Tipos de Letra. (line 450) +* tipos de letra: Tipos de Letra. (line 450) +* tipos de letra, nuevas instrucciones para: \newfont. (line 2711) +* title, para titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3984) +* t?tulos, haciendo: \maketitle. (line 3961) +* usando BibTeX: Usando BibTeX. (line 2176) +* variables, una lista de: Contadores. (line 2748) +* xindy programa: ?ndices. (line 4940) * ?nfasis: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 483) + (line 484) * ?nfasis: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 538) -* ?ndices: ?ndices. (line 4922) + (line 539) +* ?ndices: ?ndices. (line 4923) ?ndice de Instrucciones *********************** @@ -5914,1316 +5915,1316 @@ * Menu: * $: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3019) -* @{...}: array. (line 959) -* \" (acento di?resis): Acentos. (line 4616) + (line 3020) +* @{...}: array. (line 960) +* \" (acento di?resis): Acentos. (line 4617) * \#: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) + (line 4397) * \$: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) + (line 4397) * \%: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) + (line 4397) * \&: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) -* \' (acento agudo): Acentos. (line 4620) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1860) + (line 4397) +* \' (acento agudo): Acentos. (line 4621) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1861) * $: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3011) + (line 3012) * $: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3011) -* \*: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3861) -* \+: tabbing. (line 1850) + (line 3012) +* \*: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3862) +* \+: tabbing. (line 1851) * \,: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3853) -* \-: tabbing. (line 1855) -* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 2341) -* \. (acento punto encima): Acentos. (line 4625) -* \/: \/. (line 4131) + (line 3854) +* \-: tabbing. (line 1856) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 2342) +* \. (acento punto encima): Acentos. (line 4626) +* \/: \/. (line 4132) * \:: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3851) + (line 3852) * \;: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3848) -* \<: tabbing. (line 1845) -* \= (acento macr?n): Acentos. (line 4629) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1839) -* \>: tabbing. (line 1843) + (line 3849) +* \<: tabbing. (line 1846) +* \= (acento macr?n): Acentos. (line 4630) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1840) +* \>: tabbing. (line 1844) * \> <1>: Espacios en Modo Math. - (line 3851) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1842) -* \@: \AT. (line 4109) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1875) -* \a' (acento agudo en tabulaci?n): tabbing. (line 1876) -* \a= (acento macr?n en tabbing): tabbing. (line 1876) + (line 3852) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1843) +* \@: \AT. (line 4110) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1876) +* \a' (acento agudo en tabulaci?n): tabbing. (line 1877) +* \a= (acento macr?n en tabbing): tabbing. (line 1877) * \aa (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4708) + (line 4709) * \AA (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4708) + (line 4709) * \acute: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3797) -* \addcontentsline{EXTO}{UNIDAD}{TEXTO}: \addcontentsline. (line 4863) -* \address: \address. (line 5004) -* \addtocontents{EXTRA}{TEXTO}: \addtocontents. (line 4892) -* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 2829) -* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 2874) -* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 4163) + (line 3798) +* \addcontentsline{EXTO}{UNIDAD}{TEXTO}: \addcontentsline. (line 4864) +* \address: \address. (line 5005) +* \addtocontents{EXTRA}{TEXTO}: \addtocontents. (line 4893) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 2830) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 2875) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 4164) * \ae (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4712) + (line 4713) * \AE (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4712) + (line 4713) * \aleph: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3055) + (line 3056) * \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2766) + (line 2767) * \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2769) + (line 2770) * \alpha: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3058) -* \alsoname: ?ndices. (line 4936) + (line 3059) +* \alsoname: ?ndices. (line 4937) * \amalg: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3061) -* \and para \author: \maketitle. (line 3966) + (line 3062) +* \and para \author: \maketitle. (line 3967) * \angle: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3064) -* \appendix: Seccionado. (line 831) + (line 3065) +* \appendix: Seccionado. (line 832) * \approx: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3067) + (line 3068) * \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2772) + (line 2773) * \arccos: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3688) + (line 3689) * \arcsin: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3691) + (line 3692) * \arctan: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3694) + (line 3695) * \arg: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3697) -* \arraycolsep: array. (line 971) -* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 2034) -* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 2038) + (line 3698) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 972) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 2035) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 2039) * \ast: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3070) + (line 3071) * \asymp: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3073) -* \author{NOMBRE \and NOMBRE2}: \maketitle. (line 3965) -* \a` (acento grave en tabulaci?n): tabbing. (line 1876) -* \b (acento barra): Acentos. (line 4647) + (line 3074) +* \author{NOMBRE \and NOMBRE2}: \maketitle. (line 3966) +* \a` (acento grave en tabulaci?n): tabbing. (line 1877) +* \b (acento barra): Acentos. (line 4648) * \backslash: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3076) + (line 3077) * \backslash <1>: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4401) + (line 4402) * \bar: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3800) + (line 3801) * \baselineskip: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 633) + (line 634) * \baselinestretch: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 640) -* \begin: Entornos. (line 914) + (line 641) +* \begin: Entornos. (line 915) * \beta: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3079) + (line 3080) * \bf: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 531) + (line 532) * \bfseries: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 489) -* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 2133) -* \bibliography: Usando BibTeX. (line 2175) -* \bibliographystyle: Usando BibTeX. (line 2175) + (line 490) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 2134) +* \bibliography: Usando BibTeX. (line 2176) +* \bibliographystyle: Usando BibTeX. (line 2176) * \bigcap: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3082) + (line 3083) * \bigcap <1>: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3112) + (line 3113) * \bigcirc: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3085) + (line 3086) * \bigcup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3088) + (line 3089) * \bigodot: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3091) + (line 3092) * \bigoplus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3094) + (line 3095) * \bigotimes: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3097) + (line 3098) * \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4178) + (line 4179) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4178) + (line 4179) * \bigsqcup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3106) + (line 3107) * \bigtriangledown: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3100) + (line 3101) * \bigtriangleup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3103) + (line 3104) * \biguplus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3109) + (line 3110) * \bigwedge: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3115) + (line 3116) * \bmod: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3700) + (line 3701) * \boldmath: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3024) + (line 3025) * \bot: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3118) -* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 1203) + (line 3119) +* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 1204) * \bowtie: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3121) + (line 3122) * \Box: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3124) + (line 3125) * \breve: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3803) + (line 3804) * \bullet: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3127) -* \c (acento cedilla): Acentos. (line 4652) + (line 3128) +* \c (acento cedilla): Acentos. (line 4653) * \cal: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 534) + (line 535) * \cap: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3130) -* \capitalacute: Acentos. (line 4620) -* \capitalbreve: Acentos. (line 4686) -* \capitalcaron: Acentos. (line 4698) -* \capitalcedilla: Acentos. (line 4652) -* \capitalcircumflex: Acentos. (line 4633) -* \capitaldieresis: Acentos. (line 4616) -* \capitaldotaccent: Acentos. (line 4656) -* \capitalgrave: Acentos. (line 4638) -* \capitalhungarumlaut: Acentos. (line 4660) -* \capitalmacron: Acentos. (line 4629) -* \capitalnewtie: Acentos. (line 4681) -* \capitalogonek: Acentos. (line 4670) -* \capitalring: Acentos. (line 4675) -* \capitaltie: Acentos. (line 4681) -* \capitaltilde: Acentos. (line 4644) -* \caption: figure. (line 1198) -* \cc: \cc. (line 5018) + (line 3131) +* \capitalacute: Acentos. (line 4621) +* \capitalbreve: Acentos. (line 4687) +* \capitalcaron: Acentos. (line 4699) +* \capitalcedilla: Acentos. (line 4653) +* \capitalcircumflex: Acentos. (line 4634) +* \capitaldieresis: Acentos. (line 4617) +* \capitaldotaccent: Acentos. (line 4657) +* \capitalgrave: Acentos. (line 4639) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Acentos. (line 4661) +* \capitalmacron: Acentos. (line 4630) +* \capitalnewtie: Acentos. (line 4682) +* \capitalogonek: Acentos. (line 4671) +* \capitalring: Acentos. (line 4676) +* \capitaltie: Acentos. (line 4682) +* \capitaltilde: Acentos. (line 4645) +* \caption: figure. (line 1199) +* \cc: \cc. (line 5019) * \cdot: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3133) -* \cdots: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3865) -* \centering: \centering. (line 995) -* \chapter: Seccionado. (line 801) + (line 3134) +* \cdots: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3866) +* \centering: \centering. (line 996) +* \chapter: Seccionado. (line 802) * \check: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3806) + (line 3807) * \chi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3136) + (line 3137) * \circ: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3139) -* \circle: \circle. (line 1594) -* \cite: \cite. (line 2151) -* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 2418) -* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 2427) -* \cline: \cline. (line 2080) -* \closing: \closing. (line 5028) + (line 3140) +* \circle: \circle. (line 1595) +* \cite: \cite. (line 2152) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 2419) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 2428) +* \cline: \cline. (line 2081) +* \closing: \closing. (line 5029) * \clubsuit: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3142) -* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 689) -* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 692) -* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 696) + (line 3143) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 690) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 693) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 697) * \cong: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3145) -* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 4886) + (line 3146) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 4887) * \coprod: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3148) -* \copyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4429) + (line 3149) +* \copyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4430) * \cos: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3703) + (line 3704) * \cosh: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3706) + (line 3707) * \cot: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3709) + (line 3710) * \coth: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3712) + (line 3713) * \csc: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3715) + (line 3716) * \cup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3151) -* \d (acento c?rculo): Acentos. (line 4656) -* \dag: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4433) + (line 3152) +* \d (acento c?rculo): Acentos. (line 4657) +* \dag: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4434) * \dagger: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3154) -* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 1646) + (line 3155) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 1647) * \dashv: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3157) -* \date{TEXTO}: \maketitle. (line 3972) -* \day: \day \month \year. (line 2848) -* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 709) -* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 714) -* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 720) -* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 703) -* \ddag: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4436) + (line 3158) +* \date{TEXTO}: \maketitle. (line 3973) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 2849) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 710) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 715) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 721) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 704) +* \ddag: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4437) * \ddagger: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3160) + (line 3161) * \ddot: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3809) -* \ddots: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3869) + (line 3810) +* \ddots: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3870) * \deg: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3718) + (line 3719) * \Delta: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3163) + (line 3164) * \delta: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3166) + (line 3167) * \depth: Longitudes Predeterminadas. - (line 2907) + (line 2908) * \det: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3721) + (line 3722) * \dh (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4716) + (line 4717) * \DH (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4716) + (line 4717) * \Diamond: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3169) + (line 3170) * \diamond: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3172) + (line 3173) * \diamondsuit: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3175) + (line 3176) * \dim: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3724) + (line 3725) * \displaystyle: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3030) + (line 3031) * \div: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3178) + (line 3179) * \dj: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4720) + (line 4721) * \DJ: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4720) + (line 4721) * \documentclass: Clases de Documento. - (line 349) + (line 350) * \dot: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3812) + (line 3813) * \doteq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3181) -* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 4157) -* \dots: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4453) -* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 2042) + (line 3182) +* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 4158) +* \dots: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4454) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 2043) * \downarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3184) + (line 3185) * \Downarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3187) + (line 3188) * \ell: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3190) + (line 3191) * \em: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 537) + (line 538) * \emph: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 483) + (line 484) * \emptyset: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3193) -* \encl: \encl. (line 5038) -* \end: Entornos. (line 914) -* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 2440) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 1097) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 1097) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 1097) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 1097) + (line 3194) +* \encl: \encl. (line 5039) +* \end: Entornos. (line 915) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 2441) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 1098) * \epsilon: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3196) + (line 3197) * \equiv: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3199) + (line 3200) * \eta: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3202) + (line 3203) * \evensidemargin: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 415) + (line 416) * \exists: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3205) + (line 3206) * \exp: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3727) -* \fbox: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4231) + (line 3728) +* \fbox: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4232) * \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). - (line 1640) -* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4244) + (line 1641) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4245) * \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). - (line 1640) -* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4244) -* \fill: \hfill. (line 4090) + (line 1641) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4245) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 4091) * \flat: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3208) -* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 1206) -* \floatsep: figure. (line 1210) -* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 728) + (line 3209) +* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 1207) +* \floatsep: figure. (line 1211) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 729) * \fnsymbol: Notas al Pie Simb?licas. - (line 2534) + (line 2535) * \fnsymbol <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2781) + (line 2782) * \fnsymbol, y notas al pie: Notas al Pie Simb?licas. - (line 2534) + (line 2535) * \fontencoding: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 594) + (line 595) * \fontfamily: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 598) + (line 599) * \fontseries: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 608) + (line 609) * \fontshape: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 620) + (line 621) * \fontsize: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 633) -* \footnote: \footnote. (line 2482) -* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 2498) + (line 634) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 2483) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 2499) * \footnoterule: Par?metros para Footnote. - (line 2542) + (line 2543) * \footnotesep: Par?metros para Footnote. - (line 2548) + (line 2549) * \footnotesize: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) -* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 2513) + (line 568) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 2514) * \footskip: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 755) + (line 756) * \forall: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3211) -* \frac: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3873) -* \frac{num}{den}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3872) -* \frame: \frame. (line 1661) + (line 3212) +* \frac: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3874) +* \frac{num}{den}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3873) +* \frame: \frame. (line 1662) * \framebox: \framebox (picture). - (line 1632) -* \framebox <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4231) + (line 1633) +* \framebox <1>: \fbox y \framebox. (line 4232) * \frown: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3214) -* \fussy: \fussy. (line 2354) + (line 3215) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 2355) * \Gamma: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3217) + (line 3218) * \gamma: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3220) + (line 3221) * \gcd: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3730) + (line 3731) * \ge: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3223) + (line 3224) * \geq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3226) + (line 3227) * \gets: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3229) + (line 3230) * \gg: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3232) -* \glossary: Glosarios. (line 4909) -* \glossaryentry: Glosarios. (line 4912) + (line 3233) +* \glossary: Glosarios. (line 4910) +* \glossaryentry: Glosarios. (line 4913) * \grave: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3815) -* \guillemotleft (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4445) -* \guillemotright (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4446) -* \guilsinglleft (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4447) -* \guilsinglright (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4448) -* \H (acento di?resis H?ngara): Acentos. (line 4660) + (line 3816) +* \guillemotleft (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4446) +* \guillemotright (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4447) +* \guilsinglleft (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4448) +* \guilsinglright (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4449) +* \H (acento di?resis H?ngara): Acentos. (line 4661) * \hat: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3818) + (line 3819) * \hbar: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3235) + (line 3236) * \headheight: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 745) + (line 746) * \headsep: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 750) + (line 751) * \heartsuit: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3238) + (line 3239) * \height: Longitudes Predeterminadas. - (line 2905) -* \hfill: \hfill. (line 4086) -* \hline: \hline. (line 2091) + (line 2906) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 4087) +* \hline: \hline. (line 2092) * \hom: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3733) + (line 3734) * \hookleftarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3241) + (line 3242) * \hookrightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3244) -* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 4150) -* \hspace: \hspace. (line 4069) + (line 3245) +* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 4151) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 4070) * \huge: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \Huge: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) -* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 2374) -* \i (i sin punto): Acentos. (line 4663) + (line 568) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 2375) +* \i (i sin punto): Acentos. (line 4664) * \iff: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3247) + (line 3248) * \ij (ij): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4724) + (line 4725) * \IJ (IJ): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4724) + (line 4725) * \Im: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3250) + (line 3251) * \imath: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3821) + (line 3822) * \in: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3253) -* \include: \include. (line 4792) -* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 4810) -* \indent: \indent. (line 2930) -* \index: ?ndices. (line 4925) -* \indexentry: ?ndices. (line 4928) + (line 3254) +* \include: \include. (line 4793) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 4811) +* \indent: \indent. (line 2931) +* \index: ?ndices. (line 4926) +* \indexentry: ?ndices. (line 4929) * \inf: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3736) + (line 3737) * \infty: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3256) -* \input: \input. (line 4825) + (line 3257) +* \input: \input. (line 4826) * \int: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3259) -* \intextsep: figure. (line 1214) + (line 3260) +* \intextsep: figure. (line 1215) * \iota: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3262) + (line 3263) * \it: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 540) -* \item: description. (line 1027) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 1086) -* \item <2>: itemize. (line 1341) -* \itemindent: itemize. (line 1386) -* \itemsep: itemize. (line 1411) + (line 541) +* \item: description. (line 1028) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 1087) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 1342) +* \itemindent: itemize. (line 1387) +* \itemsep: itemize. (line 1412) * \itshape: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 480) -* \j (j sin punto): Acentos. (line 4666) + (line 481) +* \j (j sin punto): Acentos. (line 4667) * \jmath: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3824) + (line 3825) * \Join: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3265) -* \k (colita ?ogonek en polaco): Acentos. (line 4670) + (line 3266) +* \k (colita ?ogonek en polaco): Acentos. (line 4671) * \kappa: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3268) + (line 3269) * \ker: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3739) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 1880) + (line 3740) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 1881) * \l (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4728) + (line 4729) * \L (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4728) -* \label: \label. (line 858) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 1101) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 1101) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 1101) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 1101) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 1365) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 1365) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 1365) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 1365) -* \labelsep: itemize. (line 1390) -* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 1394) + (line 4729) +* \label: \label. (line 859) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 1102) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 1102) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 1102) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 1102) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 1366) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 1366) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 1366) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 1366) +* \labelsep: itemize. (line 1391) +* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 1395) * \Lambda: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3271) + (line 3272) * \lambda: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3274) + (line 3275) * \land: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3277) + (line 3278) * \langle: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3280) + (line 3281) * \large: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \Large: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \LARGE: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) -* \LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4439) -* \LaTeXe: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4442) + (line 568) +* \LaTeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4440) +* \LaTeXe: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4443) * \lbrace: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3283) + (line 3284) * \lbrack: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3286) + (line 3287) * \lceil: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3289) -* \ldots: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4452) + (line 3290) +* \ldots: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4453) * \le: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3292) + (line 3293) * \leadsto: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3295) + (line 3296) * \left DELIMITADOR1 ... \right DELIMITADOR2: Miscel?nea Math. - (line 3875) + (line 3876) * \Leftarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3297) + (line 3298) * \leftarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3300) -* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 1132) + (line 3301) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 1133) * \leftharpoondown: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3303) + (line 3304) * \leftharpoonup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3306) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 1372) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 1372) + (line 3307) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 1373) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 1373) * \Leftrightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3309) + (line 3310) * \Leftrightarrow <1>: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3312) + (line 3313) * \leq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3315) + (line 3316) * \lfloor: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3318) + (line 3319) * \lg: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3742) + (line 3743) * \lhd: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3321) + (line 3322) * \lim: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3745) + (line 3746) * \liminf: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3748) + (line 3749) * \limsup: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3751) -* \line: \line. (line 1672) + (line 3752) +* \line: \line. (line 1673) * \linebreak: \linebreak y \nolinebreak. - (line 2391) + (line 2392) * \linespread: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 648) -* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 1687) + (line 649) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 1688) * \linewidth: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 760) + (line 761) * \listoffigures: Tablas de Contenido. - (line 4853) + (line 4854) * \listoftables: Tablas de Contenido. - (line 4853) -* \listparindent: itemize. (line 1398) + (line 4854) +* \listparindent: itemize. (line 1399) * \ll: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3324) + (line 3325) * \ln: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3754) + (line 3755) * \lnot: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3327) -* \location: \location. (line 5047) + (line 3328) +* \location: \location. (line 5048) * \log: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3757) + (line 3758) * \longleftarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3330) + (line 3331) * \longleftrightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3333) + (line 3334) * \longmapsto: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3336) + (line 3337) * \longrightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3339) + (line 3340) * \lor: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3342) -* \lq: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4458) -* \makebox: \makebox. (line 4264) -* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 1605) -* \makeglossary: Glosarios. (line 4907) -* \makeindex: ?ndices. (line 4922) -* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 5055) -* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 3960) + (line 3343) +* \lq: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4459) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 4265) +* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 1606) +* \makeglossary: Glosarios. (line 4908) +* \makeindex: ?ndices. (line 4923) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 5056) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 3961) * \mapsto: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3345) -* \marginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2956) -* \marginparpush: Notas al Margen. (line 2984) -* \marginparsep: Notas al Margen. (line 2988) -* \marginparwidth: Notas al Margen. (line 2992) -* \markboth{IZQUIERDA}{DERECHA}: \pagestyle. (line 4037) -* \markright{DERECHA}: \pagestyle. (line 4045) + (line 3346) +* \marginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2957) +* \marginparpush: Notas al Margen. (line 2985) +* \marginparsep: Notas al Margen. (line 2989) +* \marginparwidth: Notas al Margen. (line 2993) +* \markboth{IZQUIERDA}{DERECHA}: \pagestyle. (line 4038) +* \markright{DERECHA}: \pagestyle. (line 4046) * \mathbf: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 505) + (line 506) * \mathcal: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 519) + (line 520) * \mathnormal: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 516) + (line 517) * \mathrm: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 503) + (line 504) * \mathsf: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 507) + (line 508) * \mathtt: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 509) + (line 510) * \mathversion: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 521) + (line 522) * \max: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3760) -* \mbox: \mbox. (line 4223) + (line 3761) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 4224) * \mdseries: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 486) + (line 487) * \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4182) + (line 4183) * \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4182) + (line 4183) * \mho: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3348) + (line 3349) * \mid: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3350) + (line 3351) * \min: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3763) + (line 3764) * \models: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3353) -* \month: \day \month \year. (line 2848) + (line 3354) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 2849) * \mp: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3356) + (line 3357) * \mu: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3359) -* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 2056) -* \multiput: \multiput. (line 1711) + (line 3360) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 2057) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 1712) * \nabla: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3362) -* \name: \name. (line 5064) + (line 3363) +* \name: \name. (line 5065) * \natural: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3365) + (line 3366) * \ne: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3368) + (line 3369) * \nearrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3371) + (line 3372) * \neg: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3374) + (line 3375) * \neq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3377) + (line 3378) * \newcommand: \newcommand y \renewcommand. - (line 2564) -* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 2599) + (line 2565) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 2600) * \newenvironment: \newenvironment y \renewenvironment. - (line 2641) -* \newfont: \newfont. (line 2710) -* \newlength: \newlength. (line 2614) -* \newline: \newline. (line 2335) -* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 4097) -* \newpage: \newpage. (line 2434) -* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 2630) -* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 2680) -* \newtie: Acentos. (line 4681) + (line 2642) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 2711) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 2615) +* \newline: \newline. (line 2336) +* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 4098) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 2435) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 2631) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 2681) +* \newtie: Acentos. (line 4682) * \ng: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4732) + (line 4733) * \NG: Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4732) + (line 4733) * \ni: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3380) -* \nocite: \nocite. (line 2166) + (line 3381) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 2167) * \nofiles: Tablas de Contenido. - (line 4857) -* \noindent: \noindent. (line 2942) + (line 4858) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 2943) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak y \nolinebreak. - (line 2391) -* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 1126) + (line 2392) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 1127) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak y \nopagebreak. - (line 2455) + (line 2456) * \normalfont: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 501) -* \normalmarginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2971) + (line 502) +* \normalmarginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2972) * \normalsize: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \not: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3383) + (line 3384) * \notin: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3386) + (line 3387) * \nu: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3389) + (line 3390) * \nwarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3392) + (line 3393) * \o (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4736) + (line 4737) * \O (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4736) + (line 4737) * \obeycr: \obeycr y \restorecr. - (line 2325) + (line 2326) * \oddsidemargin: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 415) + (line 416) * \odot: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3395) + (line 3396) * \oe (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4740) + (line 4741) * \OE (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4740) + (line 4741) * \oint: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3398) + (line 3399) * \Omega: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3401) + (line 3402) * \omega: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3404) + (line 3405) * \ominus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3407) -* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 671) -* \opening: \opening. (line 5072) + (line 3408) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 672) +* \opening: \opening. (line 5073) * \oplus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3410) + (line 3411) * \oslash: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3413) + (line 3414) * \otimes: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3416) -* \oval: \oval. (line 1721) -* \overbrace{TEXTO}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3881) -* \overline{TEXTO}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3885) + (line 3417) +* \oval: \oval. (line 1722) +* \overbrace{TEXTO}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3882) +* \overline{TEXTO}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3886) * \owns: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3419) -* \P: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4461) + (line 3420) +* \P: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4462) * \pagebreak: \pagebreak y \nopagebreak. - (line 2455) -* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 3990) -* \pageref: \pageref. (line 892) -* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 4012) -* \paragraph: Seccionado. (line 806) + (line 2456) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 3991) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 893) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 4013) +* \paragraph: Seccionado. (line 807) * \parallel: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3422) -* \parbox: \parbox. (line 4290) -* \parindent: minipage. (line 1504) -* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 2930) -* \parsep: itemize. (line 1416) -* \parskip: \parskip. (line 2949) -* \part: Seccionado. (line 800) + (line 3423) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 4291) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 1505) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 2931) +* \parsep: itemize. (line 1417) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 2950) +* \part: Seccionado. (line 801) * \partial: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3425) -* \partopsep: itemize. (line 1428) + (line 3426) +* \partopsep: itemize. (line 1429) * \perp: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3428) + (line 3429) * \phi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3431) + (line 3432) * \Pi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3434) + (line 3435) * \pi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3437) + (line 3438) * \pm: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3440) + (line 3441) * \pmod: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3766) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 1886) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 1887) -* \pounds: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4465) + (line 3767) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 1887) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 1888) +* \pounds: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4466) * \Pr: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3769) + (line 3770) * \prec: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3443) + (line 3444) * \preceq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3446) + (line 3447) * \prime: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3449) + (line 3450) * \prod: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3452) + (line 3453) * \propto: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3455) -* \protect: \protect. (line 2725) -* \ps: \ps. (line 5085) + (line 3456) +* \protect: \protect. (line 2726) +* \ps: \ps. (line 5086) * \Psi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3458) + (line 3459) * \psi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3461) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 1890) -* \put: \put. (line 1745) -* \quotedblbase (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4469) -* \quotesinglbase (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4470) -* \r (acento anillo): Acentos. (line 4675) -* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 738) -* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 1328) -* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 1302) -* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 4332) + (line 3462) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 1891) +* \put: \put. (line 1746) +* \quotedblbase (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4470) +* \quotesinglbase (?): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4471) +* \r (acento anillo): Acentos. (line 4676) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 739) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 1329) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 1303) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 4333) * \rangle: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3464) + (line 3465) * \rbrace: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3467) + (line 3468) * \rbrack: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3470) + (line 3471) * \rceil: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3473) + (line 3474) * \Re: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3476) -* \ref: \ref. (line 902) -* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 2835) + (line 3477) +* \ref: \ref. (line 903) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 2836) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment y \renewenvironment. - (line 2641) + (line 2642) * \restorecr: \obeycr y \restorecr. - (line 2325) -* \reversemarginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2971) + (line 2326) +* \reversemarginpar: Notas al Margen. (line 2972) * \rfloor: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3479) + (line 3480) * \rhd: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3482) + (line 3483) * \rho: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3485) -* \right: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3876) + (line 3486) +* \right: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3877) * \Rightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3488) + (line 3489) * \rightarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3491) + (line 3492) * \rightharpoondown: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3494) + (line 3495) * \rightharpoonup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3497) + (line 3498) * \rightleftharpoons: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3500) -* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 1402) + (line 3501) +* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 1403) * \rm: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 543) + (line 544) * \rmfamily: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 477) + (line 478) * \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2775) + (line 2776) * \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2778) -* \rq: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4473) -* \rule: \rule. (line 4753) -* \S: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4476) -* \savebox: \savebox. (line 4349) -* \sbox: \sbox. (line 4361) + (line 2779) +* \rq: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4474) +* \rule: \rule. (line 4754) +* \S: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4477) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 4350) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 4362) * \sc: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 546) + (line 547) * \scriptsize: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \scshape: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 497) + (line 498) * \searrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3503) + (line 3504) * \sec: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3772) -* \section: Seccionado. (line 803) -* \seename: ?ndices. (line 4936) + (line 3773) +* \section: Seccionado. (line 804) +* \seename: ?ndices. (line 4937) * \selectfont: Instrucciones de Bajo Nivel para el Tipo de Letra. - (line 654) -* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 2819) -* \setlength: \setlength. (line 2866) + (line 655) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 2820) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 2867) * \setminus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3506) -* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 2881) -* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 2889) -* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 2897) + (line 3507) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 2882) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 2890) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 2898) * \sf: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 549) + (line 550) * \sffamily: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 495) + (line 496) * \sharp: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3509) -* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 1753) + (line 3510) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 1754) * \Sigma: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3512) + (line 3513) * \sigma: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3515) -* \signature: \signature. (line 5091) + (line 3516) +* \signature: \signature. (line 5092) * \sim: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3518) + (line 3519) * \simeq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3521) + (line 3522) * \sin: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3775) + (line 3776) * \sinh: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3778) + (line 3779) * \sl: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 552) + (line 553) * \slshape: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 493) + (line 494) * \small: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) + (line 568) * \smallint: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3524) + (line 3525) * \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4186) + (line 4187) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4186) + (line 4187) * \smile: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3527) -* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 4097) + (line 3528) +* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 4098) * \spadesuit: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3530) + (line 3531) * \sqcap: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3533) + (line 3534) * \sqcup: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3536) -* \sqrt[RA?Z]{argumento}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3889) + (line 3537) +* \sqrt[RA?Z]{argumento}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3890) * \sqsubset: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3539) + (line 3540) * \sqsubseteq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3542) + (line 3543) * \sqsupset: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3545) + (line 3546) * \sqsupseteq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3548) + (line 3549) * \ss (?): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4744) + (line 4745) * \SS (SS): Caracteres no Ingleses. - (line 4744) -* \stackrel{TEXTO}{RELACI?N}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3894) + (line 4745) +* \stackrel{TEXTO}{RELACI?N}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3895) * \star: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3551) -* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 5098) -* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 2842) -* \stop: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5170) -* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 5106) -* \subparagraph: Seccionado. (line 807) -* \subsection: Seccionado. (line 804) + (line 3552) +* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 5099) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 2843) +* \stop: L?nea de ?rdenes. (line 5171) +* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 5107) +* \subparagraph: Seccionado. (line 808) +* \subsection: Seccionado. (line 805) * \subset: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3554) + (line 3555) * \subseteq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3557) -* \subsubsection: Seccionado. (line 805) + (line 3558) +* \subsubsection: Seccionado. (line 806) * \succ: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3560) + (line 3561) * \succeq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3563) + (line 3564) * \sum: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3566) + (line 3567) * \sup: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3781) + (line 3782) * \supset: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3569) + (line 3570) * \supseteq: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3572) + (line 3573) * \surd: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3575) + (line 3576) * \swarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3578) + (line 3579) * \symbol: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4411) -* \t (acento atadura con siguiente): Acentos. (line 4681) -* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 4097) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 1895) -* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 2046) + (line 4412) +* \t (acento atadura con siguiente): Acentos. (line 4682) +* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 4098) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 1896) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 2047) * \tableofcontents: Tablas de Contenido. - (line 4843) + (line 4844) * \tan: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3784) + (line 3785) * \tanh: Funciones Matem?ticas. - (line 3787) + (line 3788) * \tau: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3581) -* \telephone: \telephone. (line 5114) -* \TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4479) -* \textascenderwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4517) -* \textasciicircum: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4482) -* \textasciitilde: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4485) -* \textasteriskcentered: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4488) -* \textbackslash: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4491) -* \textbar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4494) -* \textbardbl: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4497) + (line 3582) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 5115) +* \TeX: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4480) +* \textascenderwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4518) +* \textasciicircum: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4483) +* \textasciitilde: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4486) +* \textasteriskcentered: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4489) +* \textbackslash: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4492) +* \textbar: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4495) +* \textbardbl: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4498) * \textbf: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 489) -* \textbigcircle: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4500) -* \textbraceleft: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4503) -* \textbraceright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4506) -* \textbullet: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4509) -* \textcapitalwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4516) -* \textcircled{LETRA}: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4512) -* \textcompwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4515) -* \textcopyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4430) -* \textdagger: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4522) -* \textdaggerdbl: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4525) -* \textdollar (o \$): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4528) -* \textellipsis: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4454) -* \textemdash (o ---): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4531) -* \textendash (o --): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4534) -* \texteuro: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4537) -* \textexclamdown (o !`): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4540) -* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 1219) -* \textfraction: figure. (line 1224) -* \textgreater: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4543) + (line 490) +* \textbigcircle: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4501) +* \textbraceleft: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4504) +* \textbraceright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4507) +* \textbullet: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4510) +* \textcapitalwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4517) +* \textcircled{LETRA}: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4513) +* \textcompwordmark: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4516) +* \textcopyright: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4431) +* \textdagger: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4523) +* \textdaggerdbl: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4526) +* \textdollar (o \$): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4529) +* \textellipsis: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4455) +* \textemdash (o ---): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4532) +* \textendash (o --): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4535) +* \texteuro: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4538) +* \textexclamdown (o !`): S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4541) +* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 1220) +* \textfraction: figure. (line 1225) +* \textgreater: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4544) * \textheight: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 766) + (line 767) * \textit: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 480) -* \textleftarrow: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4549) -* \textless: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4546) + (line 481) +* \textleftarrow: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4550) +* \textless: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4547) * \textmd: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 486) + (line 487) * \textnormal: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 501) -* \textordfeminine: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4552) -* \textordfeminine <1>: S?mbolos de Texto. 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(line 1704) -* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 4124) -* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 4052) + (line 3585) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 1698) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 1705) +* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 4125) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 4053) * \tilde: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3827) + (line 3828) * \times: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3587) + (line 3588) * \tiny: Tama?os del Tipo de Letra. - (line 567) -* \title{TEXTO}: \maketitle. (line 3982) + (line 568) +* \title{TEXTO}: \maketitle. (line 3983) * \to: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3590) -* \today: \today. (line 4772) + (line 3591) +* \today: \today. (line 4773) * \top: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3593) -* \topfraction: figure. (line 1230) + (line 3594) +* \topfraction: figure. (line 1231) * \topmargin: Par?metros para el Dise?o de P?gina. - (line 780) -* \topsep: itemize. (line 1420) + (line 781) +* \topsep: itemize. 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(line 1526) + (line 3025) +* \underbar: Acentos. (line 4690) +* \underbrace{matem?ticas}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3900) +* \underline{text}: Miscel?nea Math. (line 3903) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 1527) * \unlhd: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3605) + (line 3606) * \unrhd: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3609) + (line 3610) * \Uparrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3613) + (line 3614) * \uparrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3616) + (line 3617) * \Updownarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3619) + (line 3620) * \updownarrow: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3622) + (line 3623) * \uplus: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3625) + (line 3626) * \upshape: Estilos del Tipo de Letra. - (line 491) + (line 492) * \Upsilon: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3628) + (line 3629) * \upsilon: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3631) -* \usebox: \usebox. (line 4374) -* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 2794) + (line 3632) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 4375) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. 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(line 1772) + (line 3831) +* \vector: \vector. (line 1773) * \vee: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3655) -* \verb: \verb. (line 2263) + (line 3656) +* \verb: \verb. (line 2264) * \Vert: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3658) + (line 3659) * \vert: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3661) -* \vfill: \vfill. (line 4195) -* \vline: \vline. (line 2099) -* \vspace: \vspace. (line 4202) + (line 3662) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 4196) +* \vline: \vline. (line 2100) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 4203) * \wedge: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3664) + (line 3665) * \widehat: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3833) + (line 3834) * \widetilde: Acentos Matem?ticos. - (line 3836) + (line 3837) * \width: Longitudes Predeterminadas. - (line 2903) + (line 2904) * \wp: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3667) + (line 3668) * \wr: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3670) + (line 3671) * \Xi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3673) + (line 3674) * \xi: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3676) -* \year: \day \month \year. (line 2848) + (line 3677) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 2849) * \zeta: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3679) + (line 3680) * \[: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3011) -* \\ (para array): array. (line 955) -* \\ (para centrar): center. (line 988) -* \\ (para eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 1118) -* \\ (para flushright): flushright. (line 1321) -* \\ (para objetos \shortstack): \shortstack. (line 1767) -* \\ forzar la separaci?n de l?nea: \\. (line 2313) -* \\ para cartas: Cartas. (line 4994) -* \\ para flushleft: flushleft. (line 1295) -* \\ para tabular: tabular. (line 1959) -* \\ para verse: verse. (line 2292) -* \\ para \author: \maketitle. (line 3966) -* \\ para \title: \maketitle. (line 3983) -* \\ tabbing: tabbing. (line 1836) -* \\* (para eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 1123) + (line 3012) +* \\ (para array): array. (line 956) +* \\ (para centrar): center. (line 989) +* \\ (para eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 1119) +* \\ (para flushright): flushright. (line 1322) +* \\ (para objetos \shortstack): \shortstack. (line 1768) +* \\ forzar la separaci?n de l?nea: \\. (line 2314) +* \\ para cartas: Cartas. (line 4995) +* \\ para flushleft: flushleft. (line 1296) +* \\ para tabular: tabular. (line 1960) +* \\ para verse: verse. (line 2293) +* \\ para \author: \maketitle. (line 3967) +* \\ para \title: \maketitle. (line 3984) +* \\ tabbing: tabbing. (line 1837) +* \\* (para eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 1124) * \]: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3011) + (line 3012) * \^: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4407) -* \^ (acento circunflejo): Acentos. (line 4633) + (line 4408) +* \^ (acento circunflejo): Acentos. (line 4634) * \_: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) -* \` (acento grave): Acentos. (line 4638) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1866) + (line 4397) +* \` (acento grave): Acentos. (line 4639) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1867) * \{: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) + (line 4397) * \|: S?mbolos Matem?ticos. - (line 3052) + (line 3053) * \}: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4396) + (line 4397) * \~: Caracteres Reservados. - (line 4407) -* \~ (acento tilde): Acentos. (line 4644) + (line 4408) +* \~ (acento tilde): Acentos. (line 4645) * ^: Sub?ndices y Super?ndices. - (line 3038) + (line 3039) * _: Sub?ndices y Super?ndices. - (line 3038) -* abstract, entorno: abstract. (line 924) -* array, entorno: array. (line 934) -* caja lR: picture. (line 1583) -* center, entorno: center. (line 981) + (line 3039) +* abstract, entorno: abstract. (line 925) +* array, entorno: array. (line 935) +* caja lR: picture. (line 1584) +* center, entorno: center. (line 982) * clase article: Clases de Documento. - (line 356) + (line 357) * clase book: Clases de Documento. - (line 356) + (line 357) * clase letter: Clases de Documento. - (line 356) + (line 357) * clase report: Clases de Documento. - (line 356) + (line 357) * clase slides: Clases de Documento. - (line 356) -* contador secnumdepth: Seccionado. (line 841) -* description, entorno: description. (line 1019) -* displaymath, entorno: displaymath. (line 1044) + (line 357) +* contador secnumdepth: Seccionado. (line 842) +* description, entorno: description. (line 1020) +* displaymath, entorno: displaymath. (line 1045) * displaymath, entorno <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* document, entorno: document. (line 1066) -* ejemplo \Alph: enumerate. (line 1107) -* ejemplo \parskip: itemize. (line 1434) -* entorno abstract: abstract. (line 924) -* entorno array: array. (line 934) -* entorno center: center. (line 981) -* entorno description: description. (line 1019) -* entorno displaymath: displaymath. (line 1044) + (line 3002) +* document, entorno: document. (line 1067) +* ejemplo \Alph: enumerate. (line 1108) +* ejemplo \parskip: itemize. (line 1435) +* entorno abstract: abstract. (line 925) +* entorno array: array. (line 935) +* entorno center: center. (line 982) +* entorno description: description. (line 1020) +* entorno displaymath: displaymath. (line 1045) * entorno displaymath <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* entorno document: document. (line 1066) -* entorno enumerate: enumerate. (line 1072) -* entorno eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 1112) -* entorno equation: equation. (line 1139) + (line 3002) +* entorno document: document. (line 1067) +* entorno enumerate: enumerate. (line 1073) +* entorno eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 1113) +* entorno equation: equation. (line 1140) * entorno equation <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* entorno figure: figure. (line 1152) -* entorno filecontents: filecontents. (line 1237) -* entorno filecontents*: filecontents. (line 1237) -* entorno flushleft: flushleft. (line 1289) -* entorno flushright: flushright. (line 1315) -* entorno itemize: itemize. (line 1341) -* entorno letter: letter. (line 1450) -* entorno list: list. (line 1455) -* entorno math: math. (line 1479) + (line 3002) +* entorno figure: figure. (line 1153) +* entorno filecontents: filecontents. (line 1238) +* entorno filecontents*: filecontents. (line 1238) +* entorno flushleft: flushleft. (line 1290) +* entorno flushright: flushright. (line 1316) +* entorno itemize: itemize. (line 1342) +* entorno letter: letter. (line 1451) +* entorno list: list. (line 1456) +* entorno math: math. (line 1480) * entorno math <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* entorno minipage: minipage. (line 1492) -* entorno picture: picture. (line 1522) -* entorno quotation: quotation. (line 1783) -* entorno quote: quote. (line 1800) -* entorno tabbing: tabbing. (line 1816) -* entorno table: table. (line 1914) -* entorno tabular: tabular. (line 1942) -* entorno thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 2107) -* entorno theorem: theorem. (line 2213) -* entorno titlepage: titlepage. (line 2226) -* entorno verbatim: verbatim. (line 2245) -* entorno verse: verse. (line 2281) -* enumerate, entorno: enumerate. (line 1072) -* eqnarray, entorno: eqnarray. (line 1112) -* equation, entorno: equation. (line 1139) + (line 3002) +* entorno minipage: minipage. (line 1493) +* entorno picture: picture. (line 1523) +* entorno quotation: quotation. (line 1784) +* entorno quote: quote. (line 1801) +* entorno tabbing: tabbing. (line 1817) +* entorno table: table. (line 1915) +* entorno tabular: tabular. (line 1943) +* entorno thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 2108) +* entorno theorem: theorem. (line 2214) +* entorno titlepage: titlepage. (line 2227) +* entorno verbatim: verbatim. (line 2246) +* entorno verse: verse. (line 2282) +* enumerate, entorno: enumerate. (line 1073) +* eqnarray, entorno: eqnarray. (line 1113) +* equation, entorno: equation. (line 1140) * equation, entorno <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* figure, entorno: figure. (line 1152) -* filecontents*, entorno: filecontents. (line 1237) -* filecontents, entorno: filecontents. (line 1237) -* flushleft, entorno: flushleft. (line 1289) -* flushright, entorno: flushright. (line 1315) -* indexspace: ?ndices. (line 4950) -* itemize, entorno: itemize. (line 1341) -* direcci?n de correo electr?nico: Acerca de este documento. + (line 3002) +* figure, entorno: figure. (line 1153) +* filecontents*, entorno: filecontents. (line 1238) +* filecontents, entorno: filecontents. (line 1238) +* flushleft, entorno: flushleft. (line 1290) +* flushright, entorno: flushright. (line 1316) +* indexspace: ?ndices. (line 4951) +* itemize, entorno: itemize. (line 1342) +* direcci?n de correo electr?nico: Acerca de este documento. (line 255) -* letter, entorno: letter. (line 1450) -* list, entorno: list. (line 1455) -* lrbox: lrbox. (line 4254) -* math, entorno: math. (line 1479) +* letter, entorno: letter. (line 1451) +* list, entorno: list. (line 1456) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 4255) +* math, entorno: math. (line 1480) * math, entorno <1>: F?rmulas Matem?ticas. - (line 3001) -* minipage, entorno: minipage. (line 1492) + (line 3002) +* minipage, entorno: minipage. (line 1493) * opci?n 10pt: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 376) + (line 377) * opci?n 11pt: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 376) + (line 377) * opci?n 12pt: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 376) + (line 377) * opci?n a4paper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n a5paper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n b5paper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n draft: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n executivepaper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n final: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n fleqn: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n landscape: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n legalpaper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n leqno: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n letterpaper: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 382) + (line 383) * opci?n notitlepage: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n onecolumn: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) + (line 409) * opci?n oneside: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) + (line 409) * opci?n openany: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) + (line 409) * opci?n openbib: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n openright: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) + (line 409) * opci?n titlepage: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 387) + (line 388) * opci?n twocolumn: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) + (line 409) * opci?n twoside: Opciones de Clase de Documento. - (line 408) -* paquete textcomp: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4424) -* picture, entorno: picture. (line 1522) -* printindex: ?ndices. (line 4946) -* quotation, entorno: quotation. (line 1783) -* quote, entorno: quote. (line 1800) -* tabbing, entorno: tabbing. (line 1816) -* table, entorno: table. (line 1914) -* tabular, entorno: tabular. (line 1942) -* thebibliography, entorno: thebibliography. (line 2107) -* theorem, entorno: theorem. (line 2213) -* titlepage, entorno: titlepage. (line 2226) -* verbatim, entorno: verbatim. (line 2245) -* verse, entorno: verse. (line 2281) + (line 409) +* paquete textcomp: S?mbolos de Texto. (line 4425) +* picture, entorno: picture. (line 1523) +* printindex: ?ndices. (line 4947) +* quotation, entorno: quotation. (line 1784) +* quote, entorno: quote. (line 1801) +* tabbing, entorno: tabbing. (line 1817) +* table, entorno: table. (line 1915) +* tabular, entorno: tabular. (line 1943) +* thebibliography, entorno: thebibliography. (line 2108) +* theorem, entorno: theorem. (line 2214) +* titlepage, entorno: titlepage. (line 2227) +* verbatim, entorno: verbatim. (line 2246) +* verse, entorno: verse. (line 2282) Modified: trunk/latex2e-es.xml =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e-es.xml 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e-es.xml 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -1,14 +1,25 @@ - + \input texinfo - + latex2e-es.info es UTF-8 Julio 2010 +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ +latexrefman@@tug.org + +thenelse\else\@c + + + &latex;2e Manual de Referencia (Julio 2010) @@ -86,7 +97,6 @@ -\global\hbadness=4444 % no se queja mucho @@ -171,17 +181,17 @@ informes de errores -latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org direcci?n de correo electr?nico +latexrefman&arobase;tug.org direcci?n de correo electr?nico Una vez m?s, el presente documento no es oficial y no ha sido revisado por los responsables del proyecto &latex;. No enviar informes de error o cualquier otra cosa sobre este documento a ellos. En su lugar, por favor, env?e todos comentarios a -latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org. +latexrefman&arobase;tug.org. La p?gina principal de este documento es -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/. Esa p?gina tiene enlaces al resultado actual de la compilaci?n de este documento en varios formatos, a fuentes, a listas de correo, y a otros infraestructura. @@ -2570,13 +2580,13 @@ subsecuentes instrucciones de tabulaci?n, comenzando con la l?nea de tabulaci?n si es necesario. -\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing) +\' (tabbing)\' (tabbing) Mueve todo lo que ha escrito hasta ahora en la columna actual, es decir, cualquier cosa desde la instrucci?n \>, \<, \', \\ o \kill m?s reciente, a la derecha de la columna anterior, a ras de la tabulaci?n de la columna actual. -\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing) +\` (tabbing)\` (tabbing) Permite poner texto alineado a la derecha contra cualquier tabulaci?n, incluyendo la tabulaci?n 0. Sin embargo, no puede mover el texto a la derecha de la ?ltima columna porque all? no hay tabulaci?n. La @@ -2586,8 +2596,8 @@ o \' entre el \` y la instrucci?n que termina la l?nea. \a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) -\a&textrsquo; (acento agudo en tabulaci?n) -\a&textlsquo; (acento grave en tabulaci?n) +\a' (acento agudo en tabulaci?n) +\a` (acento grave en tabulaci?n) \a= (acento macr?n en tabbing) En un entorno tabbing, las instrucciones \=, \' y \` no producen acentos en la manera usual (Acentos). En @@ -3151,7 +3161,6 @@ La forma con * difiere ?nicamente en que los espacios son impresos con un car?cter de &textldquo;espacio visible&textrdquo;. -(A saber, {\tt\char&textlsquo;\ }.) @@ -3925,9 +3934,6 @@ incluido. -?stos son los s?mbolos: -$\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$ -$\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$ Los s?mbolos no son compatibles en info principalmente, pero aqu? est?n los nombres: @@ -5247,7 +5253,6 @@ Puntos suspensivos horizontales con los puntos elevados al centro de la l?nea. -Al igual que en: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. \ddots\ddots @@ -5279,7 +5284,6 @@ argumento opcional ra?z determina qu? ra?z producir. Por ejemplo, la ra?z c?bica de x+y se escribe como $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. -En &tex;, el resultado tiene el siguiente aspecto: $\root 3 \of x+y$. \stackrel{texto}{relaci?n}\stackrel{texto}{relaci?n} @@ -5287,15 +5291,11 @@ Por ejemplo, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}. -En &tex;, el resultado tiene el siguiente aspecto: $\buildrel f \over -\longrightarrow$. \underbrace{matem?ticas}\underbrace{matem?ticas} Genera matem?ticas con una llave por debajo. -En &tex;, el resultado tiene el siguiente aspecto: -$\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$. \underline{text}\underline{text} @@ -5303,15 +5303,12 @@ math o no. La l?nea siempre est? por debajo del texto, teniendo en cuenta los descendientes. -En &tex;, el resultado tiene el siguiente aspecto: $\underline{xyz}$ \vdots\vdots \vdots Produce puntos suspensivos verticales. -En &tex;, el resultado tiene el siguiente aspecto: -$\vdots$. @@ -5666,7 +5663,6 @@ puntuaci?n de muy poca altura. Sin embargo, con punto y coma o dos puntos, as? como letras normales, puede ayudar. Compare -{\it f\/: f\/;} f: f; (en la salida &tex;, las &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;s est?n separadas correctamente) con f: f;. @@ -5674,7 +5670,6 @@ A pesar del nombre, los caracteres latinos tambi?n pueden tener una correcci?n en cursiva. Compare -pdf\/\TeX{} pdf&tex; (en la &tex; salida, hay un peque?o espacio despu?s de la &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;) @@ -6404,7 +6399,7 @@ \' \capitalacute -\&textrsquo; (acento agudo) +\' (acento agudo) \capitalacute acento agudo Produce un acento agudo, como en o. En el entorno tabbing, @@ -6437,7 +6432,7 @@ \` \capitalgrave -\&textlsquo; (acento grave) +\` (acento grave) \capitalgrave acento grave Produce un acento grave sobre la siguiente, como en o. En el Modified: trunk/latex2e.dbk =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.dbk 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e.dbk 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ ]> -&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (November 2016) + + +&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018) - @@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ + @@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of November 2016. +document preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of November 2016. +document preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -109,12 +111,11 @@ - &latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. +March 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. @@ -122,31 +123,31 @@ About this document -bug reporting -reporting bugs -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman home page +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ home page This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex; typesetting program (see Overview). This document’s home page is -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. That page has links to the +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/. That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and subscriptions, and other infrastructure. &latex; vs. &latex;2e In this document, we will mostly just use ‘&latex;’ rather than ‘&latex;2e’, since the previous version of &latex; (2.09) was -retired many years ago. +frozen decades ago. unofficial nature of this manual &latex; Project team -latexrefman-discuss at gna.org email address +latexrefman at tug.org email address &latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers (http://latex-project.org). The official documentation written by the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; -maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this -document to them. Instead, please send all comments to -latexrefman-discuss at gna.org. +maintainers. +bug reporting +reporting bugs +Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. +Instead, please send all comments to latexrefman at tug.org. This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few @@ -162,8 +163,9 @@ http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide usrguide official documentation -The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;; -there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;. +Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent +of &latex; itself; one such is the next item: http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort lshort document @@ -438,7 +440,8 @@ - + +Environments Synopsis: @@ -472,14 +475,18 @@ \end{tabular} - + + +Command declarations A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other command or parameter. For instance, the \mainmatter command changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic. - + + +<literal>\makeatletter</literal> and <literal>\makeatother</literal> Synopsis: @@ -497,7 +504,7 @@ catcode character category code category code, character -catcode for shorter. For instance, the backslash \ is +catcode for short. For instance, the backslash \ is assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two commands alter the catcode assigned to @. @@ -511,36 +518,96 @@ contain an @. But \makeatletter and \makeatother allow users to define or redefine commands named with @. -Use these inside a .tex file, in the preamble. Don’t use them -inside .sty or .cls files since the \usepackage -and \documentclass commands set the at sign to have the character -code of a letter. +Use these two commands inside a .tex file, in the preamble, when +defining or redefining a command with @ in its name. Don’t use +them inside .sty or .cls files since the +\usepackage and \documentclass commands set the at sign to +have the character code of a letter. package, macros2e -macros2e package For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign -in their names, see document -http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are mainly useful -to package or class authors; examples that may be useful to document -authors are provided hereinafter. +macros2e package + +For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign +in their names see http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are +mainly intended to package or class authors. -The example code below, if put in the preamble, redefines the -section command to center the section title, put it in bold type, -and adjust the spacing. +The example below is typical. In the user’s class file is a command +\thesis at universityname. The user wants to change the +definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the +\begin{document}. - - \makeatletter -\renewcommand\section{% - \@startsection{section}% Name - {1}% Level: 0=part, 1=chapter, etc. - {0pt}% Heading indent - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% Beforeskip (if neg, no head indent) - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% Afterskip (if neg, run-in heading) - {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} % Style of head +\renewcommand{\thesis at universityname}{Saint Michael's College} \makeatother - + + +<literal>\@ifstar</literal> + +\@ifstar +commands, star-variants +star-variants, commands + +Synopsis: + +\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd at star}{\mycmd at nostar}} +\newcommand{\mycmd at nostar}[non-starred command number of args]{body of non-starred command} +\newcommand{\mycmd at star}[starred command number of args]{body of starred command} + +Many standard &latex; environments or commands have a variant with the +same name but ending with a star character *, an asterisk. +Examples are the table and table* environments and the +\section and \section* commands. + +When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward +because \newenvironment and \renewenvironment allow the +environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more +complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, +given above as \mycmd, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed +by a star. For instance, &latex; does not really have a +\section* command; instead, the \section command peeks +ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to +one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two +are \mycmd at nostar and \mycmd at star. They could take the +same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all. +As always, in a &latex; document a command using at-sign @ +must be enclosed inside a \makeatletter ... \makeatother block +(see \makeatletter and \makeatother). + +This example of \@ifstar defines the command \ciel and a +variant \ciel*. Both have one required argument. A call to +\ciel{night} will return "starry night sky" while +\ciel*{blue} will return "starry not blue sky". + +\newcommand*{\ciel at unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel at starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel at starred}{\ciel at unstarred}} + +In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of +arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent +007’s ``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, +\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.'' is equivalent to ``My name is +\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.'' + +\newcommand*{\agentsecret at unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret at starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret at starred}{\agentsecret at unstarred}} + +There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of +\@ifstar. The suffix package allows the construct +\newcommand\mycommand{unstarred version} followed by +\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{starred version}. And +&latex;3 has the xparse package that allows this code. + +\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 + {starred version}% + {unstarred version}% + } + + + + @@ -645,12 +712,16 @@ \pdfpageheight package, geometry geometry package + When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex; (see &tex; engines), options other than letterpaper set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth and -\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document’s preamble. The -geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print +\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document’s preamble. +package, geometry +geometry package + +The geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size. draft option @@ -781,14 +852,14 @@ difference between class and package Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign @ as a -character in command names without having to surround that command with -\makeatletter and \makeatother. See \makeatletter and -\makeatother. This allow you to create commands that users will not -accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or -package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or -package from interacting with others. For instance, the class -smcmemo might have commands \smc at tolist, -\smc at fromlist, etc. +character in command names without having to surround the code +containing that command with \makeatletter and +\makeatother. See \makeatletter and \makeatother. This allow +you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine. +Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with +some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with +others. For instance, the class smcmemo might have commands +\smc at tolist, \smc at fromlist, etc. @@ -804,29 +875,32 @@ class options package options -A class file or package file typically has four parts. (1) In the -identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; package or -class and describes itself, using the \NeedsTeXFormat and -\ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage commands. (2) The -preliminary declarations part declares some commands and can also load -other files. Usually these commands will be those needed for the code -used in the next part. For example, an smcmemo class might be -called with an option to read in a file with a list of people for the -to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and therefore -needs to define a command +A class file or package file typically has four parts. +In the identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; +package or class and describes itself, using the \NeedsTeXFormat +and \ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage commands. +The preliminary declarations part declares some commands and +can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed +for the code used in the next part. For example, an smcmemo +class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of +people for the to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and +therefore needs to define a command \newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}} used in that -file. (3) In the handle options part the class or package declares +file. +In the handle options part the class or package declares and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their document as \documentclass[option list]{class name}, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare \documentclass[11pt]{article} to set the default -document font size. Finally, (4) in the more declarations part the -class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, -commands and fonts, and loading other files. - -Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as stub.cls +document font size. +Finally, in the more declarations part the class or package usually does +most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and +loading other files. + + +Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as stub.cls where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the -.tex file. +.tex file. \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} \ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from] @@ -855,7 +929,7 @@ \AtBeginDvi{specials} \AtBeginDvi -Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi file +Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi file at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. \AtEndOfClass{code} @@ -867,6 +941,22 @@ multiple times; the code will be executed in the order that you called it. See also \AtBeginDocument. +\CheckCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\CheckCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\CheckCommand +\CheckCommand* +new command, check +Like \newcommand (see \newcommand & \renewcommand) but does +not define cmd; instead it checks that the current definition of +cmd is exactly as given by definition and is or is not +long command +long as expected. A long command is a command that accepts +\par within an argument. The cmd command is expected to be +long with the unstarred version of \CheckCommand. Raises an +error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start +redefining cmd yourself that no other package has already +redefined this command. + \ClassError{class name}{error text}{help text} \PackageError{package name}{error text}{help text} \ClassWarning{class name}{warning text} @@ -902,8 +992,9 @@ To format the messages, including the help text: use \protect to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with -\MessageBreak, and get a space with \space. Note that -&latex; appends a period to the messages. +\MessageBreak, and get a space with \space when a space +character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex; +appends a period to the messages. \CurrentOption \CurrentOption @@ -912,7 +1003,7 @@ or \DeclareOption*. \DeclareOption{option}{code} -\DeclareOption*{option}{code} +\DeclareOption*{code} \DeclareOption \DeclareOption* class options @@ -947,16 +1038,54 @@ \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\DeclareRobustCommand +\DeclareRobustCommand* +new command, definition +Like \newcommand and \newcommand* (see \newcommand & +\renewcommand) but these declare a robust command, even if some code +within the definition is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and +fragile commands see \protect.) Use this command to define new +robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them +robust. Unlike \newcommand these do not give an error if macro +cmd already exists; instead, a log message is put into the +transcript file if a command is redefined. + +Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined +using \newcommand so unless the command’s data is fragile and the +command is used within a moving argument, use \newcommand. + +package, etoolbox +etoolbox package + +The etoolbox package offers commands \newrobustcmd, +\newrobustcmd*, \renewrobustcmd, \renewrobustcmd*, +\providerobustcmd, and \providerobustcmd* which are similar +to \newcommand, \newcommand*, \renewcommand, +\renewcommand*, \providecommand, and +\providecommand*, but define a robust cmd with two advantages +as compared to \DeclareRobustCommand: +They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the +higher level &latex; \protect mechanism, so they do not incur +the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and +They make the same distinction between \new…, +\renew…, and \provide…, as the standard +commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine +cmd that already exists, in that case you need to use either +\renew… or \provide… or you get an error. + + \IfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code} \InputIfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code} \IfFileExists \InputIfFileExists -Execute true code if &latex; can find the file and false -code otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately -after executing true code. Thus +Execute true code if &latex; can find the file file +name and false code otherwise. In the second case it inputs the +file immediately after executing true code. Thus \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING: -img.pdf not found}} will include the graphic if it is found but -otherwise just give a warning. +img.pdf not found}} will include the graphic img.pdf if it is +found but otherwise just give a warning. This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current @@ -976,7 +1105,12 @@ The options list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The release date is optional. If present it must have the form -YYYY/MM/DD. If you request a release date and the date of +YYYY/MM/DD. + + + + +If you request a release date and the date of the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and in the log like You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version @@ -990,8 +1124,8 @@ \ExecuteOptions{options-list} \ExecuteOptions -For each option in the options-list, in order, this command -executes the command \ds@option. If this command is not +For each option option in the options-list, in order, this command +executes the command \ds@option. If this command is not defined then that option is silently ignored. It can be used to provide a default option list before @@ -1001,13 +1135,13 @@ \NeedsTeXFormat{format}[format date] \NeedsTeXFormat -Specifies the format that this class should be run under. Often issued +Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as: -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}. The format that you specify must -exactly match the one installed on your system that you invoked, -including that the string is case sensitive. If it does not match then -execution stops with an error like ‘This file needs format `xxx' -but this is `LaTeX2e'.’ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}. When a document using that class is +processed, the format name given here must match the format that is +actually being run (including that the format string is case +sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error +like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’ To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain features, include the optional format date on which those features @@ -1015,8 +1149,7 @@ If the format version installed on your system is earlier than format date then you get a warning like ‘You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is -available.’ (The &latex; kernel has been frozen for many years so you -probably do not not need to specify the format date.) +available.’ \OptionNotUsed \OptionNotUsed @@ -1030,8 +1163,8 @@ -\PassOptionsToClass{options list}{class name} -\PassOptionsToPackage{options list}{package name} +\PassOptionsToClass{option list}{class name} +\PassOptionsToPackage{option list}{package name} \PassOptionsToClass \PassOptionsToPackage Adds the options in the comma-separated list option list to the @@ -1045,16 +1178,17 @@ foo. (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.) -If your code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that -to once, for example replacing the two +If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse +that to once, for example replacing the two \RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry} with the single \RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}. But if you are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need -to queue up the options you desire. For instance, suppose the package -foo loads the package geometry. Instead of -\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics} you must write -\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics} +to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For +instance, suppose the package foo loads the package +geometry. Instead of +\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics} you must +write \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics} \RequirePackage{foo}. (If foo.sty loads an option in conflict with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.) @@ -1073,66 +1207,70 @@ in the class file as \ProcessOptions\relax (because of the existence of the starred command). -Options come in two types. ‘Local’ options have been specified for this +Options come in two types. Local options have been specified for this particular package in the options argument of \PassOptionsToPackage{options}, \usepackage[options], or -\RequirePackage[options]. ‘Global’ options are those given +\RequirePackage[options]. Global options are those given by the class user in \documentclass[options] (If an option is specified both locally and globally then it is local.) -When \ProcessOptions is called for a package pkg.sty, the -following happens. (1) For each option option so far declared +When \ProcessOptions is called for a package pkg.sty, the +following happens: +For each option option so far declared with \DeclareOption, it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local option for pkg. If so then it executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were -given in pkg.sty. (2) For each remaining local option, it -executes the command \ds@option if it has been defined -somewhere (other than by a \DeclareOption); otherwise, it -executes the default option code given in \DeclareOption*. If no -default option code has been declared then it gives an error message. -This is done in the order in which these options were specified. - +given in pkg.sty. +For each remaining local option, it executes the command +\ds@option if it has been defined somewhere (other than by +a \DeclareOption); otherwise, it executes the default option code +given in \DeclareOption*. If no default option code has been +declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in +which these options were specified. + When \ProcessOptions is called for a class it works in the same -way except that all options are local, and the default value for +way except that all options are local, and the default code for \DeclareOption* is \OptionNotUsed rather than an error. -The starred version \ProcessOptions*\@options executes the +The starred version \ProcessOptions* executes the options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. -\ProvidesClass{class name}[<release date> <brief additional information>] -\ProvidesPackage{package name}[<release date> <brief additional information>] +\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date brief additional information] +\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date] +\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date brief additional information] +\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date] \ProvidesClass \ProvidesPackage Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. When a user writes \documentclass{smcmemo} then &latex; loads -the file smcmemo.cls. Similarly, a user writing +the file smcmemo.cls. Similarly, a user writing \usepackage{test} prompts &latex; to load the file test.sty. If the name of the file does not match the declared class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke -\documentclass{smcmemo}, and the file smcmemo.cls has +\documentclass{smcmemo}, and the file smcmemo.cls has the statement \ProvidesClass{xxx} then you get a warning like You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class provides 'xxx'. This warning does not prevent &latex; from processing the rest of the class file normally. -If you include the optional part then you must include the date, before -the first space, and it must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. The rest -of the optional part is free-form, although it traditionally identifies +If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before +the first space if any, and it must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. The rest +of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the -log file. Thus, if your file smcmem.cls contains the line -\ProvidesClass{smcmem}[2008/06/01 SMC memo class] and your -document’s first line is \documentclass{smcmem} then you will -see Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 SMC memo class. +log file. Thus, if your file smcmemo.cls contains the line +\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class] and your +document’s first line is \documentclass{smcmemo} then you will +see Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class. -The date in the optional portion allows class and package users to ask +The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their -system is earlier than release date, by using the optional calls -such as \documentclass{smcmem}[2018/10/12] or +system is earlier than release date, by using the optional arguments +such as \documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12] or \usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]. (Note that package users only rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.) @@ -1141,19 +1279,21 @@ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that file and you get in the log a string like File: test.config -2017/10/12 config file for test.cls. +2017/10/12 config file for test.cls for file name equal to +‘test.config’ and additional information equal to +‘2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’. -\RequirePackage[options list]{package name}[release date] +\RequirePackage[option list]{package name}[release date] \RequirePackageWithOptions{package name}[release date] \RequirePackage \RequirePackageWithOptions -Load a package, like the author command \usepackage. +Load a package, like the document author command \usepackage. See Additional packages. An example is \RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}. Note that the &latex; development team strongly recommends use of these commands over Plain &tex;’s \input; see the Class Guide. -The options list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The +The option list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The release date, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier than release date then you get a warning like You have @@ -1383,10 +1523,11 @@ lining numerals package, textcomp textcomp package + Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, -which all have the same height as upper-case letters. &latex;’s +which all have the same height as uppercase letters. &latex;’s default fonts support this, and will respect \textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the @@ -1469,7 +1610,8 @@ T1, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows &tex; to -hyphenate words containing accented letters. +hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see +https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide. \fontfamily{family} \fontfamily @@ -1480,29 +1622,48 @@ through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are examples of some common families: - - - + pag +Avant Garde +fvs +Bitstream Vera Sans +pbk +Bookman +bch +Charter +ccr +Computer Concrete +cmr +Computer Modern +cmss +Computer Modern Sans Serif +cmtt +Computer Modern Typewriter +pcr +Courier +phv +Helvetica +fi4 +Inconsolata +lmr +Latin Modern +lmss +Latin Modern Sans +lmtt +Latin Modern Typewriter +pnc +New Century Schoolbook +ppl +Palatino +ptm +Times +uncl +Uncial +put +Utopia +pzc +Zapf Chancery + - pag Avant Garde - fvs Bitstream Vera Sans - pbk Bookman - bch Charter - ccr Computer Concrete - cmr Computer Modern - pcr Courier - phv Helvetica - fi4 Inconsolata - lmr Latin Modern - lmss Latin Modern Sans - lmtt Latin Modern Typewriter - pnc New Century Schoolbook - ppl Palatino - ptm Times - uncl Uncial - put Utopia - pzc Zapf Chancery -\fontseries{series} \fontseries series, of fonts @@ -1510,39 +1671,64 @@ width. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - m Medium (normal) - b Bold - c Condensed - bc Bold condensed - bx Bold extended - +m +Medium (normal) +b +Bold +c +Condensed +bc +Bold condensed +bx +Bold extended +weights, of fontsThe possible values for weight, individually, are: - ul Ultra light - el Extra light - l Light - sl Semi light - m Medium (normal) - sb Semi bold - b Bold - eb Extra bold - ub Ultra bold - +ul +Ultra light +el +Extra light +l +Light +sl +Semi light +m +Medium (normal) +sb +Semi bold +b +Bold +eb +Extra bold +ub +Ultra bold +widths, of fonts -The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages -are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): +The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and +relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): - uc Ultra condensed, 50% - ec Extra condensed, 62.5% - c Condensed, 75% - sc Semi condensed, 87.5% - m Medium, 100% - sx Semi expanded, 112.5% - x Expanded, 125% - ex Extra expanded, 150% - ux Ultra expanded, 200% - + +uc +Ultra condensed +ec +Extra condensed +c +Condensed +sc +Semi condensed +m +Medium +sx +Semi expanded +x +Expanded +ex +Extra expanded +ux +Ultra expanded + + When forming the series string from the weight and width, drop the m that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both weight and width are m, in which case use just one @@ -1553,13 +1739,20 @@ shapes, of fonts Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - n Upright (normal) - it Italic - sl Slanted (oblique) - sc Small caps - ui Upright italics - ol Outline - +n +Upright (normal) +it +Italic +sl +Slanted (oblique) +sc +Small caps +ui +Upright italics +ol +Outline + + The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. @@ -1580,11 +1773,13 @@ &latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when \selectfont (see below) is called. You can -make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing -\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in the preamble. +make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance +doubling it, by doing \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in +the preamble. package, setspacesetspace package + double spacingHowever, the best way to double-space a document is to use the setspace package. In addition to offering a number of spacing @@ -2024,6 +2219,7 @@ here, putting floats package, float float package + To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can \usepackage{float} and use the H specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at @@ -2057,6 +2253,9 @@ \afterpage{\clearpage}. This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. +package, flafter +flafter package + &latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source (although on the same output page) if there is a t specifier in the placement parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting @@ -2197,15 +2396,229 @@ secnumdepth counter section numbers, printing -The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. +The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting \setcounter{secnumdepth}{level} suppresses heading numbers at any depth > level, where -chapter is level zero. (See \setcounter.) +chapter is level zero. The default secnumdepth is 3 in +&latex;’s article class and 2 in the book and +report classes. (See \setcounter.) + + +<literal>\@startsection</literal> + +\@startsection +section, redefining + +Synopsis: + +\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style} + +Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning +divisions such as \section or \subsection. + +Note that the titlesec package makes manipulation of sectioning +easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be +satisfied with \@startsection, some cannot. For instance, in +the standard &latex; book and report classes the commands +\chapter and \report are not constructed in this way. To +make such a command you may want to use the \secdef command. + + +Technically, \@startsection has the form +\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}*[toctitle]{title} +(the star * is optional), so that issuing +\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}} +redefines \section to have the form +\section*[toctitle]{title} (here too, the +star * is optional). See Sectioning. This implies that +when you write a command like \renewcommand{section}{...}, +the \@startsection{...} must come last in the definition. See +the examples below. + + +name +Name of the counter used to number the +sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most +commonly this is either section, subsection, or +paragraph. Although in those three cases the counter name is the +same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not +required. + +Then \thename displays the title number and +\namemark is for the page headers. See the third +example below. + +level +An integer giving the depth of the +sectioning command: 0 for chapter (only applies to the standard +book and report classes), 1 for section, 2 for +subsection, 3 for subsubsection, 4 for paragraph, +and 5 for subparagraph. In the book and report +classes part has level -1, while in the article class +part has level 0. + +If level is less than or equal to the value of secnumdepth +then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For +instance, in an article, if secnumdepth is 1 then a +\section{Introduction} command will produce output like “1 +Introduction” while \subsection{Discussion} will produce +output like “Discussion”, without the number prefix. +See Sectioning/secnumdepth. + +If level is less than or equal to the value of tocdepth then +the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit. +For instance, in an article, if tocdepth is 1 then the table of +contents will list sections but not subsections. + + +indent +A length giving the indentation of all +of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title +flush with the margin use 0pt. A negative indentation such as +-\parindent will move the title into the left margin. + +beforeskip +The absolute value of this length is +the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning +unit’s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit +happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative +then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is +non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the +negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt is -1pt plus -2pt minus +-3pt.) + +For example, if beforeskip is -3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +then to start the new sectioning unit, &latex; will add about 3.5 times +the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in +the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with +plus and minus, is good practice here since it gives +&latex; more flexibility in making up the page (see Lengths). + +The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the +line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the +header is that it is the sum of the \parskip of the text font, +the \baselineskip of the title font, and the absolute value of +the beforeskip. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch +or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the +vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be +where &latex; would put the baseline of the first text line on that +page.) + +afterskip +This is a length. If afterskip +is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the +sectioning unit’s title header. If it is negative then the title header +becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph. +In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space +between the end of the title and the beginning of the following +paragraph. (Note that the negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt is +-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt.) + +As with beforeskip, using a rubber length, with plus and +minus components, is good practice here since it gives &latex; +more flexibility in putting together the page. + +If afterskip is non-negative then the full accounting of the +vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and +the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is +the sum of the \parskip of the title font, the +\baselineskip of the text font, and the value of after. +That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that +because the sign of afterskip changes the sectioning unit +header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative +afterskip to cancel part of the \parskip.) + +style +Controls the styling of the title. See +the examples below. Typical commands to use here are \centering, +\raggedright, \normalfont, \hrule, or +\newpage. The last command in style may be one such as +\MakeUppercase or \fbox that takes one argument. The +section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For +instance, setting style to \bfseries\MakeUppercase would +produce titles that are bold and upper case. + +These are &latex;’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with \@startsection, for the article, +book, and report classes. + +section subsection subsubsection +name +section subsection subsubsection +level +1 2 3 +indent +0pt 0pt 0pt +beforeskip +-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +afterskip +2.3ex plus 0.2ex +1.5ex plus 0.2ex +1.5ex plus 0.2ex +style +\normalfont\Large\bfseries +\normalfont\large\bfseries +\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries + +Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the +preamble of a &latex; document. If you put them in the preamble they +must go between a \makeatletter command and a +\makeatother. (Probably the error message You can't use +`\spacefactor' in vertical mode. means that you forgot this.) +See \makeatletter and \makeatother. + +This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says +\renewcommand because &latex;’s standard classes have already +defined a \section. For the same reason it does not define a +section counter, or the commands \thesection and +\l at section. + +\renewcommand\section{% + \@startsection{section}% name + {1}% level + {0pt}% indent + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% beforeskip + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% afterskip + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% style + } + +This will put subsection titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph. + +\renewcommand\subsection{% + \@startsection{subsection}% name + {2}% level + {0em}% indent + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% beforeskip + {-1em plus 0.2em}% afterskip + {\scshape}% style + } + +The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter. + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down +\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering +\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display + {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c at subsubparagraph}% numbering +\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection + {subsubparagraph}% + {6}% + {0em}% + {\baselineskip}% + {0.5\baselineskip}% + {\normalfont\normalsize}} +\newcommand*\l at subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc +\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers + + + Cross references @@ -2395,6 +2808,7 @@ environment, abstract abstract environment + abstracts Synopsis: @@ -2448,6 +2862,7 @@ environment, array array environment + arrays, math Synopsis: @@ -2487,6 +2902,9 @@ \arraycolsep, which gives half the width between columns. The default for this is ‘5pt’. +package, amsmath +amsmath package + To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the amsmath package. It comes with environments pmatrix for an array surrounded by parentheses (...), bmatrix for an array @@ -2522,6 +2940,7 @@ environment, center center environment + centering text, environment for Synopsis: @@ -2611,48 +3030,64 @@ environment, description description environment + labelled lists, creating description lists, creating Synopsis: \begin{description} -\item [first label] text of first item -\item [second label] text of second item +\item[label of first item] text of first item +\item[label of second item] text of second item ... \end{description} -Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item’s label -is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item’s text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. +Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item’s label is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the &latex; error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item’. +This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +The labels ‘lama’ and ‘llama’ come out in boldface with their +left edges aligned on the left margin. + +\begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. +\end{definition} + \item -The list consists of at least one item, created with the \item -command (see \item). Having no items causes the &latex; error -‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’). +Start list items with the \item command (see \item). Use the +optional labels, as in \item[Main point], because there is +no sensible default. Following the \item is optional text, which +may contain multiple paragraphs. bold typewriter, avoiding typewriter labels in lists Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will -come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter -with \item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold +change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with +\item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: \item[{\tt label -text}]. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use -\item[{\rm label text}]. +text}]. Similarly, get the standard roman font with \item[{\rm +label text}]. For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see itemize -and enumerate. For information about customizing list layout, see -list; also, the package enumitem is useful for this. +and enumerate. Unlike those environments, nesting +description environments does not change the default label; it is +boldface and flush left at all levels. -This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see +list. The package enumitem is useful for customizing +lists. -\begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. -\end{definition} +This example changes the description labels to small caps. + +\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} @@ -2662,40 +3097,43 @@ environment, displaymath displaymath environment + Synopsis: \begin{displaymath} - ... math text ... +math text \end{displaymath} Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option fleqn; see Document class options. -&latex; will not break the math text across lines. - In the displaymath environment no equation number is added to the math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the equation environment (see equation). -Note that the amsmath package has extensive displayed equation -facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in -new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that -package for having math text broken across lines. +&latex; will not break the math text across lines. -The construct \[..math text..\] is essentially a synonym for -\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath} but the +package, amsmath +amsmath package + +Note that the amsmath package has significantly more extensive +displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of +ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. + +The construct \[math text\] is essentially a synonym for +\begin{displaymath}math text\end{displaymath} but the latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word -displaymath will likely be unique. (The construct $$..math -text..$$ from Plain &tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a -synonym for displaymath. It is not a synonym, because the -displaymath environment checks that it isn’t started in math mode -and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start, -because the displaymath environment has different vertical -spacing, and because the displaymath environment honors the -fleqn option.) +displaymath will likely be unique. (The construct +$$math text$$ from Plain &tex; is sometimes +mistakenly used as a synonym for displaymath. It is not a +synonym, because the displaymath environment checks that it isn’t +started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching +environment start, because the displaymath environment has +different vertical spacing, and because the displaymath +environment honors the fleqn option.) The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. \begin{displaymath} @@ -2711,13 +3149,15 @@ environment, document document environment + The document environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every &latex; document. See Starting and ending. - + +<literal>\AtBeginDocument</literal> \AtBeginDocument beginning of document hook @@ -2736,7 +3176,9 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. - + + +<literal>\AtEndDocument</literal> \AtEndDocument end of document hook @@ -2756,45 +3198,55 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. + <literal>enumerate</literal> environment, enumerate enumerate environment + lists of items, numbered Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} -\item [first label] text of first item -\item [second label] text of second item +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is ‘1.’, ‘2.’, +etc. Each enumerate list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the &latex; error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item’. -\item -The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -&latex; error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’. Each -item is produced with an \item command. +This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘1.’ and +‘2.’. -This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. - \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} -Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including itemize (see itemize), description -(see description) and enumeration, up to four levels deep. -The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. -This gives &latex;’s default for the format at each nesting level -(where 1 is the outermost level): +\item +Start list items with the \item command (see \item). If you +give \item an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Interstitial label], then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (see \item). That is, you +will get labels like ‘1.’, then ‘Interstitial label’, then +‘2.’. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +Enumerations may be nested within other enumerate environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as itemize +(see itemize), up to four levels deep. This gives &latex;’s +default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, +the outermost level. + arabic number followed by a period: ‘1.’, ‘2.’, … lower case letter inside parentheses: ‘(a)’, ‘(b)’ … lower case roman numeral followed by a period: ‘i.’, ‘ii.’, … @@ -2805,10 +3257,14 @@ \enumiii \enumiv The enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi through -\enumiv counters (see Counters). If you use the optional -argument to \item then the counter is not incremented for that -item (see \item). +\enumiv (see Counters). +For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see +description and itemize. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see list. The package enumitem is +useful for customizing lists. + \labelenumi \labelenumii \labelenumiii @@ -2817,30 +3273,26 @@ (see \newcommand & \renewcommand) on the commands \labelenumi through \labelenumiv. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing -period: +period. \Alph example \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} -For a list of counter-labelling commands like \Alph see -\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. +For a list of counter-labeling commands see \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol. -For more on customizing the layout see list. Also, the package -enumitem is useful for this. - - <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment, eqnarray eqnarray environment + equations, aligning aligning equations @@ -2911,6 +3363,7 @@ environment, equation equation environment + equations, environment for formulas, environment for @@ -2925,6 +3378,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the equation counter. +You should have no blank lines between \begin{equation} and +\begin{equation}, or &latex; will tell you that there is a +missing dollar sign, $$. + Note that the amsmath package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -2936,6 +3393,7 @@ environment, figure figure environment + inserting figures figures, inserting @@ -2998,8 +3456,10 @@ environment, filecontents filecontents environment + environment, filecontents* filecontents* environment + external files, writing writing external files @@ -3058,6 +3518,7 @@ environment, flushleft flushleft environment + left-justifying text, environment for ragged right text, environment for @@ -3100,6 +3561,7 @@ environment, flushright flushright environment + ragged left text, environment for right-justifying text, environment for @@ -3142,6 +3604,7 @@ environment, itemize itemize environment + \item lists of items unordered lists @@ -3150,35 +3613,54 @@ Synopsis: \begin{itemize} -\item item1 -\item item2 +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{itemize} The itemize environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” -list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four -levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as enumerate (see enumerate). +list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of +this environment; see below. Each itemize list environment must +have at least one item; having none causes the &latex; error +‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’. -Each item of an itemize list begins with an \item command. -There must be at least one \item command within the environment. +This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, •. -By default, the marks at each level look like this: +\begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait +\end{itemize} + +\item +Start list items with the \item command (see \item). If you +give \item an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Optional label], then by default it will +appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left +margin. For labels that are flush left see the description +environment. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. -• (bullet) --- (bold en-dash) -* (asterisk) -. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) - \labelitemi \labelitemii \labelitemiii \labelitemiv -The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi -through \labelitemiv to produce the default label. So, you can -use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds: +Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as enumerate (see enumerate). The itemize environment +uses the commands \labelitemi through \labelitemiv to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. +• (bullet, from \textbullet) +-- (bold en-dash, from \normalfont\bfseries\textendash) +* (asterisk, from \textasteriskcentered) +. (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from \textperiodcentered) + +Change the labels with \renewcommand. For instance, this makes +the first level use diamonds. + \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} \leftmargin @@ -3188,67 +3670,26 @@ \leftmarginiv \leftmarginv \leftmarginvi -The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define -the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set -to the appropriate \leftmarginN when a new level of -nesting is entered. +The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the itemize list is determined by the +parameters \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi. (Note the +convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command +name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: 2.5em in +level 1 (2em in two-column mode), 2.2em in level 2, +1.87em in level 3, and 1.7em in level 4, with smaller +values for more deeply nested levels. -The defaults vary from ‘.5em’ (highest levels of nesting) to -‘2.5em’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see +description and enumerate. For information about list +layout parameters, including the default values, and for information +about customizing list layout, see list. The package +enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em - -Some parameters that affect list formatting: - -\itemindent\itemindent -Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - -\labelsep\labelsep -Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘.5em’. - -\labelwidth\labelwidth -Width of the label; default ‘2em’, or ‘1.5em’ in two-column mode. - -\listparindent\listparindent -Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default ‘0pt’. - -\rightmargin\rightmargin -Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default ‘0pt’, except in the quote, -quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal -to \leftmargin. - - -Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - -\itemsep\itemsep -Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt -minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for -11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt. - -\parsep\parsep -Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as \itemsep. - -\topsep\topsep -Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. -For top-level lists, the default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for -10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, -and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced -for nested lists. - -\partopsep\partopsep -Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a -paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt -documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt -plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt. - - \parskip example Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an itemize* @@ -3270,6 +3711,7 @@ environment, letter letter environment + This environment is used for creating letters. See Letters. @@ -3280,55 +3722,330 @@ environment, list list environment + lists of items, generic -The list environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} -\item item1 -\item item2 +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{list} -The mandatory labeling argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to \item). -This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands. +The list environment is a generic environment for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +description, enumerate, and itemize environments +(see description, enumerate, and itemize). -The mandatory spacing argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing. +Also, many standard &latex; environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using list, including quotation, +quote, center, verbatim, and plenty more +(see quotation and quote, see center, see flushright). -The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -\linewidth (see Page layout parameters). +package, enumitem +enumitem package + +The third-party package enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the list environment by defining a new custom +environment. +\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items +\newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} +\begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' +\end{named} + +The list environment’s mandatory first argument, +labeling, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can +contain text and &latex; commands, as above where it contains both +‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. &latex; forms the label by +putting the labeling argument in a box of width +\labelwidth. If the label is wider than that, the additional +material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you +can override the default labeling by giving \item an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +\item[Special label.]; see \item. + +\makelabel +The label box is constructed by the command \makelabel. By +default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, +the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing +its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +named environment add +\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}, and between +the \setlength command and the parenthesis that closes the +spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel. +Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the +second code line to \let\makelabel\fbox puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry. + +The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of +commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}. If this argument is empty, +i.e., {}, then the list will have the default spacing given +below. To number the items using a counter, put +\usecounter{countername} in this argument +(see \usecounter). + +Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (see Lengths). The vertical +spaces are normally rubber lengths, with plus and minus +components, to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change +each with a command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt}. For some effects these lengths should be zero or +negative. Default values for derived environments such as +itemize can be changed from the values shown here for the basic +list. + +\itemindent\itemindent +Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond leftmargin, of the +first line each item. Its default value is 0pt. + +\itemsep\itemsep +Vertical space between items, beyond the \parsep. The defaults +for the first three levels in &latex;’s ‘article’, ‘book’, +and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: 4pt plus2pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at +11 point are: 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, \parsep (that is, +2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and topsep (that is, 2pt +plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at 12 point are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt). + +\labelsep\labelsep +Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for &latex;’s ‘article’, ‘book’, +and ‘report’ classes is 0.5em. + +\labelwidth\labelwidth +Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If \makelabel returns text that is wider than this then the first +line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. +If \makelabel returns text of width less than or equal to +\labelwidth then &latex;’s default is that the label is typeset +flush right in a box of this width. + +The left edge of the label box is +\leftmargin+\itemindent-\labelsep-\labelwidth +from the left margin of the enclosing environment. + +The default for &latex;’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and +‘report’ classes at the top level is +\leftmargini-\labelsep, (which is 2em in one column +mode and 1.5em in two column mode). At the second level it is +\leftmarginii-\labelsep, and at the third level it is +\leftmarginiii-\labelsep. These definitions make the +label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing +environment. + +\leftmargin\leftmargin +Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the +left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. + +In the standard &latex; document classes, a top-level list has this set +to the value of \leftmargini, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to \leftmarginii. More +deeply nested lists get the values of \leftmarginiii through +\leftmarginvi. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message ‘Too deeply nested’.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;’s ‘article’, +‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: \leftmargini is +2.5em (in two column mode, 2em), \leftmarginii is +2.2em, and \leftmarginiii is 1.87em. + +\listparindent\listparindent +Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond +\leftmargin, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value +is 0pt. + +\parsep\parsep +Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the ‘book’ +and ‘article’ classes The defaults for the first three levels in +&latex;’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 +point size are: 4pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt +minus1pt, and 0pt. The defaults at 11 point size are: +4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and +0pt. The defaults at 12 point size are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 0pt. + +\partopsep\partopsep +Vertical space added, beyond \topsep+\parskip, to the top +and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by +a blank line. (A blank line in the &latex; source before the list +changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line +following the list is blank does not matter.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;’s ‘article’, +‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: 2pt +plus1 minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt +minus1pt. The defaults at 11 point are: 3pt plus1pt minus1pt, +3pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt). The +defaults at 12 point are: 3pt plus2pt minus3pt, 3pt plus2pt +minus2pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt. + +\rightmargin\rightmargin +Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is 0pt. +It must be non-negative. + +\topsep\topsep +Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to \parskip (see \parskip). The defaults for the first three +levels in &latex;’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ +classes at 10 point size are: 8pt plus2pt minus4pt, 4pt +plus2pt minus1pt, and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 11 +point are: 9pt plus3pt minus5pt, 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, +and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 12 point are: +10pt plus4pt minus6pt, 5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt, and +2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt. + + +This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + +....................................................................... +..............Surrounding environment, preceding material.............. - + | v0 + |---h0--|-h1-| | + ..Label.. .....First item..................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - + | v1 + ........First item, second paragraph .................. - + |-h2-| | v2 + | + ..Label.. .....Second item.................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - +|-h3--|-h4-| |-h5-| |v3 + | +..............Surrounding environment, following material.............. - +....................................................................... +The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for h1 equals the right edge of the +bracket for h4, so that the left edge of the label box is at +h3+h4-(h0+h1). + +v0 +\topsep + \parskip if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and +\topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does + +v1 +\parsep + +v2 +\itemsep+\parsep + +v3 +Same as v0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line +appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + +h1 +\labelsep + +h2 +\listparindent + +h3 +\leftmargin + +h4 +\itemindent + +h5 +\rightmargin + + +The list’s left and right margins, shown above as h3 and h5, +are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or +with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width +used for typesetting the list items is \linewidth (see Page +layout parameters). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with +\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}. + +Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the &latex; default is +-\@lowpenalty, that is, -51. Because it is negative, +it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, +e.g., \@beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a +page break. + +\@beginparpenalty\@beginparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default -51). + +\@itempenalty\@itempenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default -51). + +\@endparpenalty\@endparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default -51). + + +This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + +\usepackage{color} +\newcounter{cnt} +\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} +\newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } +{\end{list} } + + + -<literal>\item</literal>: An entry in a list. +<literal>\item</literal>: An entry in a list Synopsis: \item text of item or -\item[optional label] text of item +\item[optional-label] text of item An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default -depends on the list type. +depends on the list type. -Because the optional argument optional label is surrounded by -square brackets ([ and ]), to use square brackets -inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as -in \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. Similarly, to use an open -square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it -inside curly braces. See &latex; command syntax. +Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets +‘[...]’, if you have an item whose text starts with ‘[’, you +have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: \item +{[} is an open square bracket; otherwise, &latex; will think it +marks the start of an optional label. -In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. +Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. See &latex; +command syntax. +In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label. + \begin{enumerate} \item Moe \item[sometimes] Shemp @@ -3336,12 +4053,53 @@ \end{enumerate} The first item is labelled ‘1.’, the second item is labelled -‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’ (note that, -because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does -not get a ‘3.’). +‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’. Because +of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not +labelled ‘3.’. + + +<literal>trivlist</literal>: A restricted form of <literal>list</literal> +Synopsis: + +\begin{trivlist} + ... +\end{trivlist} + +A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not +indented and an \item without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the \item command as part of the environment’s definition. For +instance, the center environment is defined essentially like +this: + +\newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} + +Using trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit some +common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; +detecting whether the text following the environment should be +considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; +adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list +environments. + +Specifically, trivlist uses the current values of the list +parameters (see list), except that \parsep is set to the +value of \parskip, and \leftmargin, \labelwidth, +and \itemindent are set to zero. + +This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. + +\begin{trivlist} +\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. +\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. +\end{trivlist} + + @@ -3349,6 +4107,7 @@ environment, math math environment + in-line formulas Synopsis: @@ -3357,8 +4116,8 @@ math \end{math} -The math environment inserts the given math within the -running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. +The math environment inserts given math material within +the running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. See Math formulas. @@ -3368,6 +4127,7 @@ environment, minipage minipage environment + minipage, creating a \begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width} @@ -3408,6 +4168,7 @@ environment, picture picture environment + creating pictures pictures, creating @@ -3432,6 +4193,7 @@ package, picture picture package + The picture package redefine the picture environment so that everywhere a number is used in a picture commands to specify a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that @@ -3763,11 +4525,13 @@ environment, quotation quotation environment + quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation paragraph indentations in quoted text environment, quote quote environment + quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting @@ -3813,6 +4577,7 @@ environment, tabbing tabbing environment + tab stops, using lining text up using tab stops alignment via tabbing @@ -3820,23 +4585,69 @@ Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} -row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\ -row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\ +row1col1 \= row1col2 ... \\ +row2col1 \> row2col2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} -The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in -columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as -was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +The tabbing environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. -This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular -environment. +This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a \kill command (which is described below): -The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment: +\begin{tabbing} +\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill +Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ +\textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ +\textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ +\textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ +\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ +\end{tabbing} + +Both the tabbing environment and the more widely-used +tabular environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is +determined automatically by &latex;, while in tabbing the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that tabular +generates a box, but tabbing can be broken across pages. +Finally, while tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing +can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +A tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the \hspace command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the tabbing environment is +the end of line, so that the width of the environment is +\linewidth. + +row, tabbing +The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed +rows. The first tabbed row begins immediately after +\begin{tabbing} and each row ends with \\ or +\kill. The last row may omit the \\ and end with just +\end{tabbing}. + +At any point the tabbing environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of n > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is +always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab +stop number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if +all the stops 0, …, i-1 have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. + +By default any text typeset in a tabbing environment is typeset +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (see Modes). + +The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment. +They are all fragile (see \protect). + \\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing) -End a line. +End a tabbed line and typeset it. \= (tabbing)\= (tabbing) Sets a tab stop at the current position. @@ -3859,34 +4670,35 @@ following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -\’ (tabbing)\' (tabbing) -Moves everything that you have typed so far in the -current column, i.e., everything from the most recent \>, -\<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column’s tab stop. +\' (tabbing)\' (tabbing) +Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., +everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', +\\, or \kill command, to the previous column and aligned +to the right, flush against the current column’s tab stop. -\‘ (tabbing)\` (tabbing) +\` (tabbing)\` (tabbing) Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last column -because there’s no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the -text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} -command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing -environment. There must be no \> or \' command between -the \` and the command that ends the line. +stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last +column because there’s no tab stop there. The \` command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin +of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or +\' command between the \` and the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line. \a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) -\a’ (acute accent in tabbing) -\a‘ (grave accent in tabbing) +\a' (acute accent in tabbing) +\a` (grave accent in tabbing) \a= (macron accent in tabbing) In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as usual (see Accents). Instead, -the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. +use the commands \a=, \a' and \a`. \kill\kill -Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ -except that it throws away the current line instead of producing -output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- -commands in that line remain in effect. +Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ except +that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. +Any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in +effect. \poptabs\poptabs \poptabs @@ -3897,28 +4709,56 @@ tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing environment. \tabbingsep\tabbingsep -Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'. +Distance of the text moved by \' to left of current tab stop. -This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +This example typesets a Pascal function: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} +The output looks like this: +function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; + +package, algorithm2e +algorithm2e package +package, listings +listings package +package, minted +minted package +package, fancyvrb +fancyvrb package + + +(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (see verbatim) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +algorithm2e, fancyvrb, listings, and +minted.) + + <literal>table</literal> environment, table table environment + tables, creating creating tables @@ -3970,6 +4810,7 @@ environment, tabular tabular environment + lines in tables lining text up in tables @@ -4326,6 +5167,7 @@ environment, thebibliography thebibliography environment + bibliography, creating (manually) Synopsis: @@ -4339,13 +5181,29 @@ reference list. In the article class, this reference list is labelled -“References”; in the report class, it is labelled -“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) -by redefining the command \refname. For instance, this -eliminates it entirely: +‘References’ and the label is stored in macro \refname; in +the report class, it is labelled ‘Bibliography’ and the +label is stored in macro \bibname. -\renewcommand{\refname}{} - +You can change the label by redefining the command \refname or +\bibname, whichever is applicable depending on the class: + +\bibname +For standard classes whose top level sectioning is \chapter +(such as book and report), the label is in the macro +\bibname; + +\refname +For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is \section +(such as article), the label is in macro \refname. + +package, babel +babel package + +Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +\refname or \bibname; language support packages like +babel do this. + The mandatory widest-label argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the \bibitem commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with @@ -4465,6 +5323,7 @@ environment, theorem theorem environment + theorems, typesetting Synopsis: @@ -4485,6 +5344,7 @@ environment, titlepage titlepage environment + making a title page title pages, creating @@ -4531,6 +5391,7 @@ environment, verbatim verbatim environment + verbatim text simulating typed text typed text, simulating @@ -4549,7 +5410,8 @@ into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. -The verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt). +The verbatim environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +(\tt). @@ -4581,6 +5443,7 @@ environment, verse verse environment + poetry, an environment for Synopsis: @@ -5085,6 +5948,7 @@ package, footmisc footmisc package + stable option to footmisc package causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of @@ -5177,6 +6041,7 @@ &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. + @@ -5681,11 +6546,14 @@ fragile commands robust commands -All &latex; commands are either fragile or robust. -Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and -many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in -the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from -breaking one solution is to have them preceded by the command +All &latex; commands are either fragile or robust. A +fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain +other commands. Commands that contain data that &latex; writes to an +auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material +that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, +etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an +optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from +breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command \protect. For example, when &latex; runs the \section{section @@ -5733,6 +6601,87 @@ + +<literal>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</literal> + +\ignorespaces +\ignorespacesafterend +spaces, ignore around commands +commands, ignore spaces + +Synopsis: + +\ignorespaces + +or + +\ignorespacesafterend + +Both commands cause &latex; to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. + +The ignorespaces is often used when defining commands via +\newcommand, or \newenvironment, or \def. The +example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values +for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as +shown in the enumerate list, users must not put any space between +the command and the question text. + +\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} +\begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' +\end{enumerate} + +The solution is to change to +\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}. + +A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The +commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, +as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +\fullname will reproduce that. + +\makeatletter +\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name +\makeatother +\begin{tabular}{|l|} +\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here +\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title +\end{tabular} + +To fix this, change to +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}. + +The \ignorespaces is also often used in a \newenvironment +at the end of the begin clause, that is, as part of the second +argument, as in \begin{newenvironment}{env +name}{... \ignorespaces}{...}. + +To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +\ignorespacesafterend. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + +\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} +\begin{eq} +e=mc^2 +\end{eq} +\begin{equation} +F=ma +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +E=IR +\end{equation} + +Putting a comment character % immediately after the +\end{eq} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +inconvenient. The solution is to change to +\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}. + + + Counters @@ -5802,14 +6751,17 @@ Here are the symbols: -NameCommandEquivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point -asterisk\ast* +NameCommandEquivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point +asterisk\ast* dagger\dagger† ddagger\ddagger‡ section-sign\S§ paragraph-sign\P¶ double-vert\parallel‖ -double-asterisk\ast\ast** +double-asterisk\ast\ast** double-dagger\dagger\dagger†† double-ddagger\ddagger\ddagger‡‡ @@ -6323,10 +7275,13 @@ math mode, enteringenvironment, mathmath environment + environment, displaymathdisplaymath environment + environment, equationequation environment + There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: @@ -6614,7 +7569,7 @@ arrow \downarrow. \ell\ell -ℓ Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). +ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). \emptyset\emptyset ∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is @@ -7940,48 +8895,126 @@ - -<literal>\(SPACE)</literal> and \@ + +<literal>\spacefactor</literal> +Synopsis: + +\spacefactor=integer + +\spacefactor +While &latex; is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The +\spacefactor command (from Plain &tex;) allows you to +change the &latex;’s default behavior. + +After &latex; places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input +is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap +&latex; will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +interword glue.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap +can stretch more and shrink less. + +Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. + +If the space factor f is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor f is greater +than 2000 then &tex; adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer +Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s +normal stretch value is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman +10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared +to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a +lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + +The rules for how &tex; uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, see \(SPACE) and \@. + + + + + +<literal>\(SPACE)</literal> and <literal>\@</literal> + \(SPACE) \TAB \NEWLINE \@ -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a -sentence or as ending an abbreviation. +Here, \(SPACE) means a backslash followed by a space. These +commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either +ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line &latex; adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words -(see \frenchspacing). &latex; assumes that the period ends a -sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it -takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a -sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space -follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. See \spacefactor. As +described there, &latex; assumes that the period ends a sentence unless +it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period +for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. -If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a -capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not +a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (\ ) or -a tie (~). Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ Science, and -Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.)\ for sale. +a tie (~) or a \@. Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ +Science, and Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.\@) for sale +(note that in the last the \@ comes before the closing parenthesis). -For another use of \ , see \(SPACE) after control sequence. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put \@ before that period. -For example, book by the MAA\@. will have inter-sentence -spacing after the period. +period that does end the sentence, then put \@ before the +period. For example, book by the MAA\@. will have correct +inter-sentence spacing after the period. -In contrast, putting \@ after a period tells &tex; that the -period does not end the sentence. In the example reserved words -(if, then, etc.\@) are different, &tex; will put interword space -after the closing parenthesis (note that \@ is before the -parenthesis). +For another use of \(SPACE), see \(SPACE) after control sequence. + + +<literal>\frenchspacing</literal> + +\frenchspacing +\nonfrenchspacing +spacing, inter-sentence + +This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + +In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + +Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. + + + + +<literal>\normalsfcodes</literal> + +\normalsfcodes +spacing, inter-sentence + +Reset the &latex; space factor values to the default. + + + <literal>\ </literal> after control sequence @@ -8003,31 +9036,13 @@ package, xspace xspace package + Some individual commands, notably those defined with the xspace, package do not follow the standard behavior. - -<literal>\frenchspacing</literal> - -\frenchspacing -\nonfrenchspacing -spacing, inter-sentence - -This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat -inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - -In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including -English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other -punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this -declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - -Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. - - - - + <literal>\thinspace</literal>: Insert 1/6em \thinspace @@ -8038,7 +9053,7 @@ - + <literal>\/</literal>: Insert italic correction \/ @@ -8071,7 +9086,7 @@ - + <literal>\hrulefill \dotfill</literal> \hrulefill @@ -8100,7 +9115,7 @@ - + <literal>\addvspace</literal> \addvspace @@ -8129,7 +9144,7 @@ - + <literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal> These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the @@ -8157,7 +9172,7 @@ - + <literal>\vfill</literal> \vfill @@ -8189,7 +9204,7 @@ - + <literal>\vspace{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal> \vspace @@ -8270,8 +9285,8 @@ \fboxrule \fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default -‘.4pt’), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default -‘3pt’) between the rule and the contents of the box. +0.4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default 3pt) +between the rule and the contents of the box. See \framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the picture environment. @@ -8335,8 +9350,9 @@ \parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text} +paragraph mode The \parbox command produces a box whose contents are created -in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small +in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones @@ -8444,7 +9460,1130 @@ - + +Color + +color + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + +Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below +will only work if your document preamble contains +\usepackage{color}, that brings in the standard package. + +Many other packages also supplement &latex;’s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is xcolor, which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models. + + + + +Color package options + +color package options +options, color package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{color} + +When you load the color package there are two kinds of available +options. + +The first specifies the printer driver. &latex; doesn’t contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, +dvisvgm, luatex, pdftex, xetex. The two +xdvi and oztex are essentially aliases for dvips +(and xdvi is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: dvipdf, dvipdfm, dviwin, +dvipsone, emtex, pctexps, pctexwin, +pctexhp, pctex32, truetex, tcidvi, +vtex (and dviwindo is an alias for dvipsone). + +The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + + +monochrome +Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do +not generate color either. + +dvipsnames +Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, +particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally +provided by the dvips driver, giving the option name. + +nodvipsnames +Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of +memory space. + + + + + +Color models + +color models + +A color model is a way of representing colors. &latex;’s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the pdftex, +xetex, and luatex printer drivers are today by far the +most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but +one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers +used today. + +Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + +cmyk +A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is +magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means +minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often +used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + +gray +A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades +of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + +rgb +A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the +second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that +none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. +This is an additive model. + +RGB +(pdftex, xetex, luatex drivers) A comma-separated +list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a +convenience for using rgb since outside of &latex; colors are +often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. +The values entered here are converted to the rgb model by +dividing by 255. + +named +Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’, +‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, +‘white’, and ‘yellow’ (See the dvipsnames option in +Color package options). + + + + + +Commands for color + +color package commands + +These are the commands available with the color package. + + + + +Define colors + +color +define color +color, define + +Synopsis: + +\definecolor{name}{model}{specification} + +Give the name name to the color. For example, after +\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} you can use that +color name with Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!. + +This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and +not be misleading. + +\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex +\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + +Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class +or style, rather than in the document body. + + + + +Colored text + +color +colored text + +Synopses: + +\textcolor{name}{...} +\textcolor[color model]{color specification}{...} + +or + +\color{name} +\color[color model]{specification} + +The affected text gets the color. This line + +\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + +causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You +can use a color declared with \definecolor in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’. + +\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} +I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + +The two \textcolor and \color differ in that the first is +a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in The moon is made of {\color{green} +green} cheese, so it is in effect until the end of the current group +or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as +below where it colors everything inside the center environment, +including the vertical and horizontal lines. + +\begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +You can use color in equations. A document might have +\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0} in the +preamble, and then contain this equation. + +\begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) +\end{equation} + +Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style +but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the +synopses. + +Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + +The format of color specification depends on the color model +(see Color models). For instance, while rgb takes three +numbers, gray takes only one. + +The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + +Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + +\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + +has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + + + + + +Colored boxes + +color +colored boxes +box, colored + +Synopses: + +\colorbox{name}{...} +\colorbox[model name]{box background color specification}{...} + +or + +\fcolorbox{frame color}{box background color}{...} +\fcolorbox[model name]{frame color specification}{box background color specification}{...} + +Make a box with the stated background color. The \fcolorbox +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + +Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + +makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the \strut (so the depth is +-.3\baselineskip and the height is \baselineskip). This +puts white text on a blue background. + +\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + +The \fcolorbox commands use the same parameters as \fbox +(see \fbox and \framebox), \fboxrule and \fboxsep, to +set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior +and the surrounding rule. &latex;’s defaults are 0.4pt and +3pt, respectively. + +This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + +{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} +\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + + + + +Colored pages + +color +colored page +page, colored +background, colored + +Synopses: + +\pagecolor{name} +\pagecolor[color model]{color specification} +\nopagecolor + +The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, +to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second +form see Colored text. The third returns the background to normal, +which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use +\pagecolor{white}, although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + ... +\pagecolor{cyan} + ... +\nopagecolor + + + + + + +Graphics + +graphics +graphics package + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;. +This example is the short how-to. + +\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... +\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + +To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain +either \usepackage{graphicx} or +\usepackage{graphics}. Most of the time, graphicx is the +better choice. + +Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. &latex; can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and that +center’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, +and because they often have a smaller size. + +There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +&latex; document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts +as in your document. &latex; comes with a picture environment +(see picture) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two +such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to &latex;, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + + + + +Graphics package options + +graphics package options +options, graphics package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphics} + +or + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphicx} + +The graphicx package has a format for optional arguments to the +\includegraphics command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the graphics or graphicx package with \usepackage +there are two kinds of available options. + +The first is that &latex; does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a +printer driver file. Normally you should not specify the driver +option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One +advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + +For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant +ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, dvisvgm, luatex, +pdftex, xetex. The two xdvi and oztex are +essentially aliases for dvips (and xdvi is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: dvipdf, +dvipdfm, dviwin, dvipsone, emtex, +pctexps, pctexwin, pctexhp, pctex32, +truetex, tcidvi, vtex (and dviwindo is an +alias for dvipsone). These are stored in files with a +.def extension, such as pdftex.def. + +The second kind of options are below. + +demo +Instead of an image file, &latex; puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt +rectangle (unless another size is specified in the +\includegraphics command). + +draft +For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is +printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, +the file must be present. + +final +(Default) Override any previous draft option, so that the +document shows the contents of the graphic files. + +hiderotate +Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + + +hidescale +Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + + +hiresbb +In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The +%%BoundingBox lines describe the graphic size using integer +multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 +inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, such as 1.23, in %%HiResBoundingBox lines. This +option has &latex; to read the size from the latter. + + + + + +Graphics package configuration + +graphics +graphics package +configuration, graphics package +EPS files +JPEG files +JPG files +PDF graphic files +PNG files + +These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for +the graphic. + +The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documentation in grfguide.pdf, or the &latex; source, or your +&tex; distribution’s documentation. + + + + +<literal>\graphicspath</literal> + +\graphicspath + +Synopsis: + +\graphicspath{list of dir names inside curly brackets} + +Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows +you to later say something like \includegraphics{lion.png} +instead of having to give its path. + +&latex; always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +pix, and then ../pix. + +\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + +The \graphicspath declaration is optional. If you don’t include +it then &latex;’s default is to search all of the places that it +usually looks for a file (it uses &latex;’s \input at path). In +particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current +directory. + +Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says +‘{pix}’. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, /. This is true +even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all +the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with {"my docs/"}. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause &latex; to report Error: File `filename' not +found. + +Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the +current directory, + +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +... +\usepackage{lion.png} + +for each of the listed directories, &latex; concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for pix/lion.png +and then ../pix/lion.png. This algorithm means that the +\graphicspath command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the graphic is in +a/b/lion.png then &latex; will not find it. It also means that +you can use absolute paths such as +\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}} or +\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}. However, using +these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +portability by adjusting your &tex; system settings configuration file +parameter TEXINPUTS; see the documentation of your system.) + +You can use \graphicspath in the preamble or in the document +body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value +with \makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother. + +The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on book/book.tex +and it contains \include{chapters/chap1}. If in +chap1.tex you put \graphicspath{{plots/}} then +&latex; will not search for graphics in book/chapters/plots, but +instead in book/plots. + + + + +<literal>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</literal> + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions + +Synopses: + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{comma-separated list of file extensions} + +Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the +order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files +by giving the filename without the extension, as in +\includegraphics{functionplot}. + +In this example, &latex; will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... +\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + +Because the file name lion does not have a period, &latex; uses +the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path +(see \graphicspath), &latex; will try the extensions in the order +given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories +and extensions then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `lion' +not found’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the +extensions. + +Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + +You are not required to include \DeclareGraphicsExtensions in +your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent pdftex.def has the extension list +‘.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2’. + +You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You +can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother. + + + + +<literal>\DeclareGraphicsRule</literal> + +\DeclareGraphicsRule + +Synopsis: + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-file extension}{command} + +Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in extension. + +This example declares that all files with names have the form +filename-without-dot.mps will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + +This + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +tells &latex; that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers filename.1, +filename.2, etc. + +This describes the four arguments. + +extension +The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything +after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, +*, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. + +type +The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions .ps, +.eps, or .ps.gz may all be classed as type eps. +All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that pdftex +recognizes are: jpg, jbig2, mps, pdf, +png, tif. + +size-file extension +The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as extension +but it may be different. + +As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it +might be compressed into a .ps.gz file. Compressed files are not +easily read by &latex; so you can put the bounding box information in a +separate file. If size-file extension is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of \includegraphics. + +If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for +type then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading .eps files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style %%BoundingBox line if no +other format is available.) + +command +A command that will be applied to the +file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a +single backward quote. Thus, +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c +#1} specifies that any file with the extension .eps.gz should +be treated as an eps file, with the the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension .eps.bb, and that the command +gunzip -c will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + +Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your &tex; +system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure +modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. +See the documentation for your &tex; distribution. + + + + + +Commands for graphics + +graphics package commands +commands, graphics package + +These are the commands available with the graphics and +graphicx packages. + + + + +<literal>\includegraphics</literal> + +graphics +graphics package +including graphics +importing graphics +EPS files +JPEG files +JPG files +PDF graphic files +PNG files +\includegraphics + +Synopses for graphics package: + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} + +Synopses for graphicx package: + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[key-value list]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[key-value list]{filename} + +Include a graphics file. The starred form \includegraphics* will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + +This + +\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} +\end{center} + +will incorporate into the document the graphic in plot.pdf, +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with \includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, see \graphicspath. + +If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with +\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}. + +The \includegraphics{filename} command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting filename on the first dot. You can +use filename with no dot, as in \includegraphics{turing} +and then &latex; tries a sequence of extensions such as .png and +.pdf until it finds a file with that extension +(see \DeclareGraphicsExtensions). + +If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide +them with curly braces, as in +\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}. Or, if you use +the graphicx package then you can use the options type and +ext; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package grffile. + +This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so &latex; can +move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward +(see figure). + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} +\end{figure} + +This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes &latex; stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + +\usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption +\end{center} + +This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + +\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... +\begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} +\end{center} + +If you use the graphics package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see \rotatebox and \scalebox). +When one optional argument is present then it is +[urx,ury] and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of &tex; dimensions (see Units +of length). If the units are omitted they default to bp. In +this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). +If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is +[llx,lly], specifying the coordinates of the image’s +lower left. Thus, \includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...} calls for +the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches +tall and so its origin is at (0,0). + +The graphicx package gives you many more options. Specify them +in a key-value form, as here. + +\begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} +\end{center} + +The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made +one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then +made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the +two will end with different widths and heights. + +There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + +Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when &latex; makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + +width +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example +is \includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}. You can use the standard +&tex; dimensions (see Units of length) and also convenient is +\linewidth, or in a two-column document, \columnwidth +(see Page layout parameters). An example is that by using the +calc package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than +the width of the text with +\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}. + +height +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard &tex; dimensions (see Units of length), and also +convenient are \pageheight and \textheight (see Page +layout parameters). For instance, +\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel} will make the +graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + +totalheight +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For +instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height +but a large depth. + +keepaspectratio +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...} and you give as +options both width and height (or totalheight), +then &latex; will make the graphic is as large as possible without +distortion. That is, &latex; will ensure that neither is the graphic +wider than width nor taller than height (or +totalheight). + +scale +Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying +\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...} makes the graphic twice its +nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 +and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect +it. + +angle +Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. +The graphic is rotated about its origin; see that option. For a +complete description of how rotated material is typeset, +see \rotatebox. + +origin +The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible +values are any string containing one or two of: l for left, +r for right, b for bottom, c for center, t +for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc, but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + +To rotate about an arbitrary point, see \rotatebox. + + +These are lesser-used options. + +viewport +Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, +separated by spaces and given in &tex; dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. The +dimensions default to big points, bp. They are taken +relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the +trim option. + +trim +Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated +by spaces, that are given in &tex; dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}. +These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, &latex; +will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on +the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the +top. See also the viewport option. + +clip +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}, then the graphic is +cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using +the starred form of the command, as +\includegraphics*[...]{...}. + +page +Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is +page=1. + +pagebox +Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among +mediabox, cropbox, bleedbox, trimbox, or +artbox. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The +MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the +region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when +displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page +should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions +of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s meaningful +content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if +present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a +driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. + +interpolate +Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be +set with interpolate=true or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}. + +quiet +Do not write information to the log. You can set it with +quiet=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}, + +draft +If you set it with draft=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}, then the graphic will not +appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead, +&latex; will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename +printed in it. + + +These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line +%%BoundingBox that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower x coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper +x coordinate, and upper y coordinate. The units are +PostScript points, equivalent to &tex;’s big points, 1/72 inch. +For example, if an .eps file has the line %%BoundingBox 10 +20 40 80 then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + +bb +Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four +dimensions separated by spaces, as with \includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. Usually \includegraphics reads the +BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want +to change it. + +bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury +Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages. + +natwidth, natheight +An alternative for bb. Setting +\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} +is the same as setting bb=0 0 1in 0.618in. + +hiresbb +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}, then &latex; will look +for %%HiResBoundingBox lines instead of %%BoundingBox +lines. (The BoundingBox lines use only natural numbers while the +HiResBoundingBox lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to +&tex;’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of +true, you can set it to false. + + +These following options allow a user to override &latex;’s method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that \includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion} +will read the file lion.xxx as though it were +lion.png. For more on these, see \DeclareGraphicsRule. + +type +Specify the graphics type. + +ext +Specify the graphics extension. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + +read +Specify the file extension of the read file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + +command +Specify a command to be applied to this file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + + + + + + +<literal>\rotatebox</literal> + +rotation +rotating graphics +rotating text +\rotatebox + +Synopsis for graphics package: + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} + +Synopses for graphicx package: + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} +\rotatebox[key-value list]{angle}{material} + +Put material in a box and rotate it angle degrees counterclockwise. + +This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + +\begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH +\end{tabular} + +The material can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + +To place the rotated material, the first step is that &latex; sets +material in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. +The third step is that &latex; computes a box to bound the rotated +material. Fourth, &latex; moves this box horizontally so that the left +edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box +from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new +bounding box, in its new position, is what &latex; uses as the box when +typesetting this material. + +If you use the graphics package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the graphicx package then +then these are the options that can go in the key-value list, but +note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, +except for the x and y options (see \includegraphics). + +origin +The point of the material’s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible values are any string containing one or two of: l for +left, r for right, b for bottom, c for center, +t for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + +x, y +Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with +\rotatebox[x=&tex; dimension,y=&tex; +dimension]{...} (see Units of length). These give the offset +from the box’s reference point. + +units +This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. +Setting units=-360 changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting units=6.283185 changes to radians counterclockwise. + + + + + +<literal>\scalebox</literal> + +graphics, scaling +graphics, resizing +scaling +resizing +text, scaling +text, resizing +\scalebox +\reflectbox + +Synopses: + +\scalebox{horizontal factor}{material} +\scalebox{horizontal factor}[vertical factor]{material} +\reflectbox{material} + +Scale the material. + +This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the +first text and doubles the size of the second. + +\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + +If you do not specify the optional vertical factor then it +defaults to the same value as the horizontal factor. + +You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}. If you use the +graphicx package then you can accomplish the same thing with +optional arguments to \includegraphics +(see \includegraphics). + +The \reflectbox command abbreviates +\scalebox{-1}[1]{material}. Thus, Able was +I\reflectbox{Able was I} will show the phrase ‘Able was I’ +immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + + + +<literal>\resizebox</literal> + +graphics, scaling +graphics, resizing +scaling +resizing +text, scaling +text, resizing +\resizebox + +Synopses: + +\resizebox{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} +\resizebox*{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} + +Given a size, such as 3cm, transform material to make it +that size. If either horizontal length or vertical length +is an exclamation point ! then the other argument is used +to determine a scale factor for both directions. + +This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + +\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + +The unstarred form \resizebox takes vertical length to be +the box’s height while the starred form \resizebox* takes it to +be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a +quarter inch with \resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This +box has both height and depth.}}. + +You can use \depth, \height, \totalheight, and +\width to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +text two inches wide but keep the original height with +\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}. + + + + + + Special insertions special insertions @@ -8455,7 +10594,7 @@ - + Reserved characters reserved characters @@ -8502,7 +10641,66 @@ - + +Upper and lower case + +Upper case +Lower case +characters, case + +Synopsis: + +\uppercase{text} +\lowercase{text} +\MakeUppercase{text} +\MakeLowercase{text} + +Change the case of characters. The &tex; primitives commands +\uppercase and \lowercase only work for American +characters. The &latex; commands \MakeUppercase and +\MakeLowercase commands also change characters accessed by +commands such as \ae or \aa. The commands +\MakeUppercase and \MakeLowercase are robust but they have +moving arguments (see \protect). + +These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a +command within text. But they do change the case of every other +Latin letter inside the argument text. Thus, +\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$} produces ‘LET Y=F(X)’. Another +example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that +\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}} will +produce an error because the first half is changed to +\begin{TABULAR}. + +&latex; uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a +document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this +works well with the standard &tex; fonts for all Latin alphabets but +will cause problems when using other alphabets. + +To change the case of text that results from a macro inside text +you need to do expansion. Here the \Schoolname produces +‘COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS’. + +\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} +\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} + +package, textcase +textcase package + +The textcase package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard &latex; commands \MakeUppercase and +\MakeLowerCase. + +package, mfirstuc +mfirstuc package + +To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package +mfirstuc. + + + + Symbols by font position \symbol @@ -8521,7 +10719,7 @@ - + Text symbols text symbols @@ -8809,7 +11007,7 @@ - + Accents accents @@ -8818,6 +11016,7 @@ package, babel babel package + multilingual support &latex; has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the babel package and related support. This @@ -8837,7 +11036,7 @@ \' \capitalacute -\’ (acute accent) +\' (acute accent) \capitalacute acute accent Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the tabbing @@ -8869,7 +11068,7 @@ \` \capitalgrave -\‘ (grave accent) +\` (grave accent) \capitalgrave grave accent Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the @@ -8975,7 +11174,7 @@ - + Additional Latin letters Latin letters, additional @@ -9076,7 +11275,7 @@ - + <literal>\rule</literal> \rule @@ -9099,7 +11298,7 @@ - + <literal>\today</literal> \today @@ -9124,13 +11323,14 @@ package, datetime datetime package + The datetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. - + Splitting the input splitting the input file @@ -9150,7 +11350,7 @@ - + <literal>\include</literal> \include @@ -9174,8 +11374,8 @@ - -\<literal>includeonly</literal> + +<literal>\includeonly</literal> \includeonly @@ -9193,7 +11393,7 @@ - + <literal>\input</literal> \input @@ -9214,12 +11414,12 @@ - + Front/back matter - + Tables of contents table of contents, creating @@ -9251,7 +11451,7 @@ - + <literal>\addcontentsline</literal> \addcontentsline @@ -9265,7 +11465,7 @@ or table where: ext -The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). @@ -9293,7 +11493,7 @@ - + <literal>\addtocontents</literal> \addtocontents{ext}{text} @@ -9313,7 +11513,7 @@ - + Glossaries glossaries @@ -9337,7 +11537,7 @@ - + Indexes indexes @@ -9381,6 +11581,7 @@ \printindex package, makeidx makeidx package + The index is usually generated with the \printindex command. This is defined in the makeidx package, so \usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble. @@ -9392,12 +11593,14 @@ package, showidx showidx package + The showidx package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. package, multind multind package + The multind package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind. @@ -9405,7 +11608,7 @@ - + Letters letters, writing @@ -9492,7 +11695,7 @@ - + <literal>\address</literal> \address @@ -9522,7 +11725,7 @@ - + <literal>\cc</literal> \cc @@ -9543,7 +11746,7 @@ - + <literal>\closing</literal> \closing @@ -9561,7 +11764,7 @@ - + <literal>\encl</literal> \encl @@ -9581,7 +11784,7 @@ - + <literal>\location</literal> \location @@ -9595,7 +11798,7 @@ - + <literal>\makelabels</literal> \makelabels @@ -9623,7 +11826,7 @@ - + <literal>\name</literal> \name @@ -9637,7 +11840,7 @@ - + <literal>\opening</literal> \opening @@ -9655,7 +11858,7 @@ - + <literal>\ps</literal> \ps postscript, in letters @@ -9671,7 +11874,7 @@ - + <literal>\signature</literal> Synopsis: @@ -9725,7 +11928,7 @@ - + <literal>\telephone</literal> \telephone @@ -9742,7 +11945,7 @@ - + Terminal input/output input/output, to terminal @@ -9750,7 +11953,7 @@ - + <literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal> \typein @@ -9769,7 +11972,7 @@ - + <literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal> \typeout @@ -9792,7 +11995,7 @@ - + Command line command line @@ -9807,7 +12010,7 @@ latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' -–help command-line option +--help command-line option With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with ‘-’ or ‘--’. For a list of those options, try ‘latex --help’. Modified: trunk/latex2e.dvi =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.pdf =================================================================== (Binary files differ) Modified: trunk/latex2e.txt =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.txt 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e.txt 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ 18 Page styles 19 Spaces 20 Boxes -21 Special insertions -22 Splitting the input -23 Front/back matter -24 Letters -25 Terminal input/output -26 Command line +21 Color +22 Graphics +23 Special insertions +24 Splitting the input +25 Front/back matter +26 Letters +27 Terminal input/output +28 Command line Appendix A Document templates Concept Index Command Index @@ -35,6 +37,10 @@ 2.2 Output files 2.3 TeX engines 2.4 LaTeX command syntax + 2.4.1 Environments + 2.4.2 Command declarations + 2.4.3 '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' + 2.4.3.1 '\@ifstar' 3 Document classes 3.1 Document class options 3.2 Additional packages @@ -53,6 +59,7 @@ 5.5 Page layout parameters 5.6 Floats 6 Sectioning + 6.1 '\@startsection' 7 Cross references 7.1 '\label' 7.2 '\pageref{KEY}' @@ -65,6 +72,8 @@ 8.4 'description' 8.5 'displaymath' 8.6 'document' + 8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' + 8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' 8.7 'enumerate' 8.8 'eqnarray' 8.9 'equation' @@ -77,7 +86,8 @@ 8.14 'itemize' 8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters 8.16 'list' - 8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list. + 8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list + 8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' 8.17 'math' 8.18 'minipage' 8.19 'picture' @@ -148,6 +158,7 @@ 12.7 '\newtheorem' 12.8 '\newfont': Define a new font (obsolete) 12.9 '\protect' + 12.10 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' 13 Counters 13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters 13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' @@ -187,16 +198,18 @@ 19 Spaces 19.1 '\hspace' 19.2 '\hfill' - 19.3 '\(SPACE)' and \@ + 19.3 '\spacefactor' + 19.3.1 '\(SPACE)' and '\@' + 19.3.2 '\frenchspacing' + 19.3.3 '\normalsfcodes' 19.4 '\ ' after control sequence - 19.5 '\frenchspacing' - 19.6 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em - 19.7 '\/': Insert italic correction - 19.8 '\hrulefill \dotfill' - 19.9 '\addvspace' - 19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' - 19.11 '\vfill' - 19.12 '\vspace{LENGTH}' + 19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em + 19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction + 19.7 '\hrulefill \dotfill' + 19.8 '\addvspace' + 19.9 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' + 19.10 '\vfill' + 19.11 '\vspace{LENGTH}' 20 Boxes 20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' 20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' @@ -207,40 +220,60 @@ 20.7 '\savebox' 20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' 20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}' -21 Special insertions - 21.1 Reserved characters - 21.2 Symbols by font position - 21.3 Text symbols - 21.4 Accents - 21.5 Additional Latin letters - 21.6 '\rule' - 21.7 '\today' -22 Splitting the input - 22.1 '\include' - 22.2 \'includeonly' - 22.3 '\input' -23 Front/back matter - 23.1 Tables of contents - 23.1.1 '\addcontentsline' - 23.1.2 '\addtocontents' - 23.2 Glossaries - 23.3 Indexes -24 Letters - 24.1 '\address' - 24.2 '\cc' - 24.3 '\closing' - 24.4 '\encl' - 24.5 '\location' - 24.6 '\makelabels' - 24.7 '\name' - 24.8 '\opening' - 24.9 '\ps' - 24.10 '\signature' - 24.11 '\telephone' -25 Terminal input/output - 25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' - 25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' -26 Command line +21 Color + 21.1 Color package options + 21.2 Color models + 21.3 Commands for color + 21.3.1 Define colors + 21.3.2 Colored text + 21.3.3 Colored boxes + 21.3.4 Colored pages +22 Graphics + 22.1 Graphics package options + 22.2 Graphics package configuration + 22.2.1 '\graphicspath' + 22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' + 22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' + 22.3 Commands for graphics + 22.3.1 '\includegraphics' + 22.3.2 '\rotatebox' + 22.3.3 '\scalebox' + 22.3.4 '\resizebox' +23 Special insertions + 23.1 Reserved characters + 23.2 Upper and lower case + 23.3 Symbols by font position + 23.4 Text symbols + 23.5 Accents + 23.6 Additional Latin letters + 23.7 '\rule' + 23.8 '\today' +24 Splitting the input + 24.1 '\include' + 24.2 '\includeonly' + 24.3 '\input' +25 Front/back matter + 25.1 Tables of contents + 25.1.1 '\addcontentsline' + 25.1.2 '\addtocontents' + 25.2 Glossaries + 25.3 Indexes +26 Letters + 26.1 '\address' + 26.2 '\cc' + 26.3 '\closing' + 26.4 '\encl' + 26.5 '\location' + 26.6 '\makelabels' + 26.7 '\name' + 26.8 '\opening' + 26.9 '\ps' + 26.10 '\signature' + 26.11 '\telephone' +27 Terminal input/output + 27.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' + 27.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +28 Command line Appendix A Document templates A.1 'beamer' template A.2 'book' template @@ -250,8 +283,8 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of November -2016) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of March 2018) +for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. 1 About this document ********************* @@ -259,13 +292,13 @@ This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting program (*note Overview::). This document's home page is -. That page has links to the current -output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and -subscriptions, and other infrastructure. +. That page has links +to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives +and subscriptions, and other infrastructure. In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than -'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many -years ago. +'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades +ago. LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers (). The official documentation written by the @@ -273,7 +306,7 @@ completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to -. +. This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few @@ -286,8 +319,9 @@ Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. - The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX; - there are plenty of others available elsewhere. + The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX. + Many other guides by many other people are also available, + independent of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item: A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages. @@ -478,6 +512,9 @@ This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). +2.4.1 Environments +------------------ + Synopsis: \begin{ENVIRONMENT NAME} @@ -508,10 +545,16 @@ ... rows of table ... \end{tabular} +2.4.2 Command declarations +-------------------------- + A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other command or parameter. For instance, the '\mainmatter' command changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic. +2.4.3 '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' +---------------------------------------- + Synopsis: \makeatletter @@ -523,7 +566,7 @@ '\makeatother' sets the category code of '@' to 12, its original value. As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a -character category code, or "catcode" for shorter. For instance, the +character category code, or "catcode" for short. For instance, the backslash '\' is assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two commands alter the catcode assigned to '@'. @@ -537,29 +580,83 @@ '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' allow users to define or redefine commands named with '@'. - Use these inside a '.tex' file, in the preamble. Don't use them + Use these two commands inside a '.tex' file, in the preamble, when +defining or redefining a command with '@' in its name. Don't use them inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and '\documentclass' commands set the at sign to have the character code of a letter. - in their names, see document . These -macros are mainly useful to package or class authors; examples that may -be useful to document authors are provided hereinafter. + For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see +. These macros are mainly intended to +package or class authors. - The example code below, if put in the preamble, redefines the section -command to center the section title, put it in bold type, and adjust the -spacing. + The example below is typical. In the user's class file is a command +'\thesis at universityname'. The user wants to change the definition. +These three lines should go in the preamble, before the +'\begin{document}'. \makeatletter - \renewcommand\section{% - \@startsection{section}% Name - {1}% Level: 0=part, 1=chapter, etc. - {0pt}% Heading indent - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% Beforeskip (if neg, no head indent) - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% Afterskip (if neg, run-in heading) - {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} % Style of head + \renewcommand{\thesis at universityname}{Saint Michael's College} \makeatother +2.4.3.1 '\@ifstar' +.................. + +Synopsis: + + \newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd at star}{\mycmd at nostar}} + \newcommand{\mycmd at nostar}[NON-STARRED COMMAND NUMBER OF ARGS]{BODY OF NON-STARRED COMMAND} + \newcommand{\mycmd at star}[STARRED COMMAND NUMBER OF ARGS]{BODY OF STARRED COMMAND} + + Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the +same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk. Examples +are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and +'\section*' commands. + + When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward +because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment +name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more complex. As +in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above +as '\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For +instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the +'\section' command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments +but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments. In +the synopsis these two are '\mycmd at nostar' and '\mycmd at star'. They +could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no +arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX document a command using +at-sign '@' must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ... \makeatother' +block (*note \makeatletter and \makeatother::). + + This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant +'\ciel*'. Both have one required argument. A call to '\ciel{night}' +will return "starry night sky" while '\ciel*{blue}' will return "starry +not blue sky". + + \newcommand*{\ciel at unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky} + \newcommand*{\ciel at starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky} + \newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel at starred}{\ciel at unstarred}} + + In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of +arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent +007's '``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''' +is equivalent to '``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} +textsc{Bond}.''' + + \newcommand*{\agentsecret at unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} + \newcommand*{\agentsecret at starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} + \newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret at starred}{\agentsecret at unstarred}} + + There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work +of '\@ifstar'. The 'suffix' package allows the construct +'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED VERSION}' followed by +'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED VERSION}'. And LaTeX3 has +the 'xparse' package that allows this code. + + \NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 + {STARRED VERSION}% + {UNSTARRED VERSION}% + } + 3 Document classes ****************** @@ -635,9 +732,11 @@ TeX engines::), options other than 'letterpaper' set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put '\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth' and '\pdfpageheight=\paperheight' in your -document's preamble. The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of -setting the print area and physical page size. +document's preamble. + The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of setting the print +area and physical page size. + Miscellaneous other options: 'draft' @@ -722,35 +821,37 @@ SMC Math Department' is for a class. Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign '@' as a -character in command names without having to surround that command with -'\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'. *Note \makeatletter and -\makeatother::. This allow you to create commands that users will not -accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or -package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or -package from interacting with others. For instance, the class 'smcmemo' -might have commands '\smc at tolist', '\smc at fromlist', etc. +character in command names without having to surround the code +containing that command with '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'. *Note +\makeatletter and \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands +that users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to +preface class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent +your class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the +class 'smcmemo' might have commands '\smc at tolist', '\smc at fromlist', etc. 3.3.1 Class and package structure --------------------------------- -A class file or package file typically has four parts. (1) In the -identification part, the file says that it is a LaTeX package or class -and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat' and '\ProvidesClass' -or '\ProvidesPackage' commands. (2) The preliminary declarations part -declares some commands and can also load other files. Usually these -commands will be those needed for the code used in the next part. For -example, an 'smcmemo' class might be called with an option to read in a -file with a list of people for the to-head, as -'\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}', and therefore needs to define a -command '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file. -(3) In the handle options part the class or package declares and -processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their -document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify the -behavior of the class. An example is when you declare -'\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font size. -Finally, (4) in the more declarations part the class or package usually -does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and -loading other files. +A class file or package file typically has four parts. + In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX + package or class and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat' + and '\ProvidesClass' or '\ProvidesPackage' commands. + 1. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can + also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed + for the code used in the next part. For example, an 'smcmemo' + class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list + of people for the to-head, as '\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}', + and therefore needs to define a command + '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file. + 2. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and + processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their + document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify + the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare + '\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font + size. + 3. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package + usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands + and fonts, and loading other files. Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as 'stub.cls' where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the '.tex' @@ -788,6 +889,18 @@ times; the 'code' will be executed in the order that you called it. See also *note \AtBeginDocument::. +'\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' +'\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' + Like '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does + not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of + CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not "long" as + expected. A long command is a command that accepts '\par' within + an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the + unstarred version of '\CheckCommand'. Raises an error when the + check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining + 'cmd' yourself that no other package has already redefined this + command. + '\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}' '\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}' '\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}' @@ -812,7 +925,8 @@ To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use '\protect' to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with - '\MessageBreak', and get a space with '\space'. Note that LaTeX + '\MessageBreak', and get a space with '\space' when a space + character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX appends a period to the messages. '\CurrentOption' @@ -821,7 +935,7 @@ '\DeclareOption*'. '\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}' -'\DeclareOption*{OPTION}{CODE}' +'\DeclareOption*{CODE}' Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their '\documentclass' command. For example, the 'smcmemo' class could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the @@ -850,14 +964,45 @@ \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} +'\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' +'\DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' + Like '\newcommand' and '\newcommand*' (*note \newcommand & + \renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some + code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust + and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define + new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them + robust. Unlike '\newcommand' these do not give an error if macro + CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the + transcript file if a command is redefined. + + Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those + defined using '\newcommand' so unless the command's data is fragile + and the command is used within a moving argument, use + '\newcommand'. + + The 'etoolbox' package offers commands '\newrobustcmd', + '\newrobustcmd*', '\renewrobustcmd', '\renewrobustcmd*', + '\providerobustcmd', and '\providerobustcmd*' which are similar to + '\newcommand', '\newcommand*', '\renewcommand', '\renewcommand*', + '\providecommand', and '\providecommand*', but define a robust CMD + with two advantages as compared to '\DeclareRobustCommand': + 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than + the higher level LaTeX '\protect' mechanism, so they do not + incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and + 2. They make the same distinction between '\new...', '\renew...', + and '\provide...', as the standard commands, so they do not + just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already + exists, in that case you need to use either '\renew...' or + '\provide...' or you get an error. + '\IfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}' '\InputIfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}' - Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX can find the file and FALSE CODE - otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately after - executing TRUE CODE. Thus + Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX can find the file 'FILE NAME' and FALSE + CODE otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately + after executing TRUE CODE. Thus '\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING: - img.pdf not found}}' will include the graphic if it is found but - otherwise just give a warning. + img.pdf not found}}' will include the graphic 'img.pdf' if it is + found but otherwise just give a warning. This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the @@ -875,13 +1020,14 @@ The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form - YYYY/MM/DD. If you request a RELEASE DATE and the date of the - package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning - on the screen and in the log like 'You have requested, on input - line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only - version `2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is - available.' + YYYY/MM/DD. + If you request a RELEASE DATE and the date of the package installed + on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and + in the log like 'You have requested, on input line 4, version + `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version + `2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.' + The command version '\LoadClassWithOptions' uses the list of options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience @@ -890,8 +1036,8 @@ were passed. '\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}' - For each option in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command - executes the command '\ds@'OPTION. If this command is not defined + For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command + executes the command '\ds at OPTION'. If this command is not defined then that option is silently ignored. It can be used to provide a default option list before @@ -900,13 +1046,13 @@ '\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax'. '\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]' - Specifies the format that this class should be run under. Often + Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as: - '\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}'. The format that you specify must - exactly match the one installed on your system that you invoked, - including that the string is case sensitive. If it does not match - then execution stops with an error like 'This file needs format - `xxx' but this is `LaTeX2e'.' + '\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}'. When a document using that class is + processed, the format name given here must match the format that is + actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case + sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an + error like 'This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.' To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features @@ -914,16 +1060,14 @@ If the format version installed on your system is earlier than FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is available.' - (The LaTeX kernel has been frozen for many years so you probably do - not not need to specify the format date.) '\OptionNotUsed' Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or '\DeclareOption*'. -'\PassOptionsToClass{OPTIONS LIST}{CLASS NAME}' -'\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}' +'\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}' +'\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}' Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the options used by any future '\RequirePackage' or '\usepackage' command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME. @@ -935,14 +1079,15 @@ clash for package foo.' (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.) - If your code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse - that to once, for example replacing the two + If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can + collapse that to once, for example replacing the two '\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}' with the single '\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}'. But if you are loading a package that in turn loads another package - then you need to queue up the options you desire. For instance, - suppose the package 'foo' loads the package 'geometry'. Instead of - ' \RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}' you must + then you need to queue up the options you desire for this other + package. For instance, suppose the package 'foo' loads the package + 'geometry'. Instead of + '\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}' you must write '\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics} \RequirePackage{foo}'. (If 'foo.sty' loads an option in conflict with what you want then you may have to look into altering its @@ -961,36 +1106,40 @@ Include it in the class file as '\ProcessOptions\relax' (because of the existence of the starred command). - Options come in two types. 'Local' options have been specified for + Options come in two types. "Local options" have been specified for this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of '\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}', '\usepackage[OPTIONS]', or - '\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]'. 'Global' options are those given by + '\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]'. "Global options" are those given by the class user in '\documentclass[OPTIONS]' (If an option is specified both locally and globally then it is local.) When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a package 'pkg.sty', the - following happens. (1) For each option OPTION so far declared with - '\DeclareOption', it looks to see if that option is either a global - or a local option for 'pkg'. If so then it executes the declared - code. This is done in the order in which these options were given - in 'pkg.sty'. (2) For each remaining local option, it executes the - command '\ds@'OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than - by a '\DeclareOption'); otherwise, it executes the default option - code given in '\DeclareOption*'. If no default option code has - been declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the - order in which these options were specified. + following happens: + 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with '\DeclareOption', + it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local + option for 'pkg'. If so then it executes the declared code. + This is done in the order in which these options were given in + 'pkg.sty'. + 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command + '\ds@'OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a + '\DeclareOption'); otherwise, it executes the default option + code given in '\DeclareOption*'. If no default option code + has been declared then it gives an error message. This is + done in the order in which these options were specified. When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a class it works in the same - way except that all options are local, and the default value for + way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for '\DeclareOption*' is '\OptionNotUsed' rather than an error. - The starred version '\ProcessOptions*'\@OPTIONS executes the - options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than - in the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package - this means that the global options are processed first. + The starred version '\ProcessOptions*' executes the options in the + order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order + of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means + that the global options are processed first. -'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[ ]' -'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[ ]' +'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]' +'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' +'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]' +'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. @@ -1004,20 +1153,20 @@ but the document class provides 'xxx'.' This warning does not prevent LaTeX from processing the rest of the class file normally. - If you include the optional part then you must include the date, - before the first space, and it must have the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'. - The rest of the optional part is free-form, although it - traditionally identifies the class, and is written to the screen - during compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file - 'smcmem.cls' contains the line '\ProvidesClass{smcmem}[2008/06/01 - SMC memo class]' and your document's first line is - '\documentclass{smcmem}' then you will see 'Document Class: smcmemo - 2008/06/01 SMC memo class'. + If you include the optional argument, then you must include the + date, before the first space if any, and it must have the form + 'YYYY/MM/DD'. The rest of the optional argument is free-form, + although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to + the screen during compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your + file 'smcmemo.cls' contains the line + '\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]' and your + document's first line is '\documentclass{smcmemo}' then you will + see 'Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class'. - The date in the optional portion allows class and package users to + The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their system is earlier than RELEASE DATE, by using the optional - calls such as '\documentclass{smcmem}[2018/10/12]' or + arguments such as '\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]' or '\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]'. (Note that package users only rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.) @@ -1025,17 +1174,19 @@ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that file and you get in the log a string like 'File: test.config - 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls'. + 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILE NAME equal to + 'test.config' and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to '2017/10/12 + config file for test.cls'. -'\RequirePackage[OPTIONS LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' +'\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' '\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' - Load a package, like the author command '\usepackage'. *Note - Additional packages::. An example is + Load a package, like the document author command '\usepackage'. + *Note Additional packages::. An example is '\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}'. Note that the LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands over Plain TeX's '\input'; see the Class Guide. - The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The + The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested, @@ -1195,7 +1346,7 @@ Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called "old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have -the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX's default fonts support +the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package must be @@ -1243,7 +1394,8 @@ 'T1', also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to - hyphenate words containing accented letters. + hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see + . '\fontfamily{FAMILY}' Select the font family. The web page @@ -1251,60 +1403,62 @@ through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families: - 'pag' Avant Garde - 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans - 'pbk' Bookman - 'bch' Charter - 'ccr' Computer Concrete - 'cmr' Computer Modern - 'pcr' Courier - 'phv' Helvetica - 'fi4' Inconsolata - 'lmr' Latin Modern - 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans - 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter - 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook - 'ppl' Palatino - 'ptm' Times - 'uncl' Uncial - 'put' Utopia - 'pzc' Zapf Chancery + 'pag' Avant Garde + 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans + 'pbk' Bookman + 'bch' Charter + 'ccr' Computer Concrete + 'cmr' Computer Modern + 'cmss' Computer Modern Sans Serif + 'cmtt' Computer Modern Typewriter + 'pcr' Courier + 'phv' Helvetica + 'fi4' Inconsolata + 'lmr' Latin Modern + 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans + 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter + 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook + 'ppl' Palatino + 'ptm' Times + 'uncl' Uncial + 'put' Utopia + 'pzc' Zapf Chancery '\fontseries{SERIES}' Select the font series. A "series" combines a "weight" and a "width". Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'b' Bold - 'c' Condensed - 'bc' Bold condensed - 'bx' Bold extended + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'b' Bold + 'c' Condensed + 'bc' Bold condensed + 'bx' Bold extended The possible values for weight, individually, are: - 'ul' Ultra light - 'el' Extra light - 'l' Light - 'sl' Semi light - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'sb' Semi bold - 'b' Bold - 'eb' Extra bold - 'ub' Ultra bold + 'ul' Ultra light + 'el' Extra light + 'l' Light + 'sl' Semi light + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'sb' Semi bold + 'b' Bold + 'eb' Extra bold + 'ub' Ultra bold - The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages - are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): + The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and + relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): - 'uc' Ultra condensed, 50% - 'ec' Extra condensed, 62.5% - 'c' Condensed, 75% - 'sc' Semi condensed, 87.5% - 'm' Medium, 100% - 'sx' Semi expanded, 112.5% - 'x' Expanded, 125% - 'ex' Extra expanded, 150% - 'ux' Ultra expanded, 200% + 'uc' Ultra condensed + 'ec' Extra condensed + 'c' Condensed + 'sc' Semi condensed + 'm' Medium + 'sx' Semi expanded + 'x' Expanded + 'ex' Extra expanded + 'ux' Ultra expanded When forming the SERIES string from the weight and width, drop the 'm' that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both @@ -1313,12 +1467,12 @@ '\fontshape{SHAPE}' Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - 'n' Upright (normal) - 'it' Italic - 'sl' Slanted (oblique) - 'sc' Small caps - 'ui' Upright italics - 'ol' Outline + 'n' Upright (normal) + 'it' Italic + 'sl' Slanted (oblique) + 'sc' Small caps + 'ui' Upright italics + 'ol' Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. @@ -1337,7 +1491,8 @@ LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the '\baselinestretch' parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when '\selectfont' (see below) is called. You can - make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing + make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for + instance doubling it, by doing '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}' in the preamble. However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the @@ -1855,8 +2010,199 @@ \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL} suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is -level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) +level zero. The default 'secnumdepth' is 3 in LaTeX's 'article' class +and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes. (*Note \setcounter::.) +6.1 '\@startsection' +==================== + +Synopsis: + + \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE} + + Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning +divisions such as '\section' or '\subsection'. + + Note that the 'titlesec' package makes manipulation of sectioning +easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be +satisfied with '\@startsection', some cannot. For instance, in the +standard LaTeX 'book' and 'report' classes the commands '\chapter' and +'\report' are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you +may want to use the '\secdef' command. + + Technically, '\@startsection' has the form + \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} +(the star '*' is optional), so that issuing + \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}} +redefines '\section' to have the form '\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}' (here +too, the star '*' is optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that +when you write a command like '\renewcommand{section}{...}', the +'\@startsection{...}' must come last in the definition. See the +examples below. + +NAME + Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This + counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either + 'section', 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those three + cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command + itself, using the same name is not required. + + Then '\the'NAME displays the title number and '\'NAME'mark' is for + the page headers. See the third example below. + +LEVEL + An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command: 0 for + 'chapter' (only applies to the standard 'book' and 'report' + classes), 1 for 'section', 2 for 'subsection', 3 for + 'subsubsection', 4 for 'paragraph', and 5 for 'subparagraph'. In + the 'book' and 'report' classes 'part' has level -1, while in the + 'article' class 'part' has level 0. + + If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of 'secnumdepth' then + the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For + instance, in an 'article', if 'secnumdepth' is 1 then a + '\section{Introduction}' command will produce output like "1 + Introduction" while '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output + like "Discussion", without the number prefix. *Note + Sectioning/secnumdepth::. + + If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of TOCDEPTH then the + table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit. For + instance, in an 'article', if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of + contents will list sections but not subsections. + +INDENT + A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with + respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the + margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-\parindent' + will move the title into the left margin. + +BEFORESKIP + The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space + that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space + will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the + top of a fresh page. If this number is negative then the first + paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is + non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the + negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus -2pt minus + -3pt'.) + + For example, if BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex' then + to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times + the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph + in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with + 'plus' and 'minus', is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more + flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::). + + The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of + the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of + the header is that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the text + font, the '\baselineskip' of the title font, and the absolute value + of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may + stretch or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page + so that the vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the + header text will be where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first + text line on that page.) + +AFTERSKIP + This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the + vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header. + If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so + that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the + absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the + end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph. + (Note that the negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus + -2pt minus -3pt'.) + + As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with 'plus' and 'minus' + components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more + flexibility in putting together the page. + + If 'afterskip' is non-negative then the full accounting of the + vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header + and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is + that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the title font, the + '\baselineskip' of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That + space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that + because the sign of 'afterskip' changes the sectioning unit + header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative + 'afterskip' to cancel part of the '\parskip'.) + +STYLE + Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. + Typical commands to use here are '\centering', '\raggedright', + '\normalfont', '\hrule', or '\newpage'. The last command in STYLE + may be one such as '\MakeUppercase' or '\fbox' that takes one + argument. The section title will be supplied as the argument to + this command. For instance, setting STYLE to + '\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are bold and + upper case. + + These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with '\@startsection', for the 'article', 'book', and +'report' classes. + + 'section' 'subsection' 'subsubsection' +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +*note NAME: \@startsection/name.sectionsubsection subsubsection +*note LEVEL: \@startsection/level.12 3 +*note INDENT: \@startsection/indent.'0pt''0pt' '0pt' +*note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip.'-3.5ex plus -1ex'-3.25ex plus -1ex'-3.25ex plus -1ex + minus -0.2ex' minus -0.2ex' minus -0.2ex' +*note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip.'2.3ex plus 0.2ex''1.5ex plus 0.2ex''1.5ex plus 0.2ex' +*note STYLE: \@startsection/style.'\normalfont\Large\bfseries''\normalfont\large\bfseries''\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries' + + Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in +the preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they +must go between a '\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'. +(Probably the error message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical +mode.' means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter and +\makeatother::. + + This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It +says '\renewcommand' because LaTeX's standard classes have already +defined a '\section'. For the same reason it does not define a +'section' counter, or the commands '\thesection' and '\l at section'. + + \renewcommand\section{% + \@startsection{section}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name. + {1}% *note LEVEL: \@startsection/level. + {0pt}% *note INDENT: \@startsection/indent. + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% *note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip. + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% *note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip. + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style. + } + + This will put 'subsection' titles in small caps type, inline with the +paragraph. + + \renewcommand\subsection{% + \@startsection{subsection}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name. + {2}% *note LEVEL: \@startsection/level. + {0em}% *note INDENT: \@startsection/indent. + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% *note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip. + {-1em plus 0.2em}% *note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip. + {\scshape}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style. + } + + The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. +This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to +display that counter. + + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down + \newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering + \renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display + {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c at subsubparagraph}% numbering + \newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection + {subsubparagraph}% + {6}% + {0em}% + {\baselineskip}% + {0.5\baselineskip}% + {\normalfont\normalsize}} + \newcommand*\l at subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc + \newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers + 7 Cross references ****************** @@ -2188,73 +2534,84 @@ Synopsis: \begin{description} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{description} - Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item's LABEL is -typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item's text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. + Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item's LABEL is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing +\item'. - The list consists of at least one item, created with the '\item' -command (*note \item::). Having no items causes the LaTeX error -'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'). + This example shows the environment used for a sequence of +definitions. The labels 'lama' and 'llama' come out in boldface with +their left edges aligned on the left margin. + \begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. + \end{definition} + + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). Use the +optional labels, as in '\item[Main point]', because there is no sensible +default. Following the '\item' is optional text, which may contain +multiple paragraphs. + Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: '\item[{\tt label text}]'. -Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use '\item[{\rm label -text}]'. +Similarly, get the standard roman font with '\item[{\rm label text}]'. For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize:: -and *note enumerate::. For information about customizing list layout, -see *note list::; also, the package 'enumitem' is useful for this. +and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting 'description' +environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush +left at all levels. - This example shows the environment used for a sequence of -definitions. + For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see *note +list::. The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. - \begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. - \end{definition} + This example changes the description labels to small caps. + \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} + 8.5 'displaymath' ================= Synopsis: \begin{displaymath} - ... math text ... + MATH TEXT \end{displaymath} Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::. - LaTeX will not break the math text across lines. - In the 'displaymath' environment no equation number is added to the math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::). - Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation -facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in -new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that -package for having math text broken across lines. + LaTeX will not break the MATH TEXT across lines. - The construct '\[..math text..\]' is essentially a synonym for -'\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath}' but the latter is -easier to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a -square bracket may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will -likely be unique. (The construct '$$..math text..$$' from Plain TeX is -sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a -synonym, because the 'displaymath' environment checks that it isn't -started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching + Note that the 'amsmath' package has significantly more extensive +displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways +in that package for having math text broken across lines. + + The construct '\[MATH TEXT\]' is essentially a synonym for +'\begin{displaymath}MATH TEXT\end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier +to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a square +bracket may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely +be unique. (The construct '$$MATH TEXT$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes +mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a synonym, +because the 'displaymath' environment checks that it isn't started in +math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start, because the 'displaymath' environment has different vertical spacing, and because the 'displaymath' environment honors the 'fleqn' option.) @@ -2272,6 +2629,9 @@ The 'document' environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::. +8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' +------------------------ + Synopsis: \AtBeginDocument{CODE} @@ -2285,6 +2645,9 @@ You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines will be executed in the order that you gave them. +8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' +---------------------- + Synopsis: \AtEndDocument{CODE} @@ -2304,62 +2667,67 @@ Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is '1.', '2.', etc. Each +'enumerate' list environment must have at least one item; having none +causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. Each item is -produced with an '\item' command. + This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic +marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as '1.' and +'2.'. - This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic -marathon. - \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} - Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including 'itemize' (*note itemize::), 'description' (*note -description::) and 'enumeration', up to four levels deep. The format of -the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. This gives -LaTeX's default for the format at each nesting level (where 1 is the -outermost level): + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the +interrupted sequence (*note \item::). That is, you will get labels like +'1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'. Following the '\item' is +optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. + Enumerations may be nested within other 'enumerate' environments, or +within any paragraph-making environment such as 'itemize' (*note +itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the +format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost +level. + 1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ... 2. lower case letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ... 3. lower case roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ... 4. upper case letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ... The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through -'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If you use the optional argument -to '\item' then the counter is not incremented for that item (*note -\item::). +'\enumiv' (*note Counters::). + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note itemize::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. + To change the format of the label use '\renewcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands '\labelenumi' through '\labelenumiv'. For instance, this first level list will be labelled -with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period: +with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} - For a list of counter-labelling commands like '\Alph' see *note \alph -\Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. + For a list of counter-labeling commands see *note \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. - For more on customizing the layout see *note list::. Also, the -package 'enumitem' is useful for this. - 8.8 'eqnarray' ============== @@ -2428,6 +2796,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter. + You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and +'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing +dollar sign, $'$'. + Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -2594,89 +2966,70 @@ Synopsis: \begin{itemize} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{itemize} The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. -Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. -They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such -as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). +The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this +environment; see below. Each 'itemize' list environment must have at +least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's +wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command. There -must be at least one '\item' command within the environment. + This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, *. - By default, the marks at each level look like this: + \begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait + \end{itemize} - 1. * (bullet) - 2. -- (bold en-dash) - 3. * (asterisk) - 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Optional label]', then by default it will appear in bold +and be flush right, so it could extend into the left margin. For labels +that are flush left see the *note description:: environment. Following +the '\item' is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. - The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through -'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use -'\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first -level use diamonds: + Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels +deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making +environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). The 'itemize' +environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through '\labelitemiv' to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. - \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} + 1. * (bullet, from '\textbullet') + 2. -- (bold en-dash, from '\normalfont\bfseries\textendash') + 3. * (asterisk, from '\textasteriskcentered') + 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from + '\textperiodcentered') - The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the -distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the -left margin of the list. By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the -appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. + Change the labels with '\renewcommand'. For instance, this makes the +first level use diamonds. - The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em' -(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example -greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: + \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} - \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em + The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters +'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (Note the convention of using +lower case roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the +nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em' in +two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and '1.7em' +in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. - Some parameters that affect list formatting: + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note enumerate::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. -'\itemindent' - Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. + This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. -'\labelsep' - Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'. + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em -'\labelwidth' - Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode. - -'\listparindent' - Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within - a list item; default '0pt'. - -'\rightmargin' - Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the - enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote', - 'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to - '\leftmargin'. - - Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - -'\itemsep' - Vertical space between items. The default is '2pt plus1pt - minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt', - and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'. - -'\parsep' - Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. - Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'. - -'\topsep' - Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. - For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for - '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt - plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'. These are reduced for nested lists. - -'\partopsep' - Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a - paragraph. The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt' - documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt - minus2pt' for '12pt'. - Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*' environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -2698,51 +3051,308 @@ 8.16 'list' =========== -The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{list} - The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item'). This -argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. -It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + The 'list' environment is a generic environment for constructing more +specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments (*note +description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::). - The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. + Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', 'quote', 'center', +'verbatim', and plenty more (*note quotation and quote::, *note +center::, *note flushright::). - The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). + The third-party package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the 'list' environment by defining a new custom +environment. -8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list. ------------------------------------ + \newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items + \newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} + \begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' + \end{named} + + The 'list' environment's mandatory first argument, LABELING, +specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and +LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both 'Item' and +'\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by putting the LABELING argument +in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the label is wider than that, the +additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a +list you can override the default labeling by giving '\item' an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +'\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::. + + The label box is constructed by the command '\makelabel'. By default +it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the +label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing its +definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +'named' environment add '\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', +and between the '\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the +SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the +items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second +code line to '\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. +Another example is at the bottom of this entry. + + The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to +redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +'\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}'. If this argument is empty, i.e., '{}', +then the list will have the default spacing given below. To number the +items using a counter, put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this argument +(*note \usecounter::). + + Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces +are normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give +TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as +'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these +lengths should be zero or negative. Default values for derived +environments such as 'itemize' can be changed from the values shown here +for the basic 'list'. + +'\itemindent' + Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the + first line each item. Its default value is '0pt'. + +'\itemsep' + Vertical space between items, beyond the '\parsep'. The defaults + for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and + 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', + '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that + is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 11 point are: '4.5pt + plus2pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and + 'topsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 + point are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2.5pt + plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that is, '2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt'). + +'\labelsep' + Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The + default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes is + '0.5em'. + +'\labelwidth' + Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this + wide. If '\makelabel' returns text that is wider than this then + the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this + extra material. If '\makelabel' returns text of width less than or + equal to '\labelwidth' then LaTeX's default is that the label is + typeset flush right in a box of this width. + + The left edge of the label box is + '\leftmargin'+'\itemindent'-'\labelsep'-'\labelwidth' from the left + margin of the enclosing environment. + + The default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at + the top level is '\leftmargini'-'\labelsep', (which is '2em' in one + column mode and '1.5em' in two column mode). At the second level + it is '\leftmarginii'-'\labelsep', and at the third level it is + '\leftmarginiii'-'\labelsep'. These definitions make the label's + left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing + environment. + +'\leftmargin' + Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing + environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level + list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. + + In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this + set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested + inside a top-level list has this margin set to '\leftmarginii'. + More deeply nested lists get the values of '\leftmarginiii' through + '\leftmarginvi'. (Nesting greater than level five generates the + error message 'Too deeply nested'.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes are: '\leftmargini' is '2.5em' (in two + column mode, '2em'), '\leftmarginii' is '2.2em', and + '\leftmarginiii' is '1.87em'. + +'\listparindent' + Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond + '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list + item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value + is '0pt'. + +'\parsep' + Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the 'book' + and 'article' classes The defaults for the first three levels in + LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size + are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + The defaults at 11 point size are: '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults at 12 point size are: + '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + +'\partopsep' + Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and + bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded + by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list + changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the + line following the list is blank does not matter.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1 + minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'. The + defaults at 11 point are: '3pt plus1pt minus1pt', '3pt plus1pt + minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 point + are: '3pt plus2pt minus3pt', '3pt plus2pt minus2pt', and '1pt + plus0pt minus1pt'. + +'\rightmargin' + Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right + margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is '0pt'. + It must be non-negative. + +'\topsep' + Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in + addition to '\parskip' (*note \parskip::). The defaults for the + first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' + classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt', '4pt plus2pt + minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 11 point + are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt plus4pt + minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt'. + + This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + +....................................................................... +..............Surrounding environment, preceding material.............. - + | v0 + |---h0--|-h1-| | + ..Label.. .....First item..................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - + | v1 + ........First item, second paragraph .................. - + |-h2-| | v2 + | + ..Label.. .....Second item.................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - +|-h3--|-h4-| |-h5-| |v3 + | +..............Surrounding environment, following material.............. - +....................................................................... + The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket +for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). + +V0 + '\topsep' + '\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new + paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does + +V1 + '\parsep' + +V2 + '\itemsep'+'\parsep' + +V3 + Same as V0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line + appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line + appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + +H1 + '\labelsep' + +H2 + '\listparindent' + +H3 + '\leftmargin' + +H4 + '\itemindent' + +H5 + '\rightmargin' + + The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with +respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with +respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used +for typesetting the list items is '\linewidth' (*note Page layout +parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'. + + Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that +is, '-51'. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with, e.g., '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value +of 10000 prohibits a page break. + +'\@beginparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default + '-51'). + +'\@itempenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default + '-51'). + +'\@endparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default + '-51'). + + This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + + \usepackage{color} + \newcounter{cnt} + \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} + \newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } + {\end{list} } + +8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list +---------------------------------- + Synopsis: \item text of item or - \item[OPTIONAL LABEL] text of item + \item[OPTIONAL-LABEL] text of item An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. - Because the optional argument OPTIONAL LABEL is surrounded by square -brackets ('[' and ']'), to use square brackets inside the optional -argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as in '\item[Close -square bracket, {]}]'. Similarly, to use an open square bracket as -first character in the text of the item, also hide it inside curly -braces. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. + Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]', +if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to to hide the +bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square +bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional +label. - In this example the 'enumerate' list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. + Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. + In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label. + \begin{enumerate} \item Moe \item[sometimes] Shemp @@ -2750,10 +3360,47 @@ \end{enumerate} The first item is labelled '1.', the second item is labelled -'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.' (note that, because of -the optional label in the second item, the third item does not get a -'3.'). +'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.'. Because of the +optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled '3.'. +8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' +---------------------------------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \begin{trivlist} + ... + \end{trivlist} + + A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are +not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For +instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this: + + \newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} + + Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit some common +code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting +whether the text following the environment should be considered a new +paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and +right margins for possible nested list environments. + + Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list +parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of +'\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set +to zero. + + This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. + + \begin{trivlist} + \item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. + \item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. + \end{trivlist} + 8.17 'math' =========== @@ -2763,7 +3410,7 @@ MATH \end{math} - The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running + The 'math' environment inserts given MATH material within the running text. '$...$' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. 8.18 'minipage' @@ -3108,23 +3755,64 @@ Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} - ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ - ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ + ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 ... \\ + ROW2COL1 \> ROW2COL2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} - The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. -It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an -ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of -each column is constant and known in advance. + The 'tabbing' environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. - This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' -environment. + This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below): - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: + \begin{tabbing} + \hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill + Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ + \textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ + \textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ + \textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ + \textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ + \end{tabbing} + Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular' +environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that +in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX, +while in 'tabbing' the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is +that 'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across +pages. Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can +be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. + + A 'tabbing' environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the '\hspace' command at the beginning of a +tabbed row. The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of +line, so that the width of the environment is '\linewidth'. + + The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The +first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row +ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may omit the '\\' and end with +just '\end{tabbing}'. + + At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These +create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, +defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is +assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only +be set if all the stops 0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. + + By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (*note Modes::). + + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment. +They are all fragile (*note \protect::). + '\\ (tabbing)' - End a line. + End a tabbed line and typeset it. '\= (tabbing)' Sets a tab stop at the current position. @@ -3147,28 +3835,28 @@ '\' (tabbing)' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or - '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against - the current column's tab stop. + '\kill' command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, + flush against the current column's tab stop. '\` (tabbing)' Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' - command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the 'tabbing' environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the - '\`' and the command that ends the line. + '\`' and the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line. '\a (tabbing)' In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not - produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands - '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used. + produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, use the + commands '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`'. '\kill' Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output - for it. The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line - remain in effect. + for it. Any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line remain in + effect. '\poptabs' Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'. @@ -3179,20 +3867,35 @@ environment. '\tabbingsep' - Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''. + Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. - This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + This example typesets a Pascal function: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} + The output looks like this: + function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; + + (The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (*note verbatim::) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +'algorithm2e', 'fancyvrb', 'listings', and 'minted'.) + 8.22 'table' ============ @@ -3569,13 +4272,23 @@ The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; -in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change -the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command -'\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled 'References' +and the label is stored in macro '\refname'; in the 'report' class, it +is labelled 'Bibliography' and the label is stored in macro '\bibname'. - \renewcommand{\refname}{} + You can change the label by redefining the command '\refname' or +'\bibname', whichever is applicable depending on the class: + * For standard classes whose top level sectioning is '\chapter' (such + as 'book' and 'report'), the label is in the macro '\bibname'; + + * For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is '\section' + (such as 'article'), the label is in macro '\refname'. + + Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +'\refname' or '\bibname'; language support packages like 'babel' do +this. + The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 @@ -3729,7 +4442,8 @@ returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. - The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). + The 'verbatim' environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +('\tt'). 8.27.1 '\verb' -------------- @@ -4616,11 +5330,14 @@ 12.9 '\protect' =============== -All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". Footnotes, line -breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more, are -fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to -certain commands. To prevent such commands from breaking one solution -is to have them preceded by the command '\protect'. +All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". A fragile command +can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands. +Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and +re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a +table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile +commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional +argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one +solution is to preceded them with the command '\protect'. For example, when LaTeX runs the '\section{SECTION NAME}' command it writes the SECTION NAME text to the '.aux' auxiliary file, moving it @@ -4662,6 +5379,79 @@ \section{Einstein's $ e=mc^2 $} ... +12.10 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' +============================================= + +Synopsis: + + \ignorespaces + + or + + \ignorespacesafterend + + Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. + + The 'ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via +'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below +illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz +questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the +'enumerate' list, users must not put any space between the command and +the question text. + + \newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} + \begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' + \end{enumerate} + + The solution is to change to +'\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}'. + + A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. +The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. +But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +'\fullname' will reproduce that. + + \makeatletter + \newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title + \newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name + \makeatother + \begin{tabular}{|l|} + \honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here + \honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title + \end{tabular} + + To fix this, change to +'\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}'. + + The '\ignorespaces' is also often used in a '\newenvironment' at the +end of the BEGIN clause, that is, as part of the second argument, as in +'\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... \ignorespaces}{...}'. + + To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +'\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + + \newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} + \begin{eq} + e=mc^2 + \end{eq} + \begin{equation} + F=ma + \end{equation} + \begin{equation} + E=IR + \end{equation} + + Putting a comment character '%' immediately after the '\end{eq}' will +make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The +solution is to change to +'\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'. + 13 Counters *********** @@ -5342,7 +6132,7 @@ down arrow '\downarrow'. '\ell' - U+2113 Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). + U+2113 Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). '\emptyset' U+2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is @@ -6517,39 +7307,104 @@ that does not disappear at line breaks use '\hspace*{\fill}' instead (*note \hspace::). -19.3 '\(SPACE)' and \@ -====================== +19.3 '\spacefactor' +=================== -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a +Synopsis: + + \spacefactor=INTEGER + + While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The '\spacefactor' +command (from Plain TeX) allows you to change the LaTeX's default +behavior. + + After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is +a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX +will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +"interword glue".) A larger space factor means that the glue gap can +stretch more and shrink less. + + Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. + + If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's +normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 +then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 +point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value +is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by +1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and +1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the +space following a word ending in a lowercase letter, inter-sentence +spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 +times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + + The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::. + +19.3.1 '\(SPACE)' and '\@' +-------------------------- + +Here, '\(SPACE)' means a backslash followed by a space. These commands +mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words (*note \frenchspacing::). -LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it is preceded by a -capital letter, in which case it takes that period for part of an -abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is immediately -followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double -quote, then the inter-sentence space follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. *Note \spacefactor::. As +described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it +is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period for +part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. - If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not -a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the + So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is +not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ('\ ') or a tie -('~'). Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and -'(manure, etc.)\ for sale'. +('~') or a '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', +and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note that in the last the '\@' comes +before the closing parenthesis). - For another use of '\ ', *note \(SPACE) after control sequence::. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put '\@' before that period. For -example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have inter-sentence spacing after the -period. +period that does end the sentence, then put '\@' before the period. For +example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have correct inter-sentence spacing +after the period. - In contrast, putting '\@' after a period tells TeX that the period -does not end the sentence. In the example 'reserved words (if, then, -etc.\@) are different', TeX will put interword space after the closing -parenthesis (note that '\@' is before the parenthesis). + For another use of '\(SPACE)', *note \(SPACE) after control +sequence::. +19.3.2 '\frenchspacing' +----------------------- + +This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence +spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + + In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, +including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or +after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. +Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + + Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. + +19.3.3 '\normalsfcodes' +----------------------- + +Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default. + 19.4 '\ ' after control sequence ================================ @@ -6570,27 +7425,14 @@ Some individual commands, notably those defined with the 'xspace', package do not follow the standard behavior. -19.5 '\frenchspacing' -===================== - -This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence -spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - - In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, -including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or -after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. -Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - - Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. - -19.6 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em +19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em =============================== '\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in '". -19.7 '\/': Insert italic correction +19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction =================================== The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space @@ -6615,7 +7457,7 @@ There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done in a different way. -19.8 '\hrulefill \dotfill' +19.7 '\hrulefill \dotfill' ========================== Produce an infinite rubber length (*note Lengths::) filled with a @@ -6638,7 +7480,7 @@ '\renewcommand{\dotfill}{\leavevmode\cleaders\hb at xt@ 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}', which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em. -19.9 '\addvspace' +19.8 '\addvspace' ================= '\addvspace{LENGTH}' @@ -6660,8 +7502,8 @@ were not in vertical mode when you invoked this command; one way to change that is to precede this command with a '\par' command. -19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' -==================================== +19.9 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +=================================== These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the document class. @@ -6681,7 +7523,7 @@ of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'). -19.11 '\vfill' +19.10 '\vfill' ============== End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length (*note @@ -6706,7 +7548,7 @@ Lost Dog! \end{document} -19.12 '\vspace{LENGTH}' +19.11 '\vspace{LENGTH}' ======================= Synopsis, one of these two: @@ -6765,7 +7607,7 @@ dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default -'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the +'0.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the @@ -6777,7 +7619,7 @@ Synopsis: \begin{lrbox}{\CMD} - TEXT + TEXT \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox. @@ -6818,7 +7660,7 @@ \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in -'paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, +"paragraph mode". It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making @@ -6903,13 +7745,979 @@ '\usebox' produces the box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -21 Special insertions +21 Color +******** + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + + Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands +below will only work if your document preamble contains +'\usepackage{color}', that brings in the standard package. + + Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +'HTML' and 'Hsb' color models. + +21.1 Color package options +========================== + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color} + + When you load the 'color' package there are two kinds of available +options. + + The first specifies the "printer driver". LaTeX doesn't contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', +'pdftex', 'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases +for 'dvips' (and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used +for new systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). + + The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + +'monochrome' + Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but + do not generate color either. + +'dvipsnames' + Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, + particularly in legacy documents. These color names were + originally provided by the 'dvips' driver, giving the option name. + +'nodvipsnames' + Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of + memory space. + +21.2 Color models +================= + +A "color model" is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities +depend on the printer driver. However, the 'pdftex', 'xetex', and +'luatex' printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The +models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also +supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today. + + Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + +'cmyk' + A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second + is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of + 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This + model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + +'gray' + A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are + shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + +'rgb' + A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, + the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 + means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full + intensity. This is an additive model. + +'RGB' + ('pdftex', 'xetex', 'luatex' drivers) A comma-separated list with + three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a + convenience for using 'rgb' since outside of LaTeX colors are often + described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. + The values entered here are converted to the 'rgb' model by + dividing by 255. + +'named' + Colors are accessed by name, such as 'PrussianBlue'. The list of + names depends on the driver, but all support the names 'black', + 'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'magenta', 'red', 'white', and 'yellow' + (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::). + +21.3 Commands for color +======================= + +These are the commands available with the 'color' package. + +21.3.1 Define colors +-------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION} + + Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after +'\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}' you can use that color name +with 'Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!'. + + This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change +and not be misleading. + + \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex + \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + + Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the +class or style, rather than in the document body. + +21.3.2 Colored text +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \textcolor{NAME}{...} + \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \color{NAME} + \color[COLOR MODEL]{SPECIFICATION} + + The affected text gets the color. This line + + \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + + causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. +You can use a color declared with '\definecolor' in exactly the same way +that we just used the builtin color 'magenta'. + + \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} + I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + + The two '\textcolor' and '\color' differ in that the first is a +command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in 'The moon is made of {\color{green} green} +cheese', so it is in effect until the end of the current group or +environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below +where it colors everything inside the 'center' environment, including +the vertical and horizontal lines. + + \begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + + You can use color in equations. A document might have +'\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}' in the preamble, and then +contain this equation. + + \begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) + \end{equation} + + Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or +style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in +the synopses. + + Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + + The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note +Color models::). For instance, while 'rgb' takes three numbers, 'gray' +takes only one. + + The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + + Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + + has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + +21.3.3 Colored boxes +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \colorbox{NAME}{...} + \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...} + \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR SPECIFICATION}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + Make a box with the stated background color. The '\fcolorbox' +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + + makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the '\strut' (so the depth is '-.3\baselineskip' +and the height is '\baselineskip'). This puts white text on a blue +background. + + \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + + The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note +\fbox and \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness +of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the +surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively. + + This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} + \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + +21.3.4 Colored pages +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \pagecolor{NAME} + \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION} + \nopagecolor + + The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent +pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the +second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to +normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported +use '\pagecolor{white}', although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + ... + \pagecolor{cyan} + ... + \nopagecolor + +22 Graphics +*********** + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. This +example is the short how-to. + + \include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... + \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + + To use the commands described here your document preamble must +contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. Most +of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice. + + Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'. +An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF +format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can +rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because +they often have a smaller size. + + There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as +in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note +picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other +ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such +systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + +22.1 Graphics package options +============================= + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphics} + + or + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx} + + The 'graphicx' package has a format for optional arguments to the +'\includegraphics' command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package with '\usepackage' there are two +kinds of available options. + + The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer +driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the +document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of +this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + + For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently +relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex', +'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips' +(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files +with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'. + + The second kind of options are below. + +'demo' + Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt + rectangle (unless another size is specified in the + '\includegraphics' command). + +'draft' + For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is + printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the + size, the file must be present. + +'final' + (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the + document shows the contents of the graphic files. + +'hiderotate' + Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + +'hidescale' + Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + +'hiresbb' + In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. + The '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using integer + multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 + inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal + multiples, such as 1.23, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This + option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. + +22.2 Graphics package configuration +=================================== + +These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the +graphic. + + The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documentation in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX +distribution's documentation. + +22.2.1 '\graphicspath' +---------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \graphicspath{LIST OF DIR NAMES INSIDE CURLY BRACKETS} + + Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This +allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}' +instead of having to give its path. + + LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +'pix', and then '../pix'. + + \usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + + The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it +then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually +looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input at path'). In particular, in +this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. + + Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it +says ''{pix}''. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each +directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This is true even on +Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the +directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. Getting one of these rules wrong will +cause LaTeX to report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. + + Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in +the current directory, + + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + ... + \usepackage{lion.png} + + for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and +then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath' +command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue +'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX +will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as +'\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or +'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these +means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.) + + You can use '\graphicspath' in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput at path}\makeatother'. + + The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and +it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put +'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in +'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'. + +22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' +----------------------------------- + +Synopses: + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{COMMA-SEPARATED LIST OF FILE EXTENSIONS} + + Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify +the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic +files by giving the filename without the extension, as in +'\includegraphics{functionplot}'. + + In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... + \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + + Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the +extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note +\graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If +it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and +extensions then it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. +Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. + + Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + + You are not required to include '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' in your +document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the +most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list +''.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2''. + + You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin at extensions}\makeatother'. + +22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' +----------------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{EXTENSION}{TYPE}{SIZE-FILE EXTENSION}{COMMAND} + + Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION. + + This example declares that all files with names have the form +'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + + This + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + + tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1', +'filename.2', etc. + + This describes the four arguments. + +EXTENSION + The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is + anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use + the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all + undeclared extensions. + +TYPE + The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be + defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions + '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All + files of the same type will be input with the same internal command + by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex' + recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'. + +SIZE-FILE EXTENSION + The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the + graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as EXTENSION + but it may be different. + + As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, + it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are + not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box + information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty + then you must specify size information in the arguments of + '\includegraphics'. + + If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for + 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure + for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap + files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no + other format is available.) + +COMMAND + A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often + left blank. This command must start with a single backward quote. + Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}' + specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be + treated as an 'eps' file, with the the BoundingBox information + stored in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command + 'gunzip -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + + Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX + system must allow you to run external commands; as a security + measure modern systems restrict running commands unless you + explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX + distribution. + +22.3 Commands for graphics +========================== + +These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx' +packages. + +22.3.1 '\includegraphics' +------------------------- + +Synopses for 'graphics' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + + Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + + This + + \usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} + \end{center} + + will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf', +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with '\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of +locations to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::. + + If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as +with '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'. + + The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of +graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can use FILENAME +with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}' and then LaTeX tries a +sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds a file +with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::). + + If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can +hide them with curly braces, as in +'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the +'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see +below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package +'grffile'. + + This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can move +it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note +figure::). + + \begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} + \end{figure} + + This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + \usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption + \end{center} + + This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... + \begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} + \end{center} + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::). +When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it +gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of +TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they +default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is +assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the +leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's +lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the +graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so +its origin is at (0,0). + + The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in +a key-value form, as here. + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} + \end{center} + + The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is +made one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and +then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, +the two will end with different widths and heights. + + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + + Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + +'width' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An + example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the + standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also + convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document, + '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is + that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm + narrow than the width of the text with + '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'. + +'height' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You + can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and + also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page + layout parameters::). For instance, + '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the + graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + +'totalheight' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus + depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. + For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero + height but a large depth. + +'keepaspectratio' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}' and you give as + options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight'), then LaTeX + will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. + That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic wider than + 'width' nor taller than 'height' (or 'totalheight'). + +'scale' + Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying + '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}' makes the graphic twice its + nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 + and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect + it. + +'angle' + Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and + counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see + that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is + typeset, *note \rotatebox::. + +'origin' + The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + + To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::. + + These are lesser-used options. + +'viewport' + Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The + dimensions default to big points, 'bp'. They are taken relative to + the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' + option. + +'trim' + Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'. + These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX + will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the + bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See + also the 'viewport' option. + +'clip' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}', then the graphic is cropped + to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using the + starred form of the command, as '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'. + +'page' + Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is + 'page=1'. + +'pagebox' + Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among + 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF + files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but + may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives + the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region + to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed. + The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should + be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions + of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's + meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on + CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, + with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always + present. + +'interpolate' + Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. + Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}'. + +'quiet' + Do not write information to the log. You can set it with + 'quiet=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}', + +'draft' + If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}', then the graphic will not + appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. + Instead, LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the + filename printed in it. + + These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox' +that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x +coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y +coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big +points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line +'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + +'bb' + Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is + four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[.., + bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads + the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this + option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file + or if you want to change it. + +'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury' + Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained + for compatibility with old packages. + +'natwidth, natheight' + An alternative for 'bb'. Setting + '\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}' is + the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'. + +'hiresbb' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}', then LaTeX will look for + '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The + 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural numbers while the + 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to + TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of + 'true', you can set it to 'false'. + + These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read +the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these, +*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::. + +'type' + Specify the graphics type. + +'ext' + Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with + the option 'type'. + +'read' + Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + +'command' + Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + +22.3.2 '\rotatebox' +------------------- + +Synopsis for 'graphics' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Put MATERIAL in a box and rotate it ANGLE degrees counterclockwise. + + This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH + \end{tabular} + + The MATERIAL can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + + To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets +MATERIAL in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The +second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The +third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated material. +Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left edge of this +new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box from the first +step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its +new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this +material. + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the 'graphicx' package then then +these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that +you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the +'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::). + +'origin' + The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + +'x, y' + Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX + DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These + give the offset from the box's reference point. + +'units' + This key allows you to change the default of degrees + counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to + degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians + counterclockwise. + +22.3.3 '\scalebox' +------------------ + +Synopses: + + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}{MATERIAL} + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}[VERTICAL FACTOR]{MATERIAL} + \reflectbox{MATERIAL} + + Scale the MATERIAL. + + This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of +the first text and doubles the size of the second. + + \scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + + If you do not specify the optional VERTICAL FACTOR then it defaults +to the same value as the HORIZONTAL FACTOR. + + You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +'\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}'. If you use the 'graphicx' +package then you can accomplish the same thing with optional arguments +to '\includegraphics' (*note \includegraphics::). + + The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'. +Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was +I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + +22.3.4 '\resizebox' +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + \resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + + Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size. +If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation +point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor +for both directions. + + This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + \resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + + The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's +height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth. +For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter inch with +'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This box has both height and +depth.}}'. + + You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to +refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches +wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two +inches}'. + +23 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. -21.1 Reserved characters +23.1 Reserved characters ======================== LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for @@ -6940,7 +8748,51 @@ In that example the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines. -21.2 Symbols by font position +23.2 Upper and lower case +========================= + +Synopsis: + + \uppercase{TEXT} + \lowercase{TEXT} + \MakeUppercase{TEXT} + \MakeLowercase{TEXT} + + Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands +'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' only work for American characters. The +LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' commands also +change characters accessed by commands such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The +commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have +moving arguments (*note \protect::). + + These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of +a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin +letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$'} +produces 'LET Y=F(X)'. Another example is that the name of an +environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... +\end{tabular}}' will produce an error because the first half is changed +to '\begin{TABULAR}'. + + LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a +document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this +works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will +cause problems when using other alphabets. + + To change the case of text that results from a macro inside TEXT you +need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces 'COLLEGE OF +MATHEMATICS'. + + \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} + \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} + + The 'textcase' package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowerCase'. + + To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package +'mfirstuc'. + +23.3 Symbols by font position ============================= You can access any character of the current font using its number with @@ -6952,7 +8804,7 @@ or hexadecimal (base 16) with a '"' prefix, so the previous example could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'. -21.3 Text symbols +23.4 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -7132,7 +8984,7 @@ '\textvisiblespace' Visible space symbol. -21.4 Accents +23.5 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -7228,7 +9080,7 @@ '\capitalcaron' Produces a ha'c. -24 Letters +26 Letters ********** Synopsis: @@ -7593,7 +9445,7 @@ These commands are used with the 'letter' class. -24.1 '\address' +26.1 '\address' =============== Synopsis: @@ -7619,7 +9471,7 @@ \address{Stephen Maturin \\ The Grapes of the Savoy} -24.2 '\cc' +26.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -7635,7 +9487,7 @@ \cc{President \\ Vice President} -24.3 '\closing' +26.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -7647,7 +9499,7 @@ \closing{Regards,} -24.4 '\encl' +26.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -7662,7 +9514,7 @@ \encl{License \\ Passport } -24.5 '\location' +26.5 '\location' ================ Synopsis: @@ -7672,7 +9524,7 @@ The TEXT appears centered at the bottom of the each page. It only appears if the page style is 'firstpage'. -24.6 '\makelabels' +26.6 '\makelabels' ================== Synopsis: @@ -7694,7 +9546,7 @@ value passed in the argument to the 'letter' environment. By default '\mlabel' ignores the first argument, the SENDER ADDRESS. -24.7 '\name' +26.7 '\name' ============ Synopsis: @@ -7704,7 +9556,7 @@ Sender's name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address. -24.8 '\opening' +26.8 '\opening' =============== Synopsis: @@ -7717,7 +9569,7 @@ \opening{Dear John:} -24.9 '\ps' +26.9 '\ps' ========== Synopsis: @@ -7729,7 +9581,7 @@ \ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} -24.10 '\signature' +26.10 '\signature' ================== Synopsis: @@ -7758,7 +9610,7 @@ '\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\ My name}' (this requires writing '\usepackage{graphicx}' in the preamble). -24.11 '\telephone' +26.11 '\telephone' ================== Synopsis: @@ -7770,10 +9622,10 @@ pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the page. -25 Terminal input/output +27 Terminal input/output ************************ -25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +27.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -7787,7 +9639,7 @@ command. If the '\CMD' argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. -25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +27.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -7803,7 +9655,7 @@ command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline. -26 Command line +28 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX @@ -7973,1998 +9825,2157 @@ * Menu: -* * prompt: Command line. (line 7880) +* * prompt: Command line. (line 9743) * *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4388) -* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 1842) + (line 5102) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 1997) * *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4228) -* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 7523) -* .idx file: Indexes. (line 7539) -* .ind file: Indexes. (line 7553) -* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 7546) -* abstracts: abstract. (line 2011) -* accents: Accents. (line 7194) -* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6184) + (line 4942) +* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 9386) +* .idx file: Indexes. (line 9402) +* .ind file: Indexes. (line 9416) +* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 9409) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 2357) +* accents: Accents. (line 9057) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6974) * accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position. - (line 7002) -* acute accent: Accents. (line 7208) -* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 6189) + (line 8865) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 9071) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 6979) * additional packages, loading: Additional packages. - (line 701) + (line 802) * ae ligature: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7300) -* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 3121) -* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 1848) + (line 9163) +* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 3906) +* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 3768) +* amsmath package: array. (line 2437) +* amsmath package <1>: displaymath. (line 2613) +* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 2003) * aring: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7296) -* arrays, math: array. (line 2057) -* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 7139) -* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 7174) -* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 7107) -* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 7072) -* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 7075) -* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 7078) -* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 4616) -* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 6445) -* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 382) -* babel package: Accents. (line 7194) -* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 7081) -* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 7087) -* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 7084) -* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 7217) -* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 6192) -* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 7234) -* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 301) -* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 7896) -* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 2285) + (line 9159) +* arrays, math: array. (line 2403) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 9002) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 9037) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 8970) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 8935) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 8938) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 8941) +* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 5330) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 7235) +* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 416) +* babel package: thebibliography. (line 4302) +* babel package <1>: Accents. (line 9057) +* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 8035) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 8944) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 8950) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 8947) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 9080) +* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 6982) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 9097) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 335) +* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 9759) +* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 2645) * bibliography format, open: Document class options. - (line 663) -* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 3645) -* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 3576) -* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 3645) -* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 7090) -* Big point: Units of length. (line 4914) + (line 764) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 4358) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 4279) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 4358) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 8953) +* Big point: Units of length. (line 5704) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 649) -* bold font: Font styles. (line 1138) -* bold math: Font styles. (line 1197) -* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 2215) -* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 4365) -* boxes: Boxes. (line 6795) -* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 7093) -* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 7096) -* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 3787) -* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 3930) -* breve accent: Accents. (line 7274) -* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 6195) + (line 750) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 1289) +* bold math: Font styles. (line 1348) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 2572) +* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 5079) +* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 7998) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 7640) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 8956) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 8959) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 4501) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 4644) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 9137) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 6985) * bug reporting: About this document. - (line 258) -* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 5289) -* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 7099) -* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 2606) -* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1141) -* cap height: Text symbols. (line 7107) -* caron accent: Accents. (line 7285) + (line 306) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 6079) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 8962) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 2979) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1292) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 8970) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 9148) * catcode: \makeatletter and \makeatother. - (line 529) + (line 572) * category code, character: \makeatletter and \makeatother. - (line 529) -* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 7683) -* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 7239) -* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 7078) + (line 572) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 9546) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 9102) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 8941) * centered equations: Document class options. - (line 653) -* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 7146) -* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 2166) -* centering text, environment for: center. (line 2123) -* Centimeter: Units of length. (line 4918) + (line 754) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 9009) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 2512) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 2469) +* Centimeter: Units of length. (line 5708) * character category code: \makeatletter and \makeatother. - (line 529) -* characters, accented: Accents. (line 7194) + (line 572) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 9057) +* characters, case: Upper and lower case. + (line 8820) * characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) + (line 9153) * characters, reserved: Reserved characters. - (line 6968) + (line 8786) * characters, special: Reserved characters. - (line 6968) -* check accent: Accents. (line 7285) -* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 6198) -* Cicero: Units of length. (line 4927) -* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 7090) -* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 7102) -* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 7221) -* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 6210) -* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 7072) -* citation key: \bibitem. (line 3607) + (line 8786) +* check accent: Accents. (line 9148) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 6988) +* Cicero: Units of length. (line 5717) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 8953) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 8965) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 9084) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 7000) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 8935) +* citation key: \bibitem. (line 4320) * class and package commands: Class and package commands. - (line 784) + (line 885) * class and package difference: Class and package construction. - (line 726) + (line 827) * class and package structure: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * class file example: Class and package structure. - (line 770) + (line 871) * class file layout: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * class options: Document class options. - (line 604) + (line 703) * class options <1>: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * class options <2>: Class and package commands. - (line 831) -* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 570) -* closing letters: \closing. (line 7699) -* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 7063) -* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 3734) -* command line: Command line. (line 7868) + (line 945) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 669) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 9562) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 8926) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 4447) +* color: Color. (line 7807) +* color <1>: Define colors. (line 7912) +* color <2>: Colored text. (line 7932) +* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 7998) +* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 8035) +* color models: Color models. (line 7860) +* color package commands: Commands for color. (line 7907) +* color package options: Color package options. + (line 7822) +* color, define: Define colors. (line 7912) +* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 7998) +* colored page: Colored pages. (line 8035) +* colored text: Colored text. (line 7932) +* command line: Command line. (line 9731) * command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 452) + (line 486) * commands, class and package: Class and package commands. - (line 784) + (line 885) * commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4220) -* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 4311) + (line 4934) +* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 5025) * commands, document class: Class and package construction. - (line 717) + (line 818) +* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics. + (line 8343) +* commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 5400) * commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4220) -* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 7107) -* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 3734) -* contents file: Output files. (line 392) -* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 7020) -* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 4683) -* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 4326) -* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 4783) + (line 4934) +* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 609) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 8970) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 4447) +* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* contents file: Output files. (line 426) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 8883) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 5473) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 5040) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 5573) * counters, printing: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4709) -* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 4812) -* creating pictures: picture. (line 2813) -* creating tables: table. (line 3212) -* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 6455) -* cross references: Cross references. (line 1869) -* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 382) -* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 1951) -* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 1972) -* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 7118) -* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 7127) -* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 7115) -* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 7023) -* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 7112) -* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 6451) -* date, today's: \today. (line 7366) -* datetime package: \today. (line 7382) + (line 5499) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 5602) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 3460) +* creating tables: table. (line 3915) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 7245) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 2215) +* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 416) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 2297) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 2318) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 8981) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 8990) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 8978) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 8886) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 8975) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 7241) +* date, today's: \today. (line 9229) +* datetime package: \today. (line 9245) +* define color: Define colors. (line 7912) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4220) -* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 4311) + (line 4934) +* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 5025) * defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4380) -* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 4599) -* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 4487) -* definitions: Definitions. (line 4215) -* description lists, creating: description. (line 2198) -* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 4616) -* Didot point: Units of length. (line 4924) -* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 7204) + (line 5094) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 5313) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 5201) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 4929) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 2544) +* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 5330) +* Didot point: Units of length. (line 5714) +* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 9067) * difference between class and package: Class and package construction. - (line 726) -* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 3872) -* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 6280) + (line 827) +* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 4586) +* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7070) * displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * document class commands: Class and package construction. - (line 717) + (line 818) * document class options: Document class options. - (line 604) + (line 703) * document class, defined: Starting and ending. - (line 335) -* document classes: Document classes. (line 570) -* document templates: Document templates. (line 7889) -* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 7118) -* dot accent: Accents. (line 7213) -* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 6204) -* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 7213) -* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 7243) -* dotless i: Accents. (line 7251) -* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 6213) -* dotless j: Accents. (line 7254) -* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 6216) -* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 7026) -* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 7115) -* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 6201) -* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 7152) -* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 7060) -* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 7168) -* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 7155) + (line 369) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 669) +* document templates: Document templates. (line 9752) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 8981) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 9076) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 6994) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 9076) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 9106) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 9114) +* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 7003) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 9117) +* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 7006) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 8889) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 8978) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 6991) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 9015) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 8923) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 9031) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 9018) * double spacing: Low-level font commands. - (line 1349) -* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 7087) -* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 7124) -* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 407) -* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 7044) -* em: Units of length. (line 4932) -* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 7121) -* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 7177) -* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 7183) -* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1126) -* enclosure list: \encl. (line 7711) -* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 2298) + (line 1504) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 8950) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 8987) +* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 441) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 8907) +* em: Units of length. (line 5722) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 8984) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 9040) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 9046) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1277) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 9574) +* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 2661) * ending and starting: Starting and ending. - (line 327) -* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 401) -* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 3959) + (line 361) +* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 435) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 4673) +* enumitem package: list. (line 3085) * environment: Starting and ending. - (line 343) -* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 4487) -* environments: Environments. (line 1994) + (line 377) +* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 5201) +* environments: Environments. (line 2340) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4380) -* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1972) + (line 5094) +* EPS files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* EPS files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 2318) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. - (line 659) -* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 2411) -* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* equations, environment for: equation. (line 2432) + (line 760) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 2779) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 2800) * equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. - (line 653) + (line 754) * es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7336) + (line 9199) * eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7304) -* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 7127) -* ex: Units of length. (line 4932) -* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 7130) + (line 9167) +* etoolbox package: Class and package commands. + (line 989) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 8990) +* ex: Units of length. (line 5722) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 8993) * exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 5148) + (line 5938) * extended Latin: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) -* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 2503) + (line 9153) +* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 2876) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1255) -* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 7143) -* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1972) -* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 2800) -* figures, inserting: figure. (line 2450) + (line 1407) +* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 3906) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 9006) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 2318) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 3447) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 2823) * file, root: Splitting the input. - (line 7391) -* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1159) -* float package: Floats. (line 1713) -* float page: Floats. (line 1719) + (line 9254) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1310) +* flafter package: Floats. (line 1898) +* float package: Floats. (line 1868) +* float page: Floats. (line 1874) * flush left equations: Document class options. - (line 653) -* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 3946) + (line 754) +* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 4660) * font catalogue: Low-level font commands. - (line 1255) + (line 1407) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. - (line 1241) + (line 1392) * font size: Low-level font commands. - (line 1333) -* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1215) -* font styles: Font styles. (line 1073) + (line 1487) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1366) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 1224) * font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position. - (line 7002) -* fonts: Fonts. (line 1067) -* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 4599) -* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6490) + (line 8865) +* fonts: Fonts. (line 1218) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 5313) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 7280) * footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) + (line 1690) * footmisc package: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 4143) -* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1972) + (line 4857) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 2318) * footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. - (line 4199) -* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 2800) -* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 3992) -* Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 4039) + (line 4913) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 3447) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 4706) +* Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 4753) * Footnotes, in a table: Footnotes in a table. - (line 4093) + (line 4807) * footnotes, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 4139) -* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 4027) -* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 2432) -* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* forward reference: Cross references. (line 1885) -* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 382) -* fragile commands: \protect. (line 4634) -* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6076) + (line 4853) +* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 4741) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 2800) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* forward reference: Cross references. (line 2231) +* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 416) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 5348) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6866) * geometry package: Document class options. - (line 638) + (line 737) +* geometry package <1>: Document class options. + (line 741) * global options: Document class options. - (line 604) + (line 703) * global options <1>: Additional packages. - (line 710) -* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 7521) -* glossary package: Glossaries. (line 7530) -* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 4350) -* graphics packages: \line. (line 2976) -* grave accent: Accents. (line 7225) -* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 6207) -* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 7133) -* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 5181) -* group, and environments: Environments. (line 2006) -* ha'c: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* graphics package: Graphics. (line 8056) +* graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* graphics package commands: Commands for graphics. + (line 8343) +* graphics package options: Graphics package options. + (line 8093) +* graphics packages: \line. (line 3623) +* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 9088) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 6997) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 8996) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 5971) +* group, and environments: Environments. (line 2352) +* ha'c: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* JPG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* JPG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 2966) +* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 2940) +* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 335) +* label: Cross references. (line 2218) +* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 2544) +* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 353) +* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 335) * landscape orientation: Document class options. - (line 656) -* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 7029) -* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 301) + (line 757) +* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 8892) +* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 335) * LaTeX Project team: About this document. - (line 269) + (line 302) * LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document. - (line 265) -* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 7032) + (line 298) +* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 8895) * Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) -* layout commands: Layout. (line 1379) + (line 9153) +* layout commands: Layout. (line 1534) * layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) -* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 7139) -* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 7093) -* left quote: Text symbols. (line 7048) -* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 7152) -* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 7158) + (line 1690) +* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 9002) +* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 8956) +* left quote: Text symbols. (line 8911) +* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 9015) +* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 9021) * left-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 659) -* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 2567) -* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 2554) -* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6363) -* length command: \setlength. (line 4954) -* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 4962) -* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 4350) -* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 4872) -* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 5002) -* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 4950) -* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 7136) -* letters, accented: Accents. (line 7194) + (line 760) +* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 2940) +* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 2927) +* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 7153) +* length command: \setlength. (line 5744) +* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 5752) +* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 5064) +* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 5662) +* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 5792) +* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 5740) +* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 8999) +* letters, accented: Accents. (line 9057) * letters, additional Latin: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) -* letters, ending: \closing. (line 7699) -* letters, starting: \opening. (line 7769) -* letters, writing: Letters. (line 7576) -* line break, forcing: \\. (line 3798) -* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 3787) + (line 9153) +* letters, ending: \closing. (line 9562) +* letters, starting: \opening. (line 9632) +* letters, writing: Letters. (line 9439) +* line break, forcing: \\. (line 4512) +* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 4501) * line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 3913) + (line 4627) * line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 3913) -* lines in tables: tabular. (line 3254) -* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 1201) -* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 3254) -* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 3121) -* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 4757) -* list of figures file: Output files. (line 392) -* list of tables file: Output files. (line 392) -* lists of items: itemize. (line 2606) -* lists of items, generic: list. (line 2713) -* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 2314) + (line 4627) +* lines in tables: tabular. (line 3957) +* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 1352) +* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 3957) +* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 3768) +* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 5547) +* list of figures file: Output files. (line 426) +* list of tables file: Output files. (line 426) +* listings package: tabbing. (line 3906) +* lists of items: itemize. (line 2979) +* lists of items, generic: list. (line 3067) +* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 2677) * loading additional packages: Additional packages. - (line 701) -* log file: Output files. (line 377) -* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 7029) -* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 7032) -* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 7069) -* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 7060) + (line 802) +* log file: Output files. (line 411) +* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 8892) +* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 8895) +* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 8932) +* long command: Class and package commands. + (line 902) +* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 8923) * low-level font commands: Low-level font commands. - (line 1241) -* LR mode: Modes. (line 6363) -* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 7947) -* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 424) -* m-width: Units of length. (line 4932) -* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 306) -* macron accent: Accents. (line 7217) -* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 6192) -* macros2e package For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign: \makeatletter and \makeatother. - (line 549) -* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* makeidx package: Indexes. (line 7558) -* makeindex program: Indexes. (line 7553) -* making a title page: titlepage. (line 3695) -* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 5021) -* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 5061) -* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 7143) -* math accents: Math accents. (line 6184) -* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* math functions: Math functions. (line 6076) -* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 6279) -* math mode: Modes. (line 6363) -* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 5111) + (line 1392) +* Lower case: Upper and lower case. + (line 8820) +* LR mode: Modes. (line 7153) +* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 9810) +* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 458) +* m-width: Units of length. (line 5722) +* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 340) +* macron accent: Accents. (line 9080) +* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 6982) +* macros2e package: \makeatletter and \makeatother. + (line 593) +* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* makeidx package: Indexes. (line 9421) +* makeindex program: Indexes. (line 9416) +* making a title page: titlepage. (line 4408) +* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 5811) +* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 5851) +* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 9006) +* math accents: Math accents. (line 6974) +* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* math functions: Math functions. (line 6866) +* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 7069) +* math mode: Modes. (line 7153) +* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 5901) * math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6236) -* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 5181) -* math, bold: Font styles. (line 1197) -* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 4921) -* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 2785) -* modes: Modes. (line 6363) -* monospace font: Font styles. (line 1159) -* moving arguments: \protect. (line 4644) -* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 4039) -* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 4943) -* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 1393) -* multilingual support: Accents. (line 7194) -* multind package: Indexes. (line 7569) + (line 7026) +* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 5971) +* math, bold: Font styles. (line 1348) +* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case. + (line 8859) +* Millimeter: Units of length. (line 5711) +* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 3432) +* minted package: tabbing. (line 3906) +* modes: Modes. (line 7153) +* monospace font: Font styles. (line 1310) +* moving arguments: \protect. (line 5361) +* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 4753) +* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 5733) +* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 1548) +* multilingual support: Accents. (line 9057) +* multind package: Indexes. (line 9432) * multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany. - (line 6280) -* nested \include, not allowed: \include. (line 7412) + (line 7070) +* nested \include, not allowed: \include. (line 9275) * new class commands: Class and package construction. - (line 717) + (line 818) +* new command, check: Class and package commands. + (line 900) +* new command, definition: Class and package commands. + (line 975) * new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4220) -* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 4311) + (line 4934) +* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 5025) * new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 3830) -* new line, starting: \\. (line 3798) -* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 3839) -* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 3953) + (line 4544) +* new line, starting: \\. (line 4512) +* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 4553) +* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 4667) * non-English characters: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) -* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 5061) -* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 6309) -* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 4757) -* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 1201) -* oblique font: Font styles. (line 1156) + (line 9153) +* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 5851) +* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 7099) +* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 5547) +* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 1352) +* oblique font: Font styles. (line 1307) * oe ligature: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7332) -* ogonek: Accents. (line 7258) -* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 1201) -* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 1384) -* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 7048) -* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 401) + (line 9195) +* ogonek: Accents. (line 9121) +* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 1352) +* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 1539) +* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 8911) +* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 435) * options, class: Class and package commands. - (line 831) + (line 945) +* options, color package: Color package options. + (line 7822) * options, document class: Document class options. - (line 604) + (line 703) * options, document class <1>: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * options, global: Additional packages. - (line 710) + (line 811) +* options, graphics package: Graphics package options. + (line 8093) * options, package: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * options, package <1>: Class and package commands. - (line 831) -* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 7143) + (line 945) +* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 9006) * oslash: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7328) -* overbar accent: Accents. (line 7217) -* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 6204) -* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 301) + (line 9191) +* overbar accent: Accents. (line 9080) +* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 6994) +* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 335) * package file layout: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * package options: Class and package structure. - (line 740) + (line 841) * package options <1>: Class and package commands. - (line 831) -* package, babel: Accents. (line 7194) -* package, datetime: \today. (line 7382) -* package, float: Floats. (line 1713) + (line 945) +* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 3906) +* package, amsmath: array. (line 2437) +* package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 2613) +* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 4302) +* package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 9057) +* package, datetime: \today. (line 9245) +* package, enumitem: list. (line 3085) +* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands. + (line 989) +* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 3906) +* package, flafter: Floats. (line 1898) +* package, float: Floats. (line 1868) * package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 4143) + (line 4857) * package, geometry: Document class options. - (line 638) + (line 737) +* package, geometry <1>: Document class options. + (line 741) +* package, listings: tabbing. (line 3906) * package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother. - (line 549) -* package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 7558) -* package, multind: Indexes. (line 7569) -* package, picture: picture. (line 2830) + (line 593) +* package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 9421) +* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case. + (line 8859) +* package, minted: tabbing. (line 3906) +* package, multind: Indexes. (line 9432) +* package, picture: picture. (line 3477) * package, setspace: Low-level font commands. - (line 1349) -* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 7565) -* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 1201) + (line 1504) +* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 9428) +* package, textcase: Upper and lower case. + (line 8856) +* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 1352) * package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence. - (line 6622) + (line 7480) * packages, loading additional: Additional packages. - (line 701) + (line 802) * page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 3974) + (line 4688) * page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 3974) -* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 3930) + (line 4688) +* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 4644) * page layout parameters: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) -* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 1951) -* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6465) -* page styles: Page styles. (line 6433) -* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 2796) + (line 1690) +* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 2297) +* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 7255) +* page styles: Page styles. (line 7223) +* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 8035) +* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 3443) * paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) -* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6363) -* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 7052) -* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 5021) + (line 3732) +* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 7153) +* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 7718) +* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 8915) +* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 5811) * parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. - (line 4199) + (line 4913) * parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) -* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 369) -* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 407) -* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 7146) -* pica: Units of length. (line 4908) -* pict2e package: \line. (line 2976) -* picture package: picture. (line 2830) -* pictures, creating: picture. (line 2813) -* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 7052) -* placement of floats: Floats. (line 1692) -* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 3768) -* Point: Units of length. (line 4904) + (line 1690) +* PDF graphic files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* PDF graphic files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 403) +* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 441) +* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 9009) +* pica: Units of length. (line 5698) +* pict2e package: \line. (line 3623) +* picture package: picture. (line 3477) +* pictures, creating: picture. (line 3460) +* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 8915) +* placement of floats: Floats. (line 1847) +* PNG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 8157) +* PNG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 4482) +* Point: Units of length. (line 5694) * polish l: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7320) + (line 9183) * portrait orientation: Document class options. - (line 656) -* position, in picture: picture. (line 2835) + (line 757) +* position, in picture: picture. (line 3482) * positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4251) -* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 7782) -* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 7056) + (line 4965) +* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 9645) +* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 8919) * preamble, defined: Starting and ending. - (line 340) -* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 5002) -* prompt, *: Command line. (line 7880) -* pronunciation: Overview. (line 319) + (line 374) +* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 5792) +* prompt, *: Command line. (line 9743) +* pronunciation: Overview. (line 353) * quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6262) -* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 7149) -* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 7164) -* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 7168) + (line 7052) +* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 9012) +* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 9027) +* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 9031) * quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) -* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 2593) -* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 2580) -* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 2567) -* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 2554) + (line 3732) +* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 2966) +* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 2953) +* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 2940) +* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 2927) * redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4380) -* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 1885) -* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 382) -* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 7171) -* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 5061) + (line 5094) +* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 2231) +* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 416) +* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 9034) +* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 5851) * reporting bugs: About this document. - (line 258) + (line 306) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. - (line 6968) -* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 7174) -* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 7096) -* right quote: Text symbols. (line 7063) -* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 7155) -* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 7161) + (line 8786) +* resizing: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 9037) +* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 8959) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 8926) +* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 9018) +* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 9024) * right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 659) -* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 2593) -* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 2580) -* ring accent: Accents. (line 7263) -* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 6219) -* robust commands: \protect. (line 4634) -* roman font: Font styles. (line 1147) + (line 760) +* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 2966) +* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 2953) +* ring accent: Accents. (line 9126) +* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 7009) +* robust commands: \protect. (line 5348) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 1298) * root file: Splitting the input. - (line 7391) -* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 4350) + (line 9254) +* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 8658) +* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 8658) +* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 8658) +* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 3807) +* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 5064) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) -* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6490) -* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1153) -* Scaled point: Units of length. (line 4930) -* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1141) -* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1972) -* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 1858) -* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 7066) -* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 1817) + (line 1690) +* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 7280) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1304) +* Scaled point: Units of length. (line 5720) +* scaling: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1292) +* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 2318) +* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 2013) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 8929) +* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 2025) +* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 1972) * series, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1280) + (line 1434) * setspace package: Low-level font commands. - (line 1349) -* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 4812) + (line 1504) +* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 5602) * shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1320) + (line 1474) * sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7336) -* showidx package: Indexes. (line 7565) -* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 3734) -* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 7038) -* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 7158) -* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 7060) -* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 7164) -* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 7161) -* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1215) -* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 4350) -* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1156) -* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1150) -* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6696) -* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 6765) -* spaces: Spaces. (line 6533) + (line 9199) +* showidx package: Indexes. (line 9428) +* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 4447) +* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 8901) +* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 9021) +* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 8923) +* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 9027) +* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 9024) +* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1366) +* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 5064) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1307) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1301) +* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 7541) +* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 7610) +* spaces: Spaces. (line 7323) +* spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 5400) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6236) -* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6628) -* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 7143) + (line 7026) +* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 7448) +* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 7461) +* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 9006) * special characters: Reserved characters. - (line 6968) + (line 8786) * special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7290) -* special insertions: Special insertions. (line 6962) -* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 1692) + (line 9153) +* special insertions: Special insertions. (line 8780) +* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 1847) * splitting the input file: Splitting the input. - (line 7388) + (line 9251) * stable option to footmisc package: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 4143) + (line 4857) +* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 609) * starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4228) -* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 3953) -* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 3946) + (line 4942) +* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 4667) +* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 4660) * starting and ending: Starting and ending. - (line 327) -* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 3937) -* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 7056) -* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 7168) -* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 7168) -* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 7164) -* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6565) -* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6739) -* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 1524) -* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1073) -* styles, page: Page styles. (line 6433) + (line 361) +* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 4651) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 8919) +* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 9031) +* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 9031) +* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 9027) +* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 7355) +* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 7584) +* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 1679) +* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1224) +* styles, page: Page styles. (line 7223) * subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 5148) + (line 5938) * superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 5148) -* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 5181) -* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 7014) -* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 3121) + (line 5938) +* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 5971) +* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 8877) +* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 3768) * table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. - (line 7472) -* table of contents file: Output files. (line 392) + (line 9335) +* table of contents file: Output files. (line 426) * table of contents, avoiding footnotes: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 4139) -* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 7451) -* tables, creating: table. (line 3212) -* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 7896) -* template, book: book template. (line 7927) -* template, TUGboat: tugboat template. (line 7947) -* templates, document: Document templates. (line 7889) + (line 4853) +* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 9314) +* tables, creating: table. (line 3915) +* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 9759) +* template, book: book template. (line 9790) +* template, TUGboat: tugboat template. (line 9810) +* templates, document: Document templates. (line 9752) * terminal input/output: Terminal input/output. - (line 7835) -* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 7069) -* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 7014) -* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 1201) -* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 6455) -* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 4487) -* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 4487) -* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 3682) + (line 9698) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 8932) +* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 8877) +* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 8751) +* textcase package: Upper and lower case. + (line 8856) +* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 1352) +* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 7245) +* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 5201) +* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 5201) +* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 4395) * thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7340) -* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 7177) -* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 7269) -* tilde accent: Accents. (line 7231) -* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 6222) -* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 7075) + (line 9203) +* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 9040) +* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 9132) +* tilde accent: Accents. (line 9094) +* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 7012) +* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 8938) * title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. - (line 667) -* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 3695) -* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 6459) -* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6439) -* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 7180) -* transcript file: Output files. (line 377) -* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 401) -* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 7947) -* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 1393) -* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 7183) -* type styles: Font styles. (line 1073) -* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 3734) -* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1215) -* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1067) -* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1159) -* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 2215) -* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 7204) -* underbar: Accents. (line 7277) -* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 7186) -* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 401) -* units, of length: Units of length. (line 4900) + (line 768) +* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 4408) +* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 7249) +* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 7229) +* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 9043) +* transcript file: Output files. (line 411) +* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 435) +* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 9810) +* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 1548) +* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 9046) +* type styles: Font styles. (line 1224) +* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 4447) +* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1366) +* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1218) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1310) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 2572) +* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 9067) +* underbar: Accents. (line 9140) +* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 9049) +* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 435) +* units, of length: Units of length. (line 5690) * unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. - (line 269) -* unordered lists: itemize. (line 2606) -* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 3645) -* UTF-8: TeX engines. (line 401) -* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 4683) -* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 6225) -* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 3734) -* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 3751) -* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 7087) -* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 7084) -* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6696) -* vertical space <1>: \vspace. (line 6765) -* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 5055) -* visible space: \verb. (line 3762) -* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 7189) + (line 302) +* unordered lists: itemize. (line 2979) +* Upper case: Upper and lower case. + (line 8820) +* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 4358) +* UTF-8: TeX engines. (line 435) +* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 5473) +* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 7015) +* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 4447) +* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 4465) +* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 8950) +* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 8947) +* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 7541) +* vertical space <1>: \vspace. (line 7610) +* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 5845) +* visible space: \verb. (line 4476) +* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 9052) * weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1290) -* white space: Spaces. (line 6533) -* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 6228) -* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 6231) + (line 1444) +* white space: Spaces. (line 7323) +* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 7018) +* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 7021) * widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1302) -* writing external files: filecontents. (line 2503) -* writing letters: Letters. (line 7576) -* x-height: Units of length. (line 4932) -* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 433) -* xindy program: Indexes. (line 7553) + (line 1456) +* writing external files: filecontents. (line 2876) +* writing letters: Letters. (line 9439) +* x-height: Units of length. (line 5722) +* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 467) +* xindy program: Indexes. (line 9416) * xspace package: \(SPACE) after control sequence. - (line 6622) + (line 7480) Command Index ************* * Menu: -* $: Math formulas. (line 5129) -* &: tabular. (line 3280) -* --help command-line option: Command line. (line 7876) -* .aux file: Output files. (line 382) -* .dvi file: Output files. (line 359) -* .fd file: \newfont. (line 4609) -* .lof file: Output files. (line 392) -* .lof file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 7461) -* .log file: Output files. (line 377) -* .lot file: Output files. (line 392) -* .lot file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 7461) -* .pdf file: Output files. (line 369) -* .tex, default extension: Command line. (line 7868) -* .toc file: Output files. (line 392) -* .toc file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 7451) -* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 433) +* $: Math formulas. (line 5919) +* &: tabular. (line 3983) +* --help command-line option: Command line. (line 9739) +* .aux file: Output files. (line 416) +* .dvi file: Output files. (line 393) +* .fd file: \newfont. (line 5323) +* .lof file: Output files. (line 426) +* .lof file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 9324) +* .log file: Output files. (line 411) +* .lot file: Output files. (line 426) +* .lot file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 9324) +* .pdf file: Output files. (line 403) +* .tex, default extension: Command line. (line 9731) +* .toc file: Output files. (line 426) +* .toc file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 9314) +* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 467) * 10pt option: Document class options. - (line 612) + (line 711) * 11pt option: Document class options. - (line 612) + (line 711) * 12pt option: Document class options. - (line 612) + (line 711) * [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 452) + (line 486) * \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 452) + (line 486) * \!: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6259) -* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 7204) + (line 7049) +* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 9067) * \#: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) + (line 8793) * \$: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) + (line 8793) * \%: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) + (line 8793) * \&: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) -* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 7208) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3160) -* $: Math formulas. (line 5121) -* \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6575) -* $: Math formulas. (line 5121) -* \*: Math miscellany. (line 6279) -* \+: tabbing. (line 3152) + (line 8793) +* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 9071) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3848) +* $: Math formulas. (line 5911) +* \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 7416) +* $: Math formulas. (line 5911) +* \*: Math miscellany. (line 7069) +* \+: tabbing. (line 3840) * \,: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6255) -* \-: tabbing. (line 3156) -* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 3860) -* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 7213) -* \/: \/. (line 6648) + (line 7045) +* \-: tabbing. (line 3844) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 4574) +* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 9076) +* \/: \/. (line 7493) * \:: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6251) + (line 7041) * \;: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6246) -* \<: tabbing. (line 3148) -* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 7217) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3142) -* \>: tabbing. (line 3146) + (line 7036) +* \<: tabbing. (line 3836) +* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 9080) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3830) +* \>: tabbing. (line 3834) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6251) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3145) -* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6575) -* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 4027) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3175) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3176) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3176) + (line 7041) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3833) +* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 7416) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 3312) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 3320) +* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 4741) +* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 609) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 3316) +* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 2025) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3863) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3864) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3864) * \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7296) + (line 9159) * \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7296) -* \acute: Math accents. (line 6188) -* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 7472) -* \address: \address. (line 7656) -* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 7506) -* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 4828) -* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 4962) -* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6696) + (line 9159) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 6978) +* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 9335) +* \address: \address. (line 9519) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 9369) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 5618) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 5752) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 7541) * \ae (ae): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7300) + (line 9163) * \AE (AE): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7300) -* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 5197) -* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 2360) -* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 5200) + (line 9163) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 5987) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 2732) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 5990) * \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4717) + (line 5507) * \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4720) -* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 7550) -* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 5203) -* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 6445) -* \angle: Math symbols. (line 5206) -* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 1848) -* \approx: Math symbols. (line 5211) + (line 5510) +* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 9413) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 5993) +* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 7235) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 5996) +* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 2003) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 6001) * \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4723) -* \arccos: Math functions. (line 6079) -* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 6082) -* \arctan: Math functions. (line 6085) -* \arg: Math functions. (line 6088) -* \arraycolsep: array. (line 2088) -* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 3404) -* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 3410) -* \ast: Math symbols. (line 5214) -* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 5223) -* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 2285) + (line 5513) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 6869) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 6872) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 6875) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 6878) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 2434) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 4107) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 4113) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 6004) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 6013) +* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 2645) * \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands. - (line 787) -* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 2298) + (line 888) +* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 2661) * \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands. - (line 792) + (line 893) * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 792) -* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 6444) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3176) -* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 7234) -* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 5226) -* \bar: Math accents. (line 6191) + (line 893) +* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 7234) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 3864) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 9097) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 6016) +* \bar: Math accents. (line 6981) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. - (line 1333) + (line 1487) * \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. - (line 1343) -* \begin: Environments. (line 1994) -* \beta: Math symbols. (line 5230) -* \bf: Font styles. (line 1137) -* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1106) -* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 3601) -* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 3645) -* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 3645) -* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 5233) -* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 5237) -* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 5241) -* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 5245) -* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 5248) -* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 5251) + (line 1497) +* \begin: Environments. (line 2340) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 6020) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 1288) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1257) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 4314) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 4358) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 4358) +* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 4296) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 6023) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 6027) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 6031) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 6035) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 6038) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 6041) * \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6721) + (line 7566) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6722) -* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 5262) -* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 5254) -* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 5258) -* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 5265) -* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 5269) -* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 5272) -* \bmod: Math functions. (line 6091) -* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 5134) -* \bot: Math symbols. (line 5275) -* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 1755) -* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1756) -* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 5280) -* \Box: Math symbols. (line 5283) -* \breve: Math accents. (line 6194) -* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 5288) -* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 7239) -* \cal: Font styles. (line 1140) -* \cap: Math symbols. (line 5291) -* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 7208) -* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 7274) -* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 7285) -* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 7239) -* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 7221) -* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 7204) -* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 7243) -* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 7225) -* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 7247) -* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 7217) -* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 7269) -* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 7258) -* \capitalring: Accents. (line 7263) -* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 7269) -* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 7231) -* \caption: figure. (line 2484) -* \caption <1>: table. (line 3232) -* \cc: \cc. (line 7683) -* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 5296) -* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 6298) -* \centering: \centering. (line 2166) -* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 1820) -* \check: Math accents. (line 6197) -* \chi: Math symbols. (line 5299) -* \circ: Math symbols. (line 5302) -* \circle: \circle. (line 2888) -* \cite: \cite. (line 3620) + (line 7567) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 6052) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 6044) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 6048) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 6055) +* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 6059) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 6062) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 6881) +* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 5924) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 6065) +* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 1910) +* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1911) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 6070) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 6073) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 6984) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 6078) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 9102) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 1291) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 6081) +* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 9071) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 9137) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 9148) +* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 9102) +* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 9084) +* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 9067) +* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 9106) +* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 9088) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 9110) +* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 9080) +* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 9132) +* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 9121) +* \capitalring: Accents. (line 9126) +* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 9132) +* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 9094) +* \caption: figure. (line 2857) +* \caption <1>: table. (line 3935) +* \cc: \cc. (line 9546) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 6086) +* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 7088) +* \centering: \centering. (line 2512) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 1975) +* \check: Math accents. (line 6987) +* \CheckCommand: Class and package commands. + (line 900) +* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands. + (line 900) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 6089) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 6092) +* \circle: \circle. (line 3535) +* \cite: \cite. (line 4333) * \ClassError: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \ClassInfo: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \ClassInfoNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \ClassWarning: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \ClassWarningNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 807) -* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 3937) -* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 3946) -* \cline: \cline. (line 3537) -* \closing: \closing. (line 7699) -* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 5307) -* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 1409) + (line 920) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 4651) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 4660) +* \cline: \cline. (line 4240) +* \closing: \closing. (line 9562) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 6097) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 1564) * \columnsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1535) + (line 1690) * \columnsep <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1538) -* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 1415) + (line 1693) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 1570) * \columnseprule <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1536) + (line 1691) * \columnseprule <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1538) -* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 1422) + (line 1693) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 1577) * \columnwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1537) + (line 1692) * \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1538) -* \complement: Math symbols. (line 5310) -* \cong: Math symbols. (line 5316) -* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 7499) -* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 5319) -* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 7018) -* \cos: Math functions. (line 6094) -* \cosh: Math functions. (line 6097) -* \cot: Math functions. (line 6100) -* \coth: Math functions. (line 6103) -* \csc: Math functions. (line 6106) -* \cup: Math symbols. (line 5322) + (line 1693) +* \complement: Math symbols. (line 6100) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 6106) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 9362) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 6109) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 8881) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 6884) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 6887) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 6890) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 6893) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 6896) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 6112) * \CurrentOption: Class and package commands. - (line 825) -* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 7243) -* \dag: Text symbols. (line 7022) -* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 5327) -* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 2943) -* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 5330) -* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 6450) -* \day: \day \month \year. (line 4861) -* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 1456) -* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1462) -* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1469) -* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 1434) -* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 1474) -* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 7025) -* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 5334) -* \ddot: Math accents. (line 6200) -* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 6302) + (line 939) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 9106) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 8885) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 6117) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 3590) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 6120) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 7240) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 5651) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 1611) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1617) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 1624) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 1589) +* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 1629) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 8888) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 6124) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 6990) +* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 7092) +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. + (line 8231) +* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule. + (line 8270) * \DeclareOption: Class and package commands. - (line 831) + (line 945) * \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands. - (line 831) -* \deg: Math functions. (line 6109) -* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 5337) -* \delta: Math symbols. (line 5340) -* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 5006) -* \det: Math functions. (line 6112) + (line 945) +* \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands. + (line 975) +* \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands. + (line 975) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 6899) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 6127) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 6130) +* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 5796) +* \det: Math functions. (line 6902) * \dh (d): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7304) + (line 9167) * \DH (D): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7304) -* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 5343) -* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 5347) -* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 5351) -* \dim: Math functions. (line 6115) -* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 5139) -* \div: Math symbols. (line 5354) + (line 9167) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 6133) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 6137) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 6141) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 6905) +* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 5929) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 6144) * \dj: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7310) + (line 9173) * \DJ: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7310) -* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 570) -* \dot: Math accents. (line 6203) -* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 5357) + (line 9173) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 669) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 6993) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 6147) * \dotfill: \hrulefill \dotfill. - (line 6673) -* \dots: Text symbols. (line 7042) -* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 3415) -* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 5361) -* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 5365) -* \ell: Math symbols. (line 5369) -* \emph: Font styles. (line 1126) -* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 5372) -* \encl: \encl. (line 7711) -* \end: Environments. (line 1994) -* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 3959) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 2350) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 2350) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 2350) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 2350) -* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 5376) -* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 5382) -* \eta: Math symbols. (line 5385) + (line 7518) +* \dots: Text symbols. (line 8905) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 4118) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 6151) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 6155) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 6159) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 1277) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 6162) +* \encl: \encl. (line 9574) +* \end: Environments. (line 2340) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 4673) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 2718) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 2718) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 2718) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 2718) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 6166) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 6172) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 6175) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 680) + (line 781) * \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1596) + (line 1751) * \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1597) + (line 1752) * \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 899) -* \exists: Math symbols. (line 5388) -* \exp: Math functions. (line 6118) -* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 3363) + (line 1045) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 6178) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 6908) +* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 4066) * \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 6808) + (line 7653) * \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). - (line 2937) + (line 3584) * \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 6820) + (line 7665) * \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). - (line 2937) + (line 3584) * \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 6820) -* \fill: \hfill. (line 6568) -* \flat: Math symbols. (line 5391) -* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 1759) -* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 1760) -* \floatsep: Floats. (line 1775) -* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 1776) -* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 1503) -* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 4027) + (line 7665) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 7358) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 6181) +* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 1914) +* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 1915) +* \floatsep: Floats. (line 1930) +* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 1931) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 1658) +* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 4741) * \fnsymbol{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4732) + (line 5522) * \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. - (line 1246) + (line 1397) * \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. - (line 1255) + (line 1407) * \fontseries: Low-level font commands. - (line 1280) + (line 1434) * \fontshape: Low-level font commands. - (line 1320) + (line 1474) * \fontsize: Low-level font commands. - (line 1333) -* \footnote: \footnote. (line 4010) -* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 4048) + (line 1487) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 4724) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 4762) * \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. - (line 4199) + (line 4913) * \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. - (line 4205) -* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 4080) + (line 4919) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 4794) * \footskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 1555) + (line 1710) * \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1556) -* \forall: Math symbols. (line 5394) -* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 6306) -* \frac{NUM}{DEN}: Math miscellany. (line 6305) -* \frame: \frame. (line 2958) + (line 1711) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 6184) +* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 7096) +* \frac{NUM}{DEN}: Math miscellany. (line 7095) +* \frame: \frame. (line 3605) * \framebox: \framebox (picture). - (line 2929) + (line 3576) * \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 6808) -* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6628) -* \frown: Math symbols. (line 5397) -* \fussy: \fussy. (line 3879) -* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 5400) -* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 5403) -* \gcd: Math functions. (line 6121) -* \ge: Math symbols. (line 5406) -* \geq: Math symbols. (line 5410) -* \gets: Math symbols. (line 5414) -* \gg: Math symbols. (line 5417) -* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 7523) -* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 7526) -* \grave: Math accents. (line 6206) -* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 7034) -* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 7035) -* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 7036) -* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 7037) -* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 7247) -* \hat: Math accents. (line 6209) -* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 5421) + (line 7653) +* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 7448) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 6187) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 4593) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 6190) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 6193) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 6911) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 6196) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 6200) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 6204) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 6207) +* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 9386) +* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 9389) +* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 8169) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 6996) +* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 8897) +* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 8898) +* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 8899) +* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 8900) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 9110) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 6999) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 6211) * \headheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 1543) + (line 1698) * \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1544) + (line 1699) * \headsep: Page layout parameters. - (line 1548) + (line 1703) * \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1549) -* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 5424) -* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 5004) -* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6565) -* \hline: \hline. (line 3559) -* \hom: Math functions. (line 6124) -* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 5427) -* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5430) + (line 1704) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 6214) +* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 5794) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 7355) +* \hline: \hline. (line 4262) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 6914) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 6217) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6220) * \hrulefill: \hrulefill \dotfill. - (line 6673) + (line 7518) * \hsize: Page layout parameters. - (line 1648) + (line 1803) * \hsize <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1648) -* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6538) -* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 3897) -* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 7251) -* \iff: Math symbols. (line 5433) + (line 1803) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 7328) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 4611) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 9114) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 6223) * \IfFileExists: Class and package commands. - (line 861) + (line 1006) +* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 5400) +* \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 5400) * \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7316) + (line 9179) * \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7316) -* \Im: Math symbols. (line 5437) -* \imath: Math accents. (line 6212) -* \in: Math symbols. (line 5440) -* \include: \include. (line 7400) -* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 7418) -* \indent: \indent. (line 5029) -* \index: Indexes. (line 7539) -* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 7542) -* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 7562) -* \inf: Math functions. (line 6127) -* \infty: Math symbols. (line 5446) -* \input: \input. (line 7433) + (line 9179) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 6227) +* \imath: Math accents. (line 7002) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 6230) +* \include: \include. (line 9263) +* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 8349) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 9281) +* \indent: \indent. (line 5819) +* \index: Indexes. (line 9402) +* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 9405) +* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 9425) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 6917) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 6236) +* \input: \input. (line 9296) * \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands. - (line 861) -* \int: Math symbols. (line 5449) -* \intextsep: Floats. (line 1779) -* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 1780) -* \iota: Math symbols. (line 5452) -* \it: Font styles. (line 1143) -* \item: description. (line 2211) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 2326) -* \item <2>: itemize. (line 2606) -* \itemindent: itemize. (line 2649) -* \itemsep: itemize. (line 2671) -* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1100) -* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 7254) -* \jmath: Math accents. (line 6215) -* \Join: Math symbols. (line 5455) -* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 7258) -* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 5459) -* \ker: Math functions. (line 6130) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 3180) + (line 1006) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 6239) +* \intextsep: Floats. (line 1934) +* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 1935) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 6242) +* \it: Font styles. (line 1294) +* \item: description. (line 2567) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 2700) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 2979) +* \item <3>: itemize. (line 3001) +* \itemindent: list. (line 3141) +* \itemsep: list. (line 3145) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1251) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 9117) +* \jmath: Math accents. (line 7005) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 6245) +* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 9121) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 6249) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 6920) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 3868) * \l (/l): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7320) + (line 9183) * \L (/L): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7320) -* \label: \label. (line 1900) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 2355) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 2355) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 2355) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 2355) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 2629) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 2629) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 2629) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 2629) -* \labelsep: itemize. (line 2652) -* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 2655) -* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 5462) -* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 5465) -* \land: Math symbols. (line 5468) -* \langle: Math symbols. (line 5473) -* \large: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 7028) -* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 7031) -* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 5478) -* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 5482) -* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 5486) -* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 7041) -* \le: Math symbols. (line 5490) -* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 5494) -* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 6308) -* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 5501) -* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 5506) -* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 2416) -* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 5510) -* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 5513) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 2636) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 2636) -* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5516) -* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5521) -* \leq: Math symbols. (line 5526) -* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 5530) -* \lg: Math functions. (line 6133) -* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 5533) -* \lim: Math functions. (line 6136) -* \liminf: Math functions. (line 6139) -* \limsup: Math functions. (line 6142) -* \line: \line. (line 2969) + (line 9183) +* \label: \label. (line 2246) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 2727) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 2727) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 2727) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 2727) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 3008) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 3008) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 3008) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 3008) +* \labelsep: list. (line 3157) +* \labelwidth: list. (line 3162) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 6252) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 6255) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 6258) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 6263) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 8891) +* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 8894) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 6268) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 6272) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 6276) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 8904) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 6280) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 6284) +* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 7098) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 6291) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 6296) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 2784) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 6300) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 6303) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 3182) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 3027) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 3027) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6306) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6311) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 6316) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 6320) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 6923) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 6323) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 6926) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 6929) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 6932) +* \line: \line. (line 3616) * \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 3913) + (line 4627) * \linespread: Low-level font commands. - (line 1356) -* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 2983) + (line 1511) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 3630) * \linewidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 1562) + (line 1717) * \linewidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1563) -* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 7461) -* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 7461) -* \listparindent: itemize. (line 2658) -* \ll: Math symbols. (line 5541) -* \ln: Math functions. (line 6145) -* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 5545) + (line 1718) +* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 9324) +* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 9324) +* \listparindent: list. (line 3199) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 6331) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 6935) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 6335) * \LoadClass: Class and package commands. - (line 878) + (line 1023) * \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 878) -* \location: \location. (line 7727) -* \log: Math functions. (line 6148) -* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 5548) -* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5553) -* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 5557) -* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5562) -* \lor: Math symbols. (line 5567) -* \lq: Text symbols. (line 7047) -* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6844) -* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 2901) -* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 7521) -* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 7536) -* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 7737) -* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6439) -* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 5570) -* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5061) + (line 1023) +* \location: \location. (line 9590) +* \log: Math functions. (line 6938) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 6338) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6343) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 6347) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6352) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 6357) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 8910) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 7689) +* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 3548) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 9384) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 9399) +* \makelabel: list. (line 3114) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 9600) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 7229) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 6360) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5851) * \marginparpush: Page layout parameters. - (line 1569) + (line 1724) * \marginparpush <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1572) -* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 5091) -* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 5095) + (line 1727) +* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 5881) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 5885) * \marginparwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 1571) + (line 1726) * \marginparwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1572) -* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 5099) + (line 1727) +* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 5889) * \marginsep: Page layout parameters. - (line 1570) + (line 1725) * \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1572) -* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 6513) -* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 6520) -* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1179) -* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1195) -* \mathdollar: Math miscellany. (line 6313) -* \mathellipsis: Math miscellany. (line 6316) -* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1192) -* \mathparagraph: Math miscellany. (line 6319) -* \mathring: Math accents. (line 6218) -* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1176) -* \mathsection: Math miscellany. (line 6322) -* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1182) -* \mathsterling: Math miscellany. (line 6325) -* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1185) -* \mathunderscore: Math miscellany. (line 6328) -* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1197) -* \max: Math functions. (line 6151) -* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6801) -* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 6381) -* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1103) + (line 1727) +* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 7303) +* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 7310) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1330) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1346) +* \mathdollar: Math miscellany. (line 7103) +* \mathellipsis: Math miscellany. (line 7106) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1343) +* \mathparagraph: Math miscellany. (line 7109) +* \mathring: Math accents. (line 7008) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1327) +* \mathsection: Math miscellany. (line 7112) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1333) +* \mathsterling: Math miscellany. (line 7115) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1336) +* \mathunderscore: Math miscellany. (line 7118) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1348) +* \max: Math functions. (line 6941) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 7646) +* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 7171) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1254) * \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6726) + (line 7571) * \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6727) + (line 7572) * \medspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6251) -* \mho: Math symbols. (line 5574) -* \mid: Math symbols. (line 5579) -* \min: Math functions. (line 6154) -* \models: Math symbols. (line 5589) -* \month: \day \month \year. (line 4861) -* \mp: Math symbols. (line 5594) -* \mu: Math symbols. (line 5597) -* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 3430) -* \multiput: \multiput. (line 3007) -* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 5600) -* \name: \name. (line 7759) -* \natural: Math symbols. (line 5603) -* \ne: Math symbols. (line 5606) -* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 5609) + (line 7041) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 6364) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 6369) +* \min: Math functions. (line 6944) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 6379) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 5651) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 6384) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 6387) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 4133) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 3654) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 6390) +* \name: \name. (line 9622) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 6393) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 6396) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 6399) * \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands. - (line 909) -* \neg: Math symbols. (line 5612) -* \neq: Math symbols. (line 5616) + (line 1055) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 6402) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 6406) * \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 4220) -* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 4326) + (line 4934) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 5040) * \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4380) -* \newfont: \newfont. (line 4599) -* \newlength: \newlength. (line 4350) -* \newline: \newline. (line 3839) -* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6575) -* \newpage: \newpage. (line 3953) -* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 4365) -* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 4487) -* \newtie: Accents. (line 7269) + (line 5094) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 5313) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 5064) +* \newline: \newline. (line 4553) +* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 7416) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 4667) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 5079) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 5201) +* \newtie: Accents. (line 9132) * \ng: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7324) + (line 9187) * \NG: Additional Latin letters. - (line 7324) -* \ni: Math symbols. (line 5619) -* \nocite: \nocite. (line 3635) -* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1088) -* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1088) -* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 7466) -* \noindent: \noindent. (line 5040) + (line 9187) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 6409) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 4348) +* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1239) +* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1239) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 9329) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 5830) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 3913) -* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6628) -* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 2411) + (line 4627) +* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 7448) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 2779) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 3974) -* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1124) -* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5079) -* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \not: Math symbols. (line 5624) -* \notin: Math symbols. (line 5632) -* \nu: Math symbols. (line 5636) -* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 5639) + (line 4688) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1275) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5869) +* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 7461) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 6414) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 6422) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 6426) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 6429) * \o (/o): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7328) + (line 9191) * \O (/O): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7328) + (line 9191) * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 3830) + (line 4544) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 680) + (line 781) * \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1595) + (line 1750) * \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1597) -* \odot: Math symbols. (line 5642) + (line 1752) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 6432) * \oe (oe): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7332) + (line 9195) * \OE (OE): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7332) -* \oint: Math symbols. (line 5647) -* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1201) -* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 5651) -* \omega: Math symbols. (line 5654) -* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 5657) -* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 1384) -* \opening: \opening. (line 7769) -* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 5660) + (line 9195) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 6437) +* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1352) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 6441) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 6444) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 6447) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 1539) +* \opening: \opening. (line 9632) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 6450) * \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands. - (line 927) -* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 5664) -* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 5667) -* \oval: \oval. (line 3018) -* \overbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 6331) -* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 6335) -* \owns: Math symbols. (line 5672) -* \P: Text symbols. (line 7050) + (line 1071) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 6454) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 6457) +* \oval: \oval. (line 3665) +* \overbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 7121) +* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 7125) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 6462) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 8913) * \PackageError: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \PackageInfo: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \PackageInfoNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \PackageWarning: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \PackageWarningNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 807) + (line 920) * \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 3974) -* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6465) -* \pageref: \pageref. (line 1951) -* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 6490) + (line 4688) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 7255) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 2297) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 7280) * \paperheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 1608) + (line 1763) * \paperheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1609) + (line 1764) * \paperwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 1614) + (line 1769) * \paperwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1615) -* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 1825) -* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 5677) -* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6869) -* \parindent: minipage. (line 2796) -* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 5029) -* \parsep: itemize. (line 2676) -* \parskip: \parskip. (line 5055) -* \parskip example: itemize. (line 2692) -* \part: Sectioning. (line 1819) -* \partial: Math symbols. (line 5680) -* \partopsep: itemize. (line 2686) + (line 1770) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 1980) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 6467) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 7714) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 3443) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 5819) +* \parsep: list. (line 3205) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 5845) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 3046) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 1974) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 6470) +* \partopsep: list. (line 3214) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. - (line 933) + (line 1077) * \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 933) + (line 1077) * \pdfpageheight: Document class options. - (line 638) + (line 737) * \pdfpagewidth: Document class options. - (line 638) -* \perp: Math symbols. (line 5683) -* \phi: Math symbols. (line 5688) -* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 5692) -* \pi: Math symbols. (line 5695) -* \pm: Math symbols. (line 5699) -* \pmod: Math functions. (line 6157) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 3186) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 3187) -* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 7054) -* \Pr: Math functions. (line 6160) -* \prec: Math symbols. (line 5702) -* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 5705) -* \prime: Math symbols. (line 5710) -* \printindex: Indexes. (line 7558) + (line 737) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 6473) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 6478) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 6482) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 6485) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 6489) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 6947) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 3874) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 3875) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 8917) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 6950) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 6492) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 6495) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 6500) +* \printindex: Indexes. (line 9421) * \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 966) + (line 1111) * \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands. - (line 966) -* \prod: Math symbols. (line 5719) -* \propto: Math symbols. (line 5722) -* \protect: \protect. (line 4634) -* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 4311) + (line 1111) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 6509) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 6512) +* \protect: \protect. (line 5348) +* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 5025) * \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands. - (line 1000) + (line 1149) * \ProvidesFile: Class and package commands. - (line 1031) + (line 1180) * \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 1000) -* \ps: \ps. (line 7782) -* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 5725) -* \psi: Math symbols. (line 5728) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 3189) -* \put: \put. (line 3045) + (line 1149) +* \ps: \ps. (line 9645) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 6515) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 6518) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 3877) +* \put: \put. (line 3692) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6268) + (line 7058) * \quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6262) -* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 7058) -* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 7059) -* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 7263) -* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 1524) -* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 2593) -* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 2567) -* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6912) -* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 5731) -* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 5735) -* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 5739) -* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 5743) -* \Re: Math symbols. (line 5746) -* \ref: \ref. (line 1972) -* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 4840) + (line 7052) +* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 8921) +* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 8922) +* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 9126) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 1679) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 2966) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 2940) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 7757) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 6521) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 6525) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 6529) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 6533) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 6536) +* \ref: \ref. (line 2318) +* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* \refname: thebibliography. (line 4299) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 5630) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 4380) + (line 5094) * \RequirePackage: Class and package commands. - (line 1038) + (line 1189) * \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 1038) + (line 1189) +* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 8751) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 3830) -* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 5751) -* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 5756) -* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5079) -* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 5761) -* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 5765) -* \rho: Math symbols. (line 5772) -* \right: Math miscellany. (line 6309) -* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5776) -* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 5780) -* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 5785) -* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 5788) -* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 5791) -* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 2662) -* \rm: Font styles. (line 1146) -* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1097) + (line 4544) +* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 6541) +* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 6546) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 5869) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 6551) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 6555) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 6562) +* \right: Math miscellany. (line 7099) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6566) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 6570) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 6575) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 6578) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 6581) +* \rightmargin: list. (line 3229) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 1297) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1248) * \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4726) + (line 5516) * \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 4729) -* \rq: Text symbols. (line 7062) -* \rule: \rule. (line 7347) -* \S: Text symbols. (line 7065) -* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6928) -* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6940) -* \sc: Font styles. (line 1149) -* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1118) -* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 5794) -* \sec: Math functions. (line 6163) -* \section: Sectioning. (line 1822) -* \seename: Indexes. (line 7550) + (line 5519) +* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 8658) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 8925) +* \rule: \rule. (line 9210) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 8928) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 7773) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 7785) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 1300) +* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 8723) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1269) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 6584) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 6953) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 1977) +* \seename: Indexes. (line 9413) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. - (line 1362) -* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 4812) -* \setlength: \setlength. (line 4950) -* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 5797) -* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 4972) -* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 4982) -* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 4992) -* \sf: Font styles. (line 1152) -* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1115) -* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 5803) -* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 3055) -* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 5806) -* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 5809) -* \signature: \signature. (line 7799) -* \sim: Math symbols. (line 5813) -* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 5816) -* \sin: Math functions. (line 6166) -* \sinh: Math functions. (line 6169) -* \sl: Font styles. (line 1155) -* \sloppy: \sloppy. (line 3889) -* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1112) -* \small: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 5819) + (line 1517) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 5602) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 5740) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 6587) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 5762) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 5772) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 5782) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 1303) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1266) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 6593) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 3702) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 6596) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 6599) +* \signature: \signature. (line 9662) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 6603) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 6606) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 6956) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 6959) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 1306) +* \sloppy: \sloppy. (line 4603) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1263) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 6609) * \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6731) + (line 7576) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 6732) -* \smile: Math symbols. (line 5823) -* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 5826) -* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 5829) -* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 5833) -* \sqrt[ROOT]{ARG}: Math miscellany. (line 6339) -* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 5837) -* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 5842) -* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 5847) -* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 5852) + (line 7577) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 6613) +* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 7369) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 6616) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 6619) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 6623) +* \sqrt[ROOT]{ARG}: Math miscellany. (line 7129) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 6627) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 6632) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 6637) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 6642) * \ss (ss): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7336) + (line 9199) * \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7336) -* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 6344) -* \star: Math symbols. (line 5856) -* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 4854) -* \stop: Command line. (line 7880) -* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 1826) -* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 1823) -* \subset: Math symbols. (line 5863) -* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 5866) -* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 1824) -* \succ: Math symbols. (line 5869) -* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 5873) -* \sum: Math symbols. (line 5878) -* \sup: Math functions. (line 6172) -* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 1748) -* \supset: Math symbols. (line 5882) -* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 5885) -* \surd: Math symbols. (line 5888) -* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 5893) + (line 9199) +* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 7134) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 6646) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 5644) +* \stop: Command line. (line 9743) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 1981) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 1978) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 6653) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 6656) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 1979) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 6659) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 6663) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 6668) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 6962) +* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 1903) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 6672) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 6675) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 6678) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 6683) * \symbol: Symbols by font position. - (line 7002) -* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 7269) -* \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6575) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 3194) -* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 3419) -* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 7451) -* \tan: Math functions. (line 6175) -* \tanh: Math functions. (line 6178) -* \tau: Math symbols. (line 5896) -* \telephone: \telephone. (line 7823) -* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 7068) -* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 7106) -* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 7071) -* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 7074) -* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 7077) + (line 8865) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 9132) +* \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 7416) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 3882) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 4122) +* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 9314) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 6965) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 6968) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 6686) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 9686) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 8931) +* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 8969) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 8934) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 8937) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 8940) * \textbackslash: Reserved characters. - (line 6982) -* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 7080) -* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 7083) -* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 7086) -* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1106) -* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 7089) -* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 7092) -* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 7095) -* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 7098) -* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 7105) -* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 7101) -* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 7104) -* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 7019) -* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 7111) -* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 7114) -* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 7117) -* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 7043) -* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 7120) -* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 7123) -* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 7126) -* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 7129) -* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 1784) -* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 1785) -* \textfraction: Floats. (line 1763) -* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1764) -* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 7132) + (line 8800) +* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 8943) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 8946) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 8949) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1257) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 8952) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 8955) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 8958) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 8961) +* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 8968) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 8964) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 8967) +* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 8882) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 8974) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 8977) +* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 8980) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 8906) +* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 8983) +* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 8986) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 8989) +* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 8992) +* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 1939) +* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 1940) +* \textfraction: Floats. (line 1918) +* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1919) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 8995) * \textheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 1620) + (line 1775) * \textheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1621) -* \textit: Font styles. (line 1100) -* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 7138) -* \textless: Text symbols. (line 7135) -* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1103) -* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1124) -* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 7141) -* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 7142) -* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 7051) -* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 7145) -* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 7148) -* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 7151) -* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 7154) -* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 7157) -* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 7160) -* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 7163) -* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 7166) -* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 7167) -* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 7170) -* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 7173) -* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1097) -* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1118) -* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1115) -* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1112) -* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 7055) -* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 7176) -* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 7179) -* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1121) -* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 7182) -* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 7185) -* \textup: Font styles. (line 1109) -* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 7188) + (line 1776) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 1251) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 9001) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 8998) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1254) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1275) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 9004) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 9005) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 8914) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 9008) +* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 9011) +* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 9014) +* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 9017) +* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 9020) +* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 9023) +* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 9026) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 9029) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 9030) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 9033) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 9036) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1248) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1269) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1266) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1263) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 8918) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 9039) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 9042) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1272) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 9045) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 9048) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 1260) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 9051) * \textwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 1628) + (line 1783) * \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1629) + (line 1784) * \th (th): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7340) + (line 9203) * \TH (TH): Additional Latin letters. - (line 7340) -* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 6454) -* \theta: Math symbols. (line 5899) -* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 2993) + (line 9203) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 7244) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 6689) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 3640) * \thickspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6246) -* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 3000) + (line 7036) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 3647) * \thinspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 6255) -* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace. (line 6641) -* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6526) -* \tilde: Math accents. (line 6221) -* \times: Math symbols. (line 5903) -* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1220) -* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 6458) -* \to: Math symbols. (line 5907) -* \today: \today. (line 7366) -* \top: Math symbols. (line 5911) -* \topfraction: Floats. (line 1768) -* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1769) + (line 7045) +* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace. (line 7486) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 7316) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 7011) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 6693) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1371) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 7248) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 6697) +* \today: \today. (line 9229) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 6701) +* \topfraction: Floats. (line 1923) +* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 1924) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. - (line 1652) -* \topsep: itemize. (line 2680) + (line 1807) +* \topsep: list. (line 3234) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 1659) + (line 1814) * \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 1660) -* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 5008) -* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 5916) -* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 5919) -* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 5925) -* \tt: Font styles. (line 1158) -* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1121) -* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 1393) -* \typein: \typein. (line 7838) -* \typeout: \typeout. (line 7852) -* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 7274) -* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 5134) -* \underbar: Accents. (line 7277) -* \underbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 6348) -* \underline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 6352) -* \unitlength: picture. (line 2817) -* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 5931) -* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 5938) -* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 5945) -* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 5949) -* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 5953) -* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 5958) -* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 5963) -* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 5968) -* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1109) -* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 5975) -* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 5978) -* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6952) -* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 4757) + (line 1815) +* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 5798) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 6706) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 6709) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 6715) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 1309) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1272) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 1548) +* \typein: \typein. (line 9701) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 9715) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 9137) +* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 5924) +* \underbar: Accents. (line 9140) +* \underbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 7138) +* \underline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 7142) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 3464) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 6721) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 6728) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 6735) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 6739) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 6743) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 6748) +* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 6753) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 6758) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1260) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 6765) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 6768) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 7797) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 5547) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. - (line 1370) + (line 1525) * \usepackage: Additional packages. - (line 701) -* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 7285) -* \value: \value. (line 4783) -* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 5986) -* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 5981) -* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 5991) -* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 5995) -* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 5999) -* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 6003) -* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 6007) -* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 6011) -* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 6357) -* \vec: Math accents. (line 6224) -* \vector: \vector. (line 3074) -* \vee: Math symbols. (line 6015) -* \verb: \verb. (line 3751) -* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 6020) -* \vert: Math symbols. (line 6036) -* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6739) -* \vline: \vline. (line 3511) -* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6765) -* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 6054) -* \widehat: Math accents. (line 6227) -* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 6230) -* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 5002) -* \wp: Math symbols. (line 6058) -* \wr: Math symbols. (line 6061) -* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 6064) -* \xi: Math symbols. (line 6067) -* \year: \day \month \year. (line 4861) -* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 6070) -* \[: Math formulas. (line 5121) -* \\ (for center): center. (line 2131) -* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 2399) -* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 2586) -* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 3069) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3139) -* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 2560) -* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 7620) -* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 3282) -* \\ for verse: verse. (line 3779) -* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 6445) -* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 6459) -* \\ force line break: \\. (line 3798) -* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 2407) -* \]: Math formulas. (line 5121) + (line 802) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 9148) +* \value: \value. (line 5573) +* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 6776) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 6771) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 6781) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 6785) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 6789) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 6793) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 6797) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 6801) +* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 7147) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 7014) +* \vector: \vector. (line 3721) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 6805) +* \verb: \verb. (line 4465) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 6810) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 6826) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 7584) +* \vline: \vline. (line 4214) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 7610) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 6844) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 7017) +* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 7020) +* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 5792) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 6848) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 6851) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 6854) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 6857) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 5651) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 6860) +* \[: Math formulas. (line 5911) +* \\ (for center): center. (line 2477) +* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 2767) +* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 2959) +* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 3716) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3827) +* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 2933) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 9483) +* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 3985) +* \\ for verse: verse. (line 4493) +* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 7235) +* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 7249) +* \\ force line break: \\. (line 4512) +* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 2775) +* \]: Math formulas. (line 5911) * \^: Reserved characters. - (line 6982) -* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 7221) + (line 8800) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 9084) * \_: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) -* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 7225) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3166) + (line 8793) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 9088) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 3854) * \{: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) -* \|: Math symbols. (line 5194) + (line 8793) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 5984) * \}: Reserved characters. - (line 6975) + (line 8793) * \~: Reserved characters. - (line 6982) -* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 7231) + (line 8800) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 9094) * ^: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 5148) + (line 5938) * _: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 5148) + (line 5938) * {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 452) + (line 486) * a4paper option: Document class options. - (line 617) + (line 716) * a5paper option: Document class options. - (line 617) -* abstract environment: abstract. (line 2011) -* array environment: array. (line 2057) -* article class: Document classes. (line 575) + (line 716) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 2357) +* array environment: array. (line 2403) +* article class: Document classes. (line 674) * b5paper option: Document class options. - (line 617) -* book class: Document classes. (line 575) -* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 1791) -* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1792) -* bp: Units of length. (line 4914) -* cc: Units of length. (line 4927) -* center environment: center. (line 2123) + (line 716) +* book class: Document classes. (line 674) +* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 1946) +* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1947) +* bp: Units of length. (line 5704) +* cc: Units of length. (line 5717) +* center environment: center. (line 2469) * clock option to slides class: Document class options. - (line 695) -* cm: Units of length. (line 4918) -* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 1795) -* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1796) -* dd: Units of length. (line 4924) -* description environment: description. (line 2198) -* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 2239) -* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* document environment: document. (line 2282) + (line 796) +* cm: Units of length. (line 5708) +* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 1950) +* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1951) +* dd: Units of length. (line 5714) +* description environment: description. (line 2544) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 2597) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* document environment: document. (line 2639) * draft option: Document class options. - (line 645) -* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 359) -* dvips command: Output files. (line 359) -* dvitype command: Output files. (line 359) -* em: Units of length. (line 4932) -* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 2314) -* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 2011) -* environment, array: array. (line 2057) -* environment, center: center. (line 2123) -* environment, description: description. (line 2198) -* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 2239) -* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* environment, document: document. (line 2282) -* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 2314) -* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* environment, equation: equation. (line 2432) -* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* environment, figure: figure. (line 2450) -* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 2503) -* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 2503) -* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 2554) -* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 2580) -* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 2606) -* environment, letter: letter. (line 2708) -* environment, list: list. (line 2713) -* environment, math: math. (line 2773) -* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 2785) -* environment, picture: picture. (line 2813) + (line 746) +* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 393) +* dvips command: Output files. (line 393) +* dvitype command: Output files. (line 393) +* em: Units of length. (line 5722) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 2677) +* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 2357) +* environment, array: array. (line 2403) +* environment, center: center. (line 2469) +* environment, description: description. (line 2544) +* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 2597) +* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* environment, document: document. (line 2639) +* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 2677) +* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* environment, equation: equation. (line 2800) +* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* environment, figure: figure. (line 2823) +* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 2876) +* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 2876) +* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 2927) +* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 2953) +* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 2979) +* environment, letter: letter. (line 3062) +* environment, list: list. (line 3067) +* environment, math: math. (line 3420) +* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 3432) +* environment, picture: picture. (line 3460) * environment, quotation: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * environment, quote: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) -* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 3121) -* environment, table: table. (line 3212) -* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 3254) -* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 3576) -* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 3682) -* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 3695) -* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 3734) -* environment, verse: verse. (line 3768) -* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 2376) -* equation environment: equation. (line 2432) -* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* etex command: TeX engines. (line 407) -* ex: Units of length. (line 4932) + (line 3732) +* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 3768) +* environment, table: table. (line 3915) +* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 3957) +* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 4279) +* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 4395) +* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 4408) +* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 4447) +* environment, verse: verse. (line 4482) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 2744) +* equation environment: equation. (line 2800) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* etex command: TeX engines. (line 441) +* ex: Units of length. (line 5722) * executivepaper option: Document class options. - (line 617) -* figure environment: figure. (line 2450) -* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 2503) -* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 2503) + (line 716) +* figure environment: figure. (line 2823) +* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 2876) +* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 2876) * final option: Document class options. - (line 645) + (line 746) * first-latex-doc document: About this document. - (line 285) + (line 318) * fleqn option: Document class options. - (line 645) -* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 2554) -* flushright environment: flushright. (line 2580) -* home page: About this document. - (line 258) -* in: Units of length. (line 4911) -* inch: Units of length. (line 4911) -* itemize environment: itemize. (line 2606) + (line 746) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 2927) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 2953) +* home page: About this document. + (line 291) +* in: Units of length. (line 5701) +* inch: Units of length. (line 5701) +* itemize environment: itemize. (line 2979) * landscape option: Document class options. - (line 645) -* latex command: Output files. (line 359) + (line 746) +* latex command: Output files. (line 393) * latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. - (line 282) -* email address: About this document. - (line 269) + (line 315) +* email address: About this document. + (line 302) * legalpaper option: Document class options. - (line 617) + (line 716) * leqno option: Document class options. - (line 645) -* letter class: Document classes. (line 575) -* letter environment: letter. (line 2708) + (line 746) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 674) +* letter environment: letter. (line 3062) * letterpaper option: Document class options. - (line 617) -* list environment: list. (line 2713) -* lR box: picture. (line 2878) -* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6830) + (line 716) +* list environment: list. (line 3067) +* lR box: picture. (line 3525) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 7675) * lshort document: About this document. - (line 292) -* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 424) -* math environment: math. (line 2773) -* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5111) -* minipage environment: minipage. (line 2785) -* mm: Units of length. (line 4921) -* mu: Units of length. (line 4943) + (line 326) +* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 458) +* math environment: math. (line 3420) +* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 5901) +* minipage environment: minipage. (line 3432) +* mm: Units of length. (line 5711) +* mu: Units of length. (line 5733) * notitlepage option: Document class options. - (line 645) + (line 746) * onecolumn option: Document class options. - (line 674) + (line 775) * oneside option: Document class options. - (line 674) + (line 775) * openany option: Document class options. - (line 674) + (line 775) * openbib option: Document class options. - (line 645) + (line 746) * openright option: Document class options. - (line 674) -* pc: Units of length. (line 4908) -* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 369) -* picture environment: picture. (line 2813) -* pt: Units of length. (line 4904) + (line 775) +* pc: Units of length. (line 5698) +* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 403) +* picture environment: picture. (line 3460) +* pt: Units of length. (line 5694) * quotation environment: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) + (line 3732) * quote environment: quotation and quote. - (line 3085) -* report class: Document classes. (line 575) -* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 1858) -* slides class: Document classes. (line 575) -* sp: Units of length. (line 4930) -* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 3121) -* table environment: table. (line 3212) -* tabular environment: tabular. (line 3254) -* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 7014) -* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 3576) -* theorem environment: theorem. (line 3682) -* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 3695) + (line 3732) +* report class: Document classes. (line 674) +* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2013) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 674) +* sp: Units of length. (line 5720) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 3768) +* table environment: table. (line 3915) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 3957) +* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 8877) +* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 4279) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 4395) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 4408) * titlepage option: Document class options. - (line 645) + (line 746) * topmargin: Page layout parameters. - (line 1653) -* topnumber: Floats. (line 1799) -* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1800) -* totalnumber: Floats. (line 1803) -* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1804) + (line 1808) +* topnumber: Floats. (line 1954) +* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1955) +* totalnumber: Floats. (line 1958) +* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 1959) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 674) + (line 775) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 674) + (line 775) * usrguide official documentation: About this document. - (line 288) -* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 3734) -* verse environment: verse. (line 3768) -* xdvi command: Output files. (line 359) -* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 433) -* xelatex command: TeX engines. (line 433) + (line 321) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 4447) +* verse environment: verse. (line 4482) +* xdvi command: Output files. (line 393) +* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 467) +* xelatex command: TeX engines. (line 467) Modified: trunk/latex2e.xml =================================================================== --- trunk/latex2e.xml 2018-03-28 22:21:21 UTC (rev 614) +++ trunk/latex2e.xml 2018-03-29 14:57:26 UTC (rev 615) @@ -1,20 +1,30 @@ - + \input texinfo - + latex2e.info -November 2016 -&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (November 2016) +March 2018 +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ +latexrefman@@tug.org + +thenelse\else\@c + + + +&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018) - @@ -25,6 +35,7 @@ + @@ -33,7 +44,7 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of November 2016. +document preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -48,7 +59,7 @@ text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.&linebreak; Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -80,13 +91,12 @@ -\global\hbadness=4444 % don&textrsquo;t complain much &latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual -November 2016 -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman +March 2018 +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ 0pt plus 1filll @@ -100,26 +110,24 @@ utf8math@U{\utf8\} -thenelse\else\@c - env@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\} @findex @code{\env\} @r{environment} + pkg@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\} @cindex @code{\pkg\} @r{package} + Not available in plain @TeX{}. @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package. @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package. - - TopAbout this document(dir) &latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -November 2016) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. +March 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. About this documentBug reporting, etc. @@ -142,6 +150,8 @@ Page stylesVarious styles of page layout. SpacesHorizontal and vertical space. BoxesMaking boxes. +ColorDefining and using colors. +GraphicsImporting graphics from outside &latex;. Special insertionsInserting reserved and special characters. Splitting the inputDealing with big files by splitting. Front/back matterTables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -158,31 +168,31 @@ About this documentOverviewTopTop About this document -bug reporting -reporting bugs -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman home page +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ home page This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex; typesetting program (Overview). This document&textrsquo;s home page is -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. That page has links to the +http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/. That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and subscriptions, and other infrastructure. -&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e +&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e In this document, we will mostly just use &textlsquo;&latex;&textrsquo; rather than &textlsquo;&latex;2e&textrsquo;, since the previous version of &latex; (2.09) was -retired many years ago. +frozen decades ago. -unofficial nature of this manual -&latex; Project team -latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org email address +unofficial nature of this manual +&latex; Project team +latexrefman&arobase;tug.org email address &latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers (http://latex-project.org). The official documentation written by the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; -maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this -document to them. Instead, please send all comments to -latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org. +maintainers. +bug reporting +reporting bugs +Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. +Instead, please send all comments to latexrefman&arobase;tug.org. This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few @@ -199,8 +209,9 @@ http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide usrguide official documentation -The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;; -there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;. +Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent +of &latex; itself; one such is the next item: http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort lshort document @@ -497,6 +508,7 @@ EnvironmentDeclaration&latex; command syntax +Environments Synopsis: @@ -536,14 +548,18 @@ + Declaration\makeatletter and \makeatotherEnvironment&latex; command syntax +Command declarations A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other command or parameter. For instance, the \mainmatter command changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic. + \makeatletter and \makeatotherDeclaration&latex; command syntax +\makeatletter and \makeatother Synopsis: @@ -563,7 +579,7 @@ catcode character category code category code, character -catcode for shorter. For instance, the backslash \ is +catcode for short. For instance, the backslash \ is assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two commands alter the catcode assigned to &arobase;. @@ -577,46 +593,117 @@ contain an &arobase;. But \makeatletter and \makeatother allow users to define or redefine commands named with &arobase;. -Use these inside a .tex file, in the preamble. Don&textrsquo;t use them -inside .sty or .cls files since the \usepackage -and \documentclass commands set the at sign to have the character -code of a letter. +Use these two commands inside a .tex file, in the preamble, when +defining or redefining a command with &arobase; in its name. Don&textrsquo;t use +them inside .sty or .cls files since the +\usepackage and \documentclass commands set the at sign to +have the character code of a letter. package, macros2e -macros2e package For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign -in their names, see document -http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are mainly useful -to package or class authors; examples that may be useful to document -authors are provided hereinafter. +macros2e package + +For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign +in their names see http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are +mainly intended to package or class authors. -The example code below, if put in the preamble, redefines the -section command to center the section title, put it in bold type, -and adjust the spacing. +The example below is typical. In the user&textrsquo;s class file is a command +\thesis&arobase;universityname. The user wants to change the +definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the +\begin{document}. - - \makeatletter -\renewcommand\section{% - \&arobase;startsection{section}% Name - {1}% Level: 0=part, 1=chapter, etc. - {0pt}% Heading indent - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% Beforeskip (if neg, no head indent) - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% Afterskip (if neg, run-in heading) - {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}} % Style of head +\renewcommand{\thesis&arobase;universityname}{Saint Michael's College} \makeatother - + +\&arobase;ifstarDefine your own commands with *-variants. + + +\&arobase;ifstar\makeatletter and \makeatother +\&arobase;ifstar + +\&arobase;ifstar +commands, star-variants +star-variants, commands + +Synopsis: + + +\newcommand{\mycmd}{\&arobase;ifstar{\mycmd&arobase;star}{\mycmd&arobase;nostar}} +\newcommand{\mycmd&arobase;nostar}[non-starred command number of args]{body of non-starred command} +\newcommand{\mycmd&arobase;star}[starred command number of args]{body of starred command} + + +Many standard &latex; environments or commands have a variant with the +same name but ending with a star character *, an asterisk. +Examples are the table and table* environments and the +\section and \section* commands. + +When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward +because \newenvironment and \renewenvironment allow the +environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more +complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, +given above as \mycmd, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed +by a star. For instance, &latex; does not really have a +\section* command; instead, the \section command peeks +ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to +one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two +are \mycmd&arobase;nostar and \mycmd&arobase;star. They could take the +same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all. +As always, in a &latex; document a command using at-sign &arobase; +must be enclosed inside a \makeatletter ... \makeatother block +(\makeatletter and \makeatother). + +This example of \&arobase;ifstar defines the command \ciel and a +variant \ciel*. Both have one required argument. A call to +\ciel{night} will return "starry night sky" while +\ciel*{blue} will return "starry not blue sky". + + +\newcommand*{\ciel&arobase;unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel&arobase;starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel}{\&arobase;ifstar{\ciel&arobase;starred}{\ciel&arobase;unstarred}} + + +In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of +arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent +007&textrsquo;s ``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, +\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.'' is equivalent to ``My name is +\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.'' + + +\newcommand*{\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret&arobase;starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\&arobase;ifstar{\agentsecret&arobase;starred}{\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred}} + + +There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of +\&arobase;ifstar. The suffix package allows the construct +\newcommand\mycommand{unstarred version} followed by +\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{starred version}. And +&latex;3 has the xparse package that allows this code. + + +\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 + {starred version}% + {unstarred version}% + } + + + + + Document classesFontsOverviewTop Document classes -document classes -classes of documents -\documentclass +document classes +classes of documents +\documentclass The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is normally the first command in a &latex; source file. @@ -625,11 +712,11 @@ \documentclass[options]{class} -article class -report class -book class -letter class -slides class +article class +report class +book class +letter class +slides class The following document class names are built into &latex;. (Many other document classes are available as separate packages; Overview.) @@ -670,10 +757,10 @@ Document class optionsAdditional packagesDocument classes Document class options -document class options -options, document class -class options -global options +document class options +options, document class +class options +global options You can specify so-called global options or class options to the \documentclass command by enclosing them in square brackets. @@ -685,9 +772,9 @@ Here is the list of the standard class options. -10pt option -11pt option -12pt option +10pt option +11pt option +12pt option All of the standard classes except slides accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is 10pt): @@ -695,12 +782,12 @@ 10pt 11pt 12pt -a4paper option -a5paper option -b5paper option -executivepaper option -legalpaper option -letterpaper option +a4paper option +a5paper option +b5paper option +executivepaper option +legalpaper option +letterpaper option All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (these show height by width): @@ -724,59 +811,63 @@ 8.5 by 11 inches (the default) -\pdfpagewidth -\pdfpageheight -package, geometry -geometry package +\pdfpagewidth +\pdfpageheight +package, geometry +geometry package + When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex; (&tex; engines), options other than letterpaper set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth and -\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document&textrsquo;s preamble. The -geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print +\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document&textrsquo;s preamble. +package, geometry +geometry package + +The geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size. -draft option -final option -fleqn option -landscape option -leqno option -openbib option -titlepage option -notitlepage option +draft option +final option +fleqn option +landscape option +leqno option +openbib option +titlepage option +notitlepage option Miscellaneous other options: draft final -black boxes, omitting +black boxes, omitting Mark (draft) or do not mark (final) overfull boxes with a black box in the margin; default is final. fleqn -flush left equations -centered equations -equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered +flush left equations +centered equations +equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. landscape -landscape orientation -portrait orientation +landscape orientation +portrait orientation Selects landscape format; default is portrait. leqno -left-hand equation numbers -right-hand equation numbers -equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right +left-hand equation numbers +right-hand equation numbers +equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. openbib -bibliography format, open +bibliography format, open Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. titlepage notitlepage -title page, separate or run-in +title page, separate or run-in Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the report class is titlepage, for the other classes it is @@ -785,12 +876,12 @@ The following options are not available with the slides class. -onecolumn option -twocolumn option -oneside option -twoside option -openright option -openany option +onecolumn option +twocolumn option +oneside option +twoside option +openright option +openany option onecolumn twocolumn @@ -798,8 +889,8 @@ oneside twoside -\evensidemargin -\oddsidemargin +\evensidemargin +\oddsidemargin Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is oneside, except that in the book class the default is twoside. @@ -816,7 +907,7 @@ openright for book, and openany for report. -clock option to slides class +clock option to slides class The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom of each note. @@ -825,10 +916,10 @@ Additional packagesClass and package constructionDocument class optionsDocument classes Additional packages -loading additional packages -packages, loading additional -additional packages, loading -\usepackage +loading additional packages +packages, loading additional +additional packages, loading +\usepackage Load a package pkg, with the package options given in the comma-separated list options, as here. @@ -840,8 +931,8 @@ as in \usepackage{pkg1,pkg2,...}, or use multiple \usepackage commands. -global options -options, global +global options +options, global Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with \usepackage. @@ -851,9 +942,9 @@ Class and package constructionAdditional packagesDocument classes Class and package construction -document class commands -commands, document class -new class commands +document class commands +commands, document class +new class commands You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a @@ -866,18 +957,18 @@ specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a package while a command to make the page headers say Memo from the SMC Math Department is for a class. -class and package difference -difference between class and package +class and package difference +difference between class and package Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign &arobase; as a -character in command names without having to surround that command with -\makeatletter and \makeatother. \makeatletter and -\makeatother. This allow you to create commands that users will not -accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or -package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or -package from interacting with others. For instance, the class -smcmemo might have commands \smc&arobase;tolist, -\smc&arobase;fromlist, etc. +character in command names without having to surround the code +containing that command with \makeatletter and +\makeatother. \makeatletter and \makeatother. This allow +you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine. +Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with +some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with +others. For instance, the class smcmemo might have commands +\smc&arobase;tolist, \smc&arobase;fromlist, etc. @@ -887,39 +978,47 @@ Class and package structureClass and package commandsClass and package construction -Class and package structure +Class and package structure -class and package structure -class file layout -package file layout -options, document class -options, package -class options -package options +class and package structure +class file layout +package file layout +options, document class +options, package +class options +package options -A class file or package file typically has four parts. (1) In the -identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; package or -class and describes itself, using the \NeedsTeXFormat and -\ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage commands. (2) The -preliminary declarations part declares some commands and can also load -other files. Usually these commands will be those needed for the code -used in the next part. For example, an smcmemo class might be -called with an option to read in a file with a list of people for the -to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and therefore -needs to define a command +A class file or package file typically has four parts. + +In the identification part, the file says that it is a &latex; +package or class and describes itself, using the \NeedsTeXFormat +and \ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage commands. + +The preliminary declarations part declares some commands and +can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed +for the code used in the next part. For example, an smcmemo +class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of +people for the to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and +therefore needs to define a command \newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\&arobase;tolist{#1}} used in that -file. (3) In the handle options part the class or package declares +file. + +In the handle options part the class or package declares and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their document as \documentclass[option list]{class name}, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare \documentclass[11pt]{article} to set the default -document font size. Finally, (4) in the more declarations part the -class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, -commands and fonts, and loading other files. - -Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as stub.cls +document font size. + +Finally, in the more declarations part the class or package usually does +most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and +loading other files. + + + +Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as stub.cls where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the -.tex file. +.tex file. \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} @@ -928,7 +1027,7 @@ \ProcessOptions\relax \LoadClass{article} -class file example +class file example It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of passing them all to the article class, and then loads the @@ -943,26 +1042,42 @@ Class and package commandsClass and package structureClass and package construction Class and package commands -class and package commands -commands, class and package +class and package commands +commands, class and package These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. \AtBeginDvi{specials} -\AtBeginDvi -Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi file +\AtBeginDvi +Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi file at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. \AtEndOfClass{code} \AtEndOfPackage{code} -\AtEndOfClass -\AtEndOfPackage +\AtEndOfClass +\AtEndOfPackage Hook to insert code to be executed when &latex; finishes processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple times; the code will be executed in the order that you called it. See also \AtBeginDocument. +\CheckCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\CheckCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\CheckCommand +\CheckCommand* +new command, check +Like \newcommand (\newcommand & \renewcommand) but does +not define cmd; instead it checks that the current definition of +cmd is exactly as given by definition and is or is not +long command +long as expected. A long command is a command that accepts +\par within an argument. The cmd command is expected to be +long with the unstarred version of \CheckCommand. Raises an +error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start +redefining cmd yourself that no other package has already +redefined this command. + \ClassError{class name}{error text}{help text} \PackageError{package name}{error text}{help text} \ClassWarning{class name}{warning text} @@ -973,16 +1088,16 @@ \PackageInfo{package name}{info text} \ClassInfoNoLine{class name}{info text} \PackageInfoNoLine{package name}{info text} -\ClassError -\PackageError -\ClassWarning -\PackageWarning -\ClassWarningNoLine -\PackageWarningNoLine -\ClassInfo -\PackageInfo -\ClassInfoNoLine -\PackageInfoNoLine +\ClassError +\PackageError +\ClassWarning +\PackageWarning +\ClassWarningNoLine +\PackageWarningNoLine +\ClassInfo +\PackageInfo +\ClassInfoNoLine +\PackageInfoNoLine Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages. For \ClassError and \PackageError the message is @@ -998,23 +1113,24 @@ To format the messages, including the help text: use \protect to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with -\MessageBreak, and get a space with \space. Note that -&latex; appends a period to the messages. +\MessageBreak, and get a space with \space when a space +character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex; +appends a period to the messages. \CurrentOption -\CurrentOption +\CurrentOption Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only be used within the code argument of either \DeclareOption or \DeclareOption*. \DeclareOption{option}{code} -\DeclareOption*{option}{code} -\DeclareOption -\DeclareOption* -class options -package options -options, class -options, package +\DeclareOption*{code} +\DeclareOption +\DeclareOption* +class options +package options +options, class +options, package Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their \documentclass command. For example, the smcmemo class could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the @@ -1047,16 +1163,58 @@ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition} +\DeclareRobustCommand +\DeclareRobustCommand* +new command, definition +Like \newcommand and \newcommand* (\newcommand & +\renewcommand) but these declare a robust command, even if some code +within the definition is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and +fragile commands \protect.) Use this command to define new +robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them +robust. Unlike \newcommand these do not give an error if macro +cmd already exists; instead, a log message is put into the +transcript file if a command is redefined. + +Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined +using \newcommand so unless the command&textrsquo;s data is fragile and the +command is used within a moving argument, use \newcommand. + +package, etoolbox +etoolbox package + +The etoolbox package offers commands \newrobustcmd, +\newrobustcmd*, \renewrobustcmd, \renewrobustcmd*, +\providerobustcmd, and \providerobustcmd* which are similar +to \newcommand, \newcommand*, \renewcommand, +\renewcommand*, \providecommand, and +\providecommand*, but define a robust cmd with two advantages +as compared to \DeclareRobustCommand: + + +They use the low-level e-&tex; protection mechanism rather than the +higher level &latex; \protect mechanism, so they do not incur +the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and + +They make the same distinction between \new&dots;, +\renew&dots;, and \provide&dots;, as the standard +commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine +cmd that already exists, in that case you need to use either +\renew&dots; or \provide&dots; or you get an error. + + + \IfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code} \InputIfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code} -\IfFileExists -\InputIfFileExists -Execute true code if &latex; can find the file and false -code otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately -after executing true code. Thus +\IfFileExists +\InputIfFileExists +Execute true code if &latex; can find the file file +name and false code otherwise. In the second case it inputs the +file immediately after executing true code. Thus \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING: -img.pdf not found}} will include the graphic if it is found but -otherwise just give a warning. +img.pdf not found}} will include the graphic img.pdf if it is +found but otherwise just give a warning. This command looks for the file in all search paths that &latex; uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current @@ -1068,15 +1226,20 @@ \LoadClass[options list]{class name}[release date] \LoadClassWithOptions{class name}[release date] -\LoadClass -\LoadClassWithOptions +\LoadClass +\LoadClassWithOptions Load a class, as with \documentclass[options list]{class name}[release info]. An example is \LoadClass[twoside]{article}. The options list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The release date is optional. If present it must have the form -YYYY/MM/DD. If you request a release date and the date of +YYYY/MM/DD. + + + + +If you request a release date and the date of the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and in the log like You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version @@ -1089,9 +1252,9 @@ article class, without having to track which options were passed. \ExecuteOptions{options-list} -\ExecuteOptions -For each option in the options-list, in order, this command -executes the command \ds&arobase;option. If this command is not +\ExecuteOptions +For each option option in the options-list, in order, this command +executes the command \ds&arobase;option. If this command is not defined then that option is silently ignored. It can be used to provide a default option list before @@ -1100,14 +1263,14 @@ \ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax. \NeedsTeXFormat{format}[format date] -\NeedsTeXFormat -Specifies the format that this class should be run under. Often issued +\NeedsTeXFormat +Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as: -\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}. The format that you specify must -exactly match the one installed on your system that you invoked, -including that the string is case sensitive. If it does not match then -execution stops with an error like This file needs format `xxx' -but this is `LaTeX2e'. +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}. When a document using that class is +processed, the format name given here must match the format that is +actually being run (including that the format string is case +sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error +like This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'. To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain features, include the optional format date on which those features @@ -1115,11 +1278,10 @@ If the format version installed on your system is earlier than format date then you get a warning like You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is -available. (The &latex; kernel has been frozen for many years so you -probably do not not need to specify the format date.) +available. \OptionNotUsed -\OptionNotUsed +\OptionNotUsed Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used within the code argument of either \DeclareOption or \DeclareOption*. @@ -1130,10 +1292,10 @@ -\PassOptionsToClass{options list}{class name} -\PassOptionsToPackage{options list}{package name} -\PassOptionsToClass -\PassOptionsToPackage +\PassOptionsToClass{option list}{class name} +\PassOptionsToPackage{option list}{package name} +\PassOptionsToClass +\PassOptionsToPackage Adds the options in the comma-separated list option list to the options used by any future \RequirePackage or \usepackage command for package package name or the class class name. @@ -1145,16 +1307,17 @@ foo. (&latex; throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.) -If your code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that -to once, for example replacing the two +If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse +that to once, for example replacing the two \RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry} with the single \RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}. But if you are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need -to queue up the options you desire. For instance, suppose the package -foo loads the package geometry. Instead of -\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics} you must write -\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics} +to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For +instance, suppose the package foo loads the package +geometry. Instead of +\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics} you must +write \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics} \RequirePackage{foo}. (If foo.sty loads an option in conflict with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.) @@ -1167,93 +1330,103 @@ \ProcessOptions \ProcessOptions*\&arobase;options -\ProcessOptions -\ProcessOptions* +\ProcessOptions +\ProcessOptions* Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it in the class file as \ProcessOptions\relax (because of the existence of the starred command). -Options come in two types. &textlsquo;Local&textrsquo; options have been specified for this +Options come in two types. Local options have been specified for this particular package in the options argument of \PassOptionsToPackage{options}, \usepackage[options], or -\RequirePackage[options]. &textlsquo;Global&textrsquo; options are those given +\RequirePackage[options]. Global options are those given by the class user in \documentclass[options] (If an option is specified both locally and globally then it is local.) -When \ProcessOptions is called for a package pkg.sty, the -following happens. (1) For each option option so far declared +When \ProcessOptions is called for a package pkg.sty, the +following happens: + + +For each option option so far declared with \DeclareOption, it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local option for pkg. If so then it executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were -given in pkg.sty. (2) For each remaining local option, it -executes the command \ds&arobase;option if it has been defined -somewhere (other than by a \DeclareOption); otherwise, it -executes the default option code given in \DeclareOption*. If no -default option code has been declared then it gives an error message. -This is done in the order in which these options were specified. - +given in pkg.sty. + +For each remaining local option, it executes the command +\ds&arobase;option if it has been defined somewhere (other than by +a \DeclareOption); otherwise, it executes the default option code +given in \DeclareOption*. If no default option code has been +declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in +which these options were specified. + + When \ProcessOptions is called for a class it works in the same -way except that all options are local, and the default value for +way except that all options are local, and the default code for \DeclareOption* is \OptionNotUsed rather than an error. -The starred version \ProcessOptions*\&arobase;options executes the +The starred version \ProcessOptions* executes the options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. -\ProvidesClass{class name}[<release date> <brief additional information>] -\ProvidesPackage{package name}[<release date> <brief additional information>] -\ProvidesClass -\ProvidesPackage +\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date brief additional information] +\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date] +\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date brief additional information] +\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date] +\ProvidesClass +\ProvidesPackage Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. When a user writes \documentclass{smcmemo} then &latex; loads -the file smcmemo.cls. Similarly, a user writing +the file smcmemo.cls. Similarly, a user writing \usepackage{test} prompts &latex; to load the file test.sty. If the name of the file does not match the declared class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke -\documentclass{smcmemo}, and the file smcmemo.cls has +\documentclass{smcmemo}, and the file smcmemo.cls has the statement \ProvidesClass{xxx} then you get a warning like You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class provides 'xxx'. This warning does not prevent &latex; from processing the rest of the class file normally. -If you include the optional part then you must include the date, before -the first space, and it must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. The rest -of the optional part is free-form, although it traditionally identifies +If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before +the first space if any, and it must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. The rest +of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the -log file. Thus, if your file smcmem.cls contains the line -\ProvidesClass{smcmem}[2008/06/01 SMC memo class] and your -document&textrsquo;s first line is \documentclass{smcmem} then you will -see Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 SMC memo class. +log file. Thus, if your file smcmemo.cls contains the line +\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class] and your +document&textrsquo;s first line is \documentclass{smcmemo} then you will +see Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class. -The date in the optional portion allows class and package users to ask +The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their -system is earlier than release date, by using the optional calls -such as \documentclass{smcmem}[2018/10/12] or +system is earlier than release date, by using the optional arguments +such as \documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12] or \usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]. (Note that package users only rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.) \ProvidesFile{file name}[additional information] -\ProvidesFile +\ProvidesFile Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that file and you get in the log a string like File: test.config -2017/10/12 config file for test.cls. +2017/10/12 config file for test.cls for file name equal to +test.config and additional information equal to +2017/10/12 config file for test.cls. -\RequirePackage[options list]{package name}[release date] +\RequirePackage[option list]{package name}[release date] \RequirePackageWithOptions{package name}[release date] -\RequirePackage -\RequirePackageWithOptions -Load a package, like the author command \usepackage. +\RequirePackage +\RequirePackageWithOptions +Load a package, like the document author command \usepackage. Additional packages. An example is \RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}. Note that the &latex; development team strongly recommends use of these commands over Plain &tex;&textrsquo;s \input; see the Class Guide. -The options list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The +The option list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The release date, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier than release date then you get a warning like You have @@ -1282,8 +1455,8 @@ Fonts Typefaces -typefaces -fonts +typefaces +fonts Two important aspects of selecting a font are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. @@ -1298,9 +1471,9 @@ Font stylesFont sizesFonts Font styles -font styles -type styles -styles of text +font styles +type styles +styles of text The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. @@ -1318,8 +1491,8 @@ You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. -\nocorrlist -\nocorr +\nocorrlist +\nocorr These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections if needed. (\/, for the details of italic corrections.) Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following @@ -1331,59 +1504,59 @@ \textrm (\rmfamily) -\textrm -\rmfamily +\textrm +\rmfamily Roman. \textit (\itshape) -\textit -\itshape +\textit +\itshape Italics. \textmd (\mdseries) -\textmd -\mdseries +\textmd +\mdseries Medium weight (default). \textbf (\bfseries) -\textbf -\bfseries +\textbf +\bfseries Boldface. \textup (\upshape) -\textup -\upshape +\textup +\upshape Upright (default). \textsl (\slshape) -\textsl -\slshape +\textsl +\slshape Slanted. \textsf (\sffamily) -\textsf -\sffamily +\textsf +\sffamily Sans serif. \textsc (\scshape) -\textsc -\scshape +\textsc +\scshape Small caps. \texttt (\ttfamily) -\texttt -\ttfamily +\texttt +\ttfamily Typewriter. \textnormal (\normalfont) -\textnormal -\normalfont +\textnormal +\normalfont Main document font. -emphasis -\emph +emphasis +\emph Although it also changes fonts, the \emph{text} command is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a substitute for \textit. For example, \emph{start @@ -1398,40 +1571,40 @@ are two unrelated constructs. -\bf\bf -bold font +\bf\bf +bold font Switch to bold face. -\cal\cal -script letters for math -calligraphic letters for math +\cal\cal +script letters for math +calligraphic letters for math Switch to calligraphic letters for math. -\it\it -italic font +\it\it +italic font Italics. -\rm\rm -roman font +\rm\rm +roman font Roman. -\sc\sc -small caps font +\sc\sc +small caps font Small caps. -\sf\sf -sans serif font +\sf\sf +sans serif font Sans serif. -\sl\sl -slanted font -oblique font +\sl\sl +slanted font +oblique font Slanted (oblique). -\tt\tt -typewriter font -monospace font -fixed-width font +\tt\tt +typewriter font +monospace font +fixed-width font Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). @@ -1453,19 +1626,19 @@ \mathrm -\mathrm +\mathrm Roman, for use in math mode. \mathbf -\mathbf +\mathbf Boldface, for use in math mode. \mathsf -\mathsf +\mathsf Sans serif, for use in math mode. \mathtt -\mathtt +\mathtt Typewriter, for use in math mode. \mathit @@ -1473,32 +1646,33 @@ Italics, for use in math mode. \mathnormal -\mathnormal +\mathnormal For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration. \mathcal -\mathcal +\mathcal Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. -\mathversion -math, bold -bold math +\mathversion +math, bold +bold math In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. -\oldstylenums -numerals, old-style -old-style numerals -lining numerals -package, textcomp -textcomp package +\oldstylenums +numerals, old-style +old-style numerals +lining numerals +package, textcomp +textcomp package + Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals, -which all have the same height as upper-case letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s +which all have the same height as uppercase letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect \textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the @@ -1511,9 +1685,9 @@ Font sizesLow-level font commandsFont stylesFonts Font sizes -font sizes -typeface sizes -sizes of text +font sizes +typeface sizes +sizes of text The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font @@ -1521,16 +1695,16 @@ 12pt document size options, respectively (Document class options). -\tiny -\scriptsize -\footnotesize -\small -\normalsize -\large -\Large -\LARGE -\huge -\Huge +\tiny +\scriptsize +\footnotesize +\small +\normalsize +\large +\Large +\LARGE +\huge +\Huge \normalsize (default) 24.88 24.88 24.88 \fontencoding{encoding} -\fontencoding +\fontencoding Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are OT1, Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and T1, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows &tex; to -hyphenate words containing accented letters. +hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see +https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide. \fontfamily{family} -\fontfamily -families, of fonts -font catalogue +\fontfamily +families, of fonts +font catalogue Select the font family. The web page http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/ provides one way to browse through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are examples of some common families: - - - +font Computer Modern Typewriter XXXX +pag +Avant Garde +fvs +Bitstream Vera Sans +pbk +Bookman +bch +Charter +ccr +Computer Concrete +cmr +Computer Modern +cmss +Computer Modern Sans Serif +cmtt +Computer Modern Typewriter +pcr +Courier +phv +Helvetica +fi4 +Inconsolata +lmr +Latin Modern +lmss +Latin Modern Sans +lmtt +Latin Modern Typewriter +pnc +New Century Schoolbook +ppl +Palatino +ptm +Times +uncl +Uncial +put +Utopia +pzc +Zapf Chancery + - -pag Avant Garde -fvs Bitstream Vera Sans -pbk Bookman -bch Charter -ccr Computer Concrete -cmr Computer Modern -pcr Courier -phv Helvetica -fi4 Inconsolata -lmr Latin Modern -lmss Latin Modern Sans -lmtt Latin Modern Typewriter -pnc New Century Schoolbook -ppl Palatino -ptm Times -uncl Uncial -put Utopia -pzc Zapf Chancery -\fontseries{series} -\fontseries -series, of fonts +\fontseries +series, of fonts Select the font series. A series combines a weight and a width. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - -m Medium (normal) -b Bold -c Condensed -bc Bold condensed -bx Bold extended - +xx Medium (normal)xx +m +Medium (normal) +b +Bold +c +Condensed +bc +Bold condensed +bx +Bold extended + -weights, of fonts +weights, of fontsThe possible values for weight, individually, are: - -ul Ultra light -el Extra light -l Light -sl Semi light -m Medium (normal) -sb Semi bold -b Bold -eb Extra bold -ub Ultra bold - +xx Medium (normal) xx +ul +Ultra light +el +Extra light +l +Light +sl +Semi light +m +Medium (normal) +sb +Semi bold +b +Bold +eb +Extra bold +ub +Ultra bold + -widths, of fonts -The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages -are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): +widths, of fonts +The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and +relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): - -uc Ultra condensed, 50% -ec Extra condensed, 62.5% -c Condensed, 75% -sc Semi condensed, 87.5% -m Medium, 100% -sx Semi expanded, 112.5% -x Expanded, 125% -ex Extra expanded, 150% -ux Ultra expanded, 200% - +xx Ultra condensed +uc +Ultra condensed +ec +Extra condensed +c +Condensed +sc +Semi condensed +m +Medium +sx +Semi expanded +x +Expanded +ex +Extra expanded +ux +Ultra expanded + + + When forming the series string from the weight and width, drop the m that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both weight and width are m, in which case use just one (m). \fontshape{shape} -\fontshape -shapes, of fonts +\fontshape +shapes, of fonts Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - -n Upright (normal) -it Italic -sl Slanted (oblique) -sc Small caps -ui Upright italics -ol Outline - +xx Slanted (oblique)xx +n +Upright (normal) +it +Italic +sl +Slanted (oblique) +sc +Small caps +ui +Upright italics +ol +Outline + + The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. \fontsize{size}{skip} -\fontsize -font size -\baselineskip +\fontsize +font size +\baselineskip Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters defaults to points (pt). The line spacing is the nominal vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the @@ -1701,16 +1927,18 @@ reset every time a size change happens; see \baselinestretch, next. \baselinestretch -\baselinestretch +\baselinestretch &latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when \selectfont (see below) is called. You can -make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing -\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in the preamble. +make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance +doubling it, by doing \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} in +the preamble. -package, setspace -setspace package -double spacing +package, setspace +setspace package + +double spacing However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the setspace package. In addition to offering a number of spacing options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places @@ -1718,7 +1946,7 @@ captions. See the package documentation. \linespread{factor} -\linespread +\linespread Equivalent to \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}, and therefore must be followed by \selectfont to have any effect. @@ -1726,7 +1954,7 @@ just described. \selectfont -\selectfont +\selectfont The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until \selectfont is called, as in \fontfamily{familyname}\selectfont. It is often useful @@ -1735,7 +1963,7 @@ (\newcommand & \renewcommand). \usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} -\usefont +\usefont The same as invoking \fontencoding, \fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape with the given parameters, followed by \selectfont. For example: @@ -1752,7 +1980,7 @@ LayoutSectioningFontsTop Layout -layout commands +layout commands Commands for controlling the general page layout. @@ -1769,8 +1997,8 @@ \onecolumn\twocolumnLayout \onecolumn -\onecolumn -one-column output +\onecolumn +one-column output Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is given the class option onecolumn then this is the default @@ -1783,9 +2011,9 @@ \twocolumn\flushbottom\onecolumnLayout \twocolumn -\twocolumn -multicolumn text -two-column output +\twocolumn +multicolumn text +two-column output Synopses: @@ -1807,20 +2035,20 @@ These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: -\columnsep\columnsep +\columnsep\columnsep The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a command such as \setlength{\columnsep}{40pt} You must change it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good place. -\columnseprule\columnseprule +\columnseprule\columnseprule The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule. Change it with a command such as \setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}, before the two-column environment starts. -\columnwidth\columnwidth +\columnwidth\columnwidth The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to \textwidth. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the width of each of the two columns to be half of \textwidth minus @@ -1835,7 +2063,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output. -\dbltopfraction\dbltopfraction +\dbltopfraction\dbltopfraction The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that the height of a table* or figure* environment must not @@ -1860,24 +2088,24 @@ You can redefine it, for instance with \renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}. -\dblfloatpagefraction\dblfloatpagefraction +\dblfloatpagefraction\dblfloatpagefraction For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space. &latex;&textrsquo;s default is 0.5. Change it with \renewcommand. -\dblfloatsep\dblfloatsep +\dblfloatsep\dblfloatsep On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for a document set at 10pt or 11pt, and 14pt plus2pt minus4pt for a document set at 12pt. -\dbltextfloatsep\dbltextfloatsep +\dbltextfloatsep\dbltextfloatsep This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. -\dbltopnumber\dbltopnumber +\dbltopnumber\dbltopnumber On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex; default is 2. @@ -1913,7 +2141,7 @@ \flushbottom\raggedbottom\twocolumnLayout \flushbottom -\flushbottom +\flushbottom Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the @@ -1938,8 +2166,8 @@ \raggedbottomPage layout parameters\flushbottomLayout \raggedbottom -\raggedbottom -stretch, omitting vertical +\raggedbottom +stretch, omitting vertical Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided @@ -1954,49 +2182,49 @@ Page layout parametersFloats\raggedbottomLayout Page layout parameters -page layout parameters -parameters, page layout -layout, page parameters for -header, parameters for -footer, parameters for -running header and footer +page layout parameters +parameters, page layout +layout, page parameters for +header, parameters for +footer, parameters for +running header and footer -\columnsep\columnsep -\columnseprule\columnseprule -\columnwidth\columnwidth -\columnsep -\columnseprule -\columnwidth +\columnsep\columnsep +\columnseprule\columnseprule +\columnwidth\columnwidth +\columnsep +\columnseprule +\columnwidth The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option twocolumn is in effect (Document class options). \twocolumn. -\headheight\headheight -\headheight +\headheight\headheight +\headheight Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the article, report, and book classes is 12pt, at all type sizes. -\headsep\headsep -\headsep +\headsep\headsep +\headsep Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. The default in the article and report classes is 25pt. In the book class the default is: if the document is set at 10pt then it is 0.25in, and at 11pt and 12pt it is 0.275in. -\footskip\footskip -\footskip +\footskip\footskip +\footskip Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. The default in the article and report classes is 30pt. In the book class the default is: when the type size is 10pt the default is 0.35in, while at 11pt it is 0.38in, and at 12pt it is 30pt. -\linewidth\linewidth -\linewidth +\linewidth\linewidth +\linewidth Width of the current line, decreased for each nested list (list). That is, the nominal value for \linewidth is to equal \textwidth but for each nested list the \linewidth @@ -2006,12 +2234,12 @@ -\marginparpush\marginparpush -\marginsep\marginsep -\marginparwidth\marginparwidth -\marginparpush -\marginsep -\marginparwidth +\marginparpush\marginparpush +\marginsep\marginsep +\marginparwidth\marginparwidth +\marginparpush +\marginsep +\marginparwidth The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal width of the notes. @@ -2036,10 +2264,10 @@ − \textwidth, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that distance. -\oddsidemargin\oddsidemargin -\evensidemargin\evensidemargin -\oddsidemargin -\evensidemargin +\oddsidemargin\oddsidemargin +\evensidemargin\evensidemargin +\oddsidemargin +\evensidemargin The \oddsidemargin is the extra distance between the left side of the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the document class option twoside is chosen and on all pages when @@ -2051,22 +2279,22 @@ difference between \paperwidth and \textwidth, and \evensidemargin is the remainder. -\paperheight\paperheight -\paperheight +\paperheight\paperheight +\paperheight The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. It is normally set with a document class option, as in \documentclass[a4paper]{article} (Document class options). -\paperwidth\paperwidth -\paperwidth +\paperwidth\paperwidth +\paperwidth The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. It is normally set with a document class option, as in \documentclass[a4paper]{article} (Document class options). -\textheight\textheight -\textheight +\textheight\textheight +\textheight The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an article or report the default is 43\baselineskip, while for a book it is @@ -2074,8 +2302,8 @@ 38\baselineskip for all document classes. At 12pt it is 36\baselineskip for all classes. -\textwidth\textwidth -\textwidth +\textwidth\textwidth +\textwidth The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an article or report document, the default is 345pt when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is 360pt at 11pt, @@ -2095,22 +2323,22 @@ specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the minipage or \parbox. -\hsize -\hsize +\hsize +\hsize This entry is included for completeness: \hsize is the &tex; primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal &latex; documents. -\topmargin\topmargin -topmargin +\topmargin\topmargin +topmargin Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed based on many other parameters: \paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip, and then divided by two. -\topskip\topskip -\topskip +\topskip\topskip +\topskip Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at a type size of 10pt. @@ -2147,8 +2375,8 @@ event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order, every following float in that class also appears at the end. -placement of floats -specifier, float placement +placement of floats +specifier, float placement In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its placement argument. The possible values are a sequence of the @@ -2171,16 +2399,17 @@ appears. However, h is not allowed by itself; t is automatically added. -here, putting floats -package, float -float package +here, putting floats +package, float +float package + To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can \usepackage{float} and use the H specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere. p -float page +float page (Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. @@ -2208,13 +2437,16 @@ \afterpage{\clearpage}. This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. +package, flafter +flafter package + &latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source (although on the same output page) if there is a t specifier in the placement parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the t is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the flafter package or using the command -\suppressfloats +\suppressfloats \suppressfloats[t], which causes floats for the top position on this page to moved to the next page. @@ -2223,24 +2455,24 @@ \renewcommand{parameter}{decimal between 0 and 1}): -\bottomfraction\bottomfraction -\bottomfraction +\bottomfraction\bottomfraction +\bottomfraction The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default .3. -\floatpagefraction\floatpagefraction -\floatpagefraction +\floatpagefraction\floatpagefraction +\floatpagefraction The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default .5. -\textfraction\textfraction -\textfraction +\textfraction\textfraction +\textfraction Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is .2. -\topfraction\topfraction -\topfraction +\topfraction\topfraction +\topfraction Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default .7. @@ -2249,19 +2481,19 @@ \setlength{parameter}{length expression}): -\floatsep\floatsep -\floatsep +\floatsep\floatsep +\floatsep Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt. -\intextsep\intextsep -\intextsep +\intextsep\intextsep +\intextsep Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for 10 point and 11 point documents, and 14pt plus4pt minus4pt for 12 point documents. -\textfloatsep\textfloatsep -\textfloatsep +\textfloatsep\textfloatsep +\textfloatsep Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. @@ -2270,23 +2502,23 @@ \setcounter{ctrname}{natural number}): -bottomnumberbottomnumber -bottomnumber +bottomnumberbottomnumber +bottomnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -dbltopnumberdbltopnumber -dbltopnumber +dbltopnumberdbltopnumber +dbltopnumber Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a two-column page; default 2. -topnumbertopnumber -topnumber +topnumbertopnumber +topnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -totalnumbertotalnumber -totalnumber +totalnumbertotalnumber +totalnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. @@ -2305,19 +2537,19 @@ SectioningCross referencesLayoutTop Sectioning -sectioning commands +sectioning commands Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: -\part\part -\chapter\chapter +\part\part +\chapter\chapter (report and book class only) -\section\section -\subsection\subsection -\subsubsection\subsubsection -\paragraph\paragraph -\subparagraph\subparagraph +\section\section +\subsection\subsection +\subsubsection\subsubsection +\paragraph\paragraph +\subparagraph\subparagraph All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., @@ -2341,7 +2573,7 @@ toctitle that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. -*-form of sectioning commands +*-form of sectioning commands Also, all sectioning commands have *-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: @@ -2350,8 +2582,8 @@ \section*{Preamble} -\appendix -appendix, creating +\appendix +appendix, creating The \appendix command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this @@ -2364,8 +2596,9 @@ \chapter{The First Appendix} -secnumdepth counter -section numbers, printing +secnumdepth counter +section numbers, printing +Sectioning/secnumdepth The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting @@ -2375,19 +2608,252 @@ suppresses heading numbers at any depth $>$ level, where -chapter is level zero. (\setcounter.) +chapter is level zero. The default secnumdepth is 3 in +&latex;&textrsquo;s article class and 2 in the book and +report classes. (\setcounter.) + +\&arobase;startsectionRedefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc. + + +\&arobase;startsectionSectioning +\&arobase;startsection + +\&arobase;startsection +section, redefining + +Synopsis: + + +\&arobase;startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style} + + +Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning +divisions such as \section or \subsection. + +Note that the titlesec package makes manipulation of sectioning +easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be +satisfied with \&arobase;startsection, some cannot. For instance, in +the standard &latex; book and report classes the commands +\chapter and \report are not constructed in this way. To +make such a command you may want to use the \secdef command. + + +Technically, \&arobase;startsection has the form + +\&arobase;startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}*[toctitle]{title} + + (the star * is optional), so that issuing + +\renewcommand{\section}{\&arobase;startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}} + + redefines \section to have the form +\section*[toctitle]{title} (here too, the +star * is optional). Sectioning. This implies that +when you write a command like \renewcommand{section}{...}, +the \&arobase;startsection{...} must come last in the definition. See +the examples below. + + + +name +\&arobase;startsection/name Name of the counter used to number the +sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most +commonly this is either section, subsection, or +paragraph. Although in those three cases the counter name is the +same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not +required. + +Then \thename displays the title number and +\namemark is for the page headers. See the third +example below. + +level +\&arobase;startsection/level An integer giving the depth of the +sectioning command: 0 for chapter (only applies to the standard +book and report classes), 1 for section, 2 for +subsection, 3 for subsubsection, 4 for paragraph, +and 5 for subparagraph. In the book and report +classes part has level -1, while in the article class +part has level 0. + +If level is less than or equal to the value of secnumdepth +then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For +instance, in an article, if secnumdepth is 1 then a +\section{Introduction} command will produce output like &textldquo;1 +Introduction&textrdquo; while \subsection{Discussion} will produce +output like &textldquo;Discussion&textrdquo;, without the number prefix. +Sectioning/secnumdepth. + +If level is less than or equal to the value of tocdepth then +the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit. +For instance, in an article, if tocdepth is 1 then the table of +contents will list sections but not subsections. + + +indent +\&arobase;startsection/indent A length giving the indentation of all +of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title +flush with the margin use 0pt. A negative indentation such as +-\parindent will move the title into the left margin. + +beforeskip +\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip The absolute value of this length is +the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning +unit&textrsquo;s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit +happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative +then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is +non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the +negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt is -1pt plus -2pt minus +-3pt.) + +For example, if beforeskip is -3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +then to start the new sectioning unit, &latex; will add about 3.5 times +the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in +the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with +plus and minus, is good practice here since it gives +&latex; more flexibility in making up the page (Lengths). + +The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the +line prior to this sectioning unit&textrsquo;s header and the baseline of the +header is that it is the sum of the \parskip of the text font, +the \baselineskip of the title font, and the absolute value of +the beforeskip. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch +or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the +vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be +where &latex; would put the baseline of the first text line on that +page.) + +afterskip +\&arobase;startsection/afterskip This is a length. If afterskip +is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the +sectioning unit&textrsquo;s title header. If it is negative then the title header +becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph. +In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space +between the end of the title and the beginning of the following +paragraph. (Note that the negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt is +-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt.) + +As with beforeskip, using a rubber length, with plus and +minus components, is good practice here since it gives &latex; +more flexibility in putting together the page. + +If afterskip is non-negative then the full accounting of the +vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit&textrsquo;s header and +the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is +the sum of the \parskip of the title font, the +\baselineskip of the text font, and the value of after. +That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that +because the sign of afterskip changes the sectioning unit +header&textrsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative +afterskip to cancel part of the \parskip.) + +style +\&arobase;startsection/style Controls the styling of the title. See +the examples below. Typical commands to use here are \centering, +\raggedright, \normalfont, \hrule, or +\newpage. The last command in style may be one such as +\MakeUppercase or \fbox that takes one argument. The +section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For +instance, setting style to \bfseries\MakeUppercase would +produce titles that are bold and upper case. + + +These are &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with \&arobase;startsection, for the article, +book, and report classes. + + +section subsection subsubsection +\&arobase;startsection/namenamename +section subsection subsubsection +\&arobase;startsection/levellevellevel +1 2 3 +\&arobase;startsection/indentindentindent +0pt 0pt 0pt +\&arobase;startsection/beforeskipbeforeskipbeforeskip +-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex +\&arobase;startsection/afterskipafterskipafterskip +2.3ex plus 0.2ex +1.5ex plus 0.2ex +1.5ex plus 0.2ex +\&arobase;startsection/stylestylestyle +\normalfont\Large\bfseries +\normalfont\large\bfseries +\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries + + +Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the +preamble of a &latex; document. If you put them in the preamble they +must go between a \makeatletter command and a +\makeatother. (Probably the error message You can't use +`\spacefactor' in vertical mode. means that you forgot this.) +\makeatletter and \makeatother. + +This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says +\renewcommand because &latex;&textrsquo;s standard classes have already +defined a \section. For the same reason it does not define a +section counter, or the commands \thesection and +\l&arobase;section. + + +\renewcommand\section{% + \&arobase;startsection{section}% \&arobase;startsection/namenamename + {1}% \&arobase;startsection/levellevellevel + {0pt}% \&arobase;startsection/indentindentindent + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% \&arobase;startsection/beforeskipbeforeskipbeforeskip + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% \&arobase;startsection/afterskipafterskipafterskip + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% \&arobase;startsection/stylestylestyle + } + + +This will put subsection titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph. + + +\renewcommand\subsection{% + \&arobase;startsection{subsection}% \&arobase;startsection/namenamename + {2}% \&arobase;startsection/levellevellevel + {0em}% \&arobase;startsection/indentindentindent + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% \&arobase;startsection/beforeskipbeforeskipbeforeskip + {-1em plus 0.2em}% \&arobase;startsection/afterskipafterskipafterskip + {\scshape}% \&arobase;startsection/stylestylestyle + } + + +The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter. + + + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down +\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering +\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display + {\thesubparagraph.\&arobase;arabic\c&arobase;subsubparagraph}% numbering +\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\&arobase;startsection + {subsubparagraph}% + {6}% + {0em}% + {\baselineskip}% + {0.5\baselineskip}% + {\normalfont\normalsize}} +\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsubparagraph{\&arobase;dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc +\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers + + + + Cross referencesEnvironmentsSectioningTop Cross references -cross references +cross references One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure~3 for more details.&textrdquo; -label +label Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update this reference by hand. Instead, &latex; has you write a label @@ -2402,8 +2868,8 @@ \&arobase;currentlabel that is usually updated whenever you call \refstepcounter{counter}.) -forward reference -reference, forward +forward reference +reference, forward The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your document has a forward reference, a \ref{key} that appears earlier than the associated \label{key}; see the @@ -2427,7 +2893,7 @@ \label\pagerefCross references
\label -\label +\label Synopsis: @@ -2490,9 +2956,9 @@ \pageref\ref\labelCross references
\pageref{key} -\pageref -cross referencing with page number -page number, cross referencing +\pageref +cross referencing with page number +page number, cross referencing Synopsis: @@ -2521,12 +2987,12 @@ \ref\pagerefCross references
\ref{key} -\ref -cross referencing, symbolic -section number, cross referencing -equation number, cross referencing -figure number, cross referencing -footnote number, cross referencing +\ref +cross referencing, symbolic +section number, cross referencing +equation number, cross referencing +figure number, cross referencing +footnote number, cross referencing Synopsis: @@ -2558,9 +3024,9 @@ EnvironmentsLine breakingCross referencesTop Environments -environments -\begin -\end +environments +\begin +\end &latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. An environment begins with \begin and ends with \end, @@ -2578,7 +3044,7 @@ ! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by \end{table}. -group, and environments +group, and environments Environments are executed within a group.@@ -2616,9 +3082,10 @@ abstractarrayEnvironments
abstract -environment, abstract -abstract environment -abstracts +environment, abstract +abstract environment + +abstracts Synopsis: @@ -2675,9 +3142,10 @@ arraycenterabstractEnvironments
array -environment, array -array environment -arrays, math +environment, array +array environment + +arrays, math Synopsis: @@ -2716,10 +3184,13 @@ The second is that, instead of tabular&textrsquo;s parameter \tabcolsep, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is governed by -\arraycolsep +\arraycolsep \arraycolsep, which gives half the width between columns. The default for this is 5pt. +package, amsmath +amsmath package + To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the amsmath package. It comes with environments pmatrix for an array surrounded by parentheses (...), bmatrix for an array @@ -2757,9 +3228,10 @@ centerdescriptionarrayEnvironments center -environment, center -center environment -centering text, environment for +environment, center +center environment + +centering text, environment for Synopsis: @@ -2772,7 +3244,7 @@ Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (\\). -\\ (for center) +\\ (for center) If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex; will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any interword space. @@ -2816,8 +3288,8 @@ \centeringcenter \centering -\centering -centering text, declaration for +\centering +centering text, declaration for A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is most often used inside an environment such as figure, or in a @@ -2857,54 +3329,72 @@ descriptiondisplaymathcenterEnvironments description -environment, description -description environment -labelled lists, creating -description lists, creating +environment, description +description environment + +labelled lists, creating +description lists, creating Synopsis: \begin{description} -\item [first label] text of first item -\item [second label] text of second item +\item[label of first item] text of first item +\item[label of second item] text of second item ... \end{description} -Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s label -is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&textrsquo;s text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. +Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s label is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the &latex; error Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item. -\item -The list consists of at least one item, created with the \item -command (\item). Having no items causes the &latex; error -Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item). +This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +The labels lama and llama come out in boldface with their +left edges aligned on the left margin. -bold typewriter, avoiding -typewriter labels in lists + +\begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. +\end{definition} + + +\item +Start list items with the \item command (\item). Use the +optional labels, as in \item[Main point], because there is +no sensible default. Following the \item is optional text, which +may contain multiple paragraphs. + +bold typewriter, avoiding +typewriter labels in lists Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will -come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter -with \item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold +change given in argument style (see Font styles) then it will come +out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with +\item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: \item[{\tt label -text}]. Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use -\item[{\rm label text}]. +text}]. Similarly, get the standard roman font with \item[{\rm +label text}]. For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see itemize -and enumerate. For information about customizing list layout, see -list; also, the package enumitem is useful for this. +and enumerate. Unlike those environments, nesting +description environments does not change the default label; it is +boldface and flush left at all levels. -This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. +For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see +list. The package enumitem is useful for customizing +lists. +This example changes the description labels to small caps. + -\begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. -\end{definition} - +\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} + @@ -2912,14 +3402,15 @@ displaymath -environment, displaymath -displaymath environment +environment, displaymath +displaymath environment + Synopsis: \begin{displaymath} - ... math text ... +math text \end{displaymath} @@ -2927,29 +3418,31 @@ and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option fleqn; see Document class options. -&latex; will not break the math text across lines. - In the displaymath environment no equation number is added to the math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the equation environment (equation). -Note that the amsmath package has extensive displayed equation -facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in -new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that -package for having math text broken across lines. +&latex; will not break the math text across lines. -The construct \[..math text..\] is essentially a synonym for -\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath} but the +package, amsmath +amsmath package + +Note that the amsmath package has significantly more extensive +displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of +ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. + +The construct \[math text\] is essentially a synonym for +\begin{displaymath}math text\end{displaymath} but the latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word -displaymath will likely be unique. (The construct $$..math -text..$$ from Plain &tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a -synonym for displaymath. It is not a synonym, because the -displaymath environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t started in math mode -and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start, -because the displaymath environment has different vertical -spacing, and because the displaymath environment honors the -fleqn option.) +displaymath will likely be unique. (The construct +$$math text$$ from Plain &tex; is sometimes +mistakenly used as a synonym for displaymath. It is not a +synonym, because the displaymath environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t +started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching +environment start, because the displaymath environment has +different vertical spacing, and because the displaymath +environment honors the fleqn option.) The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. @@ -2965,8 +3458,9 @@ documentenumeratedisplaymathEnvironments document -environment, document -document environment +environment, document +document environment + The document environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every &latex; document. Starting and ending. @@ -2978,9 +3472,10 @@ \AtBeginDocument\AtEndDocumentdocument +\AtBeginDocument -\AtBeginDocument -beginning of document hook +\AtBeginDocument +beginning of document hook Synopsis: @@ -2998,10 +3493,12 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. + \AtEndDocument\AtBeginDocumentdocument +\AtEndDocument -\AtEndDocument -end of document hook +\AtEndDocument +end of document hook Synopsis: @@ -3020,35 +3517,37 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. + enumerateeqnarraydocumentEnvironments enumerate -environment, enumerate -enumerate environment -lists of items, numbered +environment, enumerate +enumerate environment + +lists of items, numbered Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} -\item [first label] text of first item -\item [second label] text of second item +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is 1., 2., +etc. Each enumerate list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the &latex; error Something's wrong--perhaps a +missing \item. -\item -The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -&latex; error Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item. Each -item is produced with an \item command. +This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as 1. and +2.. -This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. - \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) @@ -3056,13 +3555,21 @@ \end{enumerate} -Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including itemize (itemize), description -(description) and enumeration, up to four levels deep. -The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. -This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level -(where 1 is the outermost level): +\item +Start list items with the \item command (\item). If you +give \item an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Interstitial label], then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (\item). That is, you +will get labels like 1., then Interstitial label, then +2.. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +Enumerations may be nested within other enumerate environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as itemize +(itemize), up to four levels deep. This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s +default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, +the outermost level. + arabic number followed by a period: 1., 2., &dots; lower case letter inside parentheses: (a), (b) &dots; @@ -3070,55 +3577,55 @@ upper case letter followed by a period: A., B., &dots; -\enumi -\enumii -\enumiii -\enumiv +\enumi +\enumii +\enumiii +\enumiv The enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi through -\enumiv counters (Counters). If you use the optional -argument to \item then the counter is not incremented for that -item (\item). +\enumiv (Counters). -\labelenumi -\labelenumii -\labelenumiii -\labelenumiv +For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see +description and itemize. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see list. The package enumitem is +useful for customizing lists. + +\labelenumi +\labelenumii +\labelenumiii +\labelenumiv To change the format of the label use \renewcommand (\newcommand & \renewcommand) on the commands \labelenumi through \labelenumiv. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing -period: +period. -\Alph example +\Alph example \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} -For a list of counter-labelling commands like \Alph see -\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. +For a list of counter-labeling commands see \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol. -For more on customizing the layout see list. Also, the package -enumitem is useful for this. - - eqnarrayequationenumerateEnvironments eqnarray -environment, eqnarray -eqnarray environment -equations, aligning -aligning equations +environment, eqnarray +eqnarray environment + +equations, aligning +aligning equations -align environment, from amsmath -amsmath package, replacing eqnarray -Madsen, Lars +align environment, from amsmath +amsmath package, replacing eqnarray +Madsen, Lars First, a caveat: the eqnarray environment is depreciated. It has infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &textldquo;Avoid @@ -3147,7 +3654,7 @@ \end{eqnarray*} -\\ (for eqnarray) +\\ (for eqnarray) Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text mode. @@ -3155,18 +3662,18 @@ It is similar to a three-column array environment, with items within a row separated by an ampersand (&), and with rows separated by double backslash \\). -\\* (for eqnarray) +\\* (for eqnarray) The starred form of line break (\\*) can also be used to separate equations, and will disallow a page break there (\\). -\nonumber -equation numbers, omitting +\nonumber +equation numbers, omitting The unstarred form eqnarray places an equation number on every line (using the equation counter), unless that line contains a \nonumber command. The starred form eqnarray* omits equation numbering, while otherwise being the same. -\lefteqn +\lefteqn The command \lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. @@ -3187,10 +3694,11 @@ equationfigureeqnarrayEnvironments equation -environment, equation -equation environment -equations, environment for -formulas, environment for +environment, equation +equation environment + +equations, environment for +formulas, environment for Synopsis: @@ -3205,6 +3713,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the equation counter. +You should have no blank lines between \begin{equation} and +\begin{equation}, or &latex; will tell you that there is a +missing dollar sign, $$. + Note that the amsmath package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -3214,10 +3726,11 @@ figurefilecontentsequationEnvironments figure -environment, figure -figure environment -inserting figures -figures, inserting +environment, figure +figure environment + +inserting figures +figures, inserting Synopsis: @@ -3258,7 +3771,7 @@ The label is optional; it is used for cross references (Cross references). -\caption +\caption The optional \caption command specifies caption text for the figure. By default it is numbered. If loftitle is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of title (Tables of @@ -3282,12 +3795,14 @@ filecontentsflushleftfigureEnvironments filecontents: Write an external file -environment, filecontents -filecontents environment -environment, filecontents* -filecontents* environment -external files, writing -writing external files +environment, filecontents +filecontents environment + +environment, filecontents* +filecontents* environment + +external files, writing +writing external files Synopsis: @@ -3350,10 +3865,11 @@ flushleftflushrightfilecontentsEnvironments flushleft -environment, flushleft -flushleft environment -left-justifying text, environment for -ragged right text, environment for +environment, flushleft +flushleft environment + +left-justifying text, environment for +ragged right text, environment for \begin{flushleft} @@ -3363,7 +3879,7 @@ \end{flushleft} -\\ for flushleft +\\ for flushleft The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right. Each line must be terminated with the string \\. @@ -3376,10 +3892,10 @@ \raggedrightflushleft \raggedright -\raggedright -ragged right text -left-justifying text -justification, ragged right +\raggedright +ragged right text +left-justifying text +justification, ragged right The \raggedright declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -3397,10 +3913,11 @@ flushrightitemizeflushleftEnvironments flushright -environment, flushright -flushright environment -ragged left text, environment for -right-justifying text, environment for +environment, flushright +flushright environment + +ragged left text, environment for +right-justifying text, environment for \begin{flushright} @@ -3410,7 +3927,7 @@ \end{flushright} -\\ (for flushright) +\\ (for flushright) The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence \\. @@ -3423,10 +3940,10 @@ \raggedleftflushright \raggedleft -\raggedleft -ragged left text -justification, ragged left -right-justifying text +\raggedleft +ragged left text +justification, ragged left +right-justifying text The \raggedleft declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -3444,128 +3961,105 @@ itemizeletterflushrightEnvironments itemize -environment, itemize -itemize environment -\item -lists of items -unordered lists -bulleted lists +environment, itemize +itemize environment + +\item +lists of items +unordered lists +bulleted lists Synopsis: \begin{itemize} -\item item1 -\item item2 +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{itemize} The itemize environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo; -list. Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four -levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as enumerate (enumerate). +list. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of +this environment; see below. Each itemize list environment must +have at least one item; having none causes the &latex; error +Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item. -Each item of an itemize list begins with an \item command. -There must be at least one \item command within the environment. +This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, •. -By default, the marks at each level look like this: + +\begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait +\end{itemize} + + +\item +Start list items with the \item command (\item). If you +give \item an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in \item[Optional label], then by default it will +appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left +margin. For labels that are flush left see the description +environment. Following the \item is optional text, which may +contain multiple paragraphs. +\labelitemi +\labelitemii +\labelitemiii +\labelitemiv +Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as enumerate (enumerate). The itemize environment +uses the commands \labelitemi through \labelitemiv to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. + -• (bullet) --- (bold en-dash) -* (asterisk) -. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) +• (bullet, from \textbullet) +-- (bold en-dash, from \normalfont\bfseries\textendash) +* (asterisk, from \textasteriskcentered) +. (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from \textperiodcentered) -\labelitemi -\labelitemii -\labelitemiii -\labelitemiv -The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi -through \labelitemiv to produce the default label. So, you can -use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds: +Change the labels with \renewcommand. For instance, this makes +the first level use diamonds. \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} -\leftmargin -\leftmargini -\leftmarginii -\leftmarginiii -\leftmarginiv -\leftmarginv -\leftmarginvi -The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define -the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set -to the appropriate \leftmarginN when a new level of -nesting is entered. +\leftmargin +\leftmargini +\leftmarginii +\leftmarginiii +\leftmarginiv +\leftmarginv +\leftmarginvi +The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the itemize list is determined by the +parameters \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi. (Note the +convention of using lower case roman numerals a the end of the command +name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: 2.5em in +level 1 (2em in two-column mode), 2.2em in level 2, +1.87em in level 3, and 1.7em in level 4, with smaller +values for more deeply nested levels. -The defaults vary from .5em (highest levels of nesting) to -2.5em (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see +description and enumerate. For information about list +layout parameters, including the default values, and for information +about customizing list layout, see list. The package +enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em - -Some parameters that affect list formatting: - - -\itemindent\itemindent -Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - -\labelsep\labelsep -Space between the label and text of an item; default .5em. - -\labelwidth\labelwidth -Width of the label; default 2em, or 1.5em in two-column mode. - -\listparindent\listparindent -Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default 0pt. - -\rightmargin\rightmargin -Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default 0pt, except in the quote, -quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal -to \leftmargin. - - - -Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - - -\itemsep\itemsep -Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt -minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for -11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt. - -\parsep\parsep -Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as \itemsep. - -\topsep\topsep -Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. -For top-level lists, the default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for -10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, -and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced -for nested lists. - -\partopsep\partopsep -Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a -paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt -documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt -plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt. - - - -\parskip example +\parskip example Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an itemize* environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -3586,8 +4080,9 @@ letterlistitemizeEnvironments letter environment: writing letters -environment, letter -letter environment +environment, letter +letter environment + This environment is used for creating letters. Letters. @@ -3596,41 +4091,308 @@ listmathletterEnvironments list -environment, list -list environment -lists of items, generic +environment, list +list environment + +lists of items, generic -The list environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} -\item item1 -\item item2 +\item[optional label of first item] text of first item +\item[optional label of second item] text of second item ... \end{list} -The mandatory labeling argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to \item). -This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands. +The list environment is a generic environment for constructing +more specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +description, enumerate, and itemize environments +(description, enumerate, and itemize). -The mandatory spacing argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing. +Also, many standard &latex; environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using list, including quotation, +quote, center, verbatim, and plenty more +(quotation and quote, center, flushright). -The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -\linewidth (Page layout parameters). +package, enumitem +enumitem package + +The third-party package enumitem is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the list environment by defining a new custom +environment. + +\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items +\newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} + +\begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' +\end{named} + + +The list environment&textrsquo;s mandatory first argument, +labeling, specifies the default labeling of list items. It can +contain text and &latex; commands, as above where it contains both +Item and \Roman{...}. &latex; forms the label by +putting the labeling argument in a box of width +\labelwidth. If the label is wider than that, the additional +material extends to the right. When making an instance of a list you +can override the default labeling by giving \item an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +\item[Special label.]; \item. + +\makelabel +The label box is constructed by the command \makelabel. By +default it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, +the label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing +its definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +named environment add +\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}, and between +the \setlength command and the parenthesis that closes the +spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel. +Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the +second code line to \let\makelabel\fbox puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another example is at the bottom of this entry. + +The mandatory second argument spacing can have a list of +commands to redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}. If this argument is empty, +i.e., {}, then the list will have the default spacing given +below. To number the items using a counter, put +\usecounter{countername} in this argument +(\usecounter). + +Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (Lengths). The vertical +spaces are normally rubber lengths, with plus and minus +components, to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change +each with a command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt +minus1pt}. For some effects these lengths should be zero or +negative. Default values for derived environments such as +itemize can be changed from the values shown here for the basic +list. + + +\itemindent\itemindent +Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond leftmargin, of the +first line each item. Its default value is 0pt. + +\itemsep\itemsep +Vertical space between items, beyond the \parsep. The defaults +for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s article, book, +and report classes at 10 point size are: 4pt plus2pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at +11 point are: 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, \parsep (that is, +2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and topsep (that is, 2pt +plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at 12 point are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt), and +\topsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt). + +\labelsep\labelsep +Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s article, book, +and report classes is 0.5em. + +\labelwidth\labelwidth +Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If \makelabel returns text that is wider than this then the first +line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. +If \makelabel returns text of width less than or equal to +\labelwidth then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is that the label is typeset +flush right in a box of this width. + +The left edge of the label box is +\leftmargin+\itemindent-\labelsep-\labelwidth +from the left margin of the enclosing environment. + +The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s article, book, and +report classes at the top level is +\leftmargini-\labelsep, (which is 2em in one column +mode and 1.5em in two column mode). At the second level it is +\leftmarginii-\labelsep, and at the third level it is +\leftmarginiii-\labelsep. These definitions make the +label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing +environment. + +\leftmargin\leftmargin +Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the +left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. + +In the standard &latex; document classes, a top-level list has this set +to the value of \leftmargini, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to \leftmarginii. More +deeply nested lists get the values of \leftmarginiii through +\leftmarginvi. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message Too deeply nested.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s article, +book, and report classes are: \leftmargini is +2.5em (in two column mode, 2em), \leftmarginii is +2.2em, and \leftmarginiii is 1.87em. + +\listparindent\listparindent +Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond +\leftmargin, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value +is 0pt. + +\parsep\parsep +Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the book +and article classes The defaults for the first three levels in +&latex;&textrsquo;s article, book, and report classes at 10 +point size are: 4pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt +minus1pt, and 0pt. The defaults at 11 point size are: +4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and +0pt. The defaults at 12 point size are: 5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 0pt. + +\partopsep\partopsep +Vertical space added, beyond \topsep+\parskip, to the top +and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by +a blank line. (A blank line in the &latex; source before the list +changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line +following the list is blank does not matter.) + +The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s article, +book, and report classes at 10 point size are: 2pt +plus1 minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt +minus1pt. The defaults at 11 point are: 3pt plus1pt minus1pt, +3pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt). The +defaults at 12 point are: 3pt plus2pt minus3pt, 3pt plus2pt +minus2pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt. + +\rightmargin\rightmargin +Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is 0pt. +It must be non-negative. + +\topsep\topsep +Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to \parskip (\parskip). The defaults for the first three +levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s article, book, and report +classes at 10 point size are: 8pt plus2pt minus4pt, 4pt +plus2pt minus1pt, and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 11 +point are: 9pt plus3pt minus5pt, 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, +and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 12 point are: +10pt plus4pt minus6pt, 5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt, and +2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt. + + + +This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + + +latex2e-figures/list3.21in.png + + +The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for h1 equals the right edge of the +bracket for h4, so that the left edge of the label box is at +h3+h4-(h0+h1). + + +v0 +&backslash;topsep + &backslash;parskip if +the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and +\topsep+\parskip+\partopsep if it does + +v1 +\parsep + +v2 +\itemsep+\parsep + +v3 +Same as v0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line +appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + +h1 +\labelsep + +h2 +\listparindent + +h3 +\leftmargin + +h4 +\itemindent + +h5 +\rightmargin + + + +The list&textrsquo;s left and right margins, shown above as h3 and h5, +are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or +with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width +used for typesetting the list items is \linewidth (Page +layout parameters). For instance, set the list&textrsquo;s left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with +\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}. + +Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the &latex; default is +-\&arobase;lowpenalty, that is, -51. Because it is negative, +it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, +e.g., \&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a +page break. + + +\&arobase;beginparpenalty\&arobase;beginparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default -51). + +\&arobase;itempenalty\&arobase;itempenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default -51). + +\&arobase;endparpenalty\&arobase;endparpenalty +The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default -51). + + + +This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + + +\usepackage{color} +\newcounter{cnt} +\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} +\newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } +{\end{list} } + + \itemAn entry in a list. +trivlistA restricted form of list. -\itemlist -\item: An entry in a list. +\itemtrivlistlist +\item: An entry in a list Synopsis: @@ -3640,22 +4402,26 @@ or -\item[optional label] text of item +\item[optional-label] text of item An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default -depends on the list type. +depends on the list type. -Because the optional argument optional label is surrounded by -square brackets ([ and ]), to use square brackets -inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as -in \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. Similarly, to use an open -square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it -inside curly braces. &latex; command syntax. +Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets +[...], if you have an item whose text starts with [, you +have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: \item +{[} is an open square bracket; otherwise, &latex; will think it +marks the start of an optional label. -In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. +Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: \item[Close square bracket, {]}]. &latex; +command syntax. +In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label. + \begin{enumerate} \item Moe @@ -3665,20 +4431,68 @@ The first item is labelled 1., the second item is labelled -sometimes, and the third item is labelled 2. (note that, -because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does -not get a 3.). +sometimes, and the third item is labelled 2.. Because +of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not +labelled 3.. + +trivlist\itemlist +trivlist: A restricted form of list +Synopsis: + + +\begin{trivlist} + ... +\end{trivlist} + + +A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not +indented and an \item without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the \item command as part of the environment&textrsquo;s definition. For +instance, the center environment is defined essentially like +this: + + +\newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} + + +Using trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit some +common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; +detecting whether the text following the environment should be +considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; +adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list +environments. + +Specifically, trivlist uses the current values of the list +parameters (list), except that \parsep is set to the +value of \parskip, and \leftmargin, \labelwidth, +and \itemindent are set to zero. + +This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. + + +\begin{trivlist} +\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. +\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. +\end{trivlist} + + + mathminipagelistEnvironments math -environment, math -math environment -in-line formulas +environment, math +math environment + +in-line formulas Synopsis: @@ -3688,8 +4502,8 @@ \end{math} -The math environment inserts the given math within the -running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. +The math environment inserts given math material within +the running text. $...$ and $...$ are synonyms. Math formulas. @@ -3697,9 +4511,10 @@ minipagepicturemathEnvironments minipage -environment, minipage -minipage environment -minipage, creating a +environment, minipage +minipage environment + +minipage, creating a \begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width} @@ -3715,15 +4530,15 @@ The arguments are the same as for \parbox (\parbox). -indentation of paragraphs, in minipage -paragraph indentation, in minipage -\parindent +indentation of paragraphs, in minipage +paragraph indentation, in minipage +\parindent By default, paragraphs are not indented in the minipage environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as \setlength{\parindent}{1pc} command. -footnotes in figures -figures, footnotes in +footnotes in figures +figures, footnotes in Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at @@ -3739,10 +4554,11 @@ picturequotation and quoteminipageEnvironments picture -environment, picture -picture environment -creating pictures -pictures, creating +environment, picture +picture environment + +creating pictures +pictures, creating \begin{picture}(width,height)(xoffset,yoffset) @@ -3750,7 +4566,7 @@ \end{picture} -\unitlength +\unitlength The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -3765,15 +4581,16 @@ \setlength command, outside of a picture environment. The default value is 1pt. -package, picture -picture package +package, picture +picture package + The picture package redefine the picture environment so that everywhere a number is used in a picture commands to specify a coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing \unitlength. -position, in picture +position, in picture A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, @@ -3823,7 +4640,7 @@ picture, with its reference point at coordinates $(11.3,-.3)$ . The reference points for various objects will be described below. -lR box +lR box The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything that can go in an \mbox (\mbox) in the text argument of the \put command. When you do this, the reference point will @@ -3852,7 +4669,7 @@ \circle\makebox (picture)picture \circle -\circle +\circle Synopsis: @@ -3871,7 +4688,7 @@ \makebox (picture)\framebox (picture)\circlepicture \makebox -\makebox (for picture) +\makebox (for picture) Synopsis: @@ -3908,7 +4725,7 @@ \framebox (picture)\dashbox\makebox (picture)picture \framebox -\framebox +\framebox Synopsis: @@ -3920,8 +4737,8 @@ section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. -\fboxrule -\fboxsep +\fboxrule +\fboxsep The \framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -3931,7 +4748,7 @@ \dashbox\frame\framebox (picture)picture \dashbox -\dashbox +\dashbox Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: @@ -3952,7 +4769,7 @@ \frame\line\dashboxpicture \frame -\frame +\frame Synopsis: @@ -3969,7 +4786,7 @@ \line\linethickness\framepicture \line -\line +\line Synopsis: @@ -3980,8 +4797,8 @@ The \line command draws a line with the given length and slope xslope/yslope. -pict2e package -graphics packages +pict2e package +graphics packages Standard &latex; can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where $x$ and $y$ have integer values from −6 through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, @@ -3992,7 +4809,7 @@ \linethickness\thicklines\linepicture \linethickness -\linethickness +\linethickness The \linethickness{dim} command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be @@ -4006,7 +4823,7 @@ \thicklines\thinlines\linethicknesspicture \thicklines -\thicklines +\thicklines The \thicklines command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -4017,7 +4834,7 @@ \thinlines\multiput\thicklinespicture \thinlines -\thinlines +\thinlines The \thinlines command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -4028,7 +4845,7 @@ \multiput\oval\thinlinespicture \multiput -\multiput +\multiput Synopsis: @@ -4046,7 +4863,7 @@ \oval\put\multiputpicture \oval -\oval +\oval Synopsis: @@ -4081,7 +4898,7 @@ \put\shortstack\ovalpicture \put -\put +\put Synopsis: @@ -4098,7 +4915,7 @@ \shortstack\vector\putpicture \shortstack -\shortstack +\shortstack Synopsis: @@ -4118,7 +4935,7 @@ Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) -\\ (for \shortstack objects) +\\ (for \shortstack objects) Objects are separated with \\. @@ -4126,7 +4943,7 @@ \vector\shortstackpicture \vector -\vector +\vector Synopsis: @@ -4144,16 +4961,18 @@ quotation and quotetabbingpictureEnvironments quotation and quote -environment, quotation -quotation environment -quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text -environment, quote -quote environment -quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting +environment, quotation +quotation environment + +quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text +environment, quote +quote environment + +quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting Synopsis: @@ -4200,106 +5019,156 @@ tabbingtablequotation and quoteEnvironments tabbing -environment, tabbing -tabbing environment -tab stops, using -lining text up using tab stops -alignment via tabbing +environment, tabbing +tabbing environment + +tab stops, using +lining text up using tab stops +alignment via tabbing Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} -row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\ -row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\ +row1col1 \= row1col2 ... \\ +row2col1 \> row2col2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} -The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in -columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as -was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +The tabbing environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. -This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular -environment. +This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a \kill command (which is described below): -The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment: + +\begin{tabbing} +\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill +Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ +\textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ +\textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ +\textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ +\textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ +\end{tabbing} + + +Both the tabbing environment and the more widely-used +tabular environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is +determined automatically by &latex;, while in tabbing the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that tabular +generates a box, but tabbing can be broken across pages. +Finally, while tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing +can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. +A tabbing environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the \hspace command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the tabbing environment is +the end of line, so that the width of the environment is +\linewidth. + +row, tabbing +The tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed +rows. The first tabbed row begins immediately after +\begin{tabbing} and each row ends with \\ or +\kill. The last row may omit the \\ and end with just +\end{tabbing}. + +At any point the tabbing environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of n > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is +always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab +stop number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if +all the stops 0, &dots;, $i-1$ have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. + +By default any text typeset in a tabbing environment is typeset +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (Modes). + +The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment. +They are all fragile (\protect). + -\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing) -End a line. +\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing) +End a tabbed line and typeset it. -\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing) +\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing) Sets a tab stop at the current position. -\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing) -\> +\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing) +\> Advances to the next tab stop. -\<\< +\<\< Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. -\+\+ +\+\+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -\-\- +\-\- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing) -Moves everything that you have typed so far in the -current column, i.e., everything from the most recent \>, -\<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. +\' (tabbing)\' (tabbing) +Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., +everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', +\\, or \kill command, to the previous column and aligned +to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. -\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing) +\` (tabbing)\` (tabbing) Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column -because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the -text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} -command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing -environment. There must be no \> or \' command between -the \` and the command that ends the line. +stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last +column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The \` command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin +of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or +\' command between the \` and the \\ or +\end{tabbing} command that ends the line. -\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) -\a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing) -\a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing) -\a= (macron accent in tabbing) +\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) +\a' (acute accent in tabbing) +\a` (grave accent in tabbing) +\a= (macron accent in tabbing) In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as usual (Accents). Instead, -the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. +use the commands \a=, \a' and \a`. -\kill\kill -Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ -except that it throws away the current line instead of producing -output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- -commands in that line remain in effect. +\kill\kill +Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ except +that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. +Any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in +effect. -\poptabs\poptabs -\poptabs +\poptabs\poptabs +\poptabs Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last \pushtabs. -\pushtabs\pushtabs +\pushtabs\pushtabs Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing environment. -\tabbingsep\tabbingsep -Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'. +\tabbingsep\tabbingsep +Distance of the text moved by \' to left of current tab stop. -This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +This example typesets a Pascal function: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ @@ -4307,15 +5176,45 @@ \end{tabbing} +The output looks like this: + +function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; + +package, algorithm2e +algorithm2e package + package, listings +listings package + package, minted +minted package + +package, fancyvrb +fancyvrb package + + +(The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (verbatim) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +algorithm2e, fancyvrb, listings, and +minted.) + + tabletabulartabbingEnvironments table -environment, table -table environment -tables, creating -creating tables +environment, table +table environment + +tables, creating +creating tables Synopsis: @@ -4340,7 +5239,7 @@ The label is optional; it is used for cross references (Cross references). -\caption +\caption The optional \caption command specifies caption text for the table. By default it is numbered. If lottitle is present, it is used in the list of tables instead of title (Tables of @@ -4367,10 +5266,11 @@ tabularthebibliographytableEnvironments tabular -environment, tabular -tabular environment -lines in tables -lining text up in tables +environment, tabular +tabular environment + +lines in tables +lining text up in tables Synopsis: @@ -4406,10 +5306,10 @@ The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar between them, is specified in tabular&textrsquo;s argument {l|l}. -& +& Columns are separated with an ampersand &. A horizontal rule between two rows is created with \hline. -\\ for tabular +\\ for tabular The end of each row is marked with a double backslash \\. This \\ is optional after the last row unless an \hline command follows, to put a rule below the table. @@ -4493,7 +5393,7 @@ \end{tabular} -\extracolsep +\extracolsep An \extracolsep{wd} command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. @@ -4543,22 +5443,22 @@ -\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth +\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth A length that is the thickness of the rule created by |, \hline, and \vline in the tabular and array environments. The default is .4pt. Change it as in \setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}. -\arraystretch\arraystretch +\arraystretch\arraystretch A factor by which the spacing between rows in the tabular and array environments is multiplied. The default is 1, for no scaling. Change it as \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}. -\doublerulesep\doublerulesep +\doublerulesep\doublerulesep A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the || specifier. The default is 2pt. -\tabcolsep\tabcolsep +\tabcolsep\tabcolsep A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is 6pt. Change it with \setlength. @@ -4579,7 +5479,7 @@ \multicolumn\vlinetabular \multicolumn -\multicolumn +\multicolumn Synopsis: @@ -4676,7 +5576,7 @@ \vline\cline\multicolumntabular \vline -\vline +\vline Draw a vertical line in a tabular or array environment extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical @@ -4709,7 +5609,7 @@ \cline\hline\vlinetabular \cline -\cline +\cline Synopsis: @@ -4739,7 +5639,7 @@ \hline\clinetabular \hline -\hline +\hline Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing tabular or array environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the @@ -4764,9 +5664,10 @@ thebibliographytheoremtabularEnvironments thebibliography -environment, thebibliography -thebibliography environment -bibliography, creating (manually) +environment, thebibliography +thebibliography environment + +bibliography, creating (manually) Synopsis: @@ -4781,15 +5682,33 @@ reference list. In the article class, this reference list is labelled -&textldquo;References&textrdquo;; in the report class, it is labelled -&textldquo;Bibliography&textrdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes) -by redefining the command \refname. For instance, this -eliminates it entirely: +References and the label is stored in macro \refname; in +the report class, it is labelled Bibliography and the +label is stored in macro \bibname. - -\renewcommand{\refname}{} - +You can change the label by redefining the command \refname or +\bibname, whichever is applicable depending on the class: + + +• +\bibname +For standard classes whose top level sectioning is \chapter +(such as book and report), the label is in the macro +\bibname; + +• +\refname +For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is \section +(such as article), the label is in macro \refname. + +package, babel +babel package + +Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +\refname or \bibname; language support packages like +babel do this. + The mandatory widest-label argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the \bibitem commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with @@ -4806,7 +5725,7 @@ \bibitem\citethebibliography \bibitem -\bibitem +\bibitem Synopsis: @@ -4817,7 +5736,7 @@ The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by label. If the label argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the enumi counter. The cite_key is a -citation key +citation key citation key consisting in any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. @@ -4833,7 +5752,7 @@ \cite\nocite\bibitemthebibliography \cite -\cite +\cite Synopsis: @@ -4855,7 +5774,7 @@ \nociteUsing BibTeX\citethebibliography \nocite -\nocite +\nocite Synopsis: @@ -4871,11 +5790,11 @@ Using BibTeX\nocitethebibliography Using Bib&tex; -using Bib&tex; -bib&tex;, using -bibliography, creating (automatically) -\bibliographystyle -\bibliography +using Bib&tex; +bib&tex;, using +bibliography, creating (automatically) +\bibliographystyle +\bibliography If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of @@ -4923,9 +5842,10 @@ theoremtitlepagethebibliographyEnvironments theorem -environment, theorem -theorem environment -theorems, typesetting +environment, theorem +theorem environment + +theorems, typesetting Synopsis: @@ -4945,10 +5865,11 @@ titlepageverbatimtheoremEnvironments titlepage -environment, titlepage -titlepage environment -making a title page -title pages, creating +environment, titlepage +titlepage environment + +making a title page +title pages, creating Synopsis: @@ -4995,13 +5916,14 @@ verbatimversetitlepageEnvironments verbatim -environment, verbatim -verbatim environment -verbatim text -simulating typed text -typed text, simulating -code, typesetting -computer programs, typesetting +environment, verbatim +verbatim environment + +verbatim text +simulating typed text +typed text, simulating +code, typesetting +computer programs, typesetting Synopsis: @@ -5017,7 +5939,8 @@ into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. -The verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt). +The verbatim environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +(\tt). \verbThe macro form of the verbatim environment. @@ -5026,8 +5949,8 @@ \verbverbatim \verb -\verb -verbatim text, inline +\verb +verbatim text, inline Synopsis: @@ -5042,11 +5965,10 @@ \verb* and the delimiter char, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. -visible space +visible space The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a &textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character. -(Namely, {\tt\char&textlsquo;\ }.) @@ -5055,9 +5977,10 @@ verseverbatimEnvironments verse -environment, verse -verse environment -poetry, an environment for +environment, verse +verse environment + +poetry, an environment for Synopsis: @@ -5072,7 +5995,7 @@ The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. -\\ for verse +\\ for verse The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to separate the @@ -5084,8 +6007,8 @@ Line breakingPage breakingEnvironmentsTop Line breaking -line breaking -breaking lines +line breaking +breaking lines The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To @@ -5111,9 +6034,9 @@ \\\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking \\ -\\ force line break -new line, starting -line break, forcing +\\ force line break +new line, starting +line break, forcing Synopsis: @@ -5155,9 +6078,9 @@ \obeycr & \restorecr\newline\\Line breaking \obeycr & \restorecr -\obeycr -\restorecr -new line, output as input +\obeycr +\restorecr +new line, output as input The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file (^^M, internally) the same as \\ (followed by @@ -5171,8 +6094,8 @@ \newline\- (hyphenation)\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking \newline -\newline -new line, starting (paragraph mode) +\newline +new line, starting (paragraph mode) In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (\\); it breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it. @@ -5199,8 +6122,8 @@ \- (hyphenation)\discretionary\newlineLine breaking \- (discretionary hyphen) -\- (hyphenation) -hyphenation, forcing +\- (hyphenation) +hyphenation, forcing The \- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds @@ -5215,8 +6138,8 @@ \discretionary\fussy\- (hyphenation)Line breaking \discretionary (generalized hyphenation point) -hyphenation, discretionary -discretionary hyphenation +hyphenation, discretionary +discretionary hyphenation Synopsis: @@ -5230,7 +6153,7 @@ \fussy\sloppy\discretionaryLine breaking \fussy -\fussy +\fussy The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between @@ -5244,7 +6167,7 @@ \sloppy\hyphenation\fussyLine breaking \sloppy -\sloppy +\sloppy The declaration \sloppy makes &tex; less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose @@ -5257,8 +6180,8 @@ \hyphenation\linebreak & \nolinebreak\sloppyLine breaking \hyphenation -\hyphenation -hyphenation, defining +\hyphenation +hyphenation, defining Synopsis: @@ -5282,10 +6205,10 @@ \linebreak & \nolinebreak\hyphenationLine breaking \linebreak & \nolinebreak -\linebreak -\nolinebreak -line breaks, forcing -line breaks, preventing +\linebreak +\nolinebreak +line breaks, forcing +line breaks, preventing Synopses: @@ -5309,8 +6232,8 @@ Page breakingFootnotesLine breakingTop Page breaking -page breaking -breaking pages +page breaking +breaking pages &latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, @@ -5328,8 +6251,8 @@ \cleardoublepage\clearpagePage breaking \cleardoublepage -\cleardoublepage -starting on a right-hand page +\cleardoublepage +starting on a right-hand page The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the @@ -5342,9 +6265,9 @@ \clearpage\newpage\cleardoublepagePage breaking \clearpage -\clearpage -flushing floats and starting a page -starting a new page and clearing floats +\clearpage +flushing floats and starting a page +starting a new page and clearing floats The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the @@ -5355,9 +6278,9 @@ \newpage\enlargethispage\clearpagePage breaking \newpage -\newpage -new page, starting -starting a new page +\newpage +new page, starting +starting a new page The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (\clearpage). @@ -5367,8 +6290,8 @@ \enlargethispage\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\newpagePage breaking \enlargethispage -\enlargethispage -enlarge current page +\enlargethispage +enlarge current page \enlargethispage{size} @@ -5387,10 +6310,10 @@ \pagebreak & \nopagebreak\enlargethispagePage breaking \pagebreak & \nopagebreak -\pagebreak -\nopagebreak -page break, forcing -page break, preventing +\pagebreak +\nopagebreak +page break, forcing +page break, preventing Synopses: @@ -5415,7 +6338,7 @@ FootnotesDefinitionsPage breakingTop Footnotes -footnotes, creating +footnotes, creating Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here. @@ -5450,7 +6373,7 @@ \footnote\footnotemarkFootnotes \footnote -\footnote +\footnote Synopsis: @@ -5473,9 +6396,9 @@ number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented. -footnotes, symbols instead of numbers -\fnsymbol, and footnotes -\&arobase;fnsymbol +footnotes, symbols instead of numbers +\fnsymbol, and footnotes +\&arobase;fnsymbol Change how &latex; shows the footnote counter with something like \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}, which uses a sequence of symbols (\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman @@ -5490,8 +6413,8 @@ paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections. -Footnotes, in a minipage -mpfootnote counter +Footnotes, in a minipage +mpfootnote counter In a minipage environment the \footnote command uses the mpfootnote counter instead of the footnote counter, so they are numbered independently. They are @@ -5503,7 +6426,7 @@ \footnotemark\footnotetext\footnoteFootnotes \footnotemark -\footnotemark +\footnotemark Synopsis, one of: @@ -5546,7 +6469,7 @@ \footnotetextFootnotes in a table\footnotemarkFootnotes \footnotetext -\footnotetext +\footnotetext Synopsis, one of: @@ -5565,7 +6488,7 @@ Footnotes in a tableFootnotes in section headings\footnotetextFootnotes Footnotes in a table -Footnotes, in a table +Footnotes, in a table Inside a table environment the \footnote command does not work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the @@ -5621,17 +6544,18 @@ Footnotes in section headingsFootnotes of footnotesFootnotes in a tableFootnotes Footnotes in section headings -footnotes, in section headings -table of contents, avoiding footnotes +footnotes, in section headings +table of contents, avoiding footnotes Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in: \section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}} -package, footmisc -footmisc package -stable option to footmisc package +package, footmisc +footmisc package + +stable option to footmisc package causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of @@ -5702,17 +6626,17 @@ Footnote parametersMultiple reference to footnotesFootnotes Footnote parameters -footnote parameters -parameters, for footnotes +footnote parameters +parameters, for footnotes -\footnoterule\footnoterule +\footnoterule\footnoterule Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions: 0.4pt thick (or wide), and 0.4\columnwidth long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear). -\footnotesep\footnotesep +\footnotesep\footnotesep The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for \footnotesize fonts (Font sizes), therefore there is no extra space between @@ -5727,11 +6651,12 @@ DefinitionsCountersFootnotesTop Definitions -definitions +definitions &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. + \newcommand & \renewcommand(Re)define a new command. @@ -5743,17 +6668,18 @@ \newtheoremDefine a new theorem-like environment. \newfontDefine a new font name. \protectUsing tricky commands. +\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterendDiscard extra spaces. \newcommand & \renewcommand\providecommandDefinitions \newcommand & \renewcommand -\newcommand -commands, defining new ones -commands, redefining -defining a new command -new commands, defining +\newcommand +commands, defining new ones +commands, redefining +defining a new command +new commands, defining \newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: @@ -5765,8 +6691,8 @@ \renewcommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn} -starred form, defining new commands -*-form, defining new commands +starred form, defining new commands +*-form, defining new commands The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not \long, in plain &tex; terms). @@ -5790,7 +6716,7 @@ (which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then \cmd does not take an optional argument. -positional parameter +positional parameter That is, if \cmd is used with square brackets following, as in \cmd[myval], then within defn the first positional parameter #1 expands myval. On the @@ -5866,10 +6792,10 @@ \providecommand\newcounter\newcommand & \renewcommandDefinitions \providecommand -\providecommand -commands, defining new ones -defining a new command -new commands, defining +\providecommand +commands, defining new ones +defining a new command +new commands, defining Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists. Synopses: @@ -5890,8 +6816,8 @@ \newcounter\newlength\providecommandDefinitions \newcounter: Allocating a counter -\newcounter -counters, defining new +\newcounter +counters, defining new Synopsis, one of: @@ -5922,11 +6848,11 @@ \newlength\newsavebox\newcounterDefinitions \newlength: Allocating a length -\newlength -lengths, allocating new -rubber lengths, defining new -skip register, plain &tex; -glue register, plain &tex; +\newlength +lengths, allocating new +rubber lengths, defining new +skip register, plain &tex; +glue register, plain &tex; Allocate a new length register. Synopsis: @@ -5948,8 +6874,8 @@ \newsavebox\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newlengthDefinitions \newsavebox: Allocating a box -\newsavebox -box, allocating new +\newsavebox +box, allocating new Allocate a &textldquo;bin&textrdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis: @@ -5971,11 +6897,11 @@ \newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newtheorem\newsaveboxDefinitions \newenvironment & \renewenvironment -\newenvironment -\renewenvironment -environments, defining -defining new environments -redefining environments +\newenvironment +\renewenvironment +environments, defining +defining new environments +redefining environments These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is, \begin{env} body \end{env}. Synopses: @@ -5987,7 +6913,7 @@ \renewenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} -*-form of environment commands +*-form of environment commands The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can still contain multiple paragraphs. @@ -6102,12 +7028,12 @@ \newtheorem\newfont\newenvironment & \renewenvironmentDefinitions \newtheorem -\newtheorem -theorems, defining -defining new theorems +\newtheorem +theorems, defining +defining new theorems -theorem-like environment -environment, theorem-like +theorem-like environment +environment, theorem-like Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses: @@ -6237,9 +7163,9 @@ \newfont\protect\newtheoremDefinitions \newfont: Define a new font (obsolete) -\newfont -fonts, new commands for -defining new fonts +\newfont +fonts, new commands for +defining new fonts \newfont, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts. Synopsis: @@ -6253,7 +7179,7 @@ fontname.tfm. The control sequence must must not already be defined. It must begin with a backslash (\). -.fd file +.fd file This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families (which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman) @@ -6262,8 +7188,8 @@ system fonts such as Xe&latex; (&tex; engines). -at clause, in font definitions -design size, in font definitions +at clause, in font definitions +design size, in font definitions But since it is part of &latex;, here is an explanation: the font description consists of a fontname and an optional at clause; this can have the form either at dimen @@ -6284,18 +7210,21 @@ -\protect\newfontDefinitions +\protect\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend\newfontDefinitions \protect -\protect -fragile commands -robust commands +\protect +fragile commands +robust commands -All &latex; commands are either fragile or robust. -Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and -many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in -the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from -breaking one solution is to have them preceded by the command +All &latex; commands are either fragile or robust. A +fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain +other commands. Commands that contain data that &latex; writes to an +auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material +that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, +etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an +optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from +breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command \protect. For example, when &latex; runs the \section{section @@ -6304,7 +7233,7 @@ document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is referred to as a -moving arguments +moving arguments moving argument. A command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the \caption{...} @@ -6347,12 +7276,103 @@ +\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend\protectDefinitions +\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend + +\ignorespaces +\ignorespacesafterend +spaces, ignore around commands +commands, ignore spaces + +Synopsis: + + +\ignorespaces + + +or + + +\ignorespacesafterend + + +Both commands cause &latex; to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. + +The ignorespaces is often used when defining commands via +\newcommand, or \newenvironment, or \def. The +example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values +for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as +shown in the enumerate list, users must not put any space between +the command and the question text. + + +\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} +\begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' +\end{enumerate} + + +The solution is to change to +\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}. + +A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The +commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, +as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +\fullname will reproduce that. + + +\makeatletter +\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\&arobase;honorific{#1}} % remember title +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\&arobase;honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name +\makeatother +\begin{tabular}{|l|} +\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here +\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title +\end{tabular} + + +To fix this, change to +\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\&arobase;honorific~#1}. + +The \ignorespaces is also often used in a \newenvironment +at the end of the begin clause, that is, as part of the second +argument, as in \begin{newenvironment}{env +name}{... \ignorespaces}{...}. + +To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +\ignorespacesafterend. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + + +\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} +\begin{eq} +e=mc^2 +\end{eq} +\begin{equation} +F=ma +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +E=IR +\end{equation} + + +Putting a comment character % immediately after the +\end{eq} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +inconvenient. The solution is to change to +\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}. + + + CountersLengthsDefinitionsTop Counters -counters, a list of -variables, a list of +counters, a list of +variables, a list of Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the @@ -6395,7 +7415,7 @@ \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol\usecounterCounters \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters -counters, printing +counters, printing Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if the counter counter has the value 1 then a @@ -6407,22 +7427,22 @@ start with a backslash. -\alph{counter}\alph{counter} +\alph{counter}\alph{counter} Print the value of counter in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\Alph{counter}\Alph{counter} +\Alph{counter}\Alph{counter} Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\arabic{counter}\arabic{counter} +\arabic{counter}\arabic{counter} Print in Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\roman{counter}\roman{counter} +\roman{counter}\roman{counter} Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\Roman{counter}\Roman{counter} +\Roman{counter}\Roman{counter} Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\fnsymbol{counter}\fnsymbol{counter} +\fnsymbol{counter}\fnsymbol{counter} Prints the value of counter in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of counter must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. @@ -6430,9 +7450,11 @@ Here are the symbols: -NameCommandEquivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point +NameCommandEquivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point -asterisk\ast* +asterisk\ast* dagger\dagger2020 @@ -6444,7 +7466,8 @@ double-vert\parallel2016 -double-asterisk\ast\ast** +double-asterisk\ast\ast** double-dagger\dagger\dagger20202020 @@ -6458,9 +7481,9 @@ \usecounter\value\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbolCounters \usecounter{counter} -\usecounter -list items, specifying counter -numbered items, specifying counter +\usecounter +list items, specifying counter +numbered items, specifying counter Synopsis: @@ -6494,8 +7517,8 @@ \value\setcounter\usecounterCounters \value{counter} -\value -counters, getting value of +\value +counters, getting value of Synopsis: @@ -6535,9 +7558,9 @@ \setcounter\addtocounter\valueCounters \setcounter{counter}{value} -\setcounter -counters, setting -setting counters +\setcounter +counters, setting +setting counters Synopsis: @@ -6561,7 +7584,7 @@ \addtocounter\refstepcounter\setcounterCounters \addtocounter{counter}{value} -\addtocounter +\addtocounter The \addtocounter command globally increments counter by the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative. @@ -6579,7 +7602,7 @@ \refstepcounter\stepcounter\addtocounterCounters \refstepcounter{counter} -\refstepcounter +\refstepcounter The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as \stepcounter (\stepcounter): it globally increments the @@ -6598,7 +7621,7 @@ \stepcounter\day \month \year\refstepcounterCounters \stepcounter{counter} -\stepcounter +\stepcounter The \stepcounter command globally adds one to counter and resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of @@ -6609,9 +7632,9 @@ \day \month \year\stepcounterCounters \day \month \year: Predefined counters -\day -\month -\year +\day +\month +\year &latex; defines counters for the day of the month (\day, 1&textndash;31), month of the year (\month, 1&textndash;12), and year @@ -6628,7 +7651,7 @@ LengthsMaking paragraphsCountersTop Lengths -lengths, defining and using +lengths, defining and using A length is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. @@ -6671,67 +7694,67 @@ Units of length\setlengthLengths Units of length -units, of length +units, of length &tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of math mode. pt -pt -Point +pt +Point Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm. pc -pica -pc +pica +pc Pica, 12 pt in -in -inch +in +inch Inch, 72.27 pt bp -bp -Big point +bp +Big point Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. cm -Centimeter -cm +Centimeter +cm Centimeter mm -Millimeter -mm +Millimeter +mm Millimeter dd -Didot point -dd +Didot point +dd Didot point, 1.07 pt cc -Cicero -cc +Cicero +cc Cicero, 12 dd sp -Scaled point -sp +Scaled point +sp Scaled point, 1/65536 pt -ex -x-height -ex -m-width -em -em +ex +x-height +ex +m-width +em +em Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of the font. The x-height of the current font ex, traditionally the height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical @@ -6744,8 +7767,8 @@ likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition given in points. -mu, math unit -mu +mu, math unit +mu In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit mu given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current math symbols family. Spacing in math mode. @@ -6755,8 +7778,8 @@ \setlength\addtolengthUnits of lengthLengths \setlength -\setlength -lengths, setting +\setlength +lengths, setting Synopsis: @@ -6765,7 +7788,7 @@ The \setlength sets the value of length command -length command +length command \len to the value argument which can be expressed in any units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), big points (bp), etc. @@ -6775,8 +7798,8 @@ \addtolength\settodepth\setlengthLengths \addtolength -\addtolength -lengths, adding to +\addtolength +lengths, adding to Synopsis: @@ -6794,7 +7817,7 @@ \settodepth\settoheight\addtolengthLengths \settodepth -\settodepth +\settodepth Synopsis: @@ -6810,7 +7833,7 @@ \settoheight\settowidth\settodepthLengths \settoheight -\settoheight +\settoheight Synopsis: @@ -6827,7 +7850,7 @@ \settowidthPredefined lengths\settoheightLengths \settowidth{\len}{text} -\settowidth +\settowidth Synopsis: @@ -6843,20 +7866,20 @@ Predefined lengths\settowidthLengths Predefined lengths -lengths, predefined -predefined lengths +lengths, predefined +predefined lengths \width -\width +\width \height -\height +\height \depth -\depth +\depth \totalheight -\totalheight +\totalheight These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of @@ -6874,8 +7897,8 @@ Making paragraphsMath formulasLengthsTop Making paragraphs -making paragraphs -paragraphs +making paragraphs +paragraphs A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not containing even a %. A blank line should not appear where a new @@ -6893,9 +7916,9 @@ \indent\noindentMaking paragraphs \indent -\indent -\parindent -indent, forcing +\indent +\parindent +indent, forcing \indent produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the \parindent length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used @@ -6910,8 +7933,8 @@ \noindent\parskip\indentMaking paragraphs \noindent -\noindent -indent, suppressing +\noindent +indent, suppressing When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any paragraph indentation, as in this example. @@ -6932,8 +7955,8 @@ \parskipMarginal notes\noindentMaking paragraphs \parskip -\parskip -vertical space before paragraphs +\parskip +vertical space before paragraphs \parskip is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt. @@ -6943,10 +7966,10 @@ Marginal notes\parskipMaking paragraphs Marginal notes -marginal notes -notes in the margin -remarks in the margin -\marginpar +marginal notes +notes in the margin +remarks in the margin +\marginpar Synopsis: @@ -6970,8 +7993,8 @@ in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option twocolumn, see Document class options). -\reversemarginpar -\normalmarginpar +\reversemarginpar +\normalmarginpar The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar places them in the default position. @@ -6985,15 +8008,15 @@ These parameters affect the formatting of the note: -\marginparpush\marginparpush +\marginparpush\marginparpush Minimum vertical space between notes; default 7pt for 12pt documents, 5pt else. -\marginparsep\marginparsep +\marginparsep\marginparsep Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default 11pt for 10pt documents, 10pt else. -\marginparwidth\marginparwidth +\marginparwidth\marginparwidth Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided 10pt document is 90pt, 83pt for 11pt, and 68pt for 12pt; 17pt more in each case for a two-sided document. @@ -7013,15 +8036,18 @@ Math formulasModesMaking paragraphsTop Math formulas -math formulas -formulas, math -math mode, entering -environment, math -math environment -environment, displaymath -displaymath environment -environment, equation -equation environment +math formulas +formulas, math +math mode, entering +environment, math +math environment + +environment, displaymath +displaymath environment + +environment, equation +equation environment + There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: @@ -7035,10 +8061,10 @@ number in the right margin. -$ -$ -\[ -\] +$ +$ +\[ +\] The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath @@ -7049,7 +8075,7 @@ \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} -$ +$ In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: @@ -7057,15 +8083,15 @@ $ ... $ instead of $...$ -\boldmath -\unboldmath +\boldmath +\unboldmath The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used outside of math mode. Conversely, the \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used outside of math mode. -\displaystyle +\displaystyle The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of displaymath, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example: @@ -7089,11 +8115,11 @@ Subscripts & superscriptsMath symbolsMath formulas Subscripts & superscripts -superscript -subscript -exponent -_ -^ +superscript +subscript +exponent +_ +^ In math mode, use the caret character ^ to make the exp appear as a superscript: ^{exp}. @@ -7137,9 +8163,9 @@ Math symbolsMath functionsSubscripts & superscriptsMath formulas Math symbols -math symbols -symbols, math -greek letters +math symbols +symbols, math +greek letters &latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get @@ -7159,185 +8185,185 @@ -\|\| +\|\| 2225 Parallel (relation). Synonym: \parallel. -\aleph\aleph +\aleph\aleph 2135 Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary). -\alpha\alpha +\alpha\alpha 03B1 Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary). -\amalg\amalg +\amalg\amalg 2A3F Disjoint union (binary) -\angle\angle +\angle\angle 2220 Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign < and angle bracket \langle. -\approx\approx +\approx\approx 2248 Almost equal to (relation). -\ast\ast +\ast\ast 2217 Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary). Synonym: *, which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: \star, which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation. -\asymp\asymp +\asymp\asymp 224D Asymptotically equivalent (relation). -\backslash\backslash +\backslash\backslash \ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus \setminus, and \textbackslash for backslash outside of math mode. -\beta\beta +\beta\beta 03B2 Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary). -\bigcap\bigcap +\bigcap\bigcap 22C2 Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: binary intersection \cap. -\bigcirc\bigcirc +\bigcirc\bigcirc 26AA Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition \circ. -\bigcup\bigcup +\bigcup\bigcup 22C3 Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary union \cup. -\bigodot\bigodot +\bigodot\bigodot 2A00 Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator). -\bigoplus\bigoplus +\bigoplus\bigoplus 2A01 Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator). -\bigotimes\bigotimes +\bigotimes\bigotimes 2A02 Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). -\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown +\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown 25BD Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (operator). -\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup +\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup 25B3 Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). -\bigsqcup\bigsqcup +\bigsqcup\bigsqcup 2A06 Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). -\biguplus\biguplus +\biguplus\biguplus 2A04 Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.) -\bigvee\bigvee +\bigvee\bigvee 22C1 Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator). -\bigwedge\bigwedge +\bigwedge\bigwedge 22C0 Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator). -\bot\bot +\bot\bot 22A5 Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also \top. -\bowtie\bowtie +\bowtie\bowtie 22C8 Natural join of two relations (relation). -\Box\Box +\Box\Box 25A1 Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\bullet\bullet -bullet symbol +\bullet\bullet +bullet symbol 2022 Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot \cdot. -\cap\cap +\cap\cap 2229 Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcap. -\cdot\cdot +\cdot\cdot 22C5 Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot \bullet. -\chi\chi +\chi\chi 03C7 Lower case Greek chi (ordinary). -\circ\circ +\circ\circ 2218 Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcirc. -\clubsuit\clubsuit +\clubsuit\clubsuit 2663 Club card suit (ordinary). -\complement\complement +\complement\complement 2201 Set complement, used as a superscript as in $S^\complement$ (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. Also used: $S^{\mathsf{c}}$ or $\bar{S}$. -\cong\cong +\cong\cong 2245 Congruent (relation). -\coprod\coprod +\coprod\coprod 2210 Coproduct (operator). -\cup\cup +\cup\cup 222A Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcup. -\dagger\dagger +\dagger\dagger 2020 Dagger relation (binary). -\dashv\dashv +\dashv\dashv 22A3 Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: turnstile \vdash. -\ddagger\ddagger +\ddagger\ddagger 2021 Double dagger relation (binary). -\Delta\Delta +\Delta\Delta 0394 Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary). -\delta\delta +\delta\delta 03B4 Greek lower case delta (ordinary). -\Diamond\Diamond +\Diamond\Diamond 25C7 Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\diamond\diamond +\diamond\diamond 22C4 Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large diamond \Diamond, circle bullet \bullet. -\diamondsuit\diamondsuit +\diamondsuit\diamondsuit 2662 Diamond card suit (ordinary). -\div\div +\div\div 00F7 Division sign (binary). -\doteq\doteq +\doteq\doteq 2250 Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal to \Doteq. -\downarrow\downarrow +\downarrow\downarrow 2193 Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down arrow \Downarrow. -\Downarrow\Downarrow +\Downarrow\Downarrow 21D3 Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down arrow \downarrow. -\ell\ell -2113 Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). +\ell\ell +2113 Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). -\emptyset\emptyset +\emptyset\emptyset 2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is \varnothing. -\epsilon\epsilon +\epsilon\epsilon 03F5 Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter epsilon \varepsilon 03B5. Related: @@ -7345,194 +8371,194 @@ -\equiv\equiv +\equiv\equiv 2261 Equivalence (relation). -\eta\eta +\eta\eta 03B7 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\exists\exists +\exists\exists 2203 Existential quantifier (ordinary). -\flat\flat +\flat\flat 266D Musical flat (ordinary). -\forall\forall +\forall\forall 2200 Universal quantifier (ordinary). -\frown\frown +\frown\frown 2322 Downward curving arc (ordinary). -\Gamma\Gamma +\Gamma\Gamma 0393 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\gamma\gamma +\gamma\gamma 03B3 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\ge\ge +\ge\ge 2265 Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \geq. -\geq\geq +\geq\geq 2265 Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \ge. -\gets\gets +\gets\gets 2190 Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: \leftarrow. -\gg\gg +\gg\gg 226B Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than \ll. -\hbar\hbar +\hbar\hbar 210F Planck constant over two pi (ordinary). -\heartsuit\heartsuit +\heartsuit\heartsuit 2661 Heart card suit (ordinary). -\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow +\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow 21A9 Hooked left arrow (relation). -\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow +\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow 21AA Hooked right arrow (relation). -\iff\iff +\iff\iff 27F7 If and only if (relation). It is \Longleftrightarrow with a \thickmuskip on either side. -\Im\Im +\Im\Im 2111 Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part \Re. -\in\in +\in\in 2208 Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate epsilon \epsilon03F5 and small letter script epsilon \varepsilon. -\infty\infty +\infty\infty 221E Infinity (ordinary). -\int\int +\int\int 222B Integral (operator). -\iota\iota +\iota\iota 03B9 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\Join\Join +\Join\Join 2A1D Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain &tex;. -\kappa\kappa +\kappa\kappa 03BA Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\Lambda\Lambda +\Lambda\Lambda 039B Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\lambda\lambda +\lambda\lambda 03BB Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\land\land +\land\land 2227 Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for \wedge. See also logical or \lor. -\langle\langle +\langle\langle 27E8 Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: less-than <. Matches \rangle. -\lbrace\lbrace +\lbrace\lbrace 007B Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: \{. Matches \rbrace. -\lbrack\lbrack +\lbrack\lbrack 005B Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: [. Matches \rbrack. -\lceil\lceil +\lceil\lceil 2308 Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom shaved off (opening). Matches \rceil. -\le\le +\le\le 2264 Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \leq. -\leadsto\leadsto +\leadsto\leadsto 21DD Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put \newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}} in the preamble and then use \Leadsto instead. -\Leftarrow\Leftarrow +\Leftarrow\Leftarrow 21D0 Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: single-line left arrow \leftarrow. -\leftarrow\leftarrow +\leftarrow\leftarrow 2190 Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: \gets. Similar: double-line left arrow \Leftarrow. -\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown +\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown 21BD Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation). -\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup +\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup 21BC Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation). -\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow +\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow 21D4 Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: single-line double headed arrow \leftrightarrow. -\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow +\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow 2194 Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line double headed arrow \Leftrightarrow. -\leq\leq +\leq\leq 2264 Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \le. -\lfloor\lfloor +\lfloor\lfloor 230A Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: \floor. -\lhd\lhd +\lhd\lhd 25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\ll\ll +\ll\ll 226A Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than \gg. -\lnot\lnot +\lnot\lnot 00AC Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \neg. -\longleftarrow\longleftarrow +\longleftarrow\longleftarrow 27F5 Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line left arrow \Longleftarrow. -\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow +\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow 27F7 Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line double-headed arrow \Longleftrightarrow. -\longmapsto\longmapsto +\longmapsto\longmapsto 27FC Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: shorter version \mapsto. -\longrightarrow\longrightarrow +\longrightarrow\longrightarrow 27F6 Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line right arrow \Longrightarrow. -\lor\lor +\lor\lor 2228 Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge \wedge. -\mapsto\mapsto +\mapsto\mapsto 21A6 Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: longer version \longmapsto. -\mho\mho +\mho\mho 2127 Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\mid\mid +\mid\mid 2223 Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of \mid is for a set \{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}. @@ -7542,42 +8568,42 @@ ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry for \vert and for norm see the entry for \Vert. -\models\models +\models\models 22A8 Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash (relation). Similar: long double dash \vDash. -\mp\mp +\mp\mp 2213 Minus or plus (relation). -\mu\mu +\mu\mu 03BC Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\nabla\nabla +\nabla\nabla 2207 Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary). -\natural\natural +\natural\natural 266E Musical natural notation (ordinary). -\ne\ne +\ne\ne 2260 Not equal (relation). Synonym: \neq. -\nearrow\nearrow +\nearrow\nearrow 2197 North-east arrow (relation). -\neg\neg +\neg\neg 00AC Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \lnot. Sometimes instead used for negation: \sim. -\neq\neq +\neq\neq 2260 Not equal (relation). Synonym: \ne. -\ni\ni +\ni\ni 220B Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \owns. Similar: is a member of \in. -\not\not +\not\not 002000A00338 Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation). @@ -7586,81 +8612,81 @@ particularly with the amssymb package. For example, \notin is probably typographically preferable to \not\in. -\notin\notin +\notin\notin 2209 Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset of \nsubseteq. -\nu\nu +\nu\nu 03BD Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\nwarrow\nwarrow +\nwarrow\nwarrow 2196 North-west arrow (relation). -\odot\odot +\odot\odot 2299 Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigodot. -\oint\oint +\oint\oint 222E Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator). -\Omega\Omega +\Omega\Omega 03A9 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\omega\omega +\omega\omega 03C9 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\ominus\ominus +\ominus\ominus 2296 Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary). -\oplus\oplus +\oplus\oplus 2295 Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigoplus. -\oslash\oslash +\oslash\oslash 2298 Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary). -\otimes\otimes +\otimes\otimes 2297 Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigotimes. -\owns\owns +\owns\owns 220B Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \ni. Similar: is a member of \in. -\parallel\parallel +\parallel\parallel 2225 Parallel (relation). Synonym: \|. -\partial\partial +\partial\partial 2202 Partial differential (ordinary). -\perp\perp +\perp\perp 27C2 Perpendicular (relation). Similar: \bot uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary. -\phi\phi +\phi\phi 03D5 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varphi 03C6. -\Pi\Pi +\Pi\Pi 03A0 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\pi\pi +\pi\pi 03C0 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varpi 03D6. -\pm\pm +\pm\pm 00B1 Plus or minus (binary). -\prec\prec +\prec\prec 227A Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <. -\preceq\preceq +\preceq\preceq 2AAF Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or equals \leq. -\prime\prime +\prime\prime 2032 Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used as a superscript: $f^\prime$; $f^\prime$ and $f'$ produce the same result. An advantage of the second @@ -7670,299 +8696,299 @@ single quote ' in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe). -\prod\prod +\prod\prod 220F Product (operator). -\propto\propto +\propto\propto 221D Is proportional to (relation) -\Psi\Psi +\Psi\Psi 03A8 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\psi\psi +\psi\psi 03C8 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\rangle\rangle +\rangle\rangle 27E9 Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater than >. Matches:\langle. -\rbrace\rbrace +\rbrace\rbrace 007D Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: \}. Matches \lbrace. -\rbrack\rbrack +\rbrack\rbrack 005D Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ]. Matches \lbrack. -\rceil\rceil +\rceil\rceil 2309 Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches \lceil. -\Re\Re +\Re\Re 211C Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: double-line, or blackboard bold, R \mathbb{R}; to access this, load the amsfonts package. -\restriction\restriction +\restriction\restriction 21BE Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: \upharpoonright. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\revemptyset\revemptyset +\revemptyset\revemptyset 29B0 Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: \varnothing. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the stix package. -\rfloor\rfloor +\rfloor\rfloor 230B Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off (closing). Matches \lfloor. -\rhd\rhd +\rhd\rhd 25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\rho\rho +\rho\rho 03C1 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varrho 03F1. -\Rightarrow\Rightarrow +\Rightarrow\Rightarrow 21D2 Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: right single-line arrow \rightarrow. -\rightarrow\rightarrow +\rightarrow\rightarrow 2192 Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \to. Similar: right double line arrow \Rightarrow. -\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown +\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown 21C1 Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation). -\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup +\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup 21C0 Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation). -\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons +\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons 21CC Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation). -\searrow\searrow +\searrow\searrow 2198 Arrow pointing southeast (relation). -\setminus\setminus +\setminus\setminus 29F5 Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \ (binary). Similar: backslash \backslash and also \textbackslash outside of math mode. -\sharp\sharp +\sharp\sharp 266F Musical sharp (ordinary). -\Sigma\Sigma +\Sigma\Sigma 03A3 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\sigma\sigma +\sigma\sigma 03C3 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varsigma 03C2. -\sim\sim +\sim\sim 223C Similar, in a relation (relation). -\simeq\simeq +\simeq\simeq 2243 Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation). -\smallint\smallint +\smallint\smallint 222B Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator). -\smile\smile +\smile\smile 2323 Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary). -\spadesuit\spadesuit +\spadesuit\spadesuit 2660 Spade card suit (ordinary). -\sqcap\sqcap +\sqcap\sqcap 2293 Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: intersection cap. -\sqcup\sqcup +\sqcup\sqcup 2294 Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union cup. Related: variable-sized operator \bigsqcup. -\sqsubset\sqsubset +\sqsubset\sqsubset 228F Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset \subset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq +\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq 2291 Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal to \subseteq. -\sqsupset\sqsupset +\sqsupset\sqsupset 2290 Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset \supset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq +\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq 2292 Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or equal \supseteq. -\star\star +\star\star 22C6 Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the synonyms asterisk * and \ast, which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star. -\subset\subset +\subset\subset 2282 Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation). -\subseteq\subseteq +\subseteq\subseteq 2286 Subset or equal to (relation). -\succ\succ +\succ\succ 227B Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than >. -\succeq\succeq +\succeq\succeq 2AB0 Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal to \leq. -\sum\sum +\sum\sum 2211 Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma \Sigma. -\supset\supset +\supset\supset 2283 Superset (relation). -\supseteq\supseteq +\supseteq\supseteq 2287 Superset or equal to (relation). -\surd\surd +\surd\surd 221A Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command \sqrt{...} typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument. -\swarrow\swarrow +\swarrow\swarrow 2199 Southwest-pointing arrow (relation). -\tau\tau +\tau\tau 03C4 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\theta\theta +\theta\theta 03B8 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \vartheta 03D1. -\times\times +\times\times 00D7 Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also \cdot. -\to\to +\to\to 2192 Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \rightarrow. -\top\top +\top\top 22A4 Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See also \bot. -\triangle\triangle +\triangle\triangle 25B3 Triangle (ordinary). -\triangleleft\triangleleft +\triangleleft\triangleleft 25C1 Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: \lhd. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\triangleright\triangleright +\triangleright\triangleright 25B7 Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\unlhd\unlhd +\unlhd\unlhd 22B4 Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglelefteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\unrhd\unrhd +\unrhd\unrhd 22B5 Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglerighteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -\Uparrow\Uparrow +\Uparrow\Uparrow 21D1 Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing arrow \uparrow. -\uparrow\uparrow +\uparrow\uparrow 2191 Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing arrow \Uparrow. -\Updownarrow\Updownarrow +\Updownarrow\Updownarrow 21D5 Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \updownarrow. -\updownarrow\updownarrow +\updownarrow\updownarrow 2195 Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \Updownarrow. -\upharpoonright\upharpoonright +\upharpoonright\upharpoonright 21BE Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation). Synonym: &backslashchar;restriction. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\uplus\uplus +\uplus\uplus 228E Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle (binary). Similar: union \cup. Related: variable-sized operator \biguplus. -\Upsilon\Upsilon +\Upsilon\Upsilon 03A5 Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\upsilon\upsilon +\upsilon\upsilon 03C5 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\varepsilon\varepsilon +\varepsilon\varepsilon 03B5 Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form \epsilon 03F5. Related: set membership \in. -\vanothing\vanothing +\vanothing\vanothing 2205 Empty set symbol. Similar: \emptyset. Related: \revemptyset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. -\varphi\varphi +\varphi\varphi 03C6 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \phi 03D5. -\varpi\varpi +\varpi\varpi 03D6 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \pi 03C0. -\varrho\varrho +\varrho\varrho 03F1 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \rho 03C1. -\varsigma\varsigma +\varsigma\varsigma 03C2 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \sigma 03C3. -\vartheta\vartheta +\vartheta\vartheta 03D1 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \theta 03B8. -\vdash\vdash +\vdash\vdash 22A2 Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a half-circle \dashv. -\vee\vee +\vee\vee 2228 Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical and \wedge. Similar: variable-sized operator \bigvee. -\Vert\Vert +\Vert\Vert 2016 Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single bar \vert. @@ -7978,7 +9004,7 @@ do not grow but are set to the size given in the size command, e.g., \Bigg. -\vert\vert +\vert\vert 007C Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line vertical bar \Vert. For such that, as in the definition of a set, use \mid because it is a relation. @@ -7995,24 +9021,24 @@ that do not grow but are set to the size given in the size command, e.g., \Bigg. -\wedge\wedge +\wedge\wedge 2227 Logical and (binary). Synonym: \land. See also logical or \vee. Similar: variable-sized operator \bigwedge. -\wp\wp +\wp\wp 2118 Weierstrass p (ordinary). -\wr\wr +\wr\wr 2240 Wreath product (binary). -\Xi\Xi +\Xi\Xi 039E Upper case Greek letter (ordinary). -\xi\xi +\xi\xi 03BE Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). -\zeta\zeta +\zeta\zeta 03B6 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). @@ -8022,116 +9048,116 @@ Math functionsMath accentsMath symbolsMath formulas Math functions -math functions -functions, math +math functions +functions, math These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. -\arccos\arccos +\arccos\arccos $\arccos$ -\arcsin\arcsin +\arcsin\arcsin $\arcsin$ -\arctan\arctan +\arctan\arctan $\arctan$ -\arg\arg +\arg\arg $\arg$ -\bmod\bmod +\bmod\bmod Binary modulo operator ( $x \bmod y$ ) -\cos\cos +\cos\cos $\cos$ -\cosh\cosh +\cosh\cosh $\cosh$ -\cot\cot +\cot\cot $\cot$ -\coth\coth +\coth\coth $\coth$ -\csc\csc +\csc\csc $\csc$ -\deg\deg +\deg\deg $\deg$ -\det\det +\det\det $\det$ -\dim\dim +\dim\dim $\dim$ -\exp\exp +\exp\exp $\exp$ -\gcd\gcd +\gcd\gcd $\gcd$ -\hom\hom +\hom\hom $\hom$ -\inf\inf +\inf\inf $\inf$ -\ker\ker +\ker\ker $\ker$ -\lg\lg +\lg\lg $\lg$ -\lim\lim +\lim\lim $\lim$ -\liminf\liminf +\liminf\liminf $\liminf$ -\limsup\limsup +\limsup\limsup $\limsup$ -\ln\ln +\ln\ln $\ln$ -\log\log +\log\log $\log$ -\max\max +\max\max $\max$ -\min\min +\min\min $\min$ -\pmod\pmod +\pmod\pmod parenthesized modulus, as in ( $\pmod 2^n - 1$ ) -\Pr\Pr +\Pr\Pr $\Pr$ -\sec\sec +\sec\sec $\sec$ -\sin\sin +\sin\sin $\sin$ -\sinh\sinh +\sinh\sinh $\sinh$ -\sup\sup +\sup\sup $\sup$ -\tan\tan +\tan\tan $\tan$ -\tanh\tanh +\tanh\tanh $\tanh$ @@ -8141,76 +9167,76 @@ Math accentsSpacing in math modeMath functionsMath formulas Math accents -math accents -accents, mathematical +math accents +accents, mathematical &latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (Accents). -\acute\acute -acute accent, math +\acute\acute +acute accent, math Math acute accent: $\acute{x}$ . -\bar\bar -bar-over accent, math -macron accent, math +\bar\bar +bar-over accent, math +macron accent, math Math bar-over accent: $\bar{x}$ . -\breve\breve -breve accent, math +\breve\breve +breve accent, math Math breve accent: $\breve{x}$ . -\check\check -check accent, math -hacek accent, math +\check\check +check accent, math +hacek accent, math Math hacek (check) accent: $\check{x}$ . -\ddot\ddot -double dot accent, math +\ddot\ddot +double dot accent, math Math dieresis accent: $\ddot{x}$ . -\dot\dot -overdot accent, math -dot over accent, math +\dot\dot +overdot accent, math +dot over accent, math Math dot accent: $\dot{x}$ . -\grave\grave -grave accent, math +\grave\grave +grave accent, math Math grave accent: $\grave{x}$ . -\hat\hat -hat accent, math -circumflex accent, math +\hat\hat +hat accent, math +circumflex accent, math Math hat (circumflex) accent: $\hat{x}$ . -\imath\imath -dotless i, math +\imath\imath +dotless i, math Math dotless i. -\jmath\jmath -dotless j, math +\jmath\jmath +dotless j, math Math dotless j. -\mathring\mathring -ring accent, math +\mathring\mathring +ring accent, math Math ring accent: x. -\tilde\tilde -tilde accent, math +\tilde\tilde +tilde accent, math Math tilde accent: $\tilde{x}$ . -\vec\vec -vector symbol, math +\vec\vec +vector symbol, math Math vector symbol: $\vec{x}$ . -\widehat\widehat -wide hat accent, math +\widehat\widehat +wide hat accent, math Math wide hat accent: $\widehat{x+y}$ . -\widetilde\widetilde -wide tilde accent, math +\widetilde\widetilde +wide tilde accent, math Math wide tilde accent: $\widetilde{x+y}$ . @@ -8220,8 +9246,8 @@ Spacing in math modeMath miscellanyMath accentsMath formulas Spacing in math mode -spacing within math mode -math mode, spacing +spacing within math mode +math mode, spacing In a math environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal @@ -8234,39 +9260,39 @@ \; -\; -\thickspace +\; +\thickspace Normally 5.0mu plus 5.0mu. The longer name is \thickspace. Math mode only. \: \> -\: -\> -\medspace +\: +\> +\medspace Normally 4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu. The longer name is \medspace. Math mode only. \, -\, -\thinspace +\, +\thinspace Normally 3mu. The longer name is \thinspace. This can be used in both math mode and text mode. \thinspace. \! -\! +\! A negative thin space. Normally -3mu. Math mode only. \quad -quad -\quad +quad +\quad This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between two equations inside a displaymath environment. It is available in both text and math mode. \qquad -\qquad +\qquad A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in both text and math mode. @@ -8283,12 +9309,12 @@ Math miscellanySpacing in math modeMath formulas Math miscellany -math miscellany +math miscellany -\*\* -discretionary multiplication -multiplication symbol, discretionary line break +\*\* +discretionary multiplication +multiplication symbol, discretionary line break A discretionary multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a space, while in the case of a break a 00D7 symbol is @@ -8316,72 +9342,71 @@ equal to zero. -\cdots\cdots +\cdots\cdots A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. -As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. -\ddots\ddots +\ddots\ddots A diagonal ellipsis: $\ddots$ . -\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} -\frac +\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} +\frac Produces the fraction num divided by den. -\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 -\right -null delimiter +\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 +\right +null delimiter The two delimiters need not match; . acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]. -\mathdollar\mathdollar +\mathdollar\mathdollar Dollar sign in math mode: $. -\mathellipsis\mathellipsis +\mathellipsis\mathellipsis Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: &dots;. -\mathparagraph\mathparagraph +\mathparagraph\mathparagraph Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: 00B6. -\mathsection\mathsection +\mathsection\mathsection Section sign in math mode. -\mathsterling\mathsterling +\mathsterling\mathsterling Sterling sign in math mode: £. -\mathunderscore\mathunderscore +\mathunderscore\mathunderscore Underscore in math mode: _. -\overbrace{math}\overbrace{math} +\overbrace{math}\overbrace{math} Generates a brace over math. For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}. -\overline{text}\overline{text} +\overline{text}\overline{text} Generates a horizontal line over tex. For example, \overline{x+y}. -\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} +\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as \sqrt[3]{x+y}. -\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} +\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}. -\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} +\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} Generates math with a brace underneath. For example, \underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0} -\underline{text}\underline{text} +\underline{text}\underline{text} Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. -\vdots\vdots +\vdots\vdots Produces a vertical ellipsis. @@ -8392,11 +9417,11 @@ ModesPage stylesMath formulasTop Modes -modes -paragraph mode -math mode -left-to-right mode -LR mode +modes +paragraph mode +math mode +left-to-right mode +LR mode When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -8420,7 +9445,7 @@ &latex; is in math mode when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical formula, either displayed math or within a line. -\mbox, and LR mode +\mbox, and LR mode In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to @@ -8490,8 +9515,8 @@ Page stylesSpacesModesTop Page styles -styles, page -page styles +styles, page +page styles The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -8507,8 +9532,8 @@ \maketitle\pagenumberingPage styles \maketitle -titles, making -\maketitle +titles, making +\maketitle The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page&textmdash;except in the article class, where the title is placed @@ -8516,30 +9541,30 @@ is obtained from the following declarations: -\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} -author, for titlepage -\\ for \author -\and for \author +\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} +author, for titlepage +\\ for \author +\and for \author The \author command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address. -\date{text}\date{text} -date, for titlepage +\date{text}\date{text} +date, for titlepage The \date command declares text to be the document&textrsquo;s date. With no \date command, the current date (\today) is used. -\thanks{text}\thanks{text} -thanks, for titlepage -credit footnote +\thanks{text}\thanks{text} +thanks, for titlepage +credit footnote The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. -\title{text}\title{text} -title, for titlepage -\\ for \title +\title{text}\title{text} +title, for titlepage +\\ for \title The \title command declares text to be the title of the document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual. @@ -8550,8 +9575,8 @@ \pagenumbering\pagestyle\maketitlePage styles \pagenumbering -\pagenumbering -page numbering style +\pagenumbering +page numbering style Synopsis: @@ -8585,10 +9610,10 @@ \pagestyle\thispagestyle\pagenumberingPage styles \pagestyle -\pagestyle -header style -footer style -running header and footer style +\pagestyle +header style +footer style +running header and footer style Synopsis: @@ -8619,7 +9644,7 @@ Here are the descriptions of \markboth and \markright: -\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} +\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo; (left) is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right) is @@ -8627,7 +9652,7 @@ comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. -\markright{right}\markright{right} +\markright{right}\markright{right} Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. @@ -8637,7 +9662,7 @@ \thispagestyle\pagestylePage styles \thispagestyle{style} -\thispagestyle +\thispagestyle The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command (see previous section) except that it @@ -8649,8 +9674,8 @@ SpacesBoxesPage stylesTop Spaces -spaces -white space +spaces +white space &latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -8658,9 +9683,8 @@ Horizontal space \hspaceFixed horizontal space. \hfillStretchable horizontal space. -\(SPACE) and \&arobase;Space after a period. +\spacefactorStretchability of following space \(SPACE) after control sequenceSpace (gobbling) after a control sequence. -\frenchspacingEqual interword and inter-sentence space. \thinspaceOne-sixth of an em. \/Insert italic correction. \hrulefill \dotfillStretchable horizontal rule or dots. @@ -8676,7 +9700,7 @@ \hspace\hfillSpaces \hspace -\hspace +\hspace Synopsis: @@ -8708,68 +9732,153 @@ -\hfill\(SPACE) and \&arobase;\hspaceSpaces +\hfill\spacefactor\hspaceSpaces \hfill -\hfill +\hfill -stretch, infinite horizontal -infinite horizontal stretch +stretch, infinite horizontal +infinite horizontal stretch Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as needed (Lengths). -\fill +\fill The command \hfill is equivalent to \hspace{\fill}. For space that does not disappear at line breaks use \hspace*{\fill} instead (\hspace). -\(SPACE) and \&arobase;\(SPACE) after control sequence\hfillSpaces -\(SPACE) and \&arobase; +\spacefactor\(SPACE) after control sequence\hfillSpaces +\spacefactor -\(SPACE) -\TAB -\NEWLINE -\&arobase; +Synopsis: + + +\spacefactor=integer + + +\spacefactor +While &latex; is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The +\spacefactor command (from Plain &tex;) allows you to +change the &latex;&textrsquo;s default behavior. + +After &latex; places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the space factor. If the next thing in the input +is a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap +&latex; will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +interword glue.) A larger space factor means that the glue gap +can stretch more and shrink less. + +Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. + +If the space factor f is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +font&textrsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor f is greater +than 2000 then &tex; adds the font&textrsquo;s extra space value (for Computer +Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font&textrsquo;s +normal stretch value is multiplied by $f /1000$ and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by $1000/f$ (for Computer Modern Roman +10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). In short, compared +to a normal space, such as the space following a word ending in a +lowercase letter, inter-sentence spacing has a fixed extra space added +and then the space can stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + +The rules for how &tex; uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, \(SPACE) and \&arobase;. + + + +\(SPACE) and \&arobase;Space after a period. +\frenchspacingEqual interword and inter-sentence space. +\normalsfcodesRestore space factor settings to the default. + + + +\(SPACE) and \&arobase;\frenchspacing\spacefactor +\(SPACE) and \&arobase; + +\(SPACE) +\TAB +\NEWLINE +\&arobase; \AT -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a -sentence or as ending an abbreviation. +Here, \(SPACE) means a backslash followed by a space. These +commands mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either +ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line &latex; adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words -(\frenchspacing). &latex; assumes that the period ends a -sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it -takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a -sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space -follows that parenthesis or quote. +colon) more than the space between words. \spacefactor. As +described there, &latex; assumes that the period ends a sentence unless +it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period +for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. -If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a -capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not +a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (\ ) or -a tie (~). Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ Science, and -Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.)\ for sale. +a tie (~) or a \&arobase;. Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ +Science, and Mr.~Bean, and (manure, etc.\&arobase;) for sale +(note that in the last the \&arobase; comes before the closing parenthesis). -For another use of \ , \(SPACE) after control sequence. - In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put \&arobase; before that period. -For example, book by the MAA\&arobase;. will have inter-sentence -spacing after the period. +period that does end the sentence, then put \&arobase; before the +period. For example, book by the MAA\&arobase;. will have correct +inter-sentence spacing after the period. -In contrast, putting \&arobase; after a period tells &tex; that the -period does not end the sentence. In the example reserved words -(if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different, &tex; will put interword space -after the closing parenthesis (note that \&arobase; is before the -parenthesis). +For another use of \(SPACE), \(SPACE) after control sequence. + +\frenchspacing\normalsfcodes\(SPACE) and \&arobase;\spacefactor +\frenchspacing + +\frenchspacing +\nonfrenchspacing +spacing, inter-sentence + +This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + +In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including +English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other +punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this +declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + +Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. + + + +\normalsfcodes\frenchspacing\spacefactor +\normalsfcodes + +\normalsfcodes +spacing, inter-sentence + +Reset the &latex; space factor values to the default. + + + -\(SPACE) after control sequence\frenchspacing\(SPACE) and \&arobase;Spaces +\(SPACE) after control sequence\thinspace\spacefactorSpaces \ after control sequence The \ command is often used after control sequences to keep @@ -8788,36 +9897,18 @@ \TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system. -package, xspace -xspace package +package, xspace +xspace package + Some individual commands, notably those defined with the xspace, package do not follow the standard behavior. -\frenchspacing\thinspace\(SPACE) after control sequenceSpaces -\frenchspacing - -\frenchspacing -\nonfrenchspacing -spacing, inter-sentence - -This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat -inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. - -In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including -English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other -punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this -declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - -Revert to the default behavior by declaring \nonfrenchspacing. - - - -\thinspace\/\frenchspacingSpaces +\thinspace\/\(SPACE) after control sequenceSpaces \thinspace: Insert 1/6em -\thinspace +\thinspace \thinspace produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested @@ -8828,8 +9919,8 @@ \/\hrulefill \dotfill\thinspaceSpaces \/: Insert italic correction -\/ -italic correction +\/ +italic correction The \/ command produces an italic correction. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -8841,7 +9932,6 @@ very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare -{\it f\/: f\/;} f: f; (in the &tex; output, the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;s are nicely separated) with f: f;. @@ -8854,7 +9944,6 @@ Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare -pdf\/\TeX{} pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;) with pdf&tex;. @@ -8867,8 +9956,8 @@ \hrulefill \dotfill\addvspace\/Spaces \hrulefill \dotfill -\hrulefill -\dotfill +\hrulefill +\dotfill Produce an infinite rubber length (Lengths) filled with a horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white @@ -8898,9 +9987,9 @@ \addvspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\hrulefill \dotfillSpaces \addvspace -\addvspace -vertical space -space, inserting vertical +\addvspace +vertical space +space, inserting vertical \addvspace{length} @@ -8931,20 +10020,20 @@ document class. -\bigskip\bigskip -\bigskipamount +\bigskip\bigskip +\bigskipamount The same as \vspace{\bigskipamount}, ordinarily about one line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the book and article classes is 12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt). -\medskip\medskip -\medskipamount +\medskip\medskip +\medskipamount The same as \vspace{\medskipamount}, ordinarily about half of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the book and article classes is 6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt). -\smallskip\smallskip -\smallskipamount +\smallskip\smallskip +\smallskipamount The same as \vspace{\smallskipamount}, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the book and article classes is 3pt plus 1pt minus @@ -8957,10 +10046,10 @@ \vfill\vspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskipSpaces \vfill -\vfill +\vfill -stretch, infinite vertical -infinite vertical stretch +stretch, infinite vertical +infinite vertical stretch End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length (Lengths) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far @@ -8991,9 +10080,9 @@ \vspace\vfillSpaces \vspace{length} -\vspace -vertical space -space, vertical +\vspace +vertical space +space, vertical Synopsis, one of these two: @@ -9029,10 +10118,10 @@ -BoxesSpecial insertionsSpacesTop +BoxesColorSpacesTop Boxes -boxes +boxes All the predefined length parameters (Predefined lengths) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. @@ -9053,9 +10142,9 @@ \mbox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes \mbox{text} -\mbox +\mbox -hyphenation, preventing +hyphenation, preventing The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The text is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. @@ -9065,8 +10154,8 @@ \fbox and \frameboxlrbox\mboxBoxes \fbox and \framebox -\fbox -\framebox +\fbox +\framebox Synopses: @@ -9083,11 +10172,11 @@ (a dimension), and positioning with the optional position argument. -\fboxrule -\fboxsep +\fboxrule +\fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default -.4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default -3pt) between the rule and the contents of the box. +0.4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default 3pt) +between the rule and the contents of the box. \framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the picture environment. @@ -9097,7 +10186,7 @@ lrbox\makebox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes lrbox -lrbox +lrbox Synopsis: @@ -9117,7 +10206,7 @@ \makebox\parboxlrboxBoxes \makebox -\makebox +\makebox Synopsis: @@ -9151,7 +10240,7 @@ \parbox\raisebox\makeboxBoxes \parbox -\parbox +\parbox Synopsis: @@ -9159,8 +10248,9 @@ \parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text} +paragraph mode The \parbox command produces a box whose contents are created -in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small +in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn&textrsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones @@ -9206,7 +10296,7 @@ \raisebox\savebox\parboxBoxes \raisebox -\raisebox +\raisebox Synopsis: @@ -9229,7 +10319,7 @@ \savebox\sbox\raiseboxBoxes \savebox -\savebox +\savebox Synopsis: @@ -9247,7 +10337,7 @@ \sbox\usebox\saveboxBoxes \sbox{\boxcmd}{text} -\sbox +\sbox Synopsis: @@ -9266,7 +10356,7 @@ \usebox\sboxBoxes \usebox{\boxcmd} -\usebox +\usebox Synopsis: @@ -9280,17 +10370,1276 @@ -Special insertionsSplitting the inputBoxesTop +ColorGraphicsBoxesTop +Color + +color + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + +Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below +will only work if your document preamble contains +\usepackage{color}, that brings in the standard package. + +Many other packages also supplement &latex;&textrsquo;s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is xcolor, which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +HTML and Hsb color models. + + +Color package optionsOptions when you load the standard package. +Color modelsHow colors are represented. +Commands for colorThe available commands. + + + +Color package optionsColor modelsColor +Color package options + +color package options +options, color package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{color} + + +When you load the color package there are two kinds of available +options. + +The first specifies the printer driver. &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, +dvisvgm, luatex, pdftex, xetex. The two +xdvi and oztex are essentially aliases for dvips +(and xdvi is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: dvipdf, dvipdfm, dviwin, +dvipsone, emtex, pctexps, pctexwin, +pctexhp, pctex32, truetex, tcidvi, +vtex (and dviwindo is an alias for dvipsone). + +The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + + + +monochrome +Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do +not generate color either. + +dvipsnames +Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, +particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally +provided by the dvips driver, giving the option name. + +nodvipsnames +Do not load that list of color names, saving &latex; a tiny amount of +memory space. + + + + + +Color modelsCommands for colorColor package optionsColor +Color models + +color models + +A color model is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the pdftex, +xetex, and luatex printer drivers are today by far the +most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but +one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers +used today. + +Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + + +cmyk +A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is +magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means +minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often +used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + +gray +A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades +of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + +rgb +A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, +inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the +second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that +none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. +This is an additive model. + +RGB +(pdftex, xetex, luatex drivers) A comma-separated +list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a +convenience for using rgb since outside of &latex; colors are +often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. +The values entered here are converted to the rgb model by +dividing by 255. + +named +Colors are accessed by name, such as PrussianBlue. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names black, +blue, cyan, green, magenta, red, +white, and yellow (See the dvipsnames option in +Color package options). + + + + + +Commands for colorColor modelsColor +Commands for color + +color package commands + +These are the commands available with the color package. + + +Define colorsGive a color a name. +Colored textText or rules in color. +Colored boxesA box of color, to write over. +Colored pagesA whole page colored. + + + +Define colorsColored textCommands for color +Define colors + +color +define color +color, define + +Synopsis: + + +\definecolor{name}{model}{specification} + + +Give the name name to the color. For example, after +\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} you can use that +color name with Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!. + +This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and +not be misleading. + + +\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex +\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + + +Often a document&textrsquo;s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class +or style, rather than in the document body. + + + +Colored textColored boxesDefine colorsCommands for color +Colored text + +color +colored text + +Synopses: + + +\textcolor{name}{...} +\textcolor[color model]{color specification}{...} + + +or + + +\color{name} +\color[color model]{specification} + + +The affected text gets the color. This line + + +\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + + +causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You +can use a color declared with \definecolor in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color magenta. + + +\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} +I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + + +The two \textcolor and \color differ in that the first is +a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in The moon is made of {\color{green} +green} cheese, so it is in effect until the end of the current group +or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as +below where it colors everything inside the center environment, +including the vertical and horizontal lines. + + +\begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + + +You can use color in equations. A document might have +\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0} in the +preamble, and then contain this equation. + + +\begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) +\end{equation} + + +Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or style +but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the +synopses. + + +Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + + +The format of color specification depends on the color model +(Color models). For instance, while rgb takes three +numbers, gray takes only one. + + +The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + + +Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + +\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + + +has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + + + + +Colored boxesColored pagesColored textCommands for color +Colored boxes + +color +colored boxes +box, colored + +Synopses: + + +\colorbox{name}{...} +\colorbox[model name]{box background color specification}{...} + + +or + + +\fcolorbox{frame color}{box background color}{...} +\fcolorbox[model name]{frame color specification}{box background color specification}{...} + + +Make a box with the stated background color. The \fcolorbox +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + +Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + + +makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the \strut (so the depth is +-.3\baselineskip and the height is \baselineskip). This +puts white text on a blue background. + + +\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + + +The \fcolorbox commands use the same parameters as \fbox +(\fbox and \framebox), \fboxrule and \fboxsep, to +set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior +and the surrounding rule. &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults are 0.4pt and +3pt, respectively. + +This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + +{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} +\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + + + + +Colored pagesColored boxesCommands for color +Colored pages + +color +colored page +page, colored +background, colored + +Synopses: + + +\pagecolor{name} +\pagecolor[color model]{color specification} +\nopagecolor + + +The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, +to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second +form Colored text. The third returns the background to normal, +which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use +\pagecolor{white}, although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + + ... +\pagecolor{cyan} + ... +\nopagecolor + + + + + + +GraphicsSpecial insertionsColorTop +Graphics + +graphics +graphics package + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;. +This example is the short how-to. + + +\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... +\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + + +To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain +either \usepackage{graphicx} or +\usepackage{graphics}. Most of the time, graphicx is the +better choice. + +Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. &latex; can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as draw a circle with this radius and that +center. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote +program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful +because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, +and because they often have a smaller size. + +There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +&latex; document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts +as in your document. &latex; comes with a picture environment +(picture) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two +such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to &latex;, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + + +Graphics package optionsOptions when you load the package. +Graphics package configurationWhere to look for files, which file types. +Commands for graphicsThe available commands. + + + +Graphics package optionsGraphics package configurationGraphics +Graphics package options + +graphics package options +options, graphics package + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphics} + + +or + + +\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphicx} + + +The graphicx package has a format for optional arguments to the +\includegraphics command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the graphics or graphicx package with \usepackage +there are two kinds of available options. + +The first is that &latex; does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a +printer driver file. Normally you should not specify the driver +option in the document, and instead rely on your system&textrsquo;s default. One +advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + +For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant +ones are: dvipdfmx, dvips, dvisvgm, luatex, +pdftex, xetex. The two xdvi and oztex are +essentially aliases for dvips (and xdvi is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: dvipdf, +dvipdfm, dviwin, dvipsone, emtex, +pctexps, pctexwin, pctexhp, pctex32, +truetex, tcidvi, vtex (and dviwindo is an +alias for dvipsone). These are stored in files with a +.def extension, such as pdftex.def. + +The second kind of options are below. + + +demo +Instead of an image file, &latex; puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt +rectangle (unless another size is specified in the +\includegraphics command). + +draft +For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is +printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, +the file must be present. + +final +(Default) Override any previous draft option, so that the +document shows the contents of the graphic files. + +hiderotate +Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + + +hidescale +Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a +previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + + +hiresbb +In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The +%%BoundingBox lines describe the graphic size using integer +multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 +inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal +multiples, such as 1.23, in %%HiResBoundingBox lines. This +option has &latex; to read the size from the latter. + + + + + +Graphics package configurationCommands for graphicsGraphics package optionsGraphics +Graphics package configuration + +graphics +graphics package +configuration, graphics package +EPS files +JPEG files +JPG files +PDF graphic files +PNG files + +These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for +the graphic. + +The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documentation in grfguide.pdf, or the &latex; source, or your +&tex; distribution&textrsquo;s documentation. + + +\graphicspathDirectories to search. +\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsFile types, such as JPG or EPS. +\DeclareGraphicsRuleHow to handle file types. + + + +\graphicspath\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsGraphics package configuration +\graphicspath + +\graphicspath + +Synopsis: + + +\graphicspath{list of dir names inside curly brackets} + + +Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows +you to later say something like \includegraphics{lion.png} +instead of having to give its path. + +&latex; always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +pix, and then ../pix. + + +\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + + +The \graphicspath declaration is optional. If you don&textrsquo;t include +it then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is to search all of the places that it +usually looks for a file (it uses &latex;&textrsquo;s \input&arobase;path). In +particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current +directory. + +Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says +{pix}. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, /. This is true +even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all +the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with {"my docs/"}. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause &latex; to report Error: File `filename' not +found. + +Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the +current directory, + + +\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +... +\usepackage{lion.png} + + +for each of the listed directories, &latex; concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for pix/lion.png +and then ../pix/lion.png. This algorithm means that the +\graphicspath command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the graphic is in +a/b/lion.png then &latex; will not find it. It also means that +you can use absolute paths such as +\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}} or +\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}. However, using +these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +portability by adjusting your &tex; system settings configuration file +parameter TEXINPUTS; see the documentation of your system.) + +You can use \graphicspath in the preamble or in the document +body. You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value +with \makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput&arobase;path}\makeatother. + +The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on book/book.tex +and it contains \include{chapters/chap1}. If in +chap1.tex you put \graphicspath{{plots/}} then +&latex; will not search for graphics in book/chapters/plots, but +instead in book/plots. + + + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions\DeclareGraphicsRule\graphicspathGraphics package configuration +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions + +Synopses: + + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{comma-separated list of file extensions} + + +Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the +order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files +by giving the filename without the extension, as in +\includegraphics{functionplot}. + +In this example, &latex; will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + +\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... +\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + + +Because the file name lion does not have a period, &latex; uses +the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path +(\graphicspath), &latex; will try the extensions in the order +given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories +and extensions then it reports ! LaTeX Error: File `lion' +not found. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the +extensions. + +Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + +You are not required to include \DeclareGraphicsExtensions in +your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, +the most recent pdftex.def has the extension list +.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2. + +You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. You +can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin&arobase;extensions}\makeatother. + + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsGraphics package configuration +\DeclareGraphicsRule + +\DeclareGraphicsRule + +Synopsis: + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-file extension}{command} + + +Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in extension. + +This example declares that all files with names have the form +filename-without-dot.mps will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + + +This + + +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + + +tells &latex; that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers filename.1, +filename.2, etc. + +This describes the four arguments. + + +extension +The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything +after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, +*, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions. + +type +The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions .ps, +.eps, or .ps.gz may all be classed as type eps. +All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that pdftex +recognizes are: jpg, jbig2, mps, pdf, +png, tif. + +size-file extension +The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as extension +but it may be different. + +As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it +might be compressed into a .ps.gz file. Compressed files are not +easily read by &latex; so you can put the bounding box information in a +separate file. If size-file extension is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of \includegraphics. + +If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for +type then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading .eps files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style %%BoundingBox line if no +other format is available.) + +command +A command that will be applied to the +file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a +single backward quote. Thus, +\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c +#1} specifies that any file with the extension .eps.gz should +be treated as an eps file, with the the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension .eps.bb, and that the command +gunzip -c will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + +Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your &tex; +system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure +modern systems restrict running commands unless you explicitly allow it. +See the documentation for your &tex; distribution. + + + + + +Commands for graphicsGraphics package configurationGraphics +Commands for graphics + +graphics package commands +commands, graphics package + +These are the commands available with the graphics and +graphicx packages. + + +\includegraphicsUsing a graphic in your document. +\rotateboxRotating boxes, including graphics. +\scaleboxScaling boxes, including graphics. +\resizeboxScaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. + + + +\includegraphics\rotateboxCommands for graphics +\includegraphics + +graphics +graphics package +including graphics +importing graphics +EPS files +JPEG files +JPG files +PDF graphic files +PNG files +\includegraphics + +Synopses for graphics package: + + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[urx,ury]{filename} +\includegraphics*[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename} + + +Synopses for graphicx package: + + +\includegraphics{filename} +\includegraphics[key-value list]{filename} +\includegraphics*{filename} +\includegraphics*[key-value list]{filename} + + +Include a graphics file. The starred form \includegraphics* will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + +This + + +\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} +\end{center} + + +will incorporate into the document the graphic in plot.pdf, +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with \includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, \graphicspath. + +If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as with +\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}. + +The \includegraphics{filename} command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting filename on the first dot. You can +use filename with no dot, as in \includegraphics{turing} +and then &latex; tries a sequence of extensions such as .png and +.pdf until it finds a file with that extension +(\DeclareGraphicsExtensions). + +If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide +them with curly braces, as in +\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}. Or, if you use +the graphicx package then you can use the options type and +ext; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package grffile. + +This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so &latex; can +move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward +(figure). + + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} +\end{figure} + + +This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes &latex; stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + +\usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... +\begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption +\end{center} + + +This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + +\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... +\begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} +\end{center} + + +If you use the graphics package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see \rotatebox and \scalebox). +When one optional argument is present then it is +[urx,ury] and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of &tex; dimensions (Units +of length). If the units are omitted they default to bp. In +this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). +If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is +[llx,lly], specifying the coordinates of the image&textrsquo;s +lower left. Thus, \includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...} calls for +the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches +tall and so its origin is at (0,0). + +The graphicx package gives you many more options. Specify them +in a key-value form, as here. + + +\begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} +\end{center} + + +The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is made +one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and then +made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, the +two will end with different widths and heights. + +There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + +Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when &latex; makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + + +width +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example +is \includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}. You can use the standard +&tex; dimensions (Units of length) and also convenient is +\linewidth, or in a two-column document, \columnwidth +(Page layout parameters). An example is that by using the +calc package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrow than +the width of the text with +\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}. + +height +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard &tex; dimensions (Units of length), and also +convenient are \pageheight and \textheight (Page +layout parameters). For instance, +\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel} will make the +graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + +totalheight +The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For +instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height +but a large depth. + +keepaspectratio +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...} and you give as +options both width and height (or totalheight), +then &latex; will make the graphic is as large as possible without +distortion. That is, &latex; will ensure that neither is the graphic +wider than width nor taller than height (or +totalheight). + +scale +Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying +\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...} makes the graphic twice its +nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 +and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect +it. + +angle +Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. +The graphic is rotated about its origin; see that option. For a +complete description of how rotated material is typeset, +\rotatebox. + +origin +The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible +values are any string containing one or two of: l for left, +r for right, b for bottom, c for center, t +for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc, but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + +To rotate about an arbitrary point, \rotatebox. + + + +These are lesser-used options. + + +viewport +Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, +separated by spaces and given in &tex; dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. The +dimensions default to big points, bp. They are taken +relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the +trim option. + +trim +Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated +by spaces, that are given in &tex; dimensions, as with +\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}. +These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, &latex; +will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on +the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the +top. See also the viewport option. + +clip +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}, then the graphic is +cropped to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using +the starred form of the command, as +\includegraphics*[...]{...}. + +page +Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is +page=1. + +pagebox +Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among +mediabox, cropbox, bleedbox, trimbox, or +artbox. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The +MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the +region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when +displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page +should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions +of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page&textrsquo;s meaningful +content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if +present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a +driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. + +interpolate +Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be +set with interpolate=true or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}. + +quiet +Do not write information to the log. You can set it with +quiet=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}, + +draft +If you set it with draft=true or just specified it with +\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}, then the graphic will not +appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. Instead, +&latex; will put an empty box of the correct size with the filename +printed in it. + + + +These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line +%%BoundingBox that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower $x$ coordinate, lower $y$ coordinate, upper + $x$ coordinate, and upper $y$ coordinate. The units are +PostScript points, equivalent to &tex;&textrsquo;s big points, 1/72 inch. +For example, if an .eps file has the line %%BoundingBox 10 +20 40 80 then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + + +bb +Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four +dimensions separated by spaces, as with \includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}. Usually \includegraphics reads the +BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is +only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want +to change it. + +bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury +Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for +compatibility with old packages. + +natwidth, natheight +An alternative for bb. Setting +\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} +is the same as setting bb=0 0 1in 0.618in. + +hiresbb +If set to true, or just specified as with +\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}, then &latex; will look +for %%HiResBoundingBox lines instead of %%BoundingBox +lines. (The BoundingBox lines use only natural numbers while the +HiResBoundingBox lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to +&tex;&textrsquo;s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of +true, you can set it to false. + + + +These following options allow a user to override &latex;&textrsquo;s method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that \includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion} +will read the file lion.xxx as though it were +lion.png. For more on these, \DeclareGraphicsRule. + + +type +Specify the graphics type. + +ext +Specify the graphics extension. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + +read +Specify the file extension of the read file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + +command +Specify a command to be applied to this file. +Only use this in conjunction with the option type. + + + + + + +\rotatebox\scalebox\includegraphicsCommands for graphics +\rotatebox + +rotation +rotating graphics +rotating text +\rotatebox + +Synopsis for graphics package: + + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} + + +Synopses for graphicx package: + + +\rotatebox{angle}{material} +\rotatebox[key-value list]{angle}{material} + + +Put material in a box and rotate it angle degrees counterclockwise. + +This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + +\begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH +\end{tabular} + + +The material can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + + +To place the rotated material, the first step is that &latex; sets +material in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. +The third step is that &latex; computes a box to bound the rotated +material. Fourth, &latex; moves this box horizontally so that the left +edge of this new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box +from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new +bounding box, in its new position, is what &latex; uses as the box when +typesetting this material. + +If you use the graphics package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the graphicx package then +then these are the options that can go in the key-value list, but +note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, +except for the x and y options (\includegraphics). + + +origin +The point of the material&textrsquo;s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible values are any string containing one or two of: l for +left, r for right, b for bottom, c for center, +t for top, and B for baseline. Thus, +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon} will turn the +picture upside down from the center, while +\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau} will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character c +gives the horizontal center in bc or tc but gives the +vertical center in lc or rc.) The default is lB. + +x, y +Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with +\rotatebox[x=&tex; dimension,y=&tex; +dimension]{...} (Units of length). These give the offset +from the box&textrsquo;s reference point. + +units +This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. +Setting units=-360 changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting units=6.283185 changes to radians counterclockwise. + + + + + +\scalebox\resizebox\rotateboxCommands for graphics +\scalebox + +graphics, scaling +graphics, resizing +scaling +resizing +text, scaling +text, resizing +\scalebox +\reflectbox + +Synopses: + + +\scalebox{horizontal factor}{material} +\scalebox{horizontal factor}[vertical factor]{material} +\reflectbox{material} + + +Scale the material. + +This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the +first text and doubles the size of the second. + + +\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + + +If you do not specify the optional vertical factor then it +defaults to the same value as the horizontal factor. + +You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}. If you use the +graphicx package then you can accomplish the same thing with +optional arguments to \includegraphics +(\includegraphics). + +The \reflectbox command abbreviates +\scalebox{-1}[1]{material}. Thus, Able was +I\reflectbox{Able was I} will show the phrase Able was I +immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + + +\resizebox\scaleboxCommands for graphics +\resizebox + +graphics, scaling +graphics, resizing +scaling +resizing +text, scaling +text, resizing +\resizebox + +Synopses: + + +\resizebox{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} +\resizebox*{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material} + + +Given a size, such as 3cm, transform material to make it +that size. If either horizontal length or vertical length +is an exclamation point ! then the other argument is used +to determine a scale factor for both directions. + +This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + +\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + + +The unstarred form \resizebox takes vertical length to be +the box&textrsquo;s height while the starred form \resizebox* takes it to +be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a +quarter inch with \resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This +box has both height and depth.}}. + +You can use \depth, \height, \totalheight, and +\width to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +text two inches wide but keep the original height with +\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}. + + + + + +Special insertionsSplitting the inputGraphicsTop Special insertions -special insertions -insertions of special characters +special insertions +insertions of special characters &latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. Reserved charactersInserting # $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ +Upper and lower caseMake text upper or lower case. Symbols by font positionInserting font symbols by number. Text symbolsInserting other non-letter symbols in text. AccentsInserting accents. @@ -9300,13 +11649,13 @@ -Reserved charactersSymbols by font positionSpecial insertions +Reserved charactersUpper and lower caseSpecial insertions Reserved characters -reserved characters -characters, reserved -special characters -characters, special +reserved characters +characters, reserved +special characters +characters, special &latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for example, the percent sign % is for comments) so they are called reserved characters or special characters. @@ -9315,21 +11664,21 @@ # $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ -\# -\$ -\% -\& -\_ -\{ -\} +\# +\$ +\% +\& +\_ +\{ +\} If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply put a backslash \ in front of the character. Thus, \$1.23 will produce $1.23 in your output. -\~ -\^ -\textbackslash +\~ +\^ +\textbackslash As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font use \~{} (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text @@ -9351,12 +11700,75 @@ -Symbols by font positionText symbolsReserved charactersSpecial insertions +Upper and lower caseSymbols by font positionReserved charactersSpecial insertions +Upper and lower case + +Upper case +Lower case +characters, case + +Synopsis: + + +\uppercase{text} +\lowercase{text} +\MakeUppercase{text} +\MakeLowercase{text} + + +Change the case of characters. The &tex; primitives commands +\uppercase and \lowercase only work for American +characters. The &latex; commands \MakeUppercase and +\MakeLowercase commands also change characters accessed by +commands such as \ae or \aa. The commands +\MakeUppercase and \MakeLowercase are robust but they have +moving arguments (\protect). + +These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a +command within text. But they do change the case of every other +Latin letter inside the argument text. Thus, +\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$} produces LET Y=F(X). Another +example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that +\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}} will +produce an error because the first half is changed to +\begin{TABULAR}. + +&latex; uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a +document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this +works well with the standard &tex; fonts for all Latin alphabets but +will cause problems when using other alphabets. + +To change the case of text that results from a macro inside text +you need to do expansion. Here the \Schoolname produces +COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS. + + +\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} +\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} + + +package, textcase +textcase package + +The textcase package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard &latex; commands \MakeUppercase and +\MakeLowerCase. + +package, mfirstuc +mfirstuc package + +To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package +mfirstuc. + + + +Symbols by font positionText symbolsUpper and lower caseSpecial insertions Symbols by font position -\symbol -accessing any character of a font -font symbols, by number +\symbol +accessing any character of a font +font symbols, by number You can access any character of the current font using its number with the \symbol command. For example, the visible space character @@ -9373,287 +11785,287 @@ Text symbolsAccentsSymbols by font positionSpecial insertions Text symbols -text symbols -symbols, text +text symbols +symbols, text -textcomp package +textcomp package &latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp package. -\copyright\copyright -\textcopyright\textcopyright -copyright symbol +\copyright\copyright +\textcopyright\textcopyright +copyright symbol The copyright symbol, ©right;. -\dag\dag -dagger, in text +\dag\dag +dagger, in text The dagger symbol (in text). -\ddag\ddag -double dagger, in text +\ddag\ddag +double dagger, in text The double dagger symbol (in text). -\LaTeX\LaTeX -&latex; logo -logo, &latex; +\LaTeX\LaTeX +&latex; logo +logo, &latex; The &latex; logo. -\LaTeXe\LaTeXe -&latex;2e logo -logo, &latex;2e +\LaTeXe\LaTeXe +&latex;2e logo +logo, &latex;2e The &latex;2e logo. -\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) -\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») -\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) -\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) -double guillemets -single guillemets -left angle quotation marks -right angle quotation marks -double angle quotation marks -single angle quotation marks -French quotation marks -quotation marks, French +\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) +\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») +\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) +\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) +double guillemets +single guillemets +left angle quotation marks +right angle quotation marks +double angle quotation marks +single angle quotation marks +French quotation marks +quotation marks, French Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. -\ldots\ldots -\dots\dots -\textellipsis\textellipsis -ellipsis +\ldots\ldots +\dots\dots +\textellipsis\textellipsis +ellipsis An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. \ldots and \dots also work in math mode. -\lq\lq -left quote -opening quote +\lq\lq +left quote +opening quote Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. -\P\P -\textparagraph\textparagraph -paragraph symbol -pilcrow +\P\P +\textparagraph\textparagraph +paragraph symbol +pilcrow Paragraph sign (pilcrow): 00B6. -\pounds\pounds -\textsterling\textsterling -pounds symbol -sterling symbol +\pounds\pounds +\textsterling\textsterling +pounds symbol +sterling symbol English pounds sterling: £. -\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) -\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) -double low-9 quotation mark -single low-9 quotation mark -low-9 quotation marks, single and double +\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) +\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) +double low-9 quotation mark +single low-9 quotation mark +low-9 quotation marks, single and double Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. -\rq\rq -right quote -closing quote +\rq\rq +right quote +closing quote Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. -\S\S +\S\S \itemx \textsection -section symbol +section symbol Section sign: 00A7. -\TeX\TeX -&tex; logo -logo, &tex; +\TeX\TeX +&tex; logo +logo, &tex; The &tex; logo. -\textasciicircum\textasciicircum -circumflex, ASCII, in text -ASCII circumflex, in text +\textasciicircum\textasciicircum +circumflex, ASCII, in text +ASCII circumflex, in text ASCII circumflex: ^. -\textasciitilde\textasciitilde -tilde, ASCII, in text -ASCII tilde, in text +\textasciitilde\textasciitilde +tilde, ASCII, in text +ASCII tilde, in text ASCII tilde: ~. -\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered -asterisk, centered, in text -centered asterisk, in text +\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered +asterisk, centered, in text +centered asterisk, in text Centered asterisk: *. -\textbackslash\textbackslash -backslash, in text +\textbackslash\textbackslash +backslash, in text Backslash: \. -\textbar\textbar -vertical bar, in text -bar, vertical, in text +\textbar\textbar +vertical bar, in text +bar, vertical, in text Vertical bar: |. -\textbardbl\textbardbl -vertical bar, double, in text -bar, double vertical, in text -double vertical bar, in text +\textbardbl\textbardbl +vertical bar, double, in text +bar, double vertical, in text +double vertical bar, in text Double vertical bar. -\textbigcircle\textbigcircle -big circle symbols, in text -circle symbol, big, in text +\textbigcircle\textbigcircle +big circle symbols, in text +circle symbol, big, in text Big circle symbol. -\textbraceleft\textbraceleft -left brace, in text -brace, left, in text +\textbraceleft\textbraceleft +left brace, in text +brace, left, in text Left brace: {. -\textbraceright\textbraceright -right brace, in text -brace, right, in text +\textbraceright\textbraceright +right brace, in text +brace, right, in text Right brace: }. -\textbullet\textbullet -bullet, in text +\textbullet\textbullet +bullet, in text Bullet: •. -\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} -circled letter, in text +\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} +circled letter, in text letter in a circle, as in ®istered;. -\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark -\textcapitalcompwordmark\textcapitalcompwordmark -\textascendercompwordmark\textascendercompwordmark -composite word mark, in text -cap height -ascender height +\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark +\textcapitalcompwordmark\textcapitalcompwordmark +\textascendercompwordmark\textascendercompwordmark +composite word mark, in text +cap height +ascender height Composite word mark (invisible). The \textcapital... form has the cap height of the font, while the \textascender... form has the ascender height. -\textdagger\textdagger -dagger, in text +\textdagger\textdagger +dagger, in text Dagger: $\dag$ . -\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl -dagger, double, in text -double dagger, in text +\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl +dagger, double, in text +double dagger, in text Double dagger: $\ddag$ . -\textdollar (or \$)\textdollar (or \$) -dollar sign -currency, dollar +\textdollar (or \$)\textdollar (or \$) +dollar sign +currency, dollar Dollar sign: $. -\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) -em-dash +\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) +em-dash Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). -\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) -e-dash +\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) +e-dash En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges). -\texteuro\texteuro -euro symbol -currency, euro +\texteuro\texteuro +euro symbol +currency, euro The Euro symbol: €. -\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) -exclamation point, upside-down +\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) +exclamation point, upside-down Upside down exclamation point: ¡. -\textgreater\textgreater -greater than symbol, in text +\textgreater\textgreater +greater than symbol, in text Greater than: >. -\textless\textless -less than symbol, in text +\textless\textless +less than symbol, in text Less than: <. -\textleftarrow\textleftarrow -arrow, left, in text -left arrow, in text +\textleftarrow\textleftarrow +arrow, left, in text +left arrow, in text Left arrow. -\textordfeminine\textordfeminine -\textordmasculine\textordmasculine -feminine ordinal symbol -masculine ordinal symbol -ordinals, feminine and masculine -Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine +\textordfeminine\textordfeminine +\textordmasculine\textordmasculine +feminine ordinal symbol +masculine ordinal symbol +ordinals, feminine and masculine +Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. -\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered -period, centered, in text -centered period, in text +\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered +period, centered, in text +centered period, in text Centered period: 00B7. -\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) -question mark, upside-down +\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) +question mark, upside-down Upside down question mark: ¿. -\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) -left quote, double -double left quote +\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) +left quote, double +double left quote Double left quote: &textldquo;. -\textquotedblright (or '')\textquotedblright (or '') -right quote, double -double right quote +\textquotedblright (or '')\textquotedblright (or '') +right quote, double +double right quote Double right quote: &textrdquo;. -\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) -left quote, single -single left quote +\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) +left quote, single +single left quote Single left quote: &textlsquo;. -\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') -right quote, single -single right quote +\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') +right quote, single +single right quote Single right quote: &textrsquo;. -\textquotesingle\textquotesingle -quote, single straight -straight single quote -single quote, straight +\textquotesingle\textquotesingle +quote, single straight +straight single quote +single quote, straight Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) -\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase -\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase -quote, straight base -straight quote, base -double quote, straight base -straight double quote, base +\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase +\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase +quote, straight base +straight quote, base +double quote, straight base +straight double quote, base Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. -\textregistered\textregistered -registered symbol +\textregistered\textregistered +registered symbol Registered symbol: ®istered;. -\textrightarrow\textrightarrow -arrow, right, in text -right arrow, in text +\textrightarrow\textrightarrow +arrow, right, in text +right arrow, in text Right arrow. -\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash -three-quarters em-dash -em-dash, three-quarters +\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash +three-quarters em-dash +em-dash, three-quarters &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\texttrademark\texttrademark -trademark symbol +\texttrademark\texttrademark +trademark symbol Trademark symbol: 2122. -\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash -two-thirds em-dash -em-dash, two-thirds +\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash +two-thirds em-dash +em-dash, two-thirds &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\textunderscore\textunderscore -underscore, in text +\textunderscore\textunderscore +underscore, in text Underscore: _. -\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace -visible space symbol, in text +\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace +visible space symbol, in text Visible space symbol. @@ -9663,13 +12075,14 @@ AccentsAdditional Latin lettersText symbolsSpecial insertions Accents -accents -characters, accented -letters, accented +accents +characters, accented +letters, accented -package, babel -babel package -multilingual support +package, babel +babel package + +multilingual support &latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the babel package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -9681,134 +12094,134 @@ \" \capitaldieresis -\" (umlaut accent) -\capitaldieresis -umlaut accent -dieresis accent +\" (umlaut accent) +\capitaldieresis +umlaut accent +dieresis accent Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o. \' \capitalacute -\&textrsquo; (acute accent) -\capitalacute -acute accent +\' (acute accent) +\capitalacute +acute accent Produces an acute accent, as in o. In the tabbing environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (tabbing). \. -\. (dot-over accent) -dot accent -dot-over accent +\. (dot-over accent) +dot accent +dot-over accent Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o. \= \capitalmacron -\= (macron accent) -\capitalmacron -macron accent -overbar accent -bar-over accent +\= (macron accent) +\capitalmacron +macron accent +overbar accent +bar-over accent Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o. \^ \capitalcircumflex -\^ (circumflex accent) -\capitalcircumflex -circumflex accent -hat accent +\^ (circumflex accent) +\capitalcircumflex +circumflex accent +hat accent Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o. \` \capitalgrave -\&textlsquo; (grave accent) -\capitalgrave -grave accent +\` (grave accent) +\capitalgrave +grave accent Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o. In the tabbing environment, move following text to the right margin (tabbing). \~ \capitaltilde -\~ (tilde accent) -\capitaltilde -tilde accent +\~ (tilde accent) +\capitaltilde +tilde accent Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n. \b -\b (bar-under accent) -bar-under accent +\b (bar-under accent) +bar-under accent Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o. See also \underbar hereinafter. \c \capitalcedilla -\c (cedilla accent) -\capitalcedilla -cedilla accent +\c (cedilla accent) +\capitalcedilla +cedilla accent Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c. \d \capitaldotaccent -\d (dot-under accent) -\capitaldotaccent -dot-under accent +\d (dot-under accent) +\capitaldotaccent +dot-under accent Produces a dot accent under the following, as in o. \H \capitalhungarumlaut -\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) -\capitalhungarumlaut -hungarian umlaut accent +\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) +\capitalhungarumlaut +hungarian umlaut accent Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o. \i -\i (dotless i) -dotless i +\i (dotless i) +dotless i Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;. \j -\j (dotless j) -dotless j +\j (dotless j) +dotless j Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;j&textrsquo;. \k \capitalogonek -\k (ogonek) -\capitalogonek -ogonek +\k (ogonek) +\capitalogonek +ogonek Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding. \r \capitalring -\r (ring accent) -\capitalring -ring accent +\r (ring accent) +\capitalring +ring accent Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. \t \capitaltie \newtie \capitalnewtie -\t (tie-after accent) -\capitaltie -\newtie -\capitalnewtie -tie-after accent +\t (tie-after accent) +\capitaltie +\newtie +\capitalnewtie +tie-after accent Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;oo&textrsquo;. The \newtie form is centered in its box. \u \capitalbreve -\u (breve accent) -\capitalbreve -breve accent +\u (breve accent) +\capitalbreve +breve accent Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. \underbar -\underbar -underbar +\underbar +underbar Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through @@ -9817,11 +12230,11 @@ \v \capitalcaron -\v (breve accent) -\capitalcaron -hacek accent -check accent -caron accent +\v (breve accent) +\capitalcaron +hacek accent +check accent +caron accent Produces a hacek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. @@ -9832,12 +12245,12 @@ Additional Latin letters Non-English characters -Latin letters, additional -letters, additional Latin -extended Latin -special characters -non-English characters -characters, non-English +Latin letters, additional +letters, additional Latin +extended Latin +special characters +non-English characters +characters, non-English Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters (beyond A&textndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other @@ -9846,84 +12259,84 @@ \aa \AA -\aa (å) -\AA (Å) -aring +\aa (å) +\AA (Å) +aring å and Å. \ae \AE -\ae (æ) -\AE (Æ) -ae ligature +\ae (æ) +\AE (Æ) +ae ligature æ and Æ. \dh \DH -\dh (ð) -\DH (Ð) -Icelandic eth -eth, Icelandic letter +\dh (ð) +\DH (Ð) +Icelandic eth +eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. \dj \DJ -\dj -\DJ +\dj +\DJ Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. \ij \IJ -\ij (ij) -\IJ (IJ) -ij letter, Dutch +\ij (ij) +\IJ (IJ) +ij letter, Dutch ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). \l \L -\l (&lslash;) -\L (&Lslash;) -polish l +\l (&lslash;) +\L (&Lslash;) +polish l &lslash; and &Lslash;. \ng \NG -\ng -\NG +\ng +\NG Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics. \o \O -\o (ø) -\O (Ø) -oslash +\o (ø) +\O (Ø) +oslash ø and Ø. \oe \OE -\oe (œ) -\OE (Œ) -oe ligature +\oe (œ) +\OE (Œ) +oe ligature œ and Œ. \ss \SS -\ss (ß) -\SS (SS) -es-zet German letter -sharp S letters +\ss (ß) +\SS (SS) +es-zet German letter +sharp S letters ß and SS. \th \TH -\th (þ) -\TH (Þ) -Icelandic thorn -thorn, Icelandic letter +\th (þ) +\TH (Þ) +Icelandic thorn +thorn, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. @@ -9935,7 +12348,7 @@ \rule\todayAdditional Latin lettersSpecial insertions \rule -\rule +\rule Synopsis: @@ -9962,8 +12375,8 @@ \today\ruleSpecial insertions \today -\today -date, today&textrsquo;s +\today +date, today&textrsquo;s The \today command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format month dd, yyyy; for example, July 4, 1976. @@ -9984,8 +12397,9 @@ \end{document} -package, datetime -datetime package +package, datetime +datetime package + The datetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. @@ -9995,15 +12409,15 @@ Splitting the inputFront/back matterSpecial insertionsTop Splitting the input -splitting the input file -input file +splitting the input file +input file A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the -root file -file, root +root file +file, root root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run &latex;. @@ -10020,7 +12434,7 @@ \include\includeonlySplitting the input \include -\include +\include Synopsis: @@ -10037,16 +12451,16 @@ only run if file is listed as an argument to \includeonly. See \includeonly. -nested \include, not allowed +nested \include, not allowed The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command. \includeonly\input\includeSplitting the input -\includeonly +\includeonly -\includeonly +\includeonly Synopsis: @@ -10067,7 +12481,7 @@ \input\includeonlySplitting the input \input -\input +\input Synopsis: @@ -10100,10 +12514,10 @@ Tables of contentsGlossariesFront/back matter Tables of contents -table of contents, creating +table of contents, creating -\tableofcontents -.toc file +\tableofcontents +.toc file A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -10114,16 +12528,16 @@ table of contents, write a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command. -\listoffigures -\listoftables -.lof file -.lot file +\listoffigures +\listoftables +.lof file +.lot file The analogous commands \listoffigures and \listoftables produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from .lof and .lot files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. -\nofiles +\nofiles The command \nofiles overrides these commands, and prevents any of these lists from being generated. @@ -10136,8 +12550,8 @@ \addcontentsline\addtocontentsTables of contents \addcontentsline -\addcontentsline -table of contents entry, manually adding +\addcontentsline +table of contents entry, manually adding Synopsis: @@ -10150,7 +12564,7 @@ ext -The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). @@ -10172,7 +12586,7 @@ The text of the entry. -\contentsline +\contentsline What is written to the .ext file is the command \contentsline{unit}{text}{num}, where num is the current value of counter unit. @@ -10184,7 +12598,7 @@ \addtocontents\addcontentslineTables of contents \addtocontents -\addtocontents{ext}{text} +\addtocontents{ext}{text} The \addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the .ext file that @@ -10206,22 +12620,22 @@ GlossariesIndexesTables of contentsFront/back matter Glossaries -glossaries +glossaries -\makeglossary +\makeglossary The command \makeglossary enables creating glossaries. -\glossary -.glo file +\glossary +.glo file The command \glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for text to an auxiliary file with the .glo extension. -\glossaryentry +\glossaryentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \glossaryentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. -glossary package +glossary package The glossary package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. @@ -10230,37 +12644,37 @@ IndexesGlossariesFront/back matter Indexes -indexes +indexes -\makeindex +\makeindex The command \makeindex enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. -\index -.idx file +\index +.idx file The command \index{text} writes an index entry for text to an auxiliary file named with the .idx extension. -\indexentry +\indexentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \indexentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. -&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries -index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; +&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries +index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: \index{bar|see{foo}}. Use seealso instead of see to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry. -\seename -\alsoname +\seename +\alsoname The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro \seename, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro \alsoname. These can be redefined for other languages. -makeindex program -xindy program -.ind file +makeindex program +xindy program +.ind file The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually either makeindex (http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the @@ -10268,26 +12682,29 @@ This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset the index. -\printindex -package, makeidx -makeidx package +\printindex +package, makeidx +makeidx package + The index is usually generated with the \printindex command. This is defined in the makeidx package, so \usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble. -\indexspace +\indexspace The rubber length \indexspace is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is 10pt plus5pt minus3pt. -package, showidx -showidx package +package, showidx +showidx package + The showidx package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. -package, multind -multind package +package, multind +multind package + The multind package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind. @@ -10298,8 +12715,8 @@ LettersTerminal input/outputFront/back matterTop Letters -letters, writing -writing letters +letters, writing +writing letters Synopsis: @@ -10350,7 +12767,7 @@ letter environment body typically ends with a \closing command such as \closing{Yours,}. -\\ for letters +\\ for letters Additional material may come after the \closing. You can say who is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like \cc{the Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}. There&textrsquo;s a similar \encl command for @@ -10405,7 +12822,7 @@ \address\ccLetters \address -\address +\address Synopsis: @@ -10439,8 +12856,8 @@ \cc\closing\addressLetters \cc -\cc -cc list, in letters +\cc +cc list, in letters Synopsis: @@ -10464,9 +12881,9 @@ \closing\encl\ccLetters \closing -\closing -letters, ending -closing letters +\closing +letters, ending +closing letters Synopsis: @@ -10486,8 +12903,8 @@ \encl\location\closingLetters \encl -\encl -enclosure list +\encl +enclosure list Synopsis: @@ -10510,7 +12927,7 @@ \location\makelabels\enclLetters \location -\location +\location Synopsis: @@ -10526,7 +12943,7 @@ \makelabels\name\locationLetters \makelabels -\makelabels +\makelabels Synopsis: @@ -10556,7 +12973,7 @@ \name\opening\makelabelsLetters \name -\name +\name Synopsis: @@ -10572,8 +12989,8 @@ \opening\ps\nameLetters \opening -\opening -letters, starting +\opening +letters, starting Synopsis: @@ -10593,8 +13010,8 @@ \ps\signature\openingLetters \ps -\ps -postscript, in letters +\ps +postscript, in letters Synopsis: @@ -10621,7 +13038,7 @@ ... } -\signature +\signature The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is usual. @@ -10672,7 +13089,7 @@ \telephone\signatureLetters \telephone -\telephone +\telephone Synopsis: @@ -10691,8 +13108,8 @@ Terminal input/outputCommand lineLettersTop Terminal input/output -input/output, to terminal -terminal input/output +input/output, to terminal +terminal input/output \typeinRead text from the terminal. @@ -10703,7 +13120,7 @@ \typein\typeoutTerminal input/output \typein[cmd]{msg} -\typein +\typein Synopsis: @@ -10724,7 +13141,7 @@ \typeout\typeinTerminal input/output \typeout{msg} -\typeout +\typeout Synopsis: @@ -10749,9 +13166,9 @@ Command lineDocument templatesTerminal input/outputTop Command line -command line +command line -.tex, default extension +.tex, default extension The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can @@ -10763,14 +13180,14 @@ latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' -&textndash;help command-line option +--help command-line option With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with - or --. For a list of those options, try latex --help. -* prompt -prompt, * -\stop +* prompt +prompt, * +\stop If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a * prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type \stop (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. @@ -10782,8 +13199,8 @@ Document templatesConcept IndexCommand lineTop Document templates -document templates -templates, document +document templates +templates, document Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at @@ -10799,8 +13216,8 @@ beamer templatebook templateDocument templates beamer template -beamer template and class -template, beamer +beamer template and class +template, beamer The beamer class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: @@ -10837,7 +13254,7 @@ book templatetugboat templatebeamer templateDocument templates book template -template, book +template, book \documentclass{book} @@ -10863,9 +13280,9 @@ tugboat templatebook templateDocument templates tugboat template -template, TUGboat -TUGboat template -ltugboat class +template, TUGboat +TUGboat template +ltugboat class TUGboat is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, http://tug.org/TUGboat.

• \(SPACE) and \@:		Space after a period. +
• \frenchspacing:		Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +
• \normalsfcodes:		Restore space factor settings to the default. +

LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)

Short Table of Contents

8.21 tabbing

8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list.

8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.

LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)

LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018)

LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual

\AtBeginDocument

8.6.1 \AtBeginDocument

\AtEndDocument

8.6.2 \AtEndDocument

8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list.

8.16.1 \item: An entry in a list

8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list.

8.16.2 trivlist: A restricted form of list

8.21 tabbing

12.9 \protect

12.10 \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend

19.2 \hfill

19.3 \spacefactor

19.3 \(SPACE) and \@

19.3.1 \(SPACE) and \@

19.3.2 \frenchspacing

19.3.3 \normalsfcodes

19.4 \ after control sequence

19.5 \frenchspacing

19.6 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em

19.5 \thinspace: Insert 1/6em

19.7 \/: Insert italic correction

19.6 \/: Insert italic correction

19.8 \hrulefill \dotfill

19.7 \hrulefill \dotfill

19.9 \addvspace

19.8 \addvspace

19.10 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip

19.9 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip

19.11 \vfill

19.10 \vfill

19.12 \vspace{length}

19.11 \vspace{length}

LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (February 2018)

LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (March 2018)

LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual

20 Boxes

21 Color

21.1 Color package options

21.2 Color models

21.3 Commands

21.3.1 Define colors

21.3.2 Colored text

21.3.3 Colored boxes

21.3.4 Colored pages

21 Special insertions

22 Special insertions

21.1 Reserved characters

22.1 Reserved characters

21.2 Upper and lower case

22.2 Upper and lower case

21.3 Symbols by font position

22.3 Symbols by font position

21.4 Text symbols

22.4 Text symbols

21.5 Accents

22.5 Accents

21.6 Additional Latin letters

22.6 Additional Latin letters

21.7 \rule

22.7 \rule

21.8 \today

22.8 \today

22 Splitting the input

23 Splitting the input

22.1 \include

23.1 \include

22.2 \includeonly

23.2 \includeonly

22.3 \input

23.3 \input

23 Front/back matter

8.21 `tabbing`

8.16.1 `\item`: An entry in a list.

8.16.2 `trivlist`: A restricted form of `list`.

8.6.1 `\AtBeginDocument`

8.6.2 `\AtEndDocument`

8.16.1 `\item`: An entry in a list.

8.16.1 `\item`: An entry in a list

8.16.2 `trivlist`: A restricted form of `list`.

8.16.2 `trivlist`: A restricted form of `list`

8.21 `tabbing`

12.9 `\protect`

12.10 `\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend`

19.2 `\hfill`

19.3 `\spacefactor`

19.3 `\(SPACE)` and \@

19.3.1 `\(SPACE)` and `\@`

19.3.2 `\frenchspacing`

19.3.3 `\normalsfcodes`

19.4 `\` after control sequence

19.5 `\frenchspacing`

19.6 `\thinspace`: Insert 1/6em

19.5 `\thinspace`: Insert 1/6em

19.7 `\/`: Insert italic correction

19.6 `\/`: Insert italic correction

19.8 `\hrulefill \dotfill`

19.7 `\hrulefill \dotfill`

19.9 `\addvspace`

19.8 `\addvspace`

19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip`

19.9 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip`

19.11 `\vfill`

19.10 `\vfill`

19.12 `\vspace{length}`

19.11 `\vspace{length}`

21.7 `\rule`

22.7 `\rule`

21.8 `\today`

22.8 `\today`

22.1 `\include`

23.1 `\include`

22.2 `\includeonly`

23.2 `\includeonly`

22.3 `\input`

23.3 `\input`

23.1.1 `\addcontentsline`

24.1.1 `\addcontentsline`

23.1.2 `\addtocontents`

24.1.2 `\addtocontents`

24.1 `\address`

25.1 `\address`

24.2 `\cc`

25.2 `\cc`

24.3 `\closing`

25.3 `\closing`

24.4 `\encl`

25.4 `\encl`

24.5 `\location`

25.5 `\location`

24.6 `\makelabels`

25.6 `\makelabels`

24.7 `\name`

25.7 `\name`

24.8 `\opening`

25.8 `\opening`

24.9 `\ps`

25.9 `\ps`

24.10 `\signature`

25.10 `\signature`

24.11 `\telephone`

25.11 `\telephone`

25.1 `\typein[cmd]{msg}`

26.1 `\typein[cmd]{msg}`

25.2 `\typeout{msg}`

26.2 `\typeout{msg}`

22.2.1 `\graphicspath`

22.2.2 `\DeclareGraphicsExtensions`

22.2.3 `\DeclareGraphicsRule`

22.3.1 `\includegraphics`

22.3.2 `\rotatebox`

22.3.3 `\scalebox`